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2. PDF [0]
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4. Audio [0]
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6. EPUB [0]
7. MOBI [0]
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7. MOBI [0]
8. Undefined format [395 917]

Language: en pl

Ranking by total number of objects

Attribute: Temporal coverage Description Place of publishing Degree name

Number in brackets is a number of all objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. grudzień 2014 [2]
2. wrzesień - październik 2000 [1]
3. wrzesień - październik 1997 [1]
4. styczeń - luty 2001 [1]
5. styczeń - luty 2000 [1]
6. styczeń - luty 1999 [1]
7. styczeń - luty 1998 [1]
8. sierpień - wrzesień 2005 [1]
9. październik 2004 [1]
10. październik 2002 [1]
11. październik 2001 [1]
12. październik - listopad 1998 [1]
13. październik - grudzień 1999 [1]
14. marzec 2003 [1]
15. marzec 1997 [1]
16. marzec - maj 2000 [1]
17. marzec - kwiecień 2001 [1]
18. marzec - kwiecień 1999 [1]
19. marzec - kwiecień 1998 [1]
20. maj - czerwiec 2001 [1]
21. maj - czerwiec 1999 [1]
22. maj - czerwiec 1998 [1]
23. maj - czerwiec 1997 [1]
24. luty 2004 [1]
25. luty 2002 [1]
26. listopad 2003 [1]
27. listopad - grudzień 2001 [1]
28. listopad - grudzień 2000 [1]
29. listopad - grudzień 1997 [1]
30. lipiec 2002 [1]
31. lipiec - wrzesień 1999 [1]
32. lipiec - wrzesień 1998 [1]
33. lipiec - sierpień 1997 [1]
34. kwiecień 2005 [1]
35. kwiecień 2002 [1]
36. kwiecień 1997 [1]
37. grudzień 2024 [1]
38. grudzień 2023 [1]
39. grudzień 2022 [1]
40. grudzień 2021 [1]
41. grudzień 2020 [1]
42. grudzień 2019 [1]
43. grudzień 2018 [1]
44. grudzień 2017 [1]
45. grudzień 2016 [1]
46. grudzień 2015 [1]
47. grudzień 2013 [1]
48. grudzień 2012 [1]
49. grudzień 2009 [1]
50. grudzień 2008 [1]
51. grudzień 2007 [1]
52. grudzień 2006 [1]
53. grudzień 2005 [1]
54. grudzień 2004 [1]
55. grudzień 2002 [1]
56. grudzień 1998 [1]
57. czerwiec 2013 [1]
58. czerwiec 2012 [1]
59. czerwiec 2005 [1]
60. czerwiec 2004 [1]
61. czerwiec 2003 [1]
62. czerwiec - sierpień 2000 [1]
63. 2024 [1]
64. 2023 [1]
65. 2022 [1]
66. 2021 [1]
67. 2020 [1]
68. (2021-2023) [1]

Number in brackets is a number of all objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Wyd. 2 [11]
2. Wyd. 2. [4]
3. Wyd. 2 uzup. [4]
4. Wydanie 2 [3]
5. Wyd. 3 popr. i uzup. [3]
6. Wydanie 2 poprawione [2]
7. Wyd. 2, uzup. i popr. [2]
8. Wyd. 2 popr. [2]
9. Recreational houses (WH) of a recreational nature may constitute an offer for the development of non-standard forms of recreation proposed by the domestic tourist industry. The paper presents some selected design problems of heating an exemplary WH house. For central heating (central heating) and domestic hot water (domestic hot water), it is proposed to use a compressor heat pump. It works with the central heating installation (water underfloor heating) and hot water, and with a lower source in the form of surface water in the lake. The heat exchanger for the brine is immersed in the lake water. The methodology for calculating the dimensions of the lower heat exchanger was presented. It was proposed that it will be made in the form of two coils made of polyethylene pipes and WH float sides placed on both sides. The design solution presented in the paper meets the conditions for qualifying as using renewable energy sources (RES).It should be noted that covering the demand for electricity for the WH house, including to drive the heat pump motor and for other living purposes in a residential superstructure, is also made using a hybrid system in the form of cooperation between wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. Problems regarding the WH hybrid electricity supply system will be the subject of a separate study. [2]
10. [Wydanie 2 poprawione] [1]
11. Zakres pracy obejmował badanie właściwości słomy żytniej, opracowanie obróbki wstępnej słomy żytniej z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej, optymalizację procesu obróbki wstępnej i hydrolizy enzymatycznej słomy żytniej, porównanie nowego sposobu otrzymywania bioetanolu z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej z konwencjonalnym otrzymywaniem bioetanolu z zastosowaniem metody siarczanowej. Opracowanie recyklingu cieczy jonowej z wykorzystaniem procesu liofilizacji. [1]
12. Zagospodarowanie odpadów stanowi istotny problem podejmowany przez naukowców. Zmieniające się przepisy wymuszają na firmach produkcyjnych szukania możliwości zagospodarowania odpadów powstających w fabrykach. W niniejszej dysertacji przeprowadzono szeroką analizę możliwości wykorzystania wybranych materiałów odpadowych w celu stworzenia kompozytów cementowych o właściwościach odpowiadającym tradycyjnym betonom. Analizie poddano odpady pochodzące z produkcji pustaków ceramicznych, odpady pochodzące z produkcji wyrobów porcelanowych, piasek odpadowy uzyskiwany w procesie hydroklasyfikacji kruszywa, w kopalniach odkrywkowych usytuowanych w północno-zachodniej Polsce. Odpady te zastosowano jako zamienniki kruszywa naturalnego. Ponadto jako zbrojenie rozproszone kompozytów zastosowano kord stalowy uzyskiwany w procesie recyklingu zużytych opon samochodowych. W celach porównawczych zastosowano również komercyjne haczykowate włókna stalowe. Badania podzielono na cztery zadania badawcze. W pierwszym zadaniu określono podstawowe właściwości wybranych materiałów odpadowych. M. in. określono gęstość pozorną, jamistość i nasiąkliwość kruszyw przygotowanych z odpadów fabrycznych, określono wytrzymałość na rozciąganie kordu stalowego oraz wpływ dwukierunkowego przeginania na wytrzymałość włókien. W drugim zadaniu określono możliwość zastosowania kordu stalowego jako zbrojenia rozproszonego. Analizie poddano elementy z zawartością włókien 0,25%; 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%, 1,25%, 1,50%. Badania przeprowadzono na beleczkach z zaprawy cementowej o wy-miarach 40x40x160 mm. Do określenia właściwości zapraw zbrojonych kordem stalowym wykonano badanie trzypunktowego zginania w oparciu o normę PN-EN 196-1 dodatkowo mierząc ugięcie beleczek w funkcji obciążenia w trakcie testów wytrzymałościowych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na określenie receptur kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Przygotowano łącznie 24 mieszanki, w których zastosowano różne ilości kruszyw odpadowych. Dla każdej mieszanki przygotowano próbki z ilością włókien 0,0%, 0,5% oraz 1,0%. W trzecim zadaniu przeprowadzono szereg badań w celu określenia doraźnych i reologicznych cech wytrzymałościowych wybranych kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Określono wytrzymałość na ściskanie, moduł sprężystości, wytrzymałości resztkowe oraz dla wybranych kompozytów określono skurcz oraz pełzanie. Wyżej wymienione badania przeprowadzono na podstawie wytycznych normowych. Zadanie czwarte pole-gało na określeniu właściwości reologicznych wybranych kompozytów na podstawie długotrwałych badań belek o wymiarach 100x200x2900mm. Na potrzeby badań zaprojektowano stanowisko badawcze umożliwiające jednoczesne badania trzech belek. Do pomiaru odkształceń powierzchni belek oraz rys zastosowano, poza tradycyjnymi metodami pomiarowymi, system optyczny. Badania wykonano na ośmiu stanowiskach. Pojedyncze stanowisko składało się z trzech belek wykonanych z tego samego kompozytu, z różną ilością zbrojenia rozproszonego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że z badanych materiałów odpadowych można wytworzyć kompozyty o właściwościach zbliżonych do betonów tradycyjnych. Ponadto po przeanalizowaniu rezultatów badań długotrwałych zaproponowano modyfikację metody obliczania szerokości rozwarcia rys zawartej w normie PN EN 1992-1-1. [1]
13. Wydanie II uzupełnione [1]
14. Wydanie II poprawione i uzupełnione [1]
15. Wydanie II poprawione [1]
16. Wydanie I, stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 2019 roku [1]
17. Wydanie I [1]
18. Wydanie 3., zaktualizowane, uwzględniające stan prawny na dzień 30.09.2017 r. [1]
19. Wydanie 3 poprawione [1]
20. Wydanie 3 [1]
21. Wydanie 2 rozszerzone [1]
22. Wydanie 2 poszerzone [1]
23. Wyd. 5 [1]
24. Wyd. 4 popr. [1]
25. Wyd. 3. uzup. [1]
26. Wyd. 3. rozsz. [1]
27. Wyd. 3 popr. [1]
28. Wyd. 3 [1]
29. Wyd. 2. rozsz. [1]
30. Wyd. 2 uzup. i popr. [1]
31. Wyd. 2 poszerz. [1]
32. Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. [1]
33. Wyd. 2 popr. i rozsz. [1]
34. Wyd. 1 [1]
35. With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided. [1]
36. Widely understood protection of water, and in particular surface waters, most exposed to direct pollution, requires many operations carried out both in the catchment area and in sewage systems as well as WWTPs. Due to its character and working conditions, it should be monitored not only in terms of hydraulics, but also in terms of the quality of transported wastewater. During atmospheric precipitation, large volumes of domestic and industrial wastewater as well as rainwater in various proportions flow through the canals, changing not only their quantity but also their composition. In such cases, the issue of monitoring becomes particularly vital. The article presents an analysis of the needs and tasks resulting from the application of quantitative and qualitative monitoring in the assessment of the functioning of sewage systems. Methods and tools used in Lodz that may be useful in water protection are presented. The benefits of using this type of solutions as well as the limitations and difficulties are discussed. [1]
37. When establishing a plantation of energy crops, a number of decisions regarding planned technology and plant selection should be made. Using the complex calculation algorithms, it is possible to determine the amount of energy needed to establish, run and liquidate the plantation. An analysis of the technological process and the specifics of the examined plants allows to determine the set of the most important features determining the yield size, and ultimately the energy efficiency of the planned production. When conducting field production, the influence of climatic conditions should also be taken into account, for example using a hydrothermal coefficient. The most difficult element of the planned project is to determine the size of the expected yield. Using the above relationships, a mathematical model can be used which, while maintaining the range of the system variables, allows to determine the amount of the expected energy value of the crop. [1]
38. Water could be some-times a source of danger on people's lives and property. Although it is one of the most important elements of life on this planet. This article define the threat of water pollution in Tigris River in Iraq. by collecting a data that generated by sensors that installed in a water pollution sensing project in Baghdad city, also this article aimed to detect and analyze the behavior of water environment. It is an effort to predict the threat of pollution by using advanced scientific methods like the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine learning in order to avoid the threat and/or minimize the possible damages. This can be used as a proactive service provided by E-governments towards their own citizens. [1]
39. Wastewater treatment plants are the source of odour and microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air. Bioaerosol emitted by treatment plants may contain pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic resistant microorganisms and cause allergies.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the newly created municipal wastewater treatment plant using the activated sludge method (approx. 20,000 PE, average daily flow of 2,300 m3) on the sanitary state of atmospheric air. Numerous field obstacles (e.g. trees) and natural sources of microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air (e.g. drainage channels) were located in the vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant.Bioaerosol samples (3 replicates) were taken in a wind trail at 10 test stands on the leeward side of the treatment plant and two control stands on the windward side of the treatment plant. Samples were taken by sedimentation on Petri dishes with microbiological mediums. Media was incubated at a temperature appropriate for the type of microorganisms (psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, mold fungi), and then colonies growing on media were counted. The number of microorganisms per unit volume of air was determined according to the Omelian formula in the Gogoberidze modification. Four series of tests were carried out during the transition months (spring and autumn).The concentration of microorganisms on the leeward side of the treatment plant in the following ranges amouted: psychrophilic bacteria: 156 ± 85 - 6578 ± 1286 cfu/m3, mesophilic bacteria: 87±24 - 6309 ± 1349 cfu/m3, actinomycetes: 0±0 - 719±12 cfu/m3, mold fungi: 52±42 - 4645±425 cfu/m3. These values were similar to those found in the area and in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants examined by other authors. The concentration of microorganisms in the vicinity of the tested wastewater treatment plant did not show a downward trend as a function of distance from the wastewater treatment plant. This could be due to the presence of other sources of bioaerosol emissions to atmospheric air in the vicinity of the treatment plant (e.g. drainage canals, uncovered soil in plowed fields) and field obstacles that could have affected the movement of air masses (e.g. in-field woodland, forest, embankment Railway).The obtained research results indicate that the emission of bioaerosol from a small wastewater treatment plant, may cause changes in the concentration of microorganisms in the atmospheric air at a level close to natural sources. However, the threats to human health caused by bioaerosol emitted from municipal wastewater may be higher. Therefore, it is justified to monitor the sanitary state of the air and the atmosphere at the wastewater treatment plant and in its vicinity, and conduct research to develop an optimal set of indicator microorganisms of this state. [1]
40. Waste and associated risks are becoming an increasingly noticeable problem in environmental protection in our time. The management of especially industrial waste is a difficult and at the same time a significant problem. Incineration is the basic process of thermal utilization. The combustion process is not neutral for the environment, and is associated with the emission of dust, sulfur and nitrogen compounds as well as dioxins and furans. Therefore, combustion installations must be equipped with a number of devices for cleaning the exhaust gases. The most primary process of obtaining useful energy from biomass, i.e. combustion, is characterized by specific dynamics. Regardless of the technique, it is affected by physical and chemical processes. The condition of economic and technical correctness of co-firing is maintaining the optimal share of biomass in the fuel mixture and its appropriate quality. Effective co-firing of the prepared mixture can be carried out in existing grate, fluid and dust boilers. Pyrolysis is a stage in both the combustion and gasification process. In this process, as a result of the thermal decomposition of the structure of the organic fuel, we obtain carbonizate as well as tar and gas products. [1]
41. W zakresie niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej przeprowadzono i przedstawiono badania porowatych powłok wytworzonych w procesie plazmowego utleniania elektrolitycznego z zastosowaniem procesów DC-PEO z kontrolą napięciową w elektrolitach opartych o stężony kwas fosforowy(V) oraz wodę destylowaną z dodatkiem azotanów(V) wapnia. Odnotowano, że zarówno zmiana napięcia procesu, czasu jego prowadzenia, rodzaju wymuszenia napięciowego, a także zastosowanie elektrolitów o różnym składzie chemicznym pozwala wytworzyć powłoki o zróżnicowanych właściwościach stereometrycznych. Rozpatrzono wpływ wartości napięcia procesu PEO, czasu trwania obróbki oraz skład elektrolitów na wybrane parametry statystyczne wyznaczone z natężenia prądu zarejestrowanego podczas procesu PEO oraz wybrane parametry chropowatości 3D użyte do opisu stereometrii powierzchni wytworzonych powłok. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaproponowanie modeli matematycznych uwzględniających wpływ warunków prowadzenia procesu PEO, w tym składu chemicznego stosowanych elektrolitów oraz napięcia międzyelektrodowego, na wartości wybranych parametrów składowej losowej natężenia prądu rejestrowanego w trakcie procesu PEO. Do analizy statystycznej sygnałów prądowych PEO po odcięciu składowej stałej zastosowano wartość oczekiwaną, odchylenie standardowe, rozstęp oraz skośność. Odnotowano, że w elektrolitach na bazie stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego wartość parametru Sdr (średnia wskaźnika względnego przyrostu powierzchni) dla wytworzonych powierzchni porowatych powłok mieściła się w zakresie od 5,2% (5% H3PO4) do 92,3% (85% H3PO4). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym zarejestrowanym podczas procesu PEO mieściła się w zakresie od 0,06 mA (5% H3PO4) do 60,71 mA (85% H3PO4). Zauważono także, że dodanie azotanu(V) wapnia zarówno do stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego (85%), jak i wody spowodowało wytwarzanie porowatych powłok, których parametr Sdr mieści się w zakresie od 0,04% do 163,7% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 4,9% do 125,9% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym mieściła się w zakresie od 2,34 mA do 44,97 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 0,98 mA do 49,42 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). W pracy wykazano również, że zwiększenie napięcia w procesie PEO powoduje wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni powłok oraz pojawienie się pików wysokoprądowych w sygnale prądowym PEO. [1]
42. W trakcie gotowania brzeczki z chmielem powstaje osad gorący, który jest oddzielany w kadzi wirowej. W pracy proponuje się modyfikacje dennicy kadzi wirowej, które mają na celu poprawę warunków klarowania brzeczki piwnej po jej gotowaniu z chmielem. Przeprowadzono pomiary rozkładu prędkości przepływu pierwotnego za pomocą metody PIV oraz symulacji komputerowych. Wyznaczono także charakterystykę reologiczna brzeczki i osadu, które wykorzystano przy budowie modelu komputerowego. [1]
43. W rozprawie przedstawiono badania nad umocnieniem wybranego spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi, łączącego ziarna ścierne z tlenku glinu. Rozdział pierwszy zawiera wprowadzenie w tematykę podjętą w niniejszej pracy. W rozdziale drugim zamieszczono analizę literatury dotyczącą stanu wiedzy z zakresu budowy i właściwości ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu i spoiw ceramicznych stosowanych do ich wiązania w narzędzie ścierne, podstaw dotyczących mechaniki kruchego pękania oraz modułu Younga porowatych kompozytów ceramicznych, a także opis mechanizmów zużycia ziaren ściernych i spoiw ceramicznych. Z obszernej analizy tekstów źródłowych wynika, że mechanizm zużycia ceramicznych narzędzi ściernych zdeterminowany jest wieloma czynnikami, m.in. rodzajem ziarna ściernego, właściwościami spoiwa oraz siłą mocowania ziaren ściernych w ściernicy przez spoiwo. Najmniej pożądanym typem zużycia ściernicy jest zużycie wytrzymałościowe (pękanie) mostków wiążących, gdyż zjawisko to prowadzi do szybkiego zużycia objętościowego narzędzia i tym samym nie pozwala na pełne wykorzystanie potencjału skrawnego ziaren czynnej powierzchni ściernicy. Z tego powodu podejmowane są prace badawcze mające na celu podwyższenie właściwości mechanicznych spoiw, które skupione są m.in. na celowej modyfikacji mikrostruktury mostków wytrzymałymi fazami krystalicznymi z jednoczesną kontrolą budowy granicy międzyfazowej. Interesującym lecz dotychczas niewystarczająco zbadanym rozwiązaniem jest wykorzystanie wiskerów ceramicznych jako fazy zbrojącej spoiwo. Na podstawie wniosków z analizy tekstów źródłowych, sprecyzowano cele, hipotezy, problemy badawcze oraz zakres pracy, które zamieszczono w rozdziale 3. W kolejnym rozdziale (rozdział 4.) opisano metodykę przeprowadzonych badań. Rozdział ten zawiera charakterystykę materiałów wykorzystanych do wytworzenia badanych ściernic oraz opis metod badawczych zastosowanych do realizacji założonych celów pracy. Podjęte prace badawcze dotyczyły badań z zakresu zwilżalności ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu przez wytypowane spoiwo szklanokrystaliczne, określenie wpływu modyfikacji spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi na ewolucję mikrostruktury strefy złącza, wytrzymałość mechaniczną na rozciąganie oraz moduł Younga ściernic z tlenku glinu, badań właściwości eksploatacyjnych ściernic z podstawowym spoiwem szklanokrystalicznym i spoiwem modyfikowanym wiskerami oraz badania morfologii czynnej powierzchni ściernic po procesie szlifowania. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań oraz ich dyskusję. Wytypowane parametry obróbki cieplnej badanych narzędzi ściernych pozwoliły na krystalizację projektowanych inkluzji, zarówno o charakterze drobnodyspersyjnym (gahnit) jak i wiskerów glinoborowych. Wykazano również, że dla określonych udziałów prekursora wiskerów dodawanego do mas ściernych możliwe jest uzyskanie efektu umocnienia mostków wiążących, co przekłada się na zróżnicowane właściwości mechaniczne ściernic, badane w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych. Wzrost wytrzymałości na rozciąganie narzędzi z udziałem wiskerów w spoiwie wiążącym jest efektem uruchomienia dodatkowych mechanizmów podwyższających energię pękania, m.in. związanych z wyciąganiem wiskerów z matrycy amorficznej, odchylaniem lub rozgałęzianiem pęknięć. Jednocześnie potwierdzono efekt wzrostu wartości modułu Younga E ściernic wynikający z obecności fazy wiskerowej o wysokim module E (ok. 400 GPa). Osiągnięcie takich efektów pozwoliło na uzyskanie narzędzia ściernego o znacznie zredukowanym udziale spoiwa (Vs = 5,5%), którego charakter zużycia jest odmienny od charakteru zużycia ściernicy bez udziału wiskerów. [1]
44. W rozprawie przedstawiono autorską koncepcję syntezy struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na wybrany zbiór zakłóceń w organizacji realizującej portfel projektów. Zbudowano model referencyjny dla problemu planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na dwa rodzaje zakłóceń: absencje pracownicze i zlecanie dodatkowych operacji. W szczególności zdefiniowano miarę ilościową odporności struktury kompetencji, której wartość określa zdolność zatrudnionego zespołu pracowników do przyjmowania dodatkowych obowiązków (zastępstw) w przypadku absencji określonej liczby pracowników i zlecania dodatkowych czynności. Rozważany problem należy do klasy problemów NP-zupełnych, w których nakłady czasowe ponoszone na ich rozwiązanie rosną wykładniczo wraz z ich rozmiarem. Spotykane w praktyce instancje problemów planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na zakłócenia, zakładają dziesiątki/setki pracowników oraz setki czynności, których rozwiązanie może wymagać znacznej ilość czasu (kilku godzin/dni/tygodni). W wielu przypadkach zbiór rozwiązań dopuszczalnych, tzn. spełniających zadane ograniczenia zasobowe, jest zbiorem pustym. W związku z tym wykorzystano metodykę programowania deklaratywnego tzn. programowanie z ograniczeniami. Modele deklaratywne można łatwo modyfikować i rozbudowywać tzn. uwzględniać specyfikę aktualnie rozważanych problemów (danych, ograniczeń i pytań) m.in. poprzez wyznaczenie nadmiarowych ograniczeń (warunków wystarczających) pozwalających na dedykowane (dla danego problemu), a zatem efektywne/szybkie przeszukiwanie przestrzeni potencjalnych rozwiązań. Z uwagi na fakt, że rozwiązania dopuszczalne nie zawsze występują w problemach dużej skali i związanym z tym długim czasem oczekiwania na rozwiązanie, opracowano warunek wystarczający (nadmiarowe ograniczenie), którego spełnienie gwarantuje istnienie rozwiązań dopuszczalnych a tym samym uzasadnia ponoszone nakłady czasowe. Bazując na opracowanym modelu przedstawiono autorską metodę planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia oraz wskazano na możliwość jej wykorzystania w systemach zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (HRMS/CMS). Efektywność opracowanej metody zweryfikowano w serii eksperymentów wykorzystujących rzeczywiste dane pozyskane z dwóch organizacji: uczelni wyższej (Wydział Elektroniki i Informatyki Politechniki Koszalińskiej) i przedsiębiorstwa realizującego projekty IT (Kaliop Poland Sp. z o.o.). Opracowana metoda stanowi podstawę do opracowania interakcyjnego systemu planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia, wykorzystywanego m.in. w controllingu zasobów ludzkich. Ponadto dzięki przedstawionym w rozprawie badaniom możliwe staje się opracowanie innych pochodnych metod zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, jak np. metod wspomagania planowania zespołów projektowych uwzględniających efekt uczenia i zapominania. [1]
45. W rozprawie podjęto działania mające na celu ustalenie wpływu mocy prądu, kąta pochylenia uchwytu względem kierunku spawania, odległości końcówki prądowej od powierzchni blachy oraz oscylacji uchwytu w postaci wychylenia w stosunku do osi rowka spawalniczego na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni przy zachowaniu określonej energii liniowej procesu spawania. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano wpływ kąta ukosowania, odstępu i progu przy zachowaniu określonym polu przekroju jego powierzchni na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni po procesie spawania. Analizę rozpatrywanych parametrów uzupełniono o ustalenie wpływu kierunku walcowania blach na odchyłkę płaskości. W pracy wyznaczono rozkład zmiennej losowej odchyłki płaskości powierzchni na podstawie którego dobrano metodykę oceny wpływu badanych parametrów technologicznych. Spawanie przeprowadzono na zrobotyzowanym stanowisku firmy Panasonic oraz na zaprojektowanym przyrządzie do spawania spoin wzdłużnych. Akwizycje danych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody stykowej oraz bezstykowej z wykorzystaniem skanera 3D. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że rozkład zmiennej losowej jest rozkładem logarytmo-normalnym. Kierunek walcowania blachy wpływa istotnie na średnią geometryczną i odchylenie standardowe logarytmu odchyłki płaskości oraz rozkład odchyłek wzdłuż osi spoiny. Najistotniejszy wpływ na minimalizację odchyłki płaskości po procesie spawania miał kąt pochylenia uchwytu w stosunku do kierunku spawania mimo określonego poziomu energii liniowej. Kryterium określonego przekroju poprzecznego rowka spawalniczego w tolerancji 5% było niewystarczające w celu minimalizacji wpływu zmian geometrii rowka spawalniczego. Wyniki rozprawy oraz analizy literatury wdrożono w firmie TEPRO S.A.. [1]
46. W rozprawie doktorskiej skupiono się na precyzyjnym opisie procesu filtracji grawitacyjnej. Założono, że proces filtracji grawitacyjnej, może być rozpatrywany na podstawie ogólnego równania bilansu, które w uproszczeniu zakłada, że masa fazy stałej z zawiesiny w nadawie w części została zatrzymana w wolnych przestrzeniach warstwy filtracyjnej, w części utworzyła osad na złożu, w części utworzyła przegrodę kolmatacyjną oraz w części przedostała się do filtratu. Jest to proces złożony, wielowariantowy i zależnie od typu filtracji powinien być odrębnie analizowany także od strony przyczynowo-skutkowej mechanizmu stwierdzonych zależności. W pracy przedstawiono i opisano typy rodzaju filtracji grawitacyjnej (filtracja w złożu porowatym, filtracja z przyrostem warstwy osadu na powierzchni złoża, filtracja w złożu porowatym z przyrostem warstwy osadu, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną oraz przyrostem warstwy osadu). [1]
47. W rozprawie doktorskiej skoncentrowano się na laboratoryjnym ustalaniu rodzaju i ilości stabilizatora do skutecznego ulepszania gruntów organicznych. Badania laboratoryjne umożliwiające wykazanie, iż w wyniku mieszania wybranych gruntów organicznych, pochodzących z rejonu Koszalina z ograniczoną ilością spoiwa w postaci różnych relacji cementu, i produktu odpadowego, jakim jest popiół lotny zachodzi proces wiązania, w konsekwencji którego, uzyskuje się postulowaną miękką lub półtwardą kolumnę zapewniającą współpracę kolumny z otaczającym gruntem. [1]
48. W rozprawie doktorskiej opisano zastosowanie czterowartościowej oceny stanu w procesie diagnozowania cech eksploatacyjnych złożonych obiektów technicznych. Celem tego typu diagnozy jest rozpoznanie stanu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego wystąpienie stanu niezdatności oraz zlokalizowanie elementu generującego taki stan. Ze względu na postępujący wzrost złożoności i wykonywanych zadań powszechnie stosowana logika trójwartościowa nie rozwiązuje w pełni problemów współczesnych obiektów technicznych. Zapewnienie użytkownikowi szybkiej i rzetelnej informacji o stanie technicznym obiektów uzyskuje się poprzez wprowadzenie wielowartościowej diagnostyki z większą liczbą rozpoznanych stanów (k>3). Przedstawione zasady i reguły diagnozy oraz ich praktyczna weryfikacja umożliwiły uzyskanie w procesie wnioskowania istotnego wzrostu informacji diagnostycznej oceny czterowartościowej w stosunku do oceny dwu i trójwartościowej.. W części teoretycznej wyznaczono zakresy zmian wartości cech i ich granic dla poszczególnych stanów obiektu technicznego w logice czterowartościowej. Określono schemat klas i kierunki zmian stanów obiektu oraz kryteria zasad rozpoznawania poszczególnych stanów w procesie klasyfikacji. W celu oceny stanu obiektu wyróżniono wskaźniki oceny w postaci ilościowej miary pozyskiwania informacji diagnostycznej, funkcji zysku informacji dodatkowej oraz efektywności obsługi technicznej. W części praktycznej zaprojektowano i wdrożono komputerowy system diagnostyki złożonych obiektów technicznych, który realizuje proces wnioskowania w dwu, trzy i czterowartościowych ocenach stanu. W systemie zaimplementowano pełny proces diagnostyczny, na który składają się takie czynności jak: modelowanie obiektu, analiza funkcjonalna i techniczna badanego obiektu, pomiar i analiza charakterystyk sygnału oraz wnioskowanie o stanie obiektu. Dodatkowo stworzono dwa stanowiska pomiarowe do diagnostyki układu sterowania silnikiem benzynowym o zapłonie iskrowym typu „Motronic” oraz elektrowni słonecznej małej mocy. Przedstawiona w pracy metoda wraz z wynikami eksperymentów jednoznacznie potwierdza tezę rozprawy, udowadniając, że możliwe jest diagnozowanie złożonych obiektów technicznych za pomocą czterowartościowej oceny stanu. [1]
49. W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania metody interferencyjnej do oceny wybranych właściwości metrologicznych profilometrów stykowych. Celem szczegółowym było zbadanie przydatności dwuwiązkowego interferometru laserowego, z cyfrowym przetwarzaniem sygnału pomiarowego, do pomiaru parametrów drgań harmonicznych wibratora, stosowanego do sprawdzania profilometrów stykowych. [1]
50. W pracy przeprowadzona została próba wskazania kilku wspólnych dla układów napięciowych i prądowych kryteriów, które mogą służyć porównaniu. Poszukiwania kryteriów porównawczych przeprowadzono w oparciu o analizę specyfiki przetwarzania sygnałów. W projektowaniu układów elektronicznych zachodzi potrzeba wyboru pomiędzy sprzecznymi wymaganiami, dlatego przyjęto porównywanie układów ze względu na wiele kryteriów. Metody wielokryterialnego wyboru, z których jedną przystosowano do celu pracy umożliwiają szeregowanie układów wg ich jakości. [1]
51. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia analizy masztów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprężysto-plastycznych właściwości odciągów. Głównym celem przedstawionych analiz było wykazanie różnic w pracy statycznej masztów o odciągach z lin po wstępnym przeciągnięciu (E = const), w stosunku do masztów podpartych za pomocą lin bez wstępnego przeciągnięcia (E ≠ const). W pierwszym przypadku, stała wartość współczynnika sprężystości E liny sprawia, że trzon masztu po obciążeniu i odciążeniu powraca do pierwotnej konfiguracji. Natomiast maszt z odciągami o charakterystyce sprężysto-plastycznej (E ≠ const), po ustaniu obciążenia nie powraca do początkowej pozycji pionowej, lecz pozostaje lekko odchylony od pionu. Takie zachowanie wynika z powstania trwałych odkształceń lin po odciążeniu, co prowadzi do spadku sił wstępnego napięcia w odciągach i zmniejszenia sztywności masztu. Wymagana jest więc tu okresowa rektyfikacja i korekta sił wstępnego naciągu lin, szczególnie w początkowym okresie eksploatacji. Uwzględnienie tego rodzaju nieliniowości w analizie statycznej przyczynia się do wzrostu dokładności obliczeń masztu. Do przeprowadzenia analiz numerycznych w stanie niesprężystym wykorzystano nieliniowe zależności σ – ε dwóch lin o różnej konstrukcji, uzyskane z badań doświadczalnych. [1]
52. W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne i doświadczalne podstawy analizy efektywności procesu szlifowania stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ściernicami o budowie warstwowej. Wykazano, że badane narzędzia warstwowe pozwoliły na uzyskanie większej efektywności szlifowania w zakresie zmniejszenia chropowatości powierzchni obrabianych, zmniejszenia wartości stycznej składowej siły szlifowania (proporcjonalnej do energii właściwej) oraz zwiększenia trwałości narzędzia. Głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywność procesu był dodatek agregatów do warstwy środkowej ściernicy. W efekcie uzyskano większą skuteczność usuwania materiału oraz zmniejszenie wartości składowej stycznej siły szlifowania. Przyczyną powyższych efektów jest budowa agregatu, który składa się z wielu mniejszych ziaren, posiadających zdolność do stopniowego wykruszania z narzędzia. Daje to możliwość formowania długich krawędzi skrawających, zorientowanych pod dużym kątem względem kierunku obróbki oraz pozwala na mikroostrzenie przy mniejszej utracie objętości. [1]
53. W pracy przedstawiono technologię unieszkodliwiania ścieków zakładu przetwórstwa drewna Polspan-Kronospan metodami fizykochemicznymi. Wykorzystano głównie procesy: koagulacji, sorpcji, sedymentacji odśrodkowej oraz filtracji ciśnieniowej. Sformułowania równania modelowe i opracowano metodykę ich rozwiązywania. Wykonano obliczenia modelowe dla szerokiego zakresu zmienności parametrów procesowych w celu określenia zakresu zmienności i efektywności proponowanej technologii w różnych warunkach rzeczywistych. Następnie przeprowadzono losowe próby sprawdzające dokładność stosowania otrzymanych równań, przez porównanie wyników doświadczenia z wynikami obliczeń równaniami metodą analizy statystycznej. [1]
54. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu technologii wytwarzania na właściwości użytkowe kompozytów kolagenowych modyfikowanymi strukturami węglowymi (nanoproszki diamentowe). W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytwarzania i opracowanie parametrów procesowych pozwalających na otrzymanie nanowłókien kompozytowych o pożądanych cechach jakościowych za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia, określenie zarówno wpływu parametrów procesowych, jak i wpływu zastosowanych materiałów na jakość i właściwości użytkowe wytworzonych nanowłókien kompozytowych. Praca została podzielona na dwie części: analizę literatury (na podstawie przeglądu krajowej i światowej) oraz część eksperymentalną. Jej treść natomiast podzielono na 10 rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym zawarto w nich informacje dotyczące polimerów naturalnych, ich przetwarzaniu, zastosowaniu i degradacji. Następnie (rozdział II) scharakteryzowano polilaktyd (PLA), skupiając się na jego budowie, syntezie oraz właściwościach. Kolejno przedstawiono charakterystykę kolagenu (rozdział III), oraz diamentu (rozdział IV). W ostatnim rozdziale części teoretycznej (rozdział V) skupiono się na nanowłóknach. Opisano metodę elektroprzędzenia, scharakteryzowano parametry wpływające na właściwości otrzymywanych włókien oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano pozostałe metody ich wytwarzania. Rozdział VI poświęcony jest problematyce rozprawy i zawiera wnioski z literatury, cel, hipotezy oraz zakres i problem badań. W kolejnym rozdziale (VII) przedstawiono warunki i program badań. Dokonano charakterystyki materiału badawczego, opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz przedstawiono metodykę badań własnych. Rozdział VIII to opis zastosowanego procesu wytworzenia docelowych nanowłókien kompozytowych. W rozdziale IX przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań na nanowłóknach kompozytowych. Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami (rozdział X). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie kompozytów kolagenowych w postaci nanowłókien z dodatkiem struktur węglowych (nanoproszki diamentowe) za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia z emulsji. Badania eksperymentalne pozwoliły na wskazanie parametrów procesu elektroprzędzenia przy których można osiągnąć najlepszą jakość otrzymywanych materiałów. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwoliły również na określenie wpływu dodatków na właściwości wytworzonych włókien kompozytowych. Uzyskane nanowłókna kompozytowe, ze względu na swoje właściwości, mogą być potencjalnie wykorzystywane w różnych branżach przemysłu i medycynie. [1]
55. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu procesu klasycznego wytłaczania na właściwości cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu. W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytłaczania i opracowanie parametrów technologiczny pozwalających na uzyskanie cienkich folii kompozytowych o osnowie polimerowej (polietylen niskiej gęstości) oraz dodatku nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na klasycznej wytłaczarce z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionowo w górę, analiza wpływu udziału dodatku w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na właściwości użytkowe i antybakteryjne folii kompozytowych. Prace podzielono na dwie części: analiza literatury i część eksperymentalną. Treść pracy podzielono na 8 rozdziałów. W których zawarto następujące treści: przegląd literatury krajowej i światowej, na podstawie, której scharakteryzowano materiały kompozytowe oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano powszechnie stosowane rodzaje wzmocnienia, jakie są dodawane do kompozytów o osnowie polimerowej (rozdział 1), scharakteryzowano proces wytłaczania, ocenę efektywności i kinematykę procesu wytłaczania (rozdział 2), scharakteryzowano technologie wytwarzania folii z tworzyw polimerowych (rozdział 3), charakterystykę materiałów węglowych (rozdział 4), problematykę rozprawy – cel, hipotezy i zakres pracy – (rozdział 5), metodykę badań własnych – opis badanego obiektu, badane materiały, plan badań doświadczalnych, charakterystykę metod badawczych – (rozdział 6), wyznaczenie parametrów wytłaczania cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu, oraz analizę wyników badań polimerowych folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu (rozdział 7). Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami – (rozdział 8). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie cienkich folii kompozytowych (do 30 μm) z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu za pomocą klasycznego wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionową w górę, o polepszonych właściwościach użytkowych i mikrobiologiczne. Uzyskane dobre właściwości polimerowych folii kompozytowych dają szansę na zastosowanie ich w różnych branżach przemysłu. [1]
56. W pracy pracochłonność jest rozpatrywana jako liczba godzin potrzebna na usunięcie jednej lub większej liczby awarii. Rozprawa powstała w związku z potrzebą wypełnienia luki metodycznej istniejącej w naukowym warsztacie badawczym, dotyczącym identyfikacji stanu i prognozowania pracochłonności usuwania awarii urządzeń mechanicznych - statków powietrznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na sformułowanie tezy, że istnieją modele prognostyczne, które z określoną dokładnością są w stanie przewidzieć przyszłe wielkości pracochłonności usuwania awarii na podstawie zgromadzonych danych. [1]
57. W pracy postawiono tezy: 1/ Dla silników spalinowych zasilanych benzyną lub ciekłym gazem propan-butan istnieje wspólny zakres wartości parametrów zasilania zapewniających wymaganą efektywność energetyczną pracy silnika. 2/ Dobór wartości parametrów pracy silnika uzależniony jest od rodzaju i udziału danego paliwa podczas jego eksploatacji. Praca zawiera m.in.:analizę literatury; opis badań eksperymentalnych; analizę danych uzyskanych wyników; opracowanie wniosków i zaleceń. [1]
58. W pracy poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące problematyki projektowania zadaniowo zorientowanych, interakcyjnych systemów wspomagania decyzji. Opracowana metoda dotyczy projektowania systemów wspomagania decyzji, przeznaczonych dla obiektów opisywanych przez zmienne dyskretne, w których wspomagania decyzji polega na rozwiązywaniu problemów kombinatorycznych (planowanie, harmonogramowanie, marszrutowanie, składowanie itp.) spotykanych powszechnie w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych. Zakres pracy obejmuje analizę wybranego problemu wspomagania decyzji w podsystemach transportowych elastycznych systemów produkcyjnych (ESP), tzn., wspomagania procesu harmonogramowania pracy wózków samojezdnych [1]
59. W pracy podjęto próbę kompleksowej analizy statycznej przestrzennych ustrojów cięgnowych z uwzględnieniem obciążeń skupionych (prostoliniowe elementy cięgien), jak i obciążeń ciągłych (krzywoliniowe elementy cięgien) przy założeniu, że ustrój cięgnowy cechuje nieliniowość geometryczna lub - dodatkowo - nieliniowość fizyczna. Do obliczeń numerycznych autorka wykorzystuje napisane przez siebie programy komputerowe uwzględniające różne rodzaje obciążenia i geometryczną oraz fizyczną nieliniowość konstrukcji. [1]
60. W pracy podjęto badania, w celu analizy przemieszczania materiału szklanego w procesie micro- i nanoskrawania pojedynczymi ziarnami diamentu oraz procesu szlifowania z zastosowaniem ściernic zbudowanych na bazie tego typu ziaren. Celem badań, było opracowanie podstaw do identyfikacji warunków, przy których zachodzi niepożądany mechanizm kruchego pękania materiałów szklanych. [1]
61. W początkowej fazie rozwoju wytwarzanie przyrostowe było narzędziem wspierającym produkcję masową oraz redukującym koszt lub czasochłonność etapu prototypowania. Obecnie dzięki możliwość precyzyjnego wytwarzania elementów o skomplikowanej geometrii, w jednym etapie, bez ograniczeń konwencjonalnych metod obróbki lub zdeterminowanych kształtów, elementy wytworzone przyrostowo znajdują zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach życia, w tym inżynierii biomedycznej. Jednym z problemów inżynierii biomedycznej, który może zostać rozwiązany dzięki zastosowaniu technik wytwarzania przyrostowego jest tzw. zjawisko ekranowania naprężeń (ang. stress shielding) występujące na styku tkanka kostna – implant metalowy w wyniku znacznych różnic właściwości mechanicznych obu materiałów. Zjawisko to znacząco wpływa na procesy osteointegracji i prowadzi do aseptycznego luzowania implantu. Niniejsza praca swoimi założeniami wpisuje się w obecny trend polegający na wytwarzaniu spersonalizowanych implantów o porowatej otwartokomórkowej strukturze i module sprężystości zbliżonym do zastępowanej kości. Mimo, iż tematyka ta jest szeroko opisywana w literaturze światowej nadal zauważyć można zagadnienia, które wymagają dalszych rozważań. Praca składa się z części teoretycznej (Rozdziały 2-3) i części eksperymentalnej (Rozdziały 4-6). Każdy rozdział części eksperymentalnej związany jest z jednym głównym problemem badawczym, którego rozwiązanie było celem niniejszej pracy. Rozdział 4 przedstawia wyniki analizy wybranych właściwości materiałowych i mechanicznych oraz cech powierzchni elementów wytworzonych ze stali nierdzewnej 316L z wykorzystaniem dwóch technologii wytwarzania przyrostowego: selektywnego stapiania laserowego i binder jetting. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na poznanie mechanizmu powstawania defektów strukturalnych i powierzchniowych w danej technologii i ich wpływu na właściwości wytwarzanych elementów. Rozdział 5 dotyczy oceny możliwości zastosowania technologii SLM i binder jetting do wytwarzania struktur porowatych do zastosowań w inżynierii biomedycznej. W przeprowadzonych badaniach skupiono się głównie na zmienności właściwości mechanicznych struktur porowatych w zależności od ich geometrii przestrzennej, jak i technologii, w której zostały wytworzone. Istotne w ocenie okazały się również cechy powierzchni mające wpływ na ryzyko przeniknięcia cząstek metalu do organizmu. W obu przypadkach stwierdzono przewagę struktur wytworzonych w technologii binder jetting. Rozdział 6 przedstawia ocenę efektywności osadzania powłok DLC na elementach wytworzonych w wybranej technologii w celu modyfikacji ich właściwości korozyjnych. Dokonując wyboru technologii wzięto pod uwagę wnioski sformułowane po zakończeniu wcześniejszych etapów badań. W związku z tym podłoża zostały wytworzone w technologii binder jetting. Ze względu na ich skomplikowany kształt do osadzenia warstwy DLC zastosowano technologię chemicznego osadzania z fazy gazowej wspomaganego plazmą o częstotliwości radiowej. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że morfologia i chropowatość powierzchni były czynnikami mającymi największy wpływ na proces osadzania powłoki DLC. Grubość powłoki zależała od promienia krzywizny powierzchni. Uzyskane wyniki badań korozji elektrochemicznej pokazały, jak ważne dla dalszych prac nad modyfikacją powierzchni elementów i struktur porowatych wytwarzanych w technologiach AM są zagadnienia związane z wcześniejszym przygotowaniem powierzchni. Podsumowując, przeprowadzone w ramach niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej badania i analizy potwierdziły wysoką przydatność elementów wytwarzanych przyrostowo do zastosowań biomedycznych ze względu na możliwość sterowania ich właściwościami mechanicznymi oraz cechami powierzchni [1]
62. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono stan wiedzy i techniki w zakresie wykonywania połączeń spawanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą spawania elektrodą topliwą w osłonie gazowej oraz metody badań i oceny złączy spawanych (rozdział 2.). Analiza ta była podstawą do zdefiniowania hipotezy, celów, problemów badawczych i zakresu pracy (zamieszczonych w rozdziale 3.). W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono teoretyczno-doświadczalne metody określania ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza spawanego. Hipotezy niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej zostały sformułowane w następujący sposób: 1. Należy przypuszczać, że w celu zwiększenia dokładności przewidywania wpływu wartości energii liniowej spawania na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych, takich jak makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość, należy przy opracowywaniu zależności funkcyjnych uwzględnić nie tylko wartość energii liniowej, ale również związki pomiędzy wartościami parametrów wchodzących w jej skład, tj. wartościami natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku i prędkości spawania. 2. Należy przypuszczać, że standardowe wyznaczanie ilości wprowadzonego ciepła w procesie spawania metodą GMAW na podstawie nastawionych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu (napięcia łuku, natężenia prądu i prędkości spawania), według wzoru normowego, nie odpowiada rzeczywistej ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza, co nie pozwala precyzyjnie przewidywać właściwości,połączeń spawanych. Wyznaczając wartość energii liniowej na podstawie wartości rzeczywistych parametrów procesu spawania (zmierzonych w trakcie trwania procesu), można z wyższą dokładnością przewidywać właściwości połączeń spawanych. Głównym celem poznawczym dysertacji było określenie wpływu zmian wartości energii liniowej spawania, będącej uogólnionym parametrem zadawanym w procesie spawania (obliczanym na podstawie zmierzonych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu, tj. natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku, i prędkości spawania), na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych tzn. makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość w złączach wykonanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą GMAW. Cele rozprawy doktorskiej osiągnięto na drodze badań doświadczalnych procesu spawania przedstawionych w rozdziale 5. Uzyskane wyniki badań i analiz stanowiły podstawę do sformułowania wniosków końcowych, a także do określenia kierunków dalszych badań, zawartych w rozdziale 6. niniejszej pracy. [1]
63. W dysertacji przedstawiono problem lokalizacji błędów w aplikacjach wielowątkowych. Przegląd literatury tematu pozwolił doprecyzować założenia, składające się na podstawy modelu kodu źródłowego i warunki wykrywania błędów. Umożliwiło to opracowanie metody, jej zaimplementowanie w prototypowym narzędziu i przeprowadzenie eksperymentów w celu weryfikacji opracowanej metody. [1]
64. Transport policy has always presented many dilemmas. Currently, its pro-ecological aspect, relating to the need to limit the negative impact of transport on the natural environment, causes the need to reconsider many issues related to the sustainable development of transport. The new approach should optimize activities in the areas of respect for the environment, technical progress and economic growth. According to the European Commission, this concept is gaining fuller understanding at the level of political discourse and, at the same time, becoming a horizontal principle – the foundation of EU transport policy. However, this requires the responsible creation of transport policy and its consistent and effective implementation. Therefore, it has become the subject of consideration at the Olsztyn Functional Urban Area level. The study aims to identify documents declared as transport policies or strategies and evaluate them in the context of formal authorization, content, coherence and applicability in the Olsztyn MOF. [1]
65. To improve gas hydrates dissociation technology, studies of heat transfer processes on the interfacial surface are significant. In the work, experimental and theoretical studies of the gas hydrates dissociation are presented.The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented.The practical significance of the research results is in determining quantitative indicators of the heat transfer processes intensity under the conditions of propane hydrate dissociation. The results of the work can be applied to designing equipment for gas hydrates storage and dissociation. [1]
66. To create a mechatron model of vacuum tube vibration system for rock cutting by flat auger tools based on physical and mechanical properties of processed array and kinematic characteristics of the instrument. The analytical model of the fracture process of rock cutting by tool vibration with considering of plastic properties of the massif were developed. The main technological parameters of massif vibrating cutting with normal variations were modeled: dependences of normal and tangential pressure in the zone of working body interaction with the medium, normal and shear stresses in the zone of destruction, rock characteristics of the medium, vibration parameters dependences on the characteristics of mechatronic system geometry of the contact area of flat incisors treated with medium. The choice of the computational model of the vibration rock cutting with the normal to the direction of movement of the working body fluctuations with considering arising from processes at once or disorders: the occurrence of compressive and tensile stresses were backgrounded. Main stages and interconnection options in the simulation of vibration cutting were established. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a method of analysis of contact interaction of roller working body molding machine with an array taking into account the changes in the stabilization process of physical and mechanical properties of the treated medium, the aim of which is to predict the required voltage and depth of the formed layer. The theoretical basis of rock cutting by flat auger tool taking into account the normal component of the vibration with respect to the movement direction allowing for the deformation of the rock mass and the contact interaction with the working body were established, that allows to improve the technology of drilling wells by reducing the power consumption of the cutting process. The results enable us to determine the parameters of power and kinematic conditions for the occurrence of the vibration cutting. [1]
67. Three-year observations made it possible to assess the degree of pollution and variability in quality of rainwater collected in two reservoirs in the Lublin agglomeration (south-eastern Poland). The studied objects are characterised by different construction, size, hydraulics and type of drained surface. In particular, a large variation in water quality indicators was observed for suspended solids, NH4+, NO3- and K+. Higher conductivity, NH4+, SO4- and Cl- was found in the reservoir receiving rainwater from the national road, compared to the water from the housing estate. In the second reservoir, a higher load of NO2-, PO4-, Fe+ and K+ was observed. Among the analysed variables, the most disturbing values were recorded for conductivity, pH, suspended solids, oxygen indicators, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-. The liquid flowing into the reservoirs during snowmelt was characterised by high pollution. In the year with the highest sum of atmospheric precipitation, there was a reduction in medium concentrations of many quality variables (flushing effect, dilution of pollutants). An increase in oxygen demand and oxygen deficits were observed in warm seasons. An emission of inconvenient odors in the vicinity of the reservoir in the housing estate was also observed. These phenomena may be intensified in the case of improper use of the system (e.g. when bottom sediments are not removed) and further increase of air temperatures. Under such conditions, the possibility of using open rainwater reservoirs near human settlements becomes questionable. [1]
68. This work was performed to improve the storage and transportation technology of gas hydrates in nonequilibrium conditions. At atmospheric pressure and positive ambient temperature, they gradually dissociate into gas and water. Simulation of the gas hydrate dissociation will determine optimal conditions for their transportation and storage, as well as minimize gas loss. Thermodynamic parameters of adiabatic processes of forced preservation of pre-cooled gas hydrate blocks with ice layer were determined theoretically and experimentally. Physical and mathematical models of these processes were proposed. The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented. [1]
69. This work presents the characteristics of humic substances, with particular emphasis on the properties of agricultural importance, i.e., the improvement of soil structure, soil properties and the availability of nutrients. Attention was also paid to the methods of introducing given substances into the soil and the possibility of direct application to the plant surface. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulating and protective effect of humic substances on plant development were explained in detail, including phytohormonal regulation, the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses, antioxidant properties and the influence on seed germination and the development of the plant root system. The economic and environmental importance of the application of the substances in question was also emphasized, consisting of maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of plants, while reducing the share of chemical fertilizers and reducing the amount of water used. It should be noted that humic substances, like any agricultural product, should be appropriately selected for the type of cultivation conducted, i.e., the optimal dose and method of application should be determined. [1]
70. This work presents an experimental study of thermal energy storage by use of PCM. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of different inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and different Reynolds number of HTF on intensity of charging process. The PCM used in this study was stearic acid and water was used as HTF. A copper helical coil mounted in cylindrical container served as a heat transfer surface. [1]
71. This study presents the results of investigations conducted in the hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 in the immediate catchment of the Przebędowo reservoir, located in the Wielkopolskie province 25 km north of Poznań in the Murowana Goślina commune. The immediate catchment of the reservoir is approx. 95 km2 in area, while the direct recharge area of the lake (immediate catchment) covers 1.31 km2. The areas adjacent to the reservoir are arable lands composed of fluvial Quaternary (Pleistocene) deposits, while the analysis of layers covered by piezometers showed a predominance of medium sands deposited to a depth of approx. 3 m. The analysed reservoir was constructed in the valley of the Trojanki river (from 6+915 km to 8+371 km of its course) by the Wielkopolska Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Structure Authority in Poznań and it was commissioned in November 2014. The embankment dam of the reservoir is class IV, it is 334 m in length and 3.30 m in height. The reservoir of 1450 m in length and maximum width of 120 m, at the normal pool elevation of 72.50 m a.s.l. has a mean depth of 0.94 m and the pool area of 12.03 ha. The shoreline length of the reservoir is 2980 m, shoreline density is 248 m×ha-1 and the elongation index is 12. In turn, the flood control capacity derived from the difference between normal and maximum pool level is around 67 000 m3.The conducted analyses confirmed that apart from the weather conditions such as precipitation, air temperatures and evaporation from the reservoir a considerable role for the fluctuations in water levels in the reservoir was played by the anthropogenic factor. It was particularly related with the manner of reservoir operation frequently characteristic to dammed reservoirs and with the artificial control of water circulation.Analysis of the water balance for the Przebędowo reservoir showed that in the winter half-years of the analysed hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 the dominant factor in the case of increments was connected with inflow to the reservoir in the Trojanka water­course, amounting to 12.9 hm3 and 5.16 hm3, respectively. To a much lesser extent the increments of water in those half-years were determined by the inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas and by precipitation. In the case of losses the greatest share in the water balance was observed in the discussed half-years for outflow from the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.0 hm3 and 3.75 hm3. To a lesser extent losses were determined by the uncontrolled underground outflow and subsurface inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas. In turn, evaporation from the reservoir surface and water storage losses determined losses only slightly. Whereas in the summer half-years the increments in the water balance to the greatest extent were determined by inflows to the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.7 hm3 (2017) and 3.59 hm3 (2018), while in the case of losses it was outflows from the reservoir amounting to 9.06 hm3 and 2.7 hm3. In turn, a lesser role was played in the case of losses by outflow from the reservoir to adjacent areas, which in the discussed half-years was comparable and amounted to a mean 0.66 hm3. [1]
72. This study employed viable methods for the selection of a preeminent mooring line amongst other alternatives for the mooring of a floating wave energy converter (WEC) in shallow water. Conventional mooring lines for mooring WEC are identified for optimal selection exercise. A combination of Entropy Weight and Visekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods is utilized in the aforementioned exercise. The two methods are effectively used in assessment of the attributes and performance of the various mooring lines in practical application. The result obtained, demonstrated that steel wire rope is the best mooring line suitable for a WEC system operations. It is good references to the marine and offshore engineering industries in decision making for optimal mooring line suitable for the mooring of a WEC system in shallow waters. [1]
73. This research paper investigates the application of neural network models for forecasting in energy. The results of forecasting the weekly energy consumption of the enterprise according to the model of a multilayer perceptron at different values of neurons and training algorithms are given. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. [1]
74. This research focuses on the effect of nanomaterials on the physical properties of a local Iraqi lubricant oil (20W-50), which is widely used in diesel engines. The concentrations of 0.001, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% of Al2O3 NPs and CNT are dispersed in the oil with the help of a suitable surfactant using a magnetic stirrer and a sonication process. The density, surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, pour point, thermal conductivity, thermal images, wear and the coefficient of friction of the oil with and without nanomaterials are tested. The results were shown that the higher concentrations of NPs, the better properties for the engine oil. The density for Al2O3 nanooil indicates a small change at 0.001 and 0.2 wt%, and a decrease at 0.5 wt% ratio. Also, the density of CNT oil shows a slight change at 0.001and then decreasing at 0.2 and 0.5 ratios. In addition, the surface tension of both nanooils are increased. The dynamic viscosity slightly change with an addition of the NPs especially at 20°C and 30°C. Also, there is a convergence in the viscosity values between base and nanooils at 40°C and 50°C. [1]
75. This research explores strategies for effectively preparing for and mitigating the impact of seismic natural disasters on individuals and their health. The study underscores the potential for sustainable furniture solutions to play a pivotal role, emphasising the critical need for proactive disaster risk reduction. Drawing on descriptive analysis of case studies from events such as the Tokyo and Paris Olympics, the research employs an analytical framework to examine the application of recycled cardboard furniture in addressing the needs of disaster-prone regions. The study advocates for locally sourced solutions to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts by optimising the utilisation of sustainable furniture, particularly in developing countries like Palestine. The findings suggest that leveraging locally recycled cardboard furniture can offer a scalable, cost-effective approach to furnishing disaster-affected areas, facilitating ease of transportation, storage, and assembly without requiring specialised skills. [1]
76. This report presents the results and analysis of long-term properties of fiber-reinforced cement composite based on waste aggregate. The long-term tests were carried out on the stand proposed by the authors for simultaneously testing three beams with dimensions of 100x200x2900 mm. A total of 8 mixtures of cement composites with aggregate from ceramic waste and waste sand were tested. Three beams were made for each mixture. One without dispersed reinforcement and two with 0.5% and 1.0% fiber reinforcement ratios. As dispersed reinforcement, steel cord and hooked steel fibers were used. The beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The research was carried out for 1000 days. An optical system was used as an innovative solution in long-term research. Based on the measurements, the creep coefficient in the mid-span of the beams was determined, and the crackings of the beams were analysed. The results obtained using manual measuring devices and the optical system were compared. A good convergence of measurement methods was observed. During the analysis of the results, the coefficients modifying the method for calculating the crack width included in Eurocode 2 were determined. [1]
77. This publication presents the test results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from ground composite materials. The components of the obtained composites are peat and stabilizing binders in the form of fly ash and hydrated lime. The composites were designed to be used to stabilize low-bearing organic soil in the Lake Druzno basin in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. The results of the leachability studies show that as the lime hydrated in the composition of the composite increases, the leachability of heavy metals and metalloids decreases. The decrease in the leachability of these elements is also influenced by the increase in the pH value. The results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from composites as well as the obtained pH values make it possible to conclude that they are neutral to the ground environment and can be used in engineering practice under specific conditions in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. [1]
78. This publication presents a case study of responsible environmental management on the example of a Polish organization having the objective of municipal waste management. The results of the conducted analyses allow to conclude that the organization is well prepared to implement an environmental management system compliant with the requirements of ISO 14001:2015 standard. This publication presents and characterises environmental programmes which are implemented by the organization.The purpose of this publication is to present, on the example of a selected organization, the adaptation to the implementation of the environmental management system compliant with ISO 14001:2015 standard and to analyse the benefits obtained by the organization as a result of implementing the environmental management system. The carried-out surveys suggest that pro-environmental activities undertaken by the organization will bring numerous benefits. The benefits can include, inter alia, increased customer confidence, improved image of the organization and thus an increase in the number of services provided by the company. Environmental performance indicators will be carried out for the assessment of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system. This will allow an effective identification of the areas that require improvement. [1]
79. This publication is a presentation of the methodology to determine the degree of diversification and allocation of water resources in water supply systems; with a differentiated level of need based on the example of the municipality of Benissa Spain. The article shows a frequency of the changes and factors that affect the functioning of the water supply system. Moreover, its presents the calculation of the diversification indices for the selected water supply system while the methodology offers the possibility of evaluating the diversification of water resources in two parameters according to an adapted form of the Shannon-Weaver index. [1]
80. This paper shows that imaging and analysis of morphological features of the surface of modern structured abrasives in the pre-machining state can be carried out by means of electron microscopy supported by image processing and analysis techniques. The acquisition of SEM micrographs for active surfaces of the four (A6, A30, A65, A160 grades) monolayer abrasive discs 237AA (3M) with Trizact™ abrasive grains was carried out by the use of Quanta 200 Mark II (FEI Company) high-resolution scanning electron microscope. Visual analysis allowed for the observation of abrasive grains mainly in terms of the occurrence on their surface of various defects resulting from the technology of their production. For a parametric analysis, the authors used the Fiji 1.51s software (J. Schindelin et al.) which, in turn, made it possible to determine the values of the basic geometrical parameters characterizing the abrasive grains in the selected area of the active surface of assessed abrasive tool. The observation and measurement instruments used in the experimental studies described in this work and the proposed methodology may present an interesting alternative approach to the assessment of the surface morphology of advanced structured abrasives. [1]
81. This paper reports an experimental comparative thermal analysis of a flat plate heat exchanger and corrugated plate heat exchanger (CPHE) of different corrugation angles using ethylene glycol as test fluid. The experiments were carried out counter current mode using water as hot fluid at 75°C. Design of each plate provided with eleven thermocouple sensors to determine the temperatures, in which seven were used to measure the surface temperature of plate and four were used to measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperature of cold and hot fluids. The mass flow rate of test fluid, varied between 0.5 to 4 liters per minute and corresponding steady state temperatures is measured. Using experimental readings, temperature difference between the inlet and outlet streams (DT), logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are determined. The obtained DT and U values of corrugation angles (300, 500) of CPHE were compared with those of flat plate heat exchangers. For corrugation angle of 30° and 50°, the DT and U values increases with increase of mass flow rate of the fluid. [1]
82. This paper presents the possibilities of waste management originating frommunicipal wastewater treatment through the production of mineral-organic fertilizersbased on sewage sludge. The original method created for this purpose was used in thestudy together with the environmental assessment of this method. Therefore, the pur-pose of this publication is twofold. On the one hand, the first goal of the paper is todraw attention to the need to choose the appropriate method of utilization of sewagesludge, taking into account its characteristics and potentially harmful effects on theenvironment. The second goal of the paper is to assess the environmental impact ofthe selected method and demonstrate its eco-innovation.The first part of the paper is a theoretical introduction to the issues of sewagesludge management, as well as theoretical considerations on the essence of eco-inno-vation. The second part of the paper presents practical issues of production and appli-cation of the organo-mineral granulated fertilizer subjected to research, while the thirdpart – the methodology of the applied Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), including in par-ticular the application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis (MEFA) at the Life Cy-cle Inventory stage. The fourth section presents the assumptions and results of theconducted research for four alternative solutions for the production of organic-mineralfertilizers. The fifth and final part summarizes the results and contains a number ofconclusions and recommendations that should be considered in the context of the pos-sibilities of further product optimization. [1]
83. This paper presents the characteristics of the subsystems of the modular, didactic production system of single-stage gearboxes. The presented system is equipped with miniatures of devices commonly used in industry. The modular construction of the stand gives the possibility of free modelling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system development and its use. The paper presents the characteristics of the manufacturing, storage, transport and assembly subsystem and quality control. In the characteristics, the market recognition was presented and selected solutions and devices were described. [1]
84. This paper presents the FEM analysis of V-die bending process of the zinc plated DC01 steel. The process is analyzed in terms of maximal plastic strain, and the reaction force on the punch. An analysis of the spring-back phenomenon has also been conducted. This paper shows the model preparation process as well as the achieved results and their interpretation. [1]
85. This paper presents issues related to the subject of prototyping. It discusses the essence of creating prototypes in historical times and in contemporary times. The paper presents the process of car development in the times of Henry Ford and in modern times. Briefly contemporary methods of prototyping, so-called fast prototyping methods, are discussed. In short, the issues of researching prototypes in historical and contemporary times are also discussed. This article perfectly allows to see the progress in technology that has been made over the centuries from XIX to XXI. [1]
86. This paper presents a statistical analysis of concentrations for selected metals in groundwater samples collected from 15 sites located in the Wielkopolska National Park in four periods of 2017. Concentrations of such metals as B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn were analysed. Statistical analysis identified two groups of metals in terms of similarity in their concentrations in groundwater. One group is composed of Ba, Ca, K, Mg and Na, while the other comprises B, Fe, Mn and Zn. The analyses showed also considerable variation of investigated elements between various well locations. Three types of location were distinguished: situated nearby open water bodies, situated in the lowest parts of relief and located in the upper and middle parts of slopes. [1]
87. This paper presents a prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor for a hybrid boiler station supplying a small hotel in Koszalin. The task of the device was to balance the hybrid system with four circuits with different operating parameters, also changing in an extremely irregular manner. A prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor with improved internal structure was developed, ensuring the operation of the device in accordance with the temperature logic. Dimensions of the device have been calculated in accordance with the existing design principles of hydraulic distributors. [1]
88. This paper presents a method of lowering the processor’s voltage and temperature in which the computer operates by performing an operation called undervolting. By using undervolting it is possible to reduce electricity consumption and the amount of heat generated by computer workstations by up to 30%. This problem is particularly relevant for institutions that use a large number of computers. The more the computers are subjected to the higher computational load, the more effective the mechanism of undervolting is. Undervolting the processor does not reduce its performance, but lowers its operating temperature, has a positive impact on its life span and power consumption. Maintaining a low temperature of operation for computer hardware is essential to reduce operating and repair costs. The paper also presents the results of environmental research aimed at assessing the validity and effectiveness of undervolting. [1]
89. This paper presents a comparison of two approval tests for a passenger car, both the current procedure and its predecessor. The car that was the subject of the study received a roadworthiness certificate based on the NEDC test, however, the emission results were compared with the new test procedure. The analysis showed the significance of the “start-stop” system in the conducted tests, however, assuming the original equipment of the car (active “start-stop” system), the WLTP test showed higher CO2 emissions, which did not exceed the permissible emission standard for this model specified in the relevant regulation. [1]
90. This paper portrays the benefits of introducing an ultracapacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature is, the higher the hybrid system efficiency becomes. Data from real world is is covered by this study. Simulations are done considering a modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. Owing to this system, the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10%. Finally, hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system but it also increases the power train efficiency and the battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers in further development of this topic. [1]
91. This paper pertains to the influence of decreasing supplementation to transformation of chemical forms of Ni. Zn and Cu during composting of sewage sludge. A universally used supplementing material constituting a rich source of organic carbon is straw. Addition of straw to sewage sludge is aimed at increasing C/N proportion up to at least 15 due to the risk of formation of toxic forms of nitrogen, concentration of which in sewage sludge is exceptionally high. We have presented in this paper the results of speciation research of three elements applying Tessier’s sequential extraction. It’s been proven that decreasing of straw share in the composted mixture with sewage sludge down to the level of C/N value below the admissible value, has a beneficial effect on the allocation of tested heavy metals towards the forms that are permanently bound in compost matrix. A systematic increase of organic (IV) and residual (V) fractions share and decrease of mobile forms of heavy metals content in bioavailable fractions i.e. ion-exchange (I) and carbonate (II) has been ascertained. [1]
92. This paper introduce the transient model of the propane heat pump cycle. Heat pump cycle model includes:- compressor model- condenser model in lumped parameters- evaporator model in lumped parameters- expansion valve model- heat source model (cooling chamber)- PID control system for heat recovery from superheated refrigerant vapour.Model allows estimate inertia of the heat pump cycle with system of the heat recovery from superheated propane vapor [1]
93. This paper focuses on the assessment of the degree of risk in all phases of extraction activities in a selected quarry in the Slovak Republic. The research part of the paper assesses the degree of risk resulting from the assessment of the threat, the probability of the threat and the consequence of an adverse event in extraction activities. The paper offers an important basis for decision-making in quarry management in order to eliminate the negative consequences of andesite mining on the environment, equipment and people. The extraction activity in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry is assessed by this paper as low risk for two phases of extraction, specifically the preparation phase, and the extraction itself. The paper also highlights the importance of taking measures. Regarding the safety criteria in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry, it is possible, based on the results of the analysis and evaluation, to consider the quarry to be safe. However, a condition for this is the necessary expert training of workers in all activities performed while working in the quarry. Here, the need for personnel to strictly adhere to the set standards for extraction activities is of prime importance. This finding confirms the above that the aim of diagnosing and naming the potential for adverse events in the extraction process must be to minimize risks, as their absolute exclusion is not possible due to the human factor and unforeseeable circumstances. [1]
94. This paper examines the evacuation of people in the event of an emergency caused at a nuclear facility. The study describes the emergency preparedness of the Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant. The paper describes the proposal of the logistics solution and the implementation of protective and emergency preparation, which is determined by the internal emergency plan, based on the information flow in the event of an emergency and the activities of individual emergency response units. The above results indicate that the fewer people there are in one evacuated group, the longer the evacuation time will be. However, the reason is not the length of time to get to the assembly point itself, but the number of groups that must be created and therefore the higher number of trips that firefighters have to take. The optimal way to carry out this process safely, in the shortest possible time, could be to set up more groups of escorting firefighters, who would accompany groups with smaller numbers of evacuees. Strict preparation and adherence to pre-prepared instructions, based on logistical principles in the event of an emergency at a nuclear facility, minimizes loss of life and harm to the health of persons, and also damage to property or the environment. [1]
95. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system of the ecological environment and the economy, and the coupling degrees and coordination degrees from 2015 to 2019 are calculated. The results show that (1) There is a relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Discharging industrial pollutants is an important factor affecting the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economic coupling. (2) The comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment and economic development systems is increasing yearly, and the quality of the ecological environment and the level of economic development are constantly improving. (3) The value of the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between ecological environment and economic development is increasing yearly, and the development trend is good. The coupling degree gradually shifts from low-level coupling to high-level coupling stage. [1]
96. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of using biophilic installations to improve the indoor air quality in residential and commercial spaces. Modular plant systems can provide the support or, in smaller facilities, even an alternative to the conventional indoor air purification techniques, such as filtration. The unquestionable advantage of green walls is their comprehensive influence on the indoor air quality by shaping both appropriate thermal and humidity conditions as well as the chemical air composition. However, these constructions are not mechanical systems and therefore, the effectiveness of these specific types of living air purifiers in removing gaseous pollutants and particulate matter cannot be expected to match the level of traditional systems. [1]
97. This paper discusses the current directions of vehicle developments, as well as the barriers and opportunities for using electric vehicles instead of conventional vehicles. There is also mentioned a problem of the battery charging system. Compared to refueling gasoline powered vehicles, charging of battery electric vehicles takes considerably more time, which renders a single-purpose charging infrastructure inconvenient. However, an objective of this article is also to investigate the future market prospects of various types of EVs, with the economics of EVs in comparison to conventional cars. Only if the final driving costs can be considerably reduced will EVs gain significant market shares. [1]
98. This paper describes the optimization studies aime dat analysing the impact of the parameter described by the discount factor on the cost of the system and its structure. The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of medical waste management system in north-eastern Poland, in the Podlaskie Province. The scope of operational research carried out under the optimization study was divided into two stages of optimization calculations with assumed technical and economic parameters of the system. In the first stage, the lowest cost of functioning of the analysed system was generated, whereas in the second one the influence of the input parameter of the system, i.e. the discount factor on the economic efficiency index (E) and the spatial structure of the medical waste management system was determined. With the assumed discount factor in the range of 0.980 to 0.909, the highest cost of the system was achieved at the level of 2332.60 PLN/Mg (increase of economic efficiency index E by ca. 46% in comparison with course 1, with discount factor = 0.980); furthermore, discount factor = 0.909 produced the lowest value of the economic efficiency index, i.e. E = 1164.20 PLN/Mg (a decrease of E by ca. 27% in comparison with course 1). [1]
99. This paper describes the mixture design of lightweight concrete. The authors proposed lightweight concrete based solely on expanded clay aggregate. Commercially available expanded clay granules (used as coarse aggregate) were supplemented with crushed expanded clay granules (which played the role of fine aggregate). The created mixes were differentiated by particle size distribution of lightweight aggregate and the amount of used cement. Properties of both fresh concrete mixes and hardened composites were of interest. The tested properties were as follows: consistency, density, compression strength, splitting tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, shear strength and abrasion resistance. Experimental results have shown some satisfactory mechanical characteristics of concretes in question. [1]
100. This paper describes a stability study in plastic injection molding process. There is a need - underpinned by economic considerations - to continuously improve and lead to a maximum reduction in the level of deficiencies in production processes. One of the methods that can help to improve the process is SPC (Statistical Process Control). One of the SPC tools are process capability indicators (Cp, Cpk) or performance indicators such as Pp, Ppk. In this paper, on a mass measuring station, a study was conducted on three types of products manufactured in a company, and the measurements concerned each piece of product manufactured during one work shift. The collected data were used to calculate the process capability and evaluate these processes. [1]
101. This paper contains results of measurements of the pore water pressures in a model flood embankment exposed to different water saturation levels. The pressure of air and water was measured, and the recorded values were referred to the atmospheric pressure value. Correlation of the variables corresponding to the recorded pressures was observed, with the appearance of discontinuous in the soil structure of the model. [1]
102. This paper addresses the protection of the environment and provides a design forthe use of the deposit after the cessation of mining in the Novoveská Huta region. The areaof interest of this case study describes the practical transformation of a functioning miningoperation into a mining museum in order to reduce the pressures on the environment aftermining. The resulting model of the functioning of the mining museum also deals in detailwith the safety of a mining operation which is no longer used for mining, taking intoaccount its further use. The article describes the proposed 1700-metre route which visitorswill pass along, and also gives a detailed description of the proposed measures necessaryfor safety and long-term sustainable operation.The aim was to design a use of the mining space, that would offer visitors theopportunity to see the handling space and mining methods of the deposit. An interestingelement will also be the possibility of inspecting the explosives store, wall linings, steeland wooden reinforcements. The tour will also include a demonstration of storage facili-ties as well as a Karlik's wheel mining equipment with a rope loop. The open-air museumalso offers the opportunity to get acquainted with transport around the entire deposit understrict safety conditions. It is assumed that devices such as a mining telephone or a sirenplaced on the walls of the tunnel will also arouse interest. An important element of theentire tour would also be a constant reminder of the safety rules during the tour.The impacts of this solution on the environment are very acceptable and incom-parably more beneficial than in the case of the termination of mining and subsequent non-use of the Novoveská Huta deposit. [1]
103. This experimental study investigated the effects of a conventional cutting fluid during drilling cylindrical holes on workpiece materials made of the AISI 1040 steel. Drilling responses were compared between dry and wet (in presence of the cutting fluid) cutting conditions with respect to drilling force, roundness deviation and taper of the hole, and chip morphology. High production machining and drilling with high cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut were found to be inherently associated with the generation of a large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. In a dry condition such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the roundness deviation and taper of the hole. The use of a conventional cutting fluid, in such a situation, was very effective to reduce the cutting temperature. In a dry cutting condition, numerous tool-wears were found on the drill bits. Drilling in such a dry condition seriously affects roundness of the hole, and chip shape and color. Contrastingly, use of a traditional cutting fluid reduced temperature as well as improved roundness and taper of the hole. It also acted as a lubricate at the tool tip–work surface interface. [1]
104. This article represents the results of experimental studies of the temperature regime during long-term operation of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. The average annual, total monthly and average daily specific amounts of heat extracted from the soil or released into the soil mass, respectively, depending on the cold or warm periods of the year, were determined. The analysis of the given data allowed to conduct a monthly assessment of the energy efficiency of the use of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. It is noted that the largest thermal contribution occurs in the middle of the warm and cold periods of the year, when the largest difference in temperature of the outside air and the soil massif is observed. The use of earth-to-air heat exchangers is one of the necessary tools in order to lowering the energy consumption for modern air-conditioning systems of buildings due to their energy efficiency. [1]
105. This article presents the results of experimental research on the effect of enhancing the heating surface on the heat transfer coefficient for boiling in a closed volume of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the research was determination of impact heat surfaces enhancements by applying circular cavities on heat transfer coefficient and on vapor structures formation during boiling. The study involved three brass samples with diameters equal to 50 mm, with different enhancements of the heating surface by drilled blind cavities. The research include investigation of sample without cavities, sample with 133 circular cavities of diameter of 2 mm and sample with 61 circular cavities of diameter of 3 mm. On the basis of the research, the influence of the investigated heat exchange surface enhancement on the intensity of heat exchange was determined. Own interface in the LabView environment for controlling and acquiring measurement data was developed. The boiling process was recorded with a high-speed camera, and based on the obtained video images, the recorded images were analyzed to determine the void fraction. The heat flux density, heat transfer coefficient were calculated and comparative diagrams of the obtained measurement results were made [1]
106. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d below 2,5 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter d was obtained. [1]
107. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe microchannels with an internal diameter dw below 1 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter dw was obtained. [1]
108. This article presents the results for flow past a square cylinder and two square cylinders of the same and different sizes with corner modifications by varying the spacing ratio. Here, experimental work is conducted in a recirculatory channel filled with water. A set of aluminum discs made to rotate to create the flow in the test section. The motor is used to vary the speed of the water. Fine aluminum powder is used as a tracer medium. It is observed that vortex shedding frequency decreases by placing the second cylinder in the downstream of the first cylinder. For similar size cylinders, the width of the eddy in the middle of the cylinders increases with an increase in spacing ratio. With the increase of spacing ratio to 6, the flow past each cylinder behaves like a single square cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is smaller than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is reduced in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is bigger than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is larger in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. [1]
109. This article presents the methods of processing gold-plated pins from, among others, used computer equipment and discusses the results of own research on the recovered metal. Due to the relatively small structure of the pins and the fact that the gold layer is only a few microns thick, recovering gold from them constitutes a significant challenge. On the other hand, gold is a precious metal which enables the collective removal of other metals to obtain pure gold. The suggested method involves compacting the gold-plated pins into an anode form and carrying out the electro-refining process. Metals such as copper, tin and iron pass into the anode sludge from which they can be extracted or serve as a commercial intermediate to be sold to smelter plants. The anode sludge was melted in the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch in a graphite crucible by adding borax. As a result of the melting, several metallic precipitates were obtained, which were then hot-incorporated into a sample with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 12 mm. Eventually, a pure gold alloy sample was obtained containing Cu 40.69%, Sn 9.61% and Au 48.58%. [1]
110. This article presents results of experimental tests of internal cylindrical traverse grinding in which the total machining allowance is removed in a single pass. Grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure made on basis of abrasive grains from Al2O3 were used in the process. Such tools are characterized by different construction of rough and finish grinding zones. Moreover, conic chamfer is shaped on their active surface that allows for even distribution of machining allowance on the grinding wheel surface. What is described in the hereby work is a device for precise shaping of conic chamfer on the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS). The work also presents results of tests whose aim was to determine the influence of grinding wheel macrogeometry on the process of internal cylindrical traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces made from steel 100Cr6. Changes of selected parameters of the machined surface geometric structure (Ra, Rz, RSm, Rdq and RTp) and values of the grinding power P were analyzed. It was proved that the greater the conic chamfer width, the better the results. [1]
111. This article presents numerical investigation of isotropic dissimilar material joints. Dissimilar material joints are broadly used in in various structures, including offshore, nuclear, electronic packaging, IC chip and spacecraft various fields of science and technology. In bi-material joints two different material are bonded with common interface region. High stress concentration occur at the interface of the joint under thermo-mechanical loadings due to the difference in the elastic properties and the thermal expansion coefficients of dissimilar materials. The stresses acting along the interface of dissimilar material joints are very important to determine whether the structure is reliable or not for operation. The main purpose of this research is to provide finite element solutions to predict the stress distribution at the interface of the joint based on the theory of elasticity. [1]
112. This article presents issues related to the search for new products. The process of innovation implementation in a production company is characterized. Issues related to the process of innovation implementation are presented, as well as processes closely related to it. There are presented the analyses which are necessary to carry out, before starting the process of innovation implementation in a company. The process of economic analyses and risk assessment of FMEA implementation was discussed. The analyses presented refer to a specific example which is the implementation of innovative impregnated wheels in the company Andre Abrasive Articles. [1]
113. This article presents five methods of centrifugal provision the grinding fluid to the grinding zone such as centrifugal grinding fluid supplying through the grinding spindle and through the grinding wheel, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the grinding wheel body and grinding wheel pores, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the body and space between abrasive segments, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the grinding wheel divider radial channels, centrifugal grinding fluid supply method with use of zonal centrifugal grinding fluid provision system. The described characteristics were referred primarily to the conventional flood cooling method as a reference. In summary the conclusions drawn after mentioned characteristics analysis were presented. [1]
114. This article presents a study of the aerodynamic characteristics of a small H-Darrieus wind turbine to optimize its design. The article proposes correlations between the geometric and aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, optimizes the profile of the blades and their dimensions for various values of wind speed, aerodynamic forces, and rotational moments. The data obtained can be useful for the design and study of low power wind turbines operating at low wind speeds with variable direction. [1]
115. This article presents a novel, innovative, open multi-domain platform for early warning against adverse events in reservoirs and watercourses, which can measure temperature, pH, redox, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll and phycocyanin. These parameters are key indicators of cyanobacteria bloom. This platform allows remote and distributed monitoring of important locations on lakes and rivers. The station's design enables the use of both wired sensors directly connected to the station and wireless data collection from locally dispersed measurement points that communicate with the station-buoy. The data aggregation system is open, and the technological solution of the station is universal, which means it can use different sensors for chemical and biological parameters that are required by, for example, the Water Framework Directive, from the market and industry standards. The platform also has built-in machine learning and data analysis mechanisms that can optimise the number of stations needed to achieve the desired level of data acquisition. The sensor dispersion and station autonomy ensure the flexibility and scalability of the measurements. [1]
116. This article is devoted to the analysis of the heat engineering characteristics of the operation of an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, EAHE, with a circular cross-sectional shape, which is a component of the geothermal ventilation system. The authors analyzed literature sources devoted to the research of heat exchangers of the soil-air type of various designs and for working conditions in various soils. Much attention is paid to the issues of modeling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of an EAHE under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine. [1]
117. This article investigates the application of neural network models to create automated control systems for industrial processes. We reviewed and analysed works on dispatch control and evaluation of equipment operating modes, and the use of artificial neural networks to solve problems of this type. It is shown that the main requirements for identification models are the accuracy of estimation and ease of algorithm implementation. It is shown that artificial neural networks meet the requirements for accuracy of classification problems, ease of execution and speed. We considered the structures of neural networks that can be used to recognize the modes of operation of technological equipment. Application of the model and structure of networks with radial basis functions and multilayer perceptrons for the tasks of identifying the mode of operation of equipment under given conditions is substantiated. The input conditions for the construction of neural network models of two types with a given three-layer structure are offered. The results of training neural models on the model of a multilayer perceptron and a network with radial basis functions are presented. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. It is shown that networks with radial basis functions offer greater accuracy in solving identification problems. The structural scheme of the automated process control system with mode identification on the basis of artificial neural networks is offered. [1]
118. This article focuses on factors limiting the development possibilities of Poland's photovoltaic and wind power plants. Technical, environmental and legal conditions were found and indicated as a result of research based on legal acts and literature on location possibilities of renewable energy installations under discussion. Also, formulas that can show limiting factors in absolute value are proposed. These formulas consider all limiting factors and allow for comparison between different regions of Poland concerning location impossibilities. [1]
119. This article discusses the processes of current re-engineering of the Georgian Railway. Georgian Railway was founded in 1865 and its operations started in 1871. It sits on the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia. When we analyze the re-engineering issues of a particular country, we conclude that there is no general recipe on the process of re-engineering in the railway of any country. Decisions which were made in different countries, despite the fact that the approaches to the process of re-engineering were different, the world experience has demonstrated some similar actions that are common for these processes. I would like to present the recommendations and approaches which show the common actions that are useful for all railway administration. The article is built on theoretical and practical issues that will help us to learn about the project management of re-engineering and give an idea how to use it in our future career. [1]
120. This article describes functional and diagnostic structure of the equipment of a Wind Power Station. Considering particular operational conditions of a technical object, that is a set of Wind Power Station equipment, this is a significant issue. A structural model of Wind Power Station equipment is developed. Based on that, a functional – diagnostic model of Wind Power Station equipment is elaborated. That model is a basis for determining primary elements of the object structure, as well as for interpreting a set of diagnostic signals and their reference signals. [1]
121. This article describes a case study of an application of the method of creating innovations called SCAMPER for the development of new abrasive tools designed for machining of hard-to-cut materials. The SCAMPER method is used for innovative transformations of existing products, aimed at a modernization of their design, a construction and an extension of functions. This method was used in the procedure of modifying abrasive tools and it permitted a generation of a set of innovative solutions in this field. The methodology made it also possible to logically organize individual creative activities supported by the previously accumulated theoretical and experimental knowledge. [1]
122. This article deals with the optimization of friction stir welding process parameters with filler ratios on dissimilar Aluminium alloy groups. For this purpose, 6 series Aluminium alloy 6082 and 5 series Aluminium alloy 5052 were taken. Microhardness property was conducted under various rotational speeds, welding speed, plunge depth, Center distance between the holes and filler mixing ratio. The Central Composite Design (CCD), the most commonly used Response Surface Methodology (RSM), is considered to develop the prediction equation. A validation analysis is carried out, and the results were compared with the relative impact of input parameters on weld nugget microhardness. It is observed that the increase in welding speed with plunge depth and filler ratio result in the increase of weld nugget microhardness up to a maximum value. The maximum weld nugget hardness of fabricated joint was obtained with the welding process parameters combination of 1000 rpm rotational speed, 125 mm/min welding speed, 0.15 mm plunge depth, 2 mm centre distance between the holes, and filler ratio of 95% Mg and 5% Cr. [1]
123. This article analyses the recycling of secondary waste in Polish recycling companies. An innovative method of processing PCBs is presented and trends that should be followed by plants processing non-ferrous metal waste are indicated. In conclusion, it is emphasised that the Polish WEEE recycling market is still at the early development and growth stage and the most important goals that enterprises should set themselves include cost optimisation, improvement of waste management logistics and increases in the level of recycling. [1]
124. This article analysed the state of air quality in Poland on the basis of data from the main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. The emission limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter were analysed along with the number of days in which their emission was exceeded. In addition to particulate emissions, target levels for benzo(a)pyrene, which is highly carcinogenic, have been assessed. [1]
125. This PhD manuscript contains new concepts focusing on experimental protocols and a proposal of new materials/nanomaterials for hybrid methodologies allowing for the elimination of low-molecular-mass organic micropollutants from the water phase. The introduction to the manuscript consists of a problem overview and extensive discussion of current literature in the field of micropollutants and technological processes for their removal. As target micropollutants, four common dyes were selected and investigated: Brilliant Blue, Malachite Green, Sunset Yellow and Ponceau 4R. Various experiments involving these chemicals were proposed including separation science and biological investigations (activated sludge, duckweed organisms). As active matrices, a number of both simple and complex substances were investigated, namely: active carbon, lyophilized graphene oxide, β-cyclodextrin, raw dandelion pappus, microcrystalline cellulose, raw pine pollen, and Egyptian Blue mineral pigments (1.1.1. and 1.1.1a.). A new approach for the synthesis of the selected nanomaterials were described in the details concerning lyophilised Graphene Oxide and Egyptian Blue dye. These materials were extensively characterized using a number of different physicochemical methods such as SEM, EDS, Raman and FTIR. [1]
126. Thermophysical characteristics of porous thermal insulation materials (PTM) aregenerally determined by the structure, size, type and shape of pores, as well as by theirmutual arrangement in the material. Thermal conductivity is one of the most importantamong these characteristics, is caused by different physical processes and can be reducedto three types: conduction, convection and radiation. Literature sources imply that thermalconductivity dependence is represented as an exponential function. These dependencies failto have a sufficiently clear and pronounced nature and do not allow developing an analyticalexpression to describe this function, especially at high values of material density. In our548 Hanna Koshlak, Anna Kaczanexperiments, the thermal conductivity coefficient was determined in the dry and sorptionhumidity states, not exceeding 20%. The thermal conductivity of porous thermal insulationmaterials was studied using an IT-λ-400 device. Cylindrical test specimens, 5 mm thick and15 mm in diameter, were placed in the device and heated to 800°C. Within this temperaturerange, the material thermal conductivity was determined according to the standard proce-dure described in the device operating instructions. The observed data were processed usingthe designed experiment approach. Thermal conductivity is considered as the target function(Y, W/(m K)). The experiment was conducted according to the program of the central com-posite rotatable second-order design by Box-Hunter. The factors, studied in the previousseries of experiments, are considered as controllable ones. Variable factors shall meet thesecriteria during experiment design process. 16 experiments were conducted at basic levelsand supplemented by another 10 experiments at star points. [1]
127. Thermochemical processes are among the most effective methods of obtaining hydrogen-rich gases from biomass. These technologies mainly include pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction. Thermochemical conversion of dry biomass is similar to the conversion of fossil fuels using gasification and pyrolysis methods. Products obtained through thermochemical processes (CO and CH4) can be processed into other biofuels, e.g. syngas, a raw material for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, methanol and alcohols. In recent years, advanced research has been carried out using biomass to produce liquid fuels. The biomass pyrolysis process in the presence of a catalyst is based on the rapid heating of the biomass to a temperature of approximately 500°C in the so-called inert atmosphere in which there are no reactive gases. This process produces a liquid product: pyrolysis oil, gas and charcoal. The bio-oil produced in this process constitutes 60-75% of the mass of the biofuel and is thermally unstable because it contains up to 300 different chemical compounds. However, the bio-oil obtained in this way is incompatible with conventional liquid transport fuels (gasoline, diesel) due to its high oxygen content. Pyrolysis in the presence of a zeolite catalyst is a process that allows for the effective conversion of biomass in economic and ecological terms. A zeolite catalyst makes it possible to remove oxidized compounds in situ and modify the properties of the biofuel to ensure its compatibility with conventional transport fuels. The catalyst plays a crucial role in this process because it removes oxygen from oxygenates and, consequently, creates stable reaction products that can then be treated to obtain renewable transport fuels or other useful chemicals. The article presents methods of biomass conversion via pyrolisis, microorganisms usage, zeolite-based catalysis, biocatalysis and photo-fermentation, which poses a big possibility of diversification of renewable energy sources. [1]
128. Thermoacoustics has become a promising technology to use heat from low temperature sources to drive engines. This study proposes a single-stage thermoacoustic travelling-wave engine for waste-heat recovery at 150°C. All the construction details of such a system are provided. A recently developed configuration of a looped tube with an impedance matching side-branch stub is proposed. A numerical model of the engine is built in DeltaEC software to conduct the simulations. Furthermore, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the engine is presented, including an energy balance, a description of the basic acoustic parameters in a steady state, as well as a study of a variable load influence on the performance of the engine. The Authors pointed out the necessity of the engine optimization and a proper choice of load related acoustic impedance, which would consider a trade-off between high power and high efficiency. Eventually, a possibility of achieving 40% exergy efficiency of the proposed engine is confirmed. [1]
129. Thermal comfort and lighting conditions are essential aspects of indoor environmental quality. They are considered to influence the productivity of room users. The paper presents the experimental test results of research conducted in the university educational building of Kielce University of Technology (Central Poland) using anonymous questionnaires and physical measurements of indoor air parameters with a high-precision microclimate meter. It covers the analysis of the subjective assessment of thermal sensations, acceptability and preference, as well as productivity, lighting and air quality in eleven rooms (both lecture rooms and classrooms). The study analyses the impact of the indoor environment (mostly air temperature and illuminance) on the subjective sensations of the respondents they expressed in the questionnaires. The experiments have enabled us to provide valuable insights into developing the proper indoor environmental conditions to maximise room users' comfort and productivity. [1]
130. The work concerns determining the energy performance of the heat storage device based on the phase change material for the solar dish Stirling unit. Experimental studies were performed with the heat storage material, made of the eutectic metal alloy Mg-51%Zn. The energy characteristics are determined by mathematical analysis of the experimental data and simulation of the process of cooling the heat storage. [1]
131. The work concerns a detailed analysis of the possibilities of increasing environmental protection by increasing the efficiency of selective collection of municipal waste in the city of Wroclaw and the economic conditions of this activity. The study includes a short introduction and an overview of waste morphology indicators. Then, a research model for the study of the morphology of municipal waste is discussed, based on the example of Wroclaw (Poland). Finally, 3 variant cost models of measures supporting the segregation of municipal waste were described and discussed. The article ends with a numerical example for Wroclaw along with a verification of the applicable rates for municipal waste collection fees, whether sorted or not. [1]
132. The word greenhouse dryer is used for a building which is highly glazed with thermal conditioning for desired range and it is used for cultivating crops, plants, vegetables, etc. The actual working of a greenhouse is that the short-wave radiations falling on the greenhouse are absorbed by the outer glazing material thereby heating the interior area of greenhouse and providing ambient heat for plants, vegetables growth respectively. The heated space is retained within the enclosure of greenhouse. This phenomenon is called as greenhouse effect. The important role played during the greenhouse effect phenomenon are atmosphere, insulating roofs, walls, etc.The current study focuses on the numerical and experimental validation of Solar Greenhouse which is utilized for drying phenomenon. The numerical simulation is performed using Finite Element Analysis method. The various roof shapes have been incorporated to have emphasis on maximum solar gain to drying phenomenon. [1]
133. The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design. [1]
134. The tribological performance of 5xxx series aluminum alloys with ternary zirconium is evaluated at ambient conditions under dry, wet and saline environment. The experiment has been done using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under an applied load of 20N. The sliding distances varies ranging from 116m-2772m at a sliding velocity of 0.385 ms-1. The results show that presence of Mg and Zr into this alloy helps to increase their strength and wear resistance under dry sliding condition. But they significantly suffer under wet and corrosive environment due to formation of β-phase Al3Mg2, to slip bands and grain boundaries which may lead to and stress-corrosion cracking. The variation of friction coefficient is observed in wet and corrosive environment due to the formation of oxidation film, lubrication, and corrosion action in solution. The SEM fracture surface shows that brittle Al3Mg2 phase initiate the brittle fracture surface for Al-Mg alloy and Zr addition accelerate the brittleness of the alloy owing the fine precipitates of Al3Zr. [1]
135. The transport sector in Poland heavily pollutes the environment, and together with individual heating systems, it contributes to bad air quality in Polish cities. One of solutions to this problem, among others, is electric transport. It should lead to reduced emissions, but 80% of electricity in Poland is generated from coal and lignite, the “dirty” fuels. This paper is meant to compare the emission of pollutants from power plants per kilometre covered by electric vehicles and by conventional cars. For this purpose, statistical data was used. Additional information concerning possible electromobility evolution, other low emission transport solutions, Polish energy mix evolution, external costs of electricity and differences between EURO limits and real driving emission are also included. [1]
136. The transport safety is a property of the transport process (movement of individuals and/or goods), characterized by absence of danger to life and health of individuals [1,2,10]. This process should represent a high reliability and safety. The measure of safety is certainty that components of the transport process will remain intact during operation, except for natural changes due to ageing and wear. To ensure a sufficient safety level, it is vital to employ the electronic transport systems which aim is to increase the safety of transferred individuals and goods. The electronic transport systems are designed to detect the threats that occur during the transport process (for both stationary and moving objects). This article presents influence of the electromagnetic interferences within vast railway area on the electronic transport systems with one transmission bus. These electromagnetic interferences are able to completely compromise the electronic system, induce the voltage in the transmission buses or in other components of the system and trigger the alarm (higher probability of false alarm). While operating the transport safety system, full spectrum of electromagnetic interferences should be taken into account. Due to complex behavior of the electromagnetic waves during penetration (propagation), influence of the electromagnetic interferences requires separate analyzes for different frequency bands. [1]
137. The term optical profilometry is used in relation to group of methods used in a rapid, non-destructive, and non-contact assessment of surface topography. Those methods playing a signifi-cant role in the area of a modern advanced laboratory and industrial 3D measurements. With the development of profilometric methods, a large progress in the construction of optical profilometric instruments and measuring sensors used in them, including confocal sensors based on the chromatic light aberration phenomenon (CLA) has been observed since several years. In the paper shows that the Talysurf CLI 2000 multisensory optical profilometer equipped with a CLA sensor can be used in high-accuracy 3D measurements of the uncirculated and circulated coins. The assessment of such type objects characterized by a high variability of altitude can be extremely helpful in analyzing the actual metrological properties of measuring equipment used in their measurements. [1]
138. The sustainable implementation of highway projects requires a sensitivity analysis of the terrain and all of its components that have a direct influence on road design, construction and operation. The result of this inquiry involving GIS techniques and methods regarding environmental and economic factors helps in choosing the optimal road route, in order to meet the real-world connectivity requirements. The sensitivity analysis can be applied to road and rail infrastructure projects, aiming to develop a decision-making tool that can be employed by their potential beneficiaries, according to their purposes and interests. This paper aims to create an objective decision-making tool for transport infrastructure development in correlation with the current needs of society regarding the development of transport infrastructure in an economic sustainable manner with low environmental impact. Furthermore, the study tries to identify the best highway corridor in an area with environmental constraints (especially geomorphological), that is in balance with both environment and financial resources. [1]
139. The submitted article deals with issue of application PVD coating nACRo4 deposited on the High Contact Ratio gearing made of 16MnCr5 material in interaction with the conventional PP 90H lubricant and biological Biogear S150 lubricant. Experimental tests were carried out on FZG test rig with closed performance flow, followed by measuring of the surface roughness change. In experiment we followed STN 65 6280 norm for FZG scuffing tests, from which we gained load values for different load levels. Results of experimental tests were statistically processed and on basis on them were established relations between surface roughness and load level for both used lubricants. [1]
140. The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata). [1]
141. The study of environmental loads resulting from manufacturing technology is of great importance for environmental protection. Applying the principles of sustainable development means "a way of farming in which meeting the needs of the present generation will not reduce the chances of meeting the needs of future generations." Faced with such a challenge, the product must be assessed throughout its entire life cycle (LCA). From the available technologies and materials, one should choose those that are least harmful to the environment. In order to make a correct choice, it is necessary to know and understand the technological processes and phenomena that take place in them. Using off-the-shelf LCA applications, without knowing basic knowledge of manufacturing technology, can bias the results. The aim of the article is to present benefits resulting from the environmental assessment of manufacturing processes. [1]
142. The study involves the development of multi-objective optimization model for turning machining process. This model was developed using a GA - based weighted-sum of minimum production cost and time criteria of multipass turning machining process subject to relevant technological/practical constraints. The results of the single-objective machining process optimization models for the multipass turning machining process when compared with those of multi-objective machining process model yielded the minimum production cost and minimum production time as $5.775 and 8.320 min respectively (and the corresponding production time and production cost as 12.996min and $6.992, respectively), while those of the multi-objective machining process optimization model were $5.841and 9.097 min. Thus, the multi-objective machining process optimization model performed better than each of the single-objective model for the two criteria of minimum production cost and minimum production time respectively. The results also show that minimum production time model performs better than the minimum production cost model. For the example considered, the multi-objective model gave a lower production time of 30.0% than the corresponding production time obtained from the minimum production cost model, while it gave a lower production cost of 16.46% than the corresponding cost obtained by the minimum production time model. [1]
143. The stability of a vehicle depends on many parameters.The Centre of Gravity is one of the most important in them. If the height of center of gravity from the ground decreases the stability of the vehicle increases. But when the ground clearance is too low it has a chance of collision vehicle and the ground while going on an uneven road or with speed brakes. So, to avoid the collision of a vehicle to ground and increase the stability a mechanism to adjust the ground clearance is to be attached. Also, the lift and drag forces can also be altered using this adjustable ground clearance mechanism. The designers usually fix ground clearance and they try to acquire this by the suspension system. The suspension system has tires, tire air, springs, shock absorber, and other parts to connect the vehicle with the wheels. The present paper describes the significance of using hydraulic oil as a working fluid in an adjustable ground clearance mechanism. Also describes the design and analysis of piston and cylinder rod. [1]
144. The sector of transport, on the one hand, contributes to the socio-economic development; on the other hand, it is the source of multiple external effects with a significant and adverse impact on the society and economy. In spite of many years' experiences in the study of external costs of transport, there are still large discrepancies in research approaches and methods. This article reviewed available studies in the scope of the estimation of external costs in transport and presented own estimations of the level of costs of climate change and air pollution generated by road freight transport in Poland. The estimation of external costs was conducted based on a method developed by Martinio et al. The obtained results of the study confirm the significant adverse effect of road freight transport on the environment. The results may be useful in the selection of appropriate transport policy instruments. [1]
145. The response of zoobenthos and ichthyofauna to different levels of habitat degradation was estimated on a small lowland river. The level of fragmentation, the hydromorphological modifications of the watercourse bed, and the water quality of different river stretches were assessed as proxies of the degree of anthropogenic transformation of habitats. The degree of fauna similarity between the study sites, as well as the relationships between habitat quality and biotic indexes were estimated. A strong response of both assemblages to changes in environmental conditions was demonstrated, however, reaction to individual pressures differs. This confirms that these organisms are excellent, universal bioindicators and both groups should be used together. The key role of a well developed riparian zone in shaping the diversity of freshwater biota has also been demonstrated. [1]
146. The research reported in this paper focuses on the application of Local Binary Patterns (LBPs) for surface defects detection. The surface defection detection algorithm for Friction Stir Welded aluminum plates is the key part of the entire surface defect recognition system. Two different grades i.e AA 1200 and AA 6061 plates were similarly joined with the help of Friction Stir Welding process. Python codes for the proposed algorithm were executed on Google Colaboratory platform. The results obtained prove that the Local Binary Patterns method can be used for real-time surface defects detection in Friction Stir Welded joints. [1]
147. The research carried out was aimed at determining the effectiveness of reclamation of the Rudnickie Wielkie lake. Samples were taken 7-fold in 3 places during the period from October to April. In the tested water was determined by the colorimetric method PO4-3ions, total P and N, nitrate(V), nitrite(III) and NH4 -N. Additionally, the pH and temperature.The temperature and pH of water analyzed in the course of the study were at the level characteristic for the seasons under study and did not have a significant impact on the content of the determined chemical indicators. The level of biogenic elements and their compounds, determined a few years after reclamation, is higher than the results obtained in 2001 (immediately after reclamation), which may indicate improper sewage and agricultural management in the lake's basin. [1]
148. The pyrochlores are the promising low-thermal conductive materials for Thermal Barrier Coatings applications. In present work the concept of pyrochlore formation during APS spraying of ZrO2 and ReO was analyzed. The specially prepared agglomerated mixtures of ZrO2 with Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3 and Gd2O3 oxides were plasma sprayed using A60 plasma torch on NiCoCrAlY-type bond coat. The influence of plasma gasses composition on coatings’ microstructure was investigated. The results of XRD phase analysis proved formation of pyrochlores from Gd2O3 +ZrO2 and Nd2O3+ZrO2 mixtures. The formation of Er4O12Zr3 from Er2O3+ ZrO2 mixture as well as Zr3Yb4 from Yb2O3+ ZrO2 powder was detected. The presence of pure rare earth oxides (REO) and zirconia oxides was observed in all types of sprayed coatings. The microstructural assessment showed differences in porosity and thickness of obtained ceramic coatings depending of type of REO oxides. The analysis of results showed that it is possible to obtain pyrochlore ceramic coatings from pure oxides mixture. The plasma energy was not efficient for full formation of pyrochlores, therefore the presence of pure oxides was observed. [1]
149. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland in 1981-2010. Water needs were calculated by the plant coefficients, which were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney-Criddle’s equation, modified for Polish conditions. Rainfall deficit with the occurrence probability of normal, medium dry and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the growing season was 434 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the periods May-October and June-August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for most of the provinces. The rainfall deficit was recorded with the occurrence probability of normal as well as medium or very dry years in the entire study area. Due to climate changes, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. This research significantly broadens and refines the knowledge about the water needs of grapevines in central Poland, which will allow the design of resource-efficient irrigation programs for grapevines in the studied region of Poland. [1]
150. The purpose of this study was to assess progress in the implementation of rules for the control and handling of ballast water and sediments, regulated by the International Convention on the Control and Handling of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). The survey was conducted in 2018-2019 among seafarers responsible for handling ballast tanks. Analysis of the survey data revealed that despite the introduction of water treatments, ballast water continues to be a vector for the transfer of non-native organisms. This is due to the low effectiveness of the methods used, and the fact that 8% of the respondents answered that no BWT systems were used on the ships they manage. Despite this, some seafarers (4.7%) indicated that increasing environmental awareness and adherence to BWM principles should result in improved protection of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the global problem concerning the transport of non-native organisms via ballast water has still not been solved effectively. In the near future, improved BWT systems should be introduced, which after proper training of the crew will act as a barrier to the transfer of non-native organisms in ballast water. [1]
151. The purpose of this research is to effectively schedule jobs in a production company using heuristic johnson’s algorithm. A popular pure water production factory, Iterlene industrial services limited (IISL) located at Effurun, Nigeria was investigated and it was noticed that different sizes of jobs (bottled water) are produced ranging from 25cl, 50cl, 60cl, 75cl, and 150cl respectively, which are processed through the filling machine (FM1) and capping machine (CM2). In the order FM1CM2. Each job has to pass through the same sequence of operations. Jobs are assigned in such a way that a job is assigned on FM1 first and once processing is completed on FM1, it is assigned to CM2 and passing is not allowed. The idle time for the production of 500 bottles of water was estimated to be 1020seconds (17.00mins.). Johnson’s algorithm was applied to minimize the idle time for both FM1 and CM2 by determining the optimal sequence of the processed jobs. This was achieved within 780seconds (13.00mins.). Conclusively, the minimization of total elapsed time between the completion of first and last job was achieved. This would greatly improve productivity, effectiveness, and profitability at iterlene factory. [1]
152. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature change on the Lamb wave-based SHM method. This study evaluates the Lamb wave method’s ability to detect damage to an AL2024-T3 sheet, assessed by a near-surface hole. Lamb waves are created via numerical simulation with the commercial Finite Element (FE) package ABAQUS. In this study, the Lamb wave-based SHM method using displacement responses is used. The results indicate that this method is able to detect a near-surface hole in the AL2024-T3 sheet as well as its location, with close approximation. Subsequently, the AL1100 sheet was investigated for changes in temperature from this method, which was evaluated over a temperature range of –200(°C) to 204(°C). The results show that temperature change in the range of –200(°C) to 93(°C) has no effect on the displacement responses. However, the graphs related to temperature change of more than 149(°C) do not overlap with the reference temperature. Hence, it has been concluded that Lamb waves can be used as an SHM method in the temperature range of –200(°C) to 93 (°C) without having to worry about the effects of temperature change on the results. [1]
153. The purpose of this investigation was to indicate the most effective method of revitalizing degraded forest area. The different modifications of wood chips were used as a substitute for humus layer. The mites (Acari), and moss mites (Oribatida) as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes were used. The study began 2 years after planting of Scots pine seedlings on the land devastated by military activity, at the former military training ground (GPS: 53.156943N, 17.986440E). The soil on this area was in the type of rusty soils and subtype of the rusty algae soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted in spring 2011, in a distance 1.5×0.8 m. In one-factor experiment four soil mulching treatments were tested: 1. uncovered soil – control (C), 2. soil mulched with wood chips (W), 3. W + mycorrhizal preparation (WM), 4. W + forest litter (WL). Three replicates of microplots arrangement was applied. Each microplot was 5 m long with 3 rows of Scots pine. Each replication covers 10 rows. Mulching with wood chips was carried out on April 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, the wood chips on the WM microplots were inoculated with the mycorrhizal biopreparation, and on the WL microplots, a 10% addition of fresh forest litter from the ripe fresh coniferous forest was applied. After the end of the growing season of 2012, 2013 and 2014, the measurement of the plants was carried out (the height, the root neck diameter, the length of one-year increments in the last whorl, the number of one-year increments of the last whorl and the lengths of one-year increments of the last whorl). The samples for acarological tests were collected four times. In total, 40 substrate samples with a volume of 50 cm3 each were collected from each treatment. Mites extraction was carried out for 7 days in Tullgren apparatus. Mites were identified to the order, and moss mites to the species or genus, including juvenile stages. Calculated: the average density of mites, the dominance index, the species richness, the diversity of moss mites, the average number of species, and the Shannon general species diversity index. The use of soil mulching with the Scots pine wood chips did not significantly affect the growth and developmental characteristics of the Scots pine plants. After mulching with wood chips, the total number of mites increased many times, and moss mites began to dominate among micro-arthropods. Mulching treatments increased the number and the species diversity of moss mites in the substrate. The number of moss mites increased the most in wood chips without additives. The highest species diversity was observed in the wood chips with the addition of forest litter. Among moss mites Tectocepheus velatus visibly dominated in all study treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus also constituted numerous mites populations. The study shows that the wood chips are very useful for use in the regeneration of the devastated and degraded forest soils. [1]
154. The purpose of thesis was to comprehensively develop the construction project of a long reach compact excavator. Optimal solution was selected and its frames were determined by carrying out classic structural calculations. Then, based on them, a preliminary three-dimensional model was designed in the CAD environment. The prototype was subjected to a series of verification calculations and simulation tests using the finite element method under typical, but also non-standard operating conditions. Then, the structure was optimized and then tested again. Next, technical documentation of the final version was created. In the final part of work, technical and operational parameters of designed compact excavator were summarized and the direction of further actions was determined. The thesis ended with a summary of the observations arose during its implementation. [1]
155. The purpose of the work was to perform experimental tests on a plate heat exchanger. For this purpose, a laboratory test stand located in the hall of the Koszalin University of Technology was used. The experiment concerned checking the isothermal face of a flat panel radiator. Temperature distributions were checked at three board heights and in twelve finite elements. Temperature distribution fields were obtained depending on the flow rates tested. [1]
156. The purpose of the paper is: to analyze and assess assumptions that determine the functioning of the category of environmental quality management, to present criteria and assumptions for integrated environmental quality management.Hypothesis: Integrated environmental quality management requires: a necessary condition – the verification of institutional solutions functioning between the alternative concepts of development and between the concepts of management, a sufficient condition – the decision-making will which accepts the verification, its assumptions and criteria presented in the text.A final conclusion: Limitations of the consent paradigm, based on the paradigm of deregulation (breaking the civilization code) [1]
157. The publication presents the results of an analysis concerning the impact of the method of an effective impervious area (EIA) mapping in the simulation model on the runoff from urban catchment. The runoff volumes and flood volumes generated by heavy rainfall, causing the runoff from pervious area, were compared. Two EIA mapping variants were taken into account – first one, concerning reduction in imperviousness degree and, second one, directing the runoff from impervious to pervious area. The runoff calculations were made on basis of simulation results in SWMM5. For building the catchment model data of existing catchment with the area of nearly 80 hectares in Bydgoszcz was used. The value of the EIA was estimated on the basis of empirical formulas. The reduction in impervious area connected directly to the storm water sewer system from 40% to 10% of the total impervious area were considered. It has been shown that using the reduction in imperviousness degree for EIA mapping can lead to underestimation of runoff volume. The difference in runoff calculated for analyzed EIA mapping variants increases with the decrease in infiltration capacity of pervious area and is in large part transformed into a flood volume. [1]
158. The project presents the design of production systems equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect real-world systems. In addition, system designs provide for the possibility of scientific and research work in the design of production systems with a high level of automation. [1]
159. The problem of wastewater treatment from craft breweries emerged in Poland about 10 years ago when an increase in the number of small breweries was observed. Plants located in small towns are forced to solve the problem on their own. One of the possibilities is to use low-cost technology of constructed wetlands with subsurface and surface flow. The purpose of the research was to test the possibility of effective treatment of sewage from a craft brewery in a lab-scale research installation and to determine the parameters for designing a real scale plant. Wastewater from the Waszczukowe brewery was used in the study. The research system consisted of a retention and aeration tank, SS-VF subsurface flow and FWS surface flow beds. An innovative Certyd filling produced by LSA company was used. The high efficiency of SS-VF bed and the entire research system was found. The removal efficiency in SS VF was on average 89.7% for BOD5, 90.5% for COD, 54.6% for TN and 52.1% for TP. For whole treatment it was respectively 97.1%, 96.7%, 72.6% and 61.3%. A high organic matter removal effect was found for the SS-VF bed (87.1 g BOD5 m-2 d-1) and a relatively low for the FWS (3.0 BOD5 g m-2 d-1). The study confirmed the need for plant design based on hydraulic load and required load removed per unit area. [1]
160. The problem of municipal waste management is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Its solution requires the integrated involvement of central and local authorities as well as the public. For their actions to be fully effective, they must be accompanied by an increase in environmental awareness. The aim of the study was to assess the environmental awareness and knowledge of inhabitants of eastern Mazovia regarding municipal waste management. A survey study was carried out on a group of 262 individuals using a questionnaire. Analysis of the results showed that the surveyed inhabitants of eastern Mazovia were aware of problems associated with municipal waste management, but some of them were critical of the actions taken by central and municipal authorities to solve them. Their high level of environmental awareness and knowledge was evidenced by the fact that most of those surveyed were familiar with the principles of selective collection of municipal waste, including green and hazardous waste. [1]
161. The problem of heat treatment of wet materials contains the question of the heat and mass inside the body transfer (an internal problem) and in the boundary layer at the interface between phases (an external problem). The amount of removable moisture depends on the degree of each of these processes development. When heated, the moisture content on the surface decreases, creating a concentration difference across the body. Therefore, a flow of moisture occurs in the body from deep layers to the surface, towards which the flow of heat is directed. Thus, when wet materials are heated, complex processes of moisture and heat exchange occur, mutually affecting the enthalpy and moisture content of both the heated material and the environment.The features of mathematical model construction of heating and drying of wet materials process are considered in the article. The drying process is defined as a thermal process with effective heat transfer coefficients with consideration of mass transfer. It makes it possible to obtain analytical dependencies that are convenient for engineering calculations, with which you can determine the temperature field and evaluate the kinetics of wet materials drying. [1]
162. The primary objective of the study was to analyze the way in which railroad infrastructure affects residential property prices on the example of the municipality of Kórnik. The analysis carried out includes 737 transactions, which were concluded in the years 2019-2021. Input data forming the basis of the study were obtained from the District Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Poznań. The most important part of the analyses conducted was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. The analysis helped to identify the attributes that had the most significant impact on price. The statistical tools used showed that the presence of a railroad line in the vicinity of residential properties negatively affected transaction prices. A special role in the study is also played by spatial analyses, whose priority is to increase transparency in the process of describing phenomena occurring within the real estate market. [1]
163. The present work is a numerical modeling of the flow of a viscous fluid provided with convective heat transfer in a rectangular channel. We focus on the influence of the shape of corrugations which are present on the channel walls. Three shapes of corrugations are studied and which are: the rectangular, triangular and semi-circular shape. Also, effects of the height and number of corrugations on the fluid dynamics and thermal characteristics of the exchanger are highlighted. The working fluid is non-Newtonian (having a shear thinning behavior modeled by the Otswald law). The obtained results reveal that the presence of corrugations yields a major change in the heat exchange execution. In terms of superiority of heat transfer ratio, the cases under investigation can be classified as follows: rectangular > triangular > semi-circular. However and in terms of low pressure drop, this ranking is reversed. Furthermore, the triangular and semi-circular shapes were found to have almost similar effects. [1]
164. The present paper is on the physical and mechanical characterization of machined chips of commercially available highly conductive metallic materials, namely aluminium and copper under different machining environments. More specifically, geometry and hardness of chips as well as the chips removal effect on the machined surfaces are investigated in a quantitative fashion as a function of machining fluid and cutting parameter. The machining is carried out by using a horizontal shaper machine with a V-shaped HSS tool under three different machining fluids, where the feed rate is kept constant, while the cutting speed and depth of cut are varied. The geometry and hardness of the machined chips as well as the quality of machined surfaces are found to be affected quite significantly by the change of machining condition, particularly by the machining fluids. [1]
165. The paper presents ways to use advanced infrared imaging techniques to study and analyze the thermal losses of a flat plate solar collector. The techniques allowed us to precisely locate and measure areas where unwanted thermal losses occurred on the surface of the collectors studied. The study showed that these losses have a key impact on the energy efficiency of these devices. It was found that using the proposed methodology allows not only the detection of defects in existing structures but also the optimization of the design process of new technical solutions. The temperature of the working medium has a significant effect on heat losses on all analyzed surfaces. However, the influence of the medium flow varies depending on the specific surface. The conclusions of the research suggest that infrared imaging is a valuable tool in developing solar thermal systems, contributing to the reliability and efficiency of these systems. The technique is an important step toward sustainable and economical use of solar energy. Increasing the efficiency of the equipment used to carry out the photothermal conversion process will allow more efficient use of available renewable energy sources. It will have a positive impact on environmental protection. [1]
166. The paper presents the use of the PIV method in experimental studies on the speed distribution of oil particles contained in oil mist delivered into a cutting zone with minimum quantity (MQL). During investigations an orthogonal sample was of an aluminum alloy PA7N was machined using HS18-0-1 high-speed steel cutter. The oil mist was delivered into the cutting zone by a single spray nozzle directed at the tool rake surface. Two angular settings of the spray nozzle were applied in relation to the surface of the machined sample. Based on the images obtained by the PIV method, the distribution of the oil particles in the cutting area was determined according to the setting the spray nozzle. Studies have indicated more favorable conditions for the delivery of oil mist at the angle of spray nozzle at 85°. These conclusions were confirmed by measuring the cutting force in tangential direction to the machined surface. [1]
167. The paper presents the test results of the shear strength of composite materials, in which the base material was peat. The materials modifying the mineral part of the peat ground skeleton were fly ash and hydrated lime. The research was carried out for two groups. In group 1, the ratio of the mass of the peat skeleton to the mass of fly ash was equal to one, and in group 2, it was two. Hydrated lime content in the unit mass of the composite in group 1 was 2.4, 4.8 and 9.2%. In the second group, it was 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4%. The test results showed that the materials from group 1. (P/FA = 1) are characterised by the highest shear strength compared to materials from group 2. (P/FA = 2), regardless of the content of hydrated lime. It should also be noted that the shear strength of the materials of group 1 was significantly higher than the shear strength of the base material, which was peat. [1]
168. The paper presents the test results of pool boiling heat transfer on the rough surface and the surface covered with capillary – porous microstructure. The porous layer is made of copper fibers sintered in the reduction atmosphere. The volumetric porosity amounted to 68%, while its height 1 mm. Distilled water and ethyl alcohol were used as the working fluids. The experiments have been carried out under the atmospheric pressure. Enhancement of heat transfer in relation to the smooth reference surface has been recorded especially for the low range of superheats, which might be related to the density of active nucleation sites. Experimental results have been compared with selected models of boiling available in literature. [1]
169. The paper presents the specification of research methods commonly encountered in the studies of heat transfer processes in minichannels. In particular the following methods have been emphasized: electrochemical limiting current method as well as the thermal balance method. In thermal balance method the mean heat transfer coefficient is determined by the set of experimental thermal measurements of the investigated heat exchanger. In turn, limiting current method is based on heat and mass transfer analogy. The discussed research methods have been implemented on two specially designed and constructed test facilities with compact minichannel heat exchangers, which have been presented and described in details. In order to validate the designed setup, the preliminary experimental measurements of two minichannel heat exchangers with hydraulic diameter of 2 mm and rectangular cross sections during single-phase liquid flows have been carried out. In further perspective it is planned to extend the experimental studies of minichannel heat exchangers and to compare the results obtained by both methods described. [1]
170. The paper presents the results of the research on the use of eco-friendly impregnation materials to reduce cracking in load-bearing timber elements. The behavior of pine elements was studied when impregnation materials based on linseed oil were used. Statistical data are given on the reduction in the growth rate of the length and width of cracks, in dependence on the number of protective layers of the finishing material. The effect of the absence of cracks on timber elements during atmospheric drying is described, taking the use of a three-layer paint and varnish coating into account. The effect of increase of timber structures durability and corresponding cost and material consumption reduction in timber structures have been proven. [1]
171. The paper presents the results of the experimental study of thermal comfort in the smart building of Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The experiments were conducted throughout four seasons of the year and focused on developing a modified thermal comfort correlation that could determine the thermal sensations of room users more accurately than the standard methodology. Twelve groups of volunteers participated in the study, and thermal sensations were analysed for both genders separately. Even though the thermal environment was not considered overwhelmingly favourable (with 75% of men and 60% of women providing positive assessment), thermal acceptability was high. It amounted to 90% (the same for both genders). The air temperature of 22°C proved to be most preferable. The BMI index and CO2 concentration were found to influence thermal sensations and were incorporated into a modified correlation, which provided more accurate results than the original Fanger model of thermal comfort. [1]
172. The paper presents the results of research on the vertical falling flow and their analysis. Methods for calculating the gas volume fraction, which are characterized by high accuracy, and are often proposed in the literature. Their accuracy was presented, as well as the methods with the highest computational usefulness when designing devices in which two-phase gas - liquid flow is used. [1]
173. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests aimed to analyse the opportunities for fuel production based on municipal sewage sludge, rubber waste from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and hazelnut and walnut shells in terms of their thermal transformation in the process of co-firing in the cement industry. The parameters of solid fuels used in the cement industry were determined for the fuels obtained in the study. The following parameters were determined in fuels: water content, ash content, sulphur content, and calorific value.The fuel composition and process of fuel preparation were designed so as not to use the energy-intensive process of pre-drying of municipal sewage sludge. However, it should be emphasized that the maximum percentage of municipal sewage sludge in fuel should not exceed 25% in order to maintain the parameters required by the cement industry. The analysis of the obtained parameters of OL and OW fuels demonstrated that the fuels obtained in the study meet the requirements for fuels used in the cement industry. [1]
174. The paper presents the modeling and analysis algorithm as well as the results of simulation tests with the use of FEM of the process of punching aluminum sheets used for casings. The first part presents the results enabling the correct selection of the die clearance on production lines depending on the thickness of the sheet metal. The second shows how to prepare the punch geometry in the FEM environment, taking into account the typical defects that occur as the work cycles increase. Thanks to this, it was possible to determine their influence on the state of stresses and deformations as well as the quality of the cut edge. The developed numerical applications and the obtained test results can be used to design tools and optimize the punching process. [1]
175. The paper presents the influence of fine recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on selected physical and mechanical parameters of cement mortar. RCA was divided into three groups: fine (0/0.25 mm), medium (0.25/1 mm) and the thickest fraction 1/2 mm. The investigations confirmed a significant correlation between the total amount of RCA and the obtained flow for the mixtures and compressive strength. Results showed that the fine RCA should be separated into subgroups as not only total RCA amount but quantity of RCA in each subfraction can have varying influence on mortar properties. [1]
176. The paper presents the analysis of results of investigations concerning an influence of applied constructive solutions on hydraulic operating conditions of a water-pumping air lift pump. The scope of the investigations encompassed the determination of flow rate and efficiency characteristics of an air lift pump having the discharge pipe with the internal diameter d = 0.04 m. The PM 50 mixer with a perforated rubber membrane, available on the market, as well as a mixer of own design, called circumferential mixer, were tested (the name origins from the fact that the mixer has the shape of a ring which encloses the discharge pipe on its whole circumference). The investigations were performed for three air-water mix delivery heads H: 0.40, 0.80, 1.20 m, for the specified pressure pipe submergence length h = 0.80 m. It has been stated that for both types of the applied mixers the water flow rate Qw increased along with the increase of the air flow rate Qa, reaching maximum, then decreased. However, in both of the applied mixers, the water flow rate Qw permanently decreased as the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The air lift pump achieved higher water flow rate Qw if the circumferential mixer was applied instead of that with perforated rubber membrane. It has been proved that for both of the applied types of mixers the air flow rate Qa in the air lift pump cannot be lower during water pumping than 5.0 m3×h-1 and should not exceed 15.0 m3×h-1 in case of the circumferential mixer and 16.0 m3×h-1 for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. The efficiency h of the tested air lift pump for both of the applied types of mixers decreased when the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The higher efficiency h, however, was obtained for the air lift pump with the circumferential mixer than for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. [1]
177. The paper presents research results into the influence of motor fuels on the shear strength of coarse-grained soil. The soil was classified following the unified soil classification system PN-EN ISO 14668-1 as saGr. The soil samples were artificially contaminated with three percentage ratios of motor fuels 5, 7.5 and 10% in relation to the dry mass of the soil skeleton. The test results have shown that motor fuel contamination significantly impacts the tested soil's mechanical properties. Increasing the content of impurities causes a significant decrease in shear strength parameters. For soil contaminated with 5%, 7.5% and 10% of motor fuel, i.e. gasoline or diesel, the angle of internal friction decreased by 8%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Along with the impurities increase, the soil's ultimate bearing capacity, calculated following EC-7, showed a dramatic decrease. The decrease was 40%, 57% and 66% respectively. [1]
178. The paper presents and discusses the 6-year effects of the operation of a biogas-fired cogeneration system which operates at the Rybnik Orzepowice sewage treatment plant. The qualitative composition of biogas, average daily amount of biogas produced, total demand of the sewage treatment plant for electricity and the amount of electricity obtained from biogas were presented. Regarding the average daily biogas production for the years 2013–2018, it can be stated that it remains at the level of 2,809 m3/d (±33%). The average daily total electricity consumption for 2013-2018 remains at 8,846 kWh/d (-13.8%; +20.6%). The average daily amount of electricity produced from biogas for the years 2013-2018 remains at the level of 3,892 kWh/d (-38.7%; +10.1%). Electricity generated from biogas allows us to cover the demand of the treatment plant at 44% (minimum 39%, maximum 50%). In the analysed period, biogas consumption by individual facilities was: cogeneration unit approx. 65%, boilers: 10%, flare: 25%. Based on the operational data, it was calculated that: the unit indicator for biogas extraction from sewage, on average is 0.1584 mn3/m3 (min. 0.0937 mn3/m3, max .: 0.2291 mn3/m3), the unit indicator for biogas extraction in relation to for COD load an average of 0.22 m3 of biogas/kg COD (min. 0.09 m3 of biogas/kg COD, max. 0.47 m3 of biogas/kg COD), the unit ratio of biogas extraction in relation to the BZT5 load was on average 0.61 m3 biogas/kg BZT5 (min. 0.28 m3 biogas/kg BZT5, max. 1.20 m3biogas/kg BZT5). [1]
179. The paper presents an assessment of the volume and type of water consumption in Poznań using water footprint indicator (WFTP), consisting of such components as green, blue and grey water consumption. Average rainfall over many years, water retention within the city, pollution indicators found in sewage and the amount of sewage treated from the area of the city were assessed. Water Footprint obtained for Poznań was compared with the values of indicators for Wrocław. The presented analysis of the obtained results of WFTP calculations should constitute the basis for assessing direct and indirect water consumption by consumers and producers of the city of Poznań and serve better water management and maintenance in the urban area. [1]
180. The paper presents a feasibility analysis of changes in the manner of development a former sports facility, Edmund Szyc Stadium in Poznań. The terrain and adjacent areas were inventoried, including the assessment of inter-area relationships. Based on the inventory and authors' surveys, three developmental variants were selected for further analysis. Particular attention was paid to the purpose of the area in the local zoning plan (local spatial development plan) and the preferences of its local community. A multi-criteria analysis carried out with three different methods – AHP, MAUT and PROMETHEE II indicated the second variant as optimal. Additionally, the authors performed a sensitivity analysis of the AHP method to determine the weight of adopted criteria. This allowed for observing what impact these changes had on the final result. The sensitivity analysis was performed only for 3 main groups of criteria. The implementation of activities planned in the concept will allow for optimal land development, improvement in functionality as well as improvement in visual and landscape characteristics of the city. [1]
181. The paper presents Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) introducedthrough International Maritime Organization (IMO) which defined the carbon dioxideemission as a result of transport specific cargo mass on specific distance. The total fuelconsumption from all elements of vessel energetic system causes the carbon dioxide emis-sion. Ship-owners should inform the marine administration about the fuel consumptionfrom all vessels of 5000 tons of gross tonnage or more from 1st January 2018. In marinetransport about 85% of carbon dioxide emission comes from such vessels. The calculatingof EEOI is voluntary now but it is indicated to do it. It allows on an assessment the dif-ferences between the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) obligatory during designprocess of a vessel and its power plant and EEOI. Due to it may be estimated the correct-ness of vessel and power plant operation in exploitational conditions.The basic way of EEOI decreasing is slow steaming of a vessel. The power de-mand for propulsion (and fuel consumption) is proportional to the third power of vesselvelocity (according to the propeller characteristics) on the other hand the hull resistance(the demand for thrust by propeller) is proportional to the second power of vessel velocity.As a result it causes the decreasing of total fuel consumption for covering the same dis-tance but increasing the time of voyage. It is for acceptance during a bad economic situ-ation. Although it will be no acceptable during a good economic situation when it will berequired the increasing of vessel velocity (decreasing the time of voyage).The other effective methods are under research which allows to reach the sameaim. It is known such methods of vessel operation which leading to the decreasing of thatindex. The paper shows these methods with their characteristics. [1]
182. The paper justifies the waterproofing technology for waste storage conservation. The paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring of the quality of surface and groundwater affected by the tailings of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant. The determined chemical composition of enrichment waste is described. The existing methods of waste storage waterproofing are reviewed. The studied residuals of copper ore enrichment can be insulated with a mixture of processed secondary polyethylene and polypropylene pellets. The physical and mechanical properties of recycled polymers are investigated. The proposed technology of covering with a waterproofing coating can be applied to preserve technogenic deposits aiming at their future secondary extraction, as well as to ensure the environmental safety of newly designed facilities. The implementation of this technique will improve the regional environmental situation and reduce the migration of potentially hazardous substances as a result of seepage, thus reducing the pollution of natural waters. [1]
183. The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses. [1]
184. The paper has been presented the methods of nitrogen oxides emission reduction to fulfill the Tier 2 and Tier 3 requirements of the Annex VI of MARPOL Convention. It has been shown the development of marine two-stroke diesel engines and the change of nitrogen oxides emission from 1960 to 2000 and later up to 2020 after the implementation of NOx emission reduction methods. Specific fuel consumption before 2000, and as a prediction and given data in the manufacturers manuals for Tier 3 engines up to 2020, and as only a prediction up to 2030 has been analyzed and elaborated. Impact of nitrogen oxides reduction methods on the specific fuel consumption of the marine diesel engine has been evaluated. Additional emission of some gases to the atmosphere due to the implementation of reduction methods has been determined. EGR and SCR systems have got a lot of imperfections: required to install additional reduction systems (investment cost, required volume in the engine room), need maintenance and operation costs, produced wastes during treatment process. The estimated additional cost is about 0.8 USD/MWh of produced energy, taking into account only the cost of excessive used fuel. The whole increased cost may reach the level two-three times more due to cleaning systems investment costs, their operational cost and waste disposal. It has been the one of the reasons of worsening the transport effectiveness and competitiveness. [1]
185. The paper focuses on reducing the energy intensity of ladle metallurgy as part of steel production and the associated reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved by optimising the thermal work of metallurgical aggregates in terms of the impact on energy consumption and the environmental burden of steel production. It is about minimising the heat loss of liquid steel in the casting ladle throughout the entire process from the melting equipment, through the extra-furnace processing, to the continuous casting of the steel. [1]
186. The paper discusses the way of determining the noise level in railway traffic according to new EU recommendations, the introduction of which will result in new charges to be borne by the carriers who, during the provision of transport and handling services, use wagons of the old generation – i.e. such wagons that generate noise above the permitted level on a given section of railway road, determined on the basis of EU regulations. The analysis of technical condition of wagons used in transport in Poland was conducted. The method of determining the noise level in terms of exceedances and charges was discussed. The issue of an optional increase in the reloading of cargo units at railway terminals to transport cargo in silent wagons on designated silent sections of routes was raised – this may affect the development and operation of logistics centers. [1]
187. The paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources for the LPG vaporizer systems in a moderate climate. The presented alternative solutions based on modern gas devices and renewable energy show great potential for energy savings in liquid gas evaporation systems in comparison to classical and currently commonly used systems. It has been demonstrated that the proposed solutions can significantly reduce the consumption of energy used to evaporate LPG in an environmentally friendly manner. The use of gas heat pumps in relation to a traditional energy source enables gas consumption to be reduced to 36%. The extension of the heat pump system with ground air heat exchanger or with vertical or horizontal heat exchangers, allows savings in gas consumption up to 42%. Moreover, the application of such systems enables more effective use of low emission and efficient heating medium in gas systems. In addition, in summer, when there is no need to evaporate the liquefied gas, these devices can be used to cold-production for, social and living needs. [1]
188. The paper discusses issues related to the recycling of electrochemical sources of electricity such as portable batteries and accumulators. Based on the reports of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, the collection rate of waste batteries and accumulators in Poland for the years 2010-2018 was subjected to analysis. Despite the increasing year-to-year percentage value of the collection rate, it has been demonstrated that a significant mass of batteries and accumulators is still not recycled. This article presents a method of reducing the amount of waste electrochemical energy storages, through the use of inductive power supplies. The idea of the operation of such circuits has been discussed and the Qi Wireless Charging standard, applicable since 2011, has been characterised. As an example of a device with wireless power supply, a computer indicator system has been provided. Tests have been carried out and the correctness of operation of this solution has been verified. It has been demonstrated that in some cases it is possible to resign from power supplies based on batteries or accumulators, and use wireless power supplies instead, without degrading the functional properties of devices. Solutions of this type may contribute to the protection of the natural environment. [1]
189. The paper discusses applying the laser technique to modify the copper heater surface. The interaction of the laser beam with the base material leads to its melting, and various shapes can be obtained during the process. The study is focused on the boiling heat transfer analyses of the specimen in the form of a disc with longitudinal microfins of a height of 0.5 mm. The optical microscope was used to determine the morphology of the surface. The laser beam generated significant roughness, which benefitted the overall thermal performance. Considerable heat transfer augmentation was recorded for the laser–made surface in relation to the untreated sample, which served as a reference. The heat flux was several times higher, while the laser–treated sample's boiling curves were shifted to the area of smaller temperature differences. Two boiling models proved unsuccessful in predicting the heat exchange process occurring during pool boiling of distilled water and ethyl alcohol. According to the Smirnov, Xin and Chao models, the average differences between the experimental data and calculation results were ca. 93 kW/m2 and 116 kW/m2 for water, 78 kW/m2 and 68 kW/m2 for ethanol. [1]
190. The paper describes results of investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop during bubbly boiling of refrigerating media. In this article were presented of authors own experimental studies and were proposed new simple calculation model describing bubble boiling in the tubular channel. The author attempts to put forward a simplified description of the process of bubble boiling in a straight pipe. The two-phase one-component (liquid-vapour) system is treated as a continuum governed by the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and mass. The continuum is characterised by parameters that describe the two-phase system, such as density of the two-phase mixture, static void fraction or static equilibrium dryness fraction. In view of engineering applications, a one-dimensional model is used where physical quantities are cross-section averaged. This way the average velocity, pressure, temperature, and so on, are introduced. The results of the proposed model have been compared with the results of the experimental research with satisfactory compliance. [1]
191. The paper deals with the development of high-performance composite heat exchangers made of different metals. The samples made of meshes and fine fibers have been sintered to the copper base in the reduction atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The test of boiling heat transfer performance have been carried out under ambient pressure with distilled water and ethyl alcohol as working agents. The obtained data indicates significant enhancement of heat flux of such composite heat exchangers in comparison to the smooth surface without any coating. The maximum heat flux for the microstructure covered heater has been several times higher than for the smooth surface. The enhancement has been observed to decrease as the temperature difference become higher. [1]
192. The paper contains a detailed assessment of three full-size football fields constructed in 2019-2022 to meet the basic conditions for proper operation and maintenance. As a result of field and laboratory tests on permeability and retention capacity of the fields' base and drainage layers, they were found to meet the requirements set out in the standard DIN 18035. It ensures that rainwater and snowmelt are quickly drained from the turf's surface. The grass turfs of the football fields under study meet the conditions for properly performing one of the basic care treatments – irrigation. The base layer can retain an average of 10.3 mm of water in comfortable water availability conditions, depending on the football field. It is the value of a single dose net, which should be used for sprinkler irrigation of grass turf of football fields. However, considering the drainage layer, this dose could be increased to 12.5 mm. Considering the percentage content of generally available water and assuming less comfortable water availability conditions, the appropriate doses net are 12.5 mm on average. In comparison, for both layers together, they are 15.4 mm on average. [1]
193. The paper consists the results from the conducted experiment and the mathematical model of it. The presented process is biomass gasification and the modelling is based on complex parameter that is maximum thermodynamic efficiency and use the Gibbs free energy function and Lagrange multiplier. Referring to European Union strategy in terms of energy use it is highly recommended to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy production. The biomass is one of the most important sources of energy. Listed above methods of mathematical calculations let as define the composition of the gas produced and the efficiency that was reached. Also the precision of the model was evaluated. The effect of the work done is the possibility to use it to state the best condition for the process of biomass gasification technology. [1]
194. The paper analyzes the reasons for the interest in natural gas as a potential marine fuel to replace the existing fuels derived from crude oil. The increase of environmental awareness and the effects of human activity caused the process of searching for more environmental friendly fuels. Naturally, interest has been shifted to a well-known energy source commonly found on Earth, in quantities much larger than crude oil. This fuel in the form of liquefied natural gas seems to be an attractive substitute for the currently dominant types of marine fuels. The technologies of its extraction, liquefaction, storage and transport were mastered and marine engines were adopted to its combustion as dual-fuel engines. The regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization and the European Parliament, forcing the reduction of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere from the combustion of marine fuels, require taking action to meet them. The proposals in individual next 30 years are given. Due to introduction of regulations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to switch to fuels with a lower or zero carbon content or the use of biofuels recognized to be more environmental friendly. Due to only 25% lower carbon content in methane with its higher lower heating value, it is possible to reduce the direct emission from this gas by about 30%. However, in the processes from natural gas extraction to energy effect in engines as a fuel, methane leaks occur, significantly worsening its image as an ecological fuel. Researches indicate that with current technologies, natural gas should not be recognized as an ecological fuel until gas leaks are significantly reduced. The article justifies why LNG should be considered as a transient marine fuel, with the need to switch to other synthetic fuels, ammonia, and finally hydrogen. [1]
195. The paper analyses thermal sensations, preferences and acceptability as well as humidity sensations of students in the intelligent building "Energis" of the Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The tests were performed in 8 lecture rooms, during which the volunteers filled in the anonymous questionnaires (with 3 to 7 possible answers for each question) and – simultaneously – physical air parameters were measured with Testo 400 microclimate meter. The study aimed to determine if the intelligent building provides proper indoor environment conditions during the heating season and to assess the accuracy of the standard methodology for thermal comfort determination. Experimental analysis of thermal and humidity sensations revealed that a share of the respondents critically assessed the indoor environment: 17% regarding temperature and 30% regarding humidity. Moreover, the standard methodology for thermal comfort calculations proved overwhelmingly inaccurate compared to the experimental data (with the results for 6 rooms being beyond the 50% error range). Since smart buildings are still not very common in Central Europe, the experimental data obtained in the study can be valuable both from the scientific but also practical point of view – providing useful data for building engineers and designers. [1]
196. The optical properties of polymer barriers used as machine covers and eye protection are extremely important for both vision quality and user safety. The article presents the influence of room-temperature liquid chemical substances on the transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate) shields. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to assess the impact of liquid chemical substances on the polymer's permeability to visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiations. The tests showed that the contact of the poly(methyl methacrylate) sheath with liquid chemicals influences the transmittance of the PMMA surface to a limited extent, without thereby reducing the harmful effects of radiation on humans. [1]
197. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing municipal sewage sludge doses on Sida hermaphrodita Rusby (Virginia fanpetals) yielding and bioenergy feedstock characteristics. In a six-year-lasting field experiment two methods of plantation establishment (by roots cuttings and nurse-in-tray plantlets) and three dates of biomass harvesting (autumn, winter and spring one) were additionally tested in climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland. Virginia fanpetals dry yields increased each year and exceeded 20 Mg ha-1 in the second year of culture. Application of 40 Mg ha-1 sludge DM resulted in obtaining the highest yield. Similarly the content, uptake and index of bioaccumulation of macronutrients contained in the sludge increased along with increasing its dose. Biomass was characterized by a favorable parameters: net calorific values were in the range of 16.2-16.7 MJ kg-1. The highest energy value of biomass yield was obtained with root cuttings use for plantation establishment, especially in objects with high dose of sludge during autumn harvest. Both, winter and spring harvesting significantly reduced yields, while using root cuttings for plantation establishment gave better yields only during the first three years of plant vegetation, than biomass yields equalized with the ones obtained by plantlets planting. [1]
198. The objective of the study was to characterize the mycological quality of air at animal veterinary practice in Krakow. Bioaerosol measurements were performed during the summer season of 2017. The samples of outdoor and indoor air at animal veterinary practice were collected using a 6-stage Andersen`s air sampler. The highest concentration of fungal aerosol was observed in the treatment room. The analysis showed various fungal contamination in different measuring points at different measuring times of the day. Based on the analysis of bioaerosol particle size distribution it was found that the largest "load" of fungi, isolated form the air, can reach (in the human respiratory tract) to the region of the throat, trachei and primary bronchi. The predominant fungi in indoor air was Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Fungi that can cause dermatophytoses have also been isolated from indoor air: Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum. The study confirmed that the animal veterinary practice can be a workplace related to exposure to microbial agents. [1]
199. The objective of the study reported here was to compare voivodships in terms of forest area, forest regeneration area, afforested area, thinned forest area and natural forest regeneration area Main Statistical Office data for Polish voivodships was analysed. It included forest area, natural forest regeneration and silviculture activities (forest regeneration, afforestations and thinning) in all forests, state-owned forests and privately-owned forests. Voivodships were compared using the arithmetic mean, the indicator of structure, the average rate of change, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Principal Component Analysis, revealed that state-owned forest area, forest regeneration in state forests, total forest regeneration, and thinning in state-owned forests had the greatest share in the multivariate variation among voivodships analysed in terms of forestry. Cluster analysis yielded two groups of voivodships. The voivodships in the first group had a higher average total forest area, area of state-owned forests, total area of forest regeneration and forest regeneration in state-owned forests, area of natural forest regeneration and thinning in state-owned forests. On average, forests of voivodships which formed group 2 included less privately-owned forests in which fewer forest regeneration and afforestation activities had been conducted. Opolskie and Śląskie Voivodships as well as Łódzkie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships were the most similar in terms of all the analysed characteristics. [1]
200. The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (ZDI-I and ZDI-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency. [1]
201. The need for alternative fuel instead of conventional fossil fuels (diesel or gasoline) has recently increased for several reasons, including the expected shortage of petroleum fossil fuels and the production of pollution by transportation. Consequently, researchers are interested in finding new alternative fuels. At present, the number of studies on biodiesel as a compression ignition engine fuel has increased. Current studies are mainly concerned with studying the use of exhaust gas temperature to preheat biodiesel fuel before it enters the combustion chamber. A heat exchanger is designed to increase the temperature of the biodiesel fuel prior to the combustion process. The performance characteristics of diesel engines and the emission of pollutants resulting from this modification were investigated under different operating conditions, including different engine loads and speeds. The results showed clear improvements in engine performance, including improved output power, specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The engine power and specific fuel consumption improvements as a result of preheating reached up to 1.3 % and 8.27 %, respectively. Pollutant emission also decreased obviously, with carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission decreases of 12.95 % and 12.85 %, respectively. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides increased by 4.39 %. [1]
202. The massive emergence of plastics has contributed to their widespread use in everyday life. Unfortunately, the lack of appropriate technologies for processing these materials has contributed to environmental pollution by plastic particles. This study investigated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles from selected plastics such as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene was obtained from plastic bag waste, and polyethylene terephthalate was from crushed plastic bottles of mineral water. The first stage of nanoparticle production was to grind the collected used plastic waste, i.e., plastic bags and plastic bottles, to the smallest possible size using a cutting mill. Next, the waste was ground in a planetary-ball mill and then homogenised in a homogeniser. The particle size distribution of the obtained particles for selected waste plastics was examined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. The objective of the work was achieved – as a result of the performed procedures, nanoparticles of waste plastics were obtained. The following average sizes for particular materials were obtained: plastic bottles (PET) 212.81 nm, plastic bags (PE) 208.14 nm, and smaller particles, e.g. 27.74 nm. [1]
203. The manuscript focuses on an author’s original methods of ceramic grinding wheels impregnation. The authors developed 3 original methods of impregnation ceramic grinding wheels with sulphur, amorphous carbon and solid lubricants like molybdenum disulfide, graphite or hexagonal boron nitride. At the end the issue of evaluation of the application potential of developed grinding wheel impregnation methods were raised. [1]
204. The major effects of cylindrical and row trenched cooling holes with angles of alpha=30, beta=0, alpha=40, beta=0 and alpha=50, beta=0 at BR=3.18 on the effectiveness of film cooling near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in detail. In the current study, researchers used a FLUENT package 16/11 to simulate a 3-D model of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine. In this research, RNG turbulence model K-ε model was used to analyze the flow behavior on the passage ways of internal cooling. In the combustor simulator, the dilution jets and cooling flow staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction as well. In comparison with the baseline case of cooling holes, the application of trenched hole near the end wall surface increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 100% for different trench cases. [1]
205. The main purpose of the work is to show the level of air pollution emitted by road transport and its relationship with economic development and transport infrastructure in European Union countries. The study presents the diversity in emissions of road transport by countries, shows the dynamics of changes in this area, determines the relationships between the level of economic development, equipping with road infrastructure and emissions of air pollution in EU countries. The research period concerned the years 2006-2017. The sources of data was EUROSTAT database. The ranking built by means of multidimensional data analysis tools indicated Portugal and Luxembourg as countries with relatively high emissions of air pollutants (group 3), countries with moderate emissions are Bulgaria, Malta, Cyprus and Sweden (group 2).Analysis of data on the rate of change in emissions and the volume of GDP in EU countries also indicates compliance with the Kuznets environmental curve. [1]
206. The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed, since in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed and based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is of special interest as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the wider area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains. [1]
207. The main objective of the paper was to show the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture with economic development and agricultural production parameters in the European Union. All EU Member States were selected for research purposefully. The research period concerned the years 2004-2017. The sources of materials were EUROSTAT data, literature on the subject. For the analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular, graphic methods, dynamics based on a constant basis, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were used. Agriculture is one of the major economic sectors responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. In 2004-2017, emissions from this section slightly decreased in the EU. There was a wide variation between countries. Economically developing countries increased emissions, while developed countries maintained them at a similar level. Greenhouse gas emissions were highly concentrated in several EU countries. These were the countries with the most developed agriculture. In the years 2004-2017, there were no changes in the level of emission concentration. The level of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture depended on the economic and agricultural situation in the country. The regularities were in many cases straightforward, as for the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture with the value of animal production, cattle population, and the use of mineral fertilizers and manure production. This close relationship resulted from the fact that livestock production was the part of agriculture that generated the most greenhouse gases. [1]
208. The main goal of the work was to create a project to implement an object recognition system into a modular didactic gear production system. The project shows how, thanks to the modular structure of the gear system, it is possible to easily add new elements to it, at the same time increasing its capabilities. At the beginning, the characteristics of the system were presented before the implementation, including a description of the production process that takes place in this system and all modules of the system were exchanged. Then the vision system for object recognition and all its components were described. The technical-organizational project of the implementation presented the concept of the deployment of the system modules and the principle of system operation after the implementation. A 3D model of all system components was also presented. [1]
209. The main goal of the paper is to provide a condition for which a maximum entropy generation occurs in a heat exchanger at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). Knowing this condition is essential during the design of the heat exchanger as it allows designers to avoid one of its most unfavourable operating conditions in terms of thermodynamics. Entropy generation resulting from the resistance of heat-transferring fluids to flow was not taken into account. Entropy generation was analysed as a function of a heat flow rate at constant parameters at the inlet of a condenser and a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger. The analysis showed that for the condenser the entropy generation rate increases with the increase in the heat flow rate. The maximum entropy generation rate occurs for the maximum flow rate of the heat that can be transferred according to the definition of heat transfer effectiveness. For the counterflow heat exchanger, the entropy generation as a function of the heat flow rate reaches maximum at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). It appeared that the peak entropy generation, or the largest exergy loss, occurs when the outlet temperatures of the fluids are equal. This assertion was verified against data obtained from a simulator of the counter-flow heat exchanger for two different relations between heat capacity rates. [1]
210. The main aim of the article is to present a theoretical model of a sustainable urban transport system and to indicate the need for changes in the approach to it. The issues of sustainable development and functioning of the municipal transport system in Olsztyn discussed in the article evoke vivid social and political interests of the city's inhabitants. This is mainly due to the impact of transport operation on quality of life, the correlation of its development with the economic development of the city, and the strong impact of transport on the natural environment. Today, it is already known that a coherent and modern transport system is an indispensable element of a competitive city. Connecting the city into a functional system, it presents it as a system of interdependencies between its elements. [1]
211. The lumped capacitance method is widely used in dynamic modelling of buildings. Models differ in complexity, solution methods and ability to simulate transient behaviour of described objects. The paper presents a mathematical description of a simple 1R1C thermal network model of a building zone. Four numerical methods were applied to solve differential equation describing its dynamics. For validation purposes two test cases (600 and 900) from the BESTEST procedure were used. In both cases detailed results were given. Better ability of the simulation model to reproduce transient behaviour of the modelled buildings was noticed in case of the lightweight object (case 600). Annual heating and cooling demand was within the reference range for heavyweight one (case 900). The kind of the computation method had no significant effect on simulation results. [1]
212. The level of environmental safety culture depends on many factors, including the influence of parents and the education system, the media and the quality of life. In the current Economy 4.0, globalization, increasing greenhouse effect, etc., it is the information and education system and the pro-environmental strategic actions undertaken by organizations that are beginning to play a significant role in building awareness and care for the environment. It is precisely the environmental corporate social responsibility, both of state institutions, the legislator, business entities and society (every citizen) that can significantly change the phenomenon of environmental degradation. The aim of the article is to present the essence of ecological corporate social responsibility and the activities undertaken by selected market stakeholders. The analysis carried out implies that ECSR is built through the implementation of pro-environmental stakeholder's actions, e.g. legislative changes, implementation of management systems according to ISO standards, use of renewable energy sources, etc. that aim at ensuring safety or improving the current state of the environment. [1]
213. The last decades brought about the environmental awareness of hotel customers and owners resulting in reflection on the need to introduce pro-ecological changes in practices and services offered by the hospitality sector. The idea of “green hotels” is generally accepted. To structure these positive changes and to help customers to select hotels supporting pro-ecological practices one needs to establish clear and easy to understand system communicating the level of particular hotel involvement in that concept. These is evaluated by certification institutions and organizations. Their activities involve certification and labelling and they are also part of practices related to the implementation of sustainable development in tourism. Wide range of criteria considered by certification organizations include these related to environmental protection, alternation of the negative effects of improper management of natural resources, as well as, the so-called corporate social responsibility. Unfortunately, there is no consistent system of ecological standards. The current paper provides an overview of the most important labels and certificates promoting the pro-ecological and sustainable development of the hotel sector. It also analyses selected, leading eco-certification systems in terms of their applicability in various hotel segments. [1]
214. The issues related to the emission of atmospheric pollutants during the provision of energy supply services and the circulation of household waste in settlements are considered. The ways of air pollution by toxic compounds and the formation of greenhouse gases with existing methods of waste heat treatment are analyzed. The issues of reducing the content of toxic emissions in combustion products are studied on the basis of a numerical experiment by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The combustion processes in the power boiler TP-14A (E 220/100) are considered and adequate boundary conditions for the processes of aerodynamics, heat transfer and combustion of gas fuel are determined. The temperature, velocity and concentration fields in the furnace of the investigated boiler have been determined. According to the results of the calculations performed, the formation of chemical underburning and nitrogen oxides is predicted. [1]
215. The issue of sustainability, or corporate social responsibility (CSR), has become a widely discussed topic in all sectors of industrial production. The article focuses on the automobile industrial sector because it is not only the most dynamically developing industrial area, but also because it is one of the driving forces of local economies in many European countries. This paper aims to reveal possible differences and diversity of understanding of priorities in the CSR activities provided by automotive suppliers in European countries. Based on the meta-analysis, 73 activities were listed, and a questionnaire survey was performed. Cluster analysis and Fisher’s exact test were applied to find out whether the attitude towards sustainability differs dependent on the position in the supply chain or on the company size. [1]
216. The intensity of heat exchange between the boiling emulsion and the enclosing surfaces is associated with the physical phenomena of the formation, growth, and destruction of vapour bubbles of the low-boiling component in the liquid phase. This article presents a methodology to assess the intensity of heat exchange processes. Using this technique, it is possible to predict the energy parameters of heat exchange equipment and the degree of intensification of heat transfer processes. [1]
217. The influence of sun rays, wind speed, and different type of subsoil on the evaporation process was analyzed. A dedicated experimental set-up for investigation of evaporation process of three liquids (ethanol, petrol and tap water) deposited on glass and sand was created. Results indicated that for porous surfaces wind decreased the amount of evaporated liquids. After substitution of wind with sun rays for porous surface evaporation process increased for ethanol and petrol, respectively. Finally, the influence of both wind and sun rays indicated a 1% and 5% decrease of evaporation intensity for tap water and petrol, respectively. While, a 2% increase of evaporated liquid was observed for ethanol. It was noticed that application of porous surface caused the highest improvement of evaporation process for petrol and tap water, while the lowest for ethanol. Moreover, application of wind together with porous surface increased the intensity of evaporation for all analyzed liquids. [1]
218. The influence of SAS of different chemical nature on aggregate stability and bactericidal action of nano silver colloidal solutions is investigated. Colloidal solutions of silver were obtained by restoring the argentum nitrate agent in a neutral medium. With the help of spectrophotometric method, it has been proved that such solutions are characterized by high aggregate stability compared with the use of other traditional reducing agents. Anionic SAS (sodium dodecylsulfate and sulfanol) and nonionic SAS (OS-20) increase aggregate stability of nano silver solutions, while cationogenic SAS − alcamone promotes rapid coagulation and aggregation of nano silver particles. The study of bactericidal action of the solutions to the E.coli are showed that the nano silve colloidal solution with or without presence of OS-20 and alcamone completely inhibit the growth of colonies of E.coli, that is, it’s have high bactericidal properties. [1]
219. The indoor environment of buildings significantly affects the well-being and health of room users. Experiencing thermal discomfort reduces concentration and productivity during study or work, causing drowsiness, fatigue or deterioration in general well-being. The study focuses on presenting the results of the questionnaire study on the symptoms of sick building syndromes (SBS), namely: dizziness, nausea, eye pain and nasal mucosa, experienced by 69 students during a lecture in a large and modern auditorium of Kielce University of Technology. The results show that many students experienced SBS symptoms, which seem to have affected their concentration during the class. The article also discusses the thermal sensations of the students with a focus on comparing the obtained results with the Fanger model of thermal comfort. The discrepancy between the model calculation results and the experimental data has been observed and discussed. [1]
220. The hydrofoil is one of the typical factors that affect the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, parallel grooves are proposed and applied to the hydrofoil. Following that, a numerical analysis is performed using the SST k- turbulence model, and the effects of hydrofoil profile, angle of attack, and flow are investigated. The profiles of NACA 0066, NACA 8412, NACA M2, and RAE 104 are considered for the study. The performance is analyzed based on the lift to drag ratio. The best model from this is given with surface modification and the flow study is carried out at different angles of attack. The modified profile of NACA 8412 with parallel groves has shown the highest lift to drag ratio at a 12-degree angle of attack. [1]
221. The gradual deterioration in the quality of raw material base of natural aggregates combined with the simultaneous increase in the demand of the construction industry for the best quality coarse fractions with grain sizes of 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm, etc., has a major impact on the growing volume of hard to sell and non-transferable (waste) fractions of aggregates produced in Poland. This applies especially to gravel and sand aggregates since in their resources the share of very fine fractions (below 2 mm) is systematically increasing, while the demand for such fractions in construction is limited and they are often treated as useless (waste) material. Problems with selling fine (waste) sands can be observed, among others, in the north-western region of the country. Since it is practically unknown what the volume of mining, production and consumption of these aggregates is, an attempt was made to assess the quantity of extracted and produced sand fractions of aggregates on a national and regional scale (provinces, regional zones). What constitutes a measurable indicator of the deterioration in the quality of resources is the tendency towards change in the average sand point (the percentage content of fine fraction of 0-2 mm) in the documented resources. For example in 2018, the average sand point in the balance resources was 67.8% and it increased by 5% over the period of 12 years (2007-2018). In the economic resources in Poland in 2018, the average SP was higher in comparison with the balance resources, namely 70.6%, and – what is characteristic – it increased by as much as 11.5% during the period of 12 years, i.e. the average annual growth of SP in industrial resources is ca. 1%. The highest growth was recorded in the southern region (by 16.4%); thus, the region with the best deposits in terms of quality (grain size) experiences the fastest deterioration. Estimated calculations show that in 2016, it was actually possible to obtain approximately 51.8 million Mg of gravel aggregates and 84.6 million Mg of sand assortments (0-2 mm); thus, the estimated total production of gravel and sand aggregates probably amounted to approx. 136.4 million Mg, i.e. about 78.7% of the annual production of gravel and sand according to PGI. The remaining part (21.3%) represents losses (useless fractions). The zone division of extraction and production of gravel and sands shows that the positive balance of sand production occurs mainly in the northern region (+19.4 million Mg), while the southern region (+3.2 million Mg) is in balance with the deficit in the central region (-3.0 million Mg). Relatively large positive balance of sand production is recorded in two provinces: Pomeranian (+5.3 million Mg) and West Pomeranian (+3.0 million Mg). The lack of periodic demand for such sands should be the basis for their classification as a by-product and their storage in separate storage sites. The analysis and calculations should contribute to the development of more accurate market forecasts of demand for and production of natural aggregates, especially of gravel and sand, both in Poland and in individual regions. [1]
222. The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of corn hybrid P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were at 1.178°C and 2.38°C respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p ≤ 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit can be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings, and that water deficits greater than 30% result in considerable grain yield losses. In areas where water resources are limited, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100. [1]
223. The goal of the article is to assess risk for substantiating the economic and organizational efficiency of the construction in the context of ecologic safety. A quantitative risk estimation was made by means of the Monte Carlo way for negative and positive choices to avoid the ecological harm. The simulation algorithm imitated the distribution obtained from the evidence-based fit. The outcomes of a sensitivity investigation are also prepared to verify the suggestion. This risk analysis technique has a computer digital implementation. The simulation data outputs plainly demonstrate the alternative of the general norm of validation and the acceptance of the solution which is not harmful to the environment. In situations of uncertainty, the decision to select the optimistic flavor with high spending (to retain the reliableness of the technics) but less risk pretends to be a decisive factor in the eco-friendly protection strategies of the construction project. [1]
224. The geothermal potential is challenging to assess, as on the one hand it requires subsurface parametric description; on another – the variable surface influences the potential and geological conditions. In the article, the author presents a novel method for assessing geothermal potential and its environmental impact. The procedure is implemented to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Lublin trough. Geological modelling and GIS analyses are used to determine prospective areas where geothermal water accessibility and sufficient head demand occur in the direct vicinity. Maximal geothermal heat production is estimated, and upon that – possible avoided emissions of air pollutants. The study results indicate that this region's geothermal resources are of low temperature (<50°C), so the only opportunity for exploitation is the direct use of geothermal water in objects or the operation of ultra-low-temperature district heating systems. The main geothermal energy production potential of the Lublin trough is in its northern part, close to the Warszawa trough and nearby main fracture zones. In total, up to 300 GWh of geothermal heat per year might be produced and consumed in the study area if residential and commercial objects could take advantage of ultra-low-temperature district heating system. It would lead to locally significant limitation of air pollutant emissions and decreased fossil fuel consumption. [1]
225. The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon. [1]
226. The future of automotive industry is to design and devlelop electrical vehicles to control the emissions released from gaseous fuels and not to release any harmful gases in to atmosphere. In this work, an attempt was made to analyze the behavior of two wheeler E bike with alternative materials of frame such as aluminum alloy (Al-A), Titanium alloy (Ti-A), grey cast iron (G-CI), carbon fiber epoxy (CF-E), and structural steel (ST-S) and compared with AISI-1020 material. The frame of Yamaha R15 is initially modeled by using solid work and imported to Ansys. Static analysis was performed by applying a load of 1500 N on the frame and Impact analysis was performed by applying velocity of 27.7 m/s along X direction. The values of vonmises stress and deformation for all the materials are observed. After performing static analysis, it was observed that, CF- Epoxy material exhibited higher value of vonmises stress (7.659E+07 Pa) and lower deformation of (0.000304m) compared to remaining materials. Based on impact analysis , it was observed that, CF-E exhibited better vonmises stress of (3994.9MPa) closer to AISI 1020 and structural steel materials and deformation is observed to be lower (0.1106 mm) compared to remaining materials. [1]
227. The following paper presents the processing of the piece on the machining centre. When the technological dimensional structures are optimal, they are similar to the dimensional structure of the piece. This similarity is ensured by using a marker of the machining centre – the axle of the revolving table. However, the piece has to be resized. It can be done in several variants with different machining accuracy required. [1]
228. The following paper presents the problem of classification (identification) elements in the internal structure of a technical object. This problem is directly linked with diagnostics and compilation of an expert data base. The basis of a process of grouping elements into classes is to make a diagnostic model of a given object in a form of a structure or set of basic elements of an object. In order to conduct the grouping of elements into subsets of s-th classes, the following paper compiles and presents analytical formulas and classification rules. Theoretical considerations presented in this paper are also verified using an engine control system as an example of a complex technical object. [1]
229. The following paper presents the analysis and synthesis of technological schemes, processes, tools and equipment for processing of conical gears and precession gears with medium module. As a result, a new method which allows to intensify the process of treatment, is proposed. It ensures a required accuracy of processing. The theoretical considerations are based on the theory of gear drives, theory of involute profiles generation and precession gears, generating machine, tool design theory and machine building technology. Methods of mathematical analysis, analytic geometry, mathematical model and 3D computer model are used. The experimental research was conducted in laboratories of the Departments of Machine Building Technology and the Department of Fundamentals of Machines Design at the Technical University of Moldova, by using machines and technological equipment for machining and testing. Experimental data processing was accomplished using approximation methods and mathematical statistics. [1]
230. The following paper presents issues concerning a power supply for the alarm systems used in transport facilities. It describes the guidelines included in the polish standard PN-EN 50131-1:2009 „Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Wymagania systemowe” (Alarm systems – intrusion and hold-up systems – system requirements), a power supply in particular. Then the operational-reliability assessment of a system consisting of a main power supply (230V AC power grid), redundant UPS and diesel generator was made. The aim of that was to obtain formulas for particular state probability values in a symbolic form (Laplace’s). The further assessments taking other types of power supply into account will be presented in the forthcoming papers. [1]
231. The following paper presents an ORC installation including an evaporator with recirculation (heat carrying water exiting the evaporator is redirected to its inlet). It covers the calculations of inlet/outlet temperature of the evaporator taking into account a variant recirculation coefficient. Formulas for heat transfer between heat carrying water and working fluid inside evaporator are also included in this paper. The calculations are based on properly defined average specific heat. The analysis shows that the system performance depends on heat carrying water inlet temperature, on heat carrying water flow rate and the recirculation coefficient. [1]
232. The following paper presents a methodology of wind turbines selection with a axis of rotation based on measurements of wind conditions specific for the wind power sector. Basic properties and characteristics used in the wind power sector, as well as a proper measurement campaign along with determining the necessary instrumentation and the methodology of its use, are the basic parameters that determine the decision of wind farm investment. The main goal of those activities is to gather the accurate meteorological data in sufficient amount using a measurement tower situated at a possible future location of a wind farm. This method is used to identify the direction, speed, gust and energy of the wind. Measurements were made in northern Poland using a measurement system based on a 80-meter-high telescopic mast. The system was equipped with instrumentation necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters, and was made by the Windhunter Serwis Ltd. Company headquartered in Koszalin. The reliability of measurements was verified using the statistical methods based on the Weitbull’s distribution and the windrose. Thus, the energy potential of the raw air stream was determined with a possible future use in a wind farm sitting. [1]
233. The following paper covers a method for wind turbine selection with a horizontal axis of rotation basing on real in-field measurements of wind conditions. The basic meteorological properties and characteristics obtained during measurement campaigns using necessary equipment as well as the used methodology are vital for successful investment in wind farm. The main goal of in-field investigation is to collect meteorological data using a measurement mast installed at the possible future wind farm location. The conducted measurement campaign provided wind directions, velocities and wind blast parameters. The measurements were conducted in the northern Poland using measuring system installed on 100 meter high mast. The system was equipped with all devices necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters. The reliability of measurements was verified using statistical data for the Weitbull distribution and the wind rose. In this way, the energy potential of raw air stream that could possibly drive a wind turbine was determined. Among 6 pre-selected wind turbine types, the optimal one for a given location was proposed. [1]
234. The following article presents an analysis of the influence of the irradiance and ambient temperature on the roof coating temperature. The roof coating temperature depends mainly on the optical properties of the coating material. Those properties are the reflectivity and emissivity. The roof surface temperature determines the heat flux through the roof into the interior of the building. Proper material selection for the coating of the roof can significantly decrease the surface temperature, and as a result, decrease the heat flux into the space just below the roof. During the calculations, the model of the heat exchange derived by the author for the flat roof was used. The paper includes results of heat calculations for two coating materials with different reflectivity coefficients. The calculations were made for the specific weather conditions. [1]
235. The flat tubes are necessary apparatus to design the modern heat exchangers. In this context, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study has been achieved to explore the influence of the flat tube size on the heat transfer characteristics in cross-flow over flat tube banks. The calculations are performed with the help of the computer code (Fluent) which is based on the finite volume method to solve the continuity, momentum and energy equations. The numerical investigations are achieved for laminar flow (Reynolds numbers changing from 50 to 800), two dimensional and incompressible fluids. Some predicted results are compared with available experimental data of the literature and a satisfactory agreement is observed. The obtained results show a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient with increased flat tube size. A new valuable empirical correlation is suggested for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients over a flat tube bank. The proposed correlation may be useful for engineers to predict the heat transfer rates in such devices without requirements of experimental measurements. [1]
236. The experiments conducted in a didactic laboratory of the Kielce University of Technology involved measurements of temperature distribution on the outer surface of a steel radiator by means of two methods: thermal imaging camera and thermocouples in order to compare both investigations methods. The research included the parameters registration for a specific period of time for each of four different medium flows. The results were presented by graphs with the division of the radiator into 8 thermal fields. The results present the differences in temperatures between 1.78°C to 3.65°C. The non-contact method with infrared camera seems to be more accurate, since it is precise for surface temperature measurement. [1]
237. The evaluation of physical and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties was carried out using developed CHA Reinforced Polymer Composite. Sieve analysis of pretreated CHA was done to obtain 75 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm particles sizes. These particles were used at varying compositions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as reinforcements for polyester composites. The catalyst and accelerator used were Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Cobalt Naphthenate respectively. The densities of the evaluated composites made with 150 μm particles were found to be less dense with values ranging from 0.9792 g/cm3 to 1.2561 g/cm3 than those made with 75μm and 300μm. The results also show that the percentage water absorbed by samples increased, ranging from 0 to over 2000 E’/MPa for all percentage reinforcements of CHA, with an increase in the duration of immersion of the samples in distilled water. However, 25% reinforcement had better results for all particle sizes. There were obvious variations of storage modulus, loss modulus and mechanical loss factor with percentage weight of reinforcement, temperature and frequency. The composite with 15 % reinforcement displayed better results and can be used as a material for interior components in aerospace and automobile industries. [1]
238. The essence of the study is the analysis of managers' attitudes towards the concept of sustainable development carried out on the example of food industry enterprises. The first part of the article contains the purpose of the study and draws attention to the progressive degradation of the natural environment, in which the food industry enterprises also participate. The rest of the article presents the state of the literature on sustainable development issues. The empirical part of the study presents the research methods that have been used in the research, the characteristics of the research sample and the results of own research. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated that were presented in the final part of the study. The article ends with a summary. [1]
239. The environment is considered as an ideal machine, a system in which nothing happens without a reason. Every transformation, every action and stimulus has its own consequences, which are not always immediately plain to see. It is due to the fact that the environment is like a communicating vessels, or a complex organism, in which everything is interdependent and the organs work together. Despite the complexity of the processes, the intricate yet logical correlations between the elements, it is not a perfect system. Examples are weather anomalies and, in extreme cases, cataclysms. The problem arises when man interferes with the environment. By polluting almost every possible place, he initiates irreversible changes, degrading the environment. This paper presents an analysis of atmospheric air pollution in the town of Supraśl, as well as analysis of surface water from the Supraśl river and soil samples from a selected area. [1]
240. The electrolysis process of water produces oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas that can be used as an energy source to solve the shortage problem of fossil fuel and reduces the exhaust emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicles engines. In this study, HHO dry cell generator was designed, fabricated and tested experimentally to investigate its performance. The hybrid internal combustion engines using HHO gas is considered one of the most important studied applications. The vehicle engines performance and gas emissions are investigated for two different engines; 150CC with carburetor and 1300CC with Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The results recorded the consumption of the fuel is reduced by 14.8% for 150CC engine and 16.3% for 1300CC engine. HHO gas reduced the emission gases by 33% and 24.5% reduction in CO and 27.4% and 21% reduction in HC for 150CC and 1300CC engines respectively. HHO gas can be efficient used as a secondary fuel for vehicle engines. [1]
241. The economic, technical, technological, social and economic development of the world, carried out at an increasingly faster pace, aims to increase the quality and standards of life. Attempting to meet market stakeholders' changing expectations and requirements significantly affects the overexploitation of natural resources and the degradation of the natural environment, often leading to irreversible consequences. The publication aims to analyse selected changes in the natural surroundings that influence the implementation decisions of the environmental management system. Research conducted over the last 10 years shows that the pro-environmental activities undertaken bring results not only in the number of management systems implemented but also in the number of ecological farms created, reduction of air pollution and reduction in the extraction of natural resources (coal). [1]
242. The driving comfort of the vehicle is primarily determined by the design of the suspension system, which transmits the force between the vehicle and the ground. There are different types of vehicle suspension systems, including active suspension systems that provide significant benefits for ride comfort while driving. However, the existing active suspension systems have limited functions such as power, and also complex structure. To overcome the problem, the proper design of the active suspension system by considering its present limitations is essential. A well-designed active suspension system controls the load on the wheels under the resonance of the body structure and ensures driving comfort. It reduces the vibrational energy of the vehicle body caused by the excitation of the road while keeping the stability of the vehicle within an acceptable limit. For a proper design of the active suspension system, the road surface, the seat suspension, and the wheel load are the most important elements to consider. In this study, different types of vehicle suspension systems with their limitations have been thoroughly investigated. Many aspects of control and some of the essential practical considerations are also explored. [1]
243. The domestic gas industry has been set an ambitious goal in the form of a state programme for extensive gasification of Polish cities and towns. This provides for transition of the municipal thermal energy and of the municipal economy to natural gas. Ensuring of reliable and safe transport of the gaseous fuel is also a part of this programme.The article discusses the problems of transporting of the nitrogen-rich natural gas from the local mines, related to water of unknown origin appearing in it. The events that can confirm that there is a possibility of moisture condensation from the gas and its migration deep into the distribution network have been analysed.The actual level of moisture in the natural gas, which is already directly supplied to the consumers, has been experimentally tested.It has been proved by the computer calculations that in the conditions of high pressure in the network, there is a possibility of such condensation, depending on the external atmospheric conditions and physicochemical parameters of the gas.It has been proposed to change the existing designing & construction legal provisions in order to protect the gas networks against water accumulating in them in a better way. [1]
244. The distribution of maximum rainfall level is not a homogeneous phenomenon and is often characterized by multimodality, and often the phenomenon of heavy right-hand tail. Modelling this phenomenon using classic probability distributions leads to ignoring multimodality, and thus underestimating or overestimating the predicted values in the tail tails – the most important from the point of view of safe dimensioning of drainage systems. To avoid the abovementioned difficulties, a non-parametric kernel estimator method of maximum precipitation density function was used (on the example of rainfall data from a selected station in Poland). The methodology proposed in the paper (for use on any rainfall data from other meteorological stations) will allow the development of more reliable local models of maximum precipitation. [1]
245. The design of the water distribution system is inherently linked to the execution of calculations, which aim, among other things, to determine the flow rate through individual pipes and the selection of diameters at the appropriate speed. Each step in the calculations is followed by an evaluation of the results and, if necessary, a correction of the data and further calculations. It is up to the designer to analyse the accuracy of the calculation results and is time-consuming for large systems. In this article, a diagnostic method for the results of hydraulic calculations, based on Kohonen Network, which classifies nominal diameters [DN] on the basis of data, in the form of flows, has been proposed. After calculating the new variant of the water distribution system, the individual calculation sections are assigned to the neurons of the topological map of Kohonen Network drawn up for nominal diameters. By comparing the diameter used for the calculation, with the diameter obtained on the topological map, the accuracy of the chosen diameter can be assessed. The topological map, created as a result of labelling the neurons of the output layer of the Kohonen Network, graphically shows the position of the classified diameter, relative to those diameters with similar input values. The position of a given diameter, relative to other diameters, may suggest the need to change the diameter of the pipe. [1]
246. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of potato chips in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The potato chips is a value added product, that can be effectively used during throughout year as snacks, side dish or appetizer. It can be either deep dried or backed for consumption. The potato contains high fiber, it helps to lower the cholesterol level in blood reducing the risk of blood pressure if consumed backed. The potato chips can be effectively stored for one year to six months and consumed as snacks.The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The Moisture Removal Rate (MRR) for drying of potato chips in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open sun drying is 83% and 78% respectively. The drying rate observed during the experiment has a better resemblance with simulated Response Surface Modelling. [1]
247. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of grapes for raisin making in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The Maharashtra state ranks first in the production of grapes, probably Western Maharashtra produces nearly 800 thousand tons of grapes every year. The major wastage of grapes is due to low sugar content, glossy appearance, shrinkage, excess water in berry, scorching and size variation. Therefore, there is a need to preserve the grapes by drying and making raisins for a non-seasonal requirement. The experiment was conducted for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open Sun condition from 1st of April to 4th of April for 48 hours. The initial weight of the grapes to be dried was 500 grams for both Solar Greenhouse Dryer and open sun drying conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The main aim of using DOE i.e., Response Surface Modelling is to get an optimum region for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer, from the Surface plot; the region of maxima and minima was obtained. [1]
248. The current study focuses on the life cycle assessment and an economic valuation of a natural convection solar greenhouse dryer in Western Maharashtra, India. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is an active device that gains solar radiation incident on to the surface of the dryer and along with wind energy, it removes moisture from agricultural yield. The combination of solar energy and wind energy removes moisture from agricultural yield. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is primarily used in rural settings; hence, it is very important to analyse the environmental and economic aspects associated with the dryer to obtain the maximum benefit from the dryer with less investment possible. The experiment involving a natural convection solar dryer was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The environmental parameters taken into considerations during the analysis covered energy, energy payback time and CO2 emissions, mitigation and carbon credits earned by the dryer. The economic analysis of the solar dryer consists of the annual cost of the dryer, the salvage value, the annual saving obtained and the payback period respectively. [1]
249. The current market environment is affected by a number of fundamental changes. A large number of these affect manufacturing companies the most. They are forced to continuously reduce their costs, improve the quality of service to their customers and adapt to a highly competitive environment. However, environmental requirements for production processes have become increasingly important in recent years. These are underpinned by legislative changes that put enormous pressure on manufacturers. Often, environmental requirements can also determine the economic success of a manufacturer. The areas that have a significant environmental impact include metallurgical technologies. These are currently predominantly based on the use of coke, which is produced from high quality hard coal. The mining of raw materials also has major environmental impacts. The article deals with the analysis of downstream production processes in terms of their environmental impact. These are the areas of mining, ore processing and iron and steel production. These areas can be seen as downstream production stages. Iron ore processing and iron and steel production often take place within a single production organisation. Therefore, a possible overall optimisation in the handling of environmental impacts and the treatment of pollutants can be assumed. The secondary objective of the paper is to analytically assess the possible reuse of the produced waste in production processes. The article is based on the results of research carried out in a selected metallurgical enterprise in the Czech Republic. [1]
250. The current article uses a two-dimensional numerical model to represent the results of theoretical studies of the heat exchange in the soil massif during the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. The analysis of literature sources showed that one of the important conditions for the effective operation of a shallow-soil heat exchange is its rational design parameters, such as the total length of the pipeline, the diameter of the pipe, the distance between the axis of the adjacent pipes, the depth of the heat exchanger placement, etc. A two-dimensional heat exchange model in the soil mass was developed, which made it possible to investigate the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. It was found that the step between the axis of the adjacent pipes of the multi-loop heat exchanger, which is 0.95 m, is optimal when creating a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger in the soil conditions of Kyiv. [1]
251. The contemporary problems and issues of environmental protection refer to a large extent to problems related – generally speaking – with energy. Currently, the production processes mainly concern the combustion of energy fuels, transport – over long distances – by means of transport, their use for utility purposes, e.g. engine drive or heating. All these processes have a significant negative impact on the environment and are magnified by their enormous intensity and enormous size. While the processes of energy production and transport have been studied for many years, and their result are widely published, the issues related to the application and operation of heating devices are little known and require much observation and research. The operating indicators of heating devices are generally characterized by low values (natural convection) and their artificial increase (intensity) cannot be used due to the acoustic effects and additional (significant) investment costs. The article presents some results of research on the intensification of heat flow – i.e. the thermal efficiency of flat heaters placed in a room with a specific temperature. Physical phenomena were investigated numerically by shaping the heat exchange space. The tested systems concerned a room with a free-standing heater, a heater with a vertical panel mounted in parallel, and a system with a curved bottom plate forming the so-called de Laval nozzle. Interesting results of air velocity and temperature fields as well as values of the heat transfer coefficient along the height of the heater were obtained. Based on the presented research, it can be concluded that the creation of convection surfaces around the heater is advisable because it affects the intensity of heat exchange, which can be increased without energy-intensive energy expenditure, i.e. in a non-mechanical way. Undoubtedly contributes positively to investment and operating costs, which is so important in issues related to environmental protection. [1]
252. The consequence of landfilling is biogas production in the waste bed, the main parameter of which is methane. The capture of biogas and its energetic use in a cogeneration system is the optimal solution for both environmental and energetic aspects. Nevertheless, the emission of gases and dust into the air from the cogeneration plant as a result of the combustion of biogas poses a potential threat not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also poses a serious risk to human health, especially to the respiratory system, leading to a variety of diseases. The gas and dust emission tests performed in the study showed significant values for CO2 173.08 [kg ∙ h-1] and for CO 0.7545 [kg ∙ h-1], NO2 0.7129 [kg ∙ h-1], SO2 0.3958 [kg ∙ h-1] and total dust 0.0013 [kg ∙ h-1] respectively. The work aims to demonstrate the actual emissions of gases and dust into the air as a result of the combustion of landfill gas and to use them to calculate fees for the use of the environment. Since no emission standards have been defined for this type of installation and there is no need to use reducing devices, it is crucial to regularly monitor pollutant emissions by installation operators to optimize the biogas combustion process and reduce emissions. Replacing the reference values with measurement data regarding air emissions will make the actual impact of the cogeneration installation on the environment more realistic. [1]
253. The community is an important part of the city. With the city's development, it is faced with the problem of renewal and reconstruction of the old community. It is necessary to explore the sustainable development of the community. In this paper, evaluation and analysis of the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy of the community are studied. The indicators were selected appropriately to reflect the SE and EE development status comprehensively. The results show that Nanjing, Wuhan and Xi'an take the top spot in terms of CCD, meaning it has the most harmonious relationship between the social-economic subsystem and eco-environment subsystem; Xi'an has the highest SE value, while Lianyungang has the lowest evaluation result. Nanjing has the highest EE value, indicating it has the best eco-environment development, while Suqian has the worst. This study provides a scientific basis and effective measures for sustainable development in China. [1]
254. The catalyzed conversion of acetylene to higher hydrocarbons has been studied by many researchers. The importance of these processes is determined by the fact that a successful conversion of this type will create technologies for obtaining cheap alternative synthetic fuel. Acetylene can be obtained in large quantities from coal and methane, which opens up the possibility of obtaining the specified synthetic fuel. However, the lack of an effective catalyst for continuous conversion has not allowed the development of this alternative fuel route. Features of hydrocarbon synthesis during methane pyrolysis, based on modified catalysts, are presented in the paper. It is demonstrated that production of hydrocarbons from pyrolysis gas using modified catalysts can be intensified. [1]
255. The caloric value of the crops is one of the fundamental parameters to be determined during the process of biomass production for the energy purposes. The variety of biomass and its reaction to the environmental and agrotechnical conditions forces the utilization of particularly accurate algorithms during the determination of the caloric value of the crops. While determining the caloric value of the directly combusted crops, the coefficients for the raw state caloric value should be used. Violation of this rule causes significant overestimation of the end-results. Using the biomass for the biogas production, the energy balance should take the methane into account. The literature data shows quite a big difference in gas production from various substrates (from 368 up 722 Ndm3 per kg of dry mass) as well as a significant difference in the methane content (from 53 up to 76%). While planning the substrates selection for a biogas production plant, special attention should be put on proper estimation of the overmentioned coefficients. [1]
256. The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible. [1]
257. The authors analyse the standardisation of risk management as an effective tool for the safety of design solutions in residential construction. The analysed regulatory documentation answers the question of achieving an acceptable level of risk. Within the framework of improving environmental management, the use of specific penalties looks quite natural. However, the primary purpose of ISO 14001 is to form a responsible attitude toward the environment and natural resources as the most crucial assets of economic activity. The article raises the issue that domestic standards cannot thoroughly guide risk analysts due to their lack of development and inconsistency with ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 14001:2016. It is necessary to develop a unique approach to risk assessment, de facto describing the interaction of different scenarios, which will ensure an increase in the environmental and economic effects in the field of housing safety. [1]
258. The article's authors analysed the most perspective and widely known methods of neutralising the acidic condensate, which is a by-product of natural gas combustion. Among them, the hydrodynamic cavitation method was the most effective. In this regard, it was proposed to improve this method by using the method of discrete-pulsed energy input, which involves neutralisation due to the degassing process. Based on the mathematical model of the bubble ensemble dynamics, a numerical simulation of the formation and growth of vapour-gas bubbles in the process of cavitation boiling of condensate was carried out. Also, an analytical study of the evolution of the vapour-gas bubble population and changes in the current vapour content of the condensate during its boiling was investigated under different values of the initial size of gas micronuclei. The results of the experimental study also confirmed the effectiveness of this method and showed that almost complete removal of carbonic acid from condensate occurs during the first two minutes of processing. That is evidenced by the increased pH values of condensate, which corresponds to the range of permissible pH values of distilled water. Therefore, the carbonic acid in the condensate is absent. Using this method will significantly reduce the environmental effect and the amount of harmful emissions. [1]
259. The article seeks to review the standards (emission and immission) and legal solutions relating to odour-active compounds, as well asanalyse the variability in the number of farmed animals and the emission of ammonia in Poland and Ukraine. Furthermore, the article characterizesodour emission factors, methods of health risk assessment, ways of limiting emission of odorous compounds from animal farming facilities. The analysis indicated the necessity of applying good practices available in reference documents – including those drawn up by environmental agencies – and scientific works, as such practices may significantly contribute to minimising the impact of animal farming facilities on people and the environment. The introduction of, inter alia, immission standards (reference values) expressed in ouE/m3 in the legal regimes of the EU and Ukraine would also render it possible to carry out an assessment of odours treated as a mixture present in ambient air and optimise the assessment of odour nuisance and thus the discomfort directly affecting the well-being and health of inhabitants of areas in the vicinity of farming facilities. [1]
260. The article presents the review of mostly used methods of graphical analysis of production processes. In the text were briefly characterised all main type of methods of analysis of production processes including: traditional methods (time research and traffic research), comprehensive research, modelling and simulation-based methods and graphical methods. Graphical analysis methods such as: process mapping, value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams, schedules, Gantt's charts, Pareto-Lorenz’s diagrams, spaghetti diagrams, production variety funnels, analysis of the decision-making point, and examples of their application were described. [1]
261. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the PVD coating on the cutting tool on the surface roughness and energy consumption in the cast iron turning process. It was shown that the use of coated tools leads to obtaining a surface qualitatively corresponding to the ground surface and to the reduction in the power consumption of the machine tool. In addition, the process itself, carried out without the use of a cooling and lubricating liquid, is more eco-friendly, as it excludes its use, disposal and negative environmental impact. [1]
262. The article presents the problem of reactive power compensation in an electric network, which powers a charging station for electric vehicles. The reactive power is present because the converters have a reactance character. Mobile inverters are single-phase receivers, so they cause a lack of symmetry in a three-phase system. Lack of symmetry causes an unbalance component to appear. The power compensation discussed here results in an improvement in the power factor. The reduction of the reactive and unbalance power is the result of this compensation. The article takes into account a non-sinusoidal method of power supply. [1]
263. The article presents the most important information concerning the methods, techniques and indicators of I measures, which are used in the evaluation of production processes. The theory of limitations, process mapping, benchmarking and diagnostic test method have been described. Sample indicators for the evaluation of production processes are presented and the measures for the evaluation of production processes are discussed, as well as methods of obtaining information about the process. The modelling and computer simulations were described and the algorithm of proceeding during the development of a simulation model was presented. The article discusses system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. [1]
264. The article presents the most important information concerning computer modelling and simulation, system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. An exemplary model of the production process of windscreen wipers, which was created on the basis of assumptions, discussed the individual components of the model. An example of using JAVA code in AnyLogic program is presented and examples of indicators that can be calculated and presented in the form of a graph in the program are shown. Computer simulations enable tracking and analysis of the production process. They help to verify assumptions and detect irregularities in the modeled process. Simulation programs have a wide range of possibilities, allow you to create reports, charts, comparisons, allow you to optimize processes. [1]
265. The article presents the history of the development, and the reasons for the creation of the SEVESO Directive, with particular emphasis on the latest Directive 2012/18 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The SEVESO III directive imposes detailed requirements on the plant operators in terms of their control against major accident hazards related to dangerous substances. Individual countries of the European Union apply various requirements (in accordance with SEVESO III or more rigorous ones) for industrial plants. In Poland, the requirements of the SEVESO III Directive have been implemented in the Environmental Protection Act and its executive acts. The SEVESO III Directive requires that the citizens of a given country have access to information about high and increased-risk establishments. In Poland, this requirement is met through the website www.mapy.geoportal.gov.pl, where you can find information on establishments posing a risk of a serious industrial accident. The article presents how to use the portal and what information can be obtained there. [1]
266. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the use of magnetorheological fluids for finishing processes. The paper descsribes the type of the materials and surfaces to be machined and the composition of the magnetorheological fluids used in this area. The most interesting applications were described in more detail, paying particular attention to the schematic diagram of the test stands, obtained results of experimental tests and the results of roughness measurements of the surfaces exposed to magnetically controlled fluids. The article also describes the directions of the newest experimental and simulation research on the application of magnetorheological fluids in the field. [1]
267. The article presents the characteristics of a wide set of research methods used in prospective analysis known as foresight. Explorative and normative, quantitative and qualitative methods as well as techniques based on expert and assumptions were described in detail. The paper also describes the broader context of the notion of technological foresight and describes differences in this concept in relation to technology management. [1]
268. The article presents the association of the output signals of the grinding process with the machining parameters. The article focuses on assessing the suitability of grinding force signal and acoustic signal acquisition for different process conditions. In the first part of the article the kinematic contact of abrasive grain with the workpiece analysis was carried out. By analogy to the micro-cutting process, geometric analyses are presented and the process parameters that have a major impact on the grinding zone load are indicated. Analytically it has been shown that elementary grinding speeds (wheel and workpiece speed) and grinding depth have a significant effect on recorded signal values. The work also presents a set of factors and phenomena that are sources of acoustic emission impulses in the grinding process. For a selected range of grinding parameters, an experimental verification was performed. The article presents the highly correlated relationship between grain penetration depth (maximum uncut chip thickness) and grinding force components, as well as the effective value of acoustic emission. The output signals of the grinding process were also compared, indicating the advantage of the acoustic emission signal above the grinding force in terms of the reaction speed (and lag) of the sensors to the phenomena occurring in the grinding zone. [1]
269. The article presents issues related to innovation, its meaning and objectives. The development of the concept of innovation over the years is presented. The division of innovation by the area of activity to which it refers was made. The essence of innovation is briefly discussed. On the example of a vehicle, the strategy of innovation implementation was also characterized. The methods and tools used during the implementation of innovations are presented. Computer modelling and simulations as well as other tools for implementation of innovations are characterized. [1]
270. The article presents an original proposal to improve the efficiency of anchoring steel fibers in fibroconcrete mixtures. The expected effect was obtained by developing the surface of the fibers by mechanical abrasive treatment with electrocorundum. The main part of the work presents the results of the conducted experimental studies. The effect of the surface treatment of the fibers was investigated by means of metallographic techniques, using a metallographic microscope and equipment for determining the surface roughness. On the other hand, the direct method of assessing the effectiveness of fiber anchoring in the concrete was determined with the use of the Pull – Out test. The results of these studies were subjected to detailed analysis and statistical processing. The results of metallographic and Pull – Out tests indicate that the proposed method of treating the fibers significantly affects their anchoring efficiency in the concrete matrix. According to the author, this may be of great practical importance, because the discussed method of treating the fibers can significantly improve the general properties of fibrocomposite mixtures. [1]
271. The article presents an example of the value stream mapping method application for the analysis of the production process of semi-trailers for transporting liquid food products. Below were presented characteristics of value stream mapping method, construction, functions and course of the trailer production process in details. On the basis of value stream map analysis conclusions were drawn that point out possibilities of improving and reducing the production costs of tankers for liquid food products transport. [1]
272. The article presents an analysis of the geometric structure of the surface of X5CrNi18‑10 steel sheet after cutting with a abrasive water-jet (AWJ) and a photon beam (laser). Both methods and the workpiece material were also described. Using the laser triangulation method, the cut surface texture was measured by opto-digital microscopy. Additionally, microscopic images of the cut surface were made using the Dino-Lite Edge AM7915MZT microscope by ANMO Electronics Co. The analysis of changes in the value of the Sa parameter for the surface after laser cutting and abrasive water-jet showed that the thickness of the cut material has the most significant influence on the obtained measurement results. [1]
273. The article presents an analysis of possibilities offered by the use of modelling and simulation method in production management, by presenting its essence, types and examples of production process models. In addition, the article presents the characteristics of computer modelling and simulation systems, which help to streamline production processes. The most commonly used programs such as AnyLogic, ShowFlow 2 and Rockwell Arena were described in detail. The concepts of modelling and simulation have been also clarified. [1]
274. The article presents a visual analysis of the landscape, based on the modified SBE method and the possibility of using this type of research for the purposes of revitalization of rural areas. The scope of the research covered the Puchaczów commune in which, due to environmental conditions, mining related to hard coal extraction has developed. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the existence of diverse hight structure of the plant cover increases the attractiveness of the landscape. The research method consisted in using the SBE analysis for 13 landscape units, presented as actual illustrations and modified pictures (as computer visualizations) by adding trees and shrubs. Then, using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, it was examined whether there is a significant difference for the average visual value evaluation between original and modified sketches. [1]
275. The article presents a new approach to forecasting the composition of producer gas. Thermochemical treatment of biomass as an effective method of producing flammable gas was presented. The methods of predicting the gas composition of the generator are described, and then its efficiency depending on the parameters of the device. In order to create a method for forecasting gas composition, the authors' works were used as the basis, in which the energy characteristics of the gases obtained were assessed. It was assumed in this paper that it is very important to understand the influence of each parameter on the energy characteristics of the gas. This made it possible to optimize the composition and predict thermal characteristics. In this article, we present the results of experimental studies on biomass gasification and a mathematical model based on Gibbs free energy. [1]
276. The article in the theoretical part draws attention to the phenomenon of climate change and two-way relations between these changes and agriculture. Agriculture as an economic sector is extremely sensitive to any climatic disturbances. However, as a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, it contributes to this process. In the era of significant reductions in GHG emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to obtain the highest economic effects with the smallest external effects (e.g. GHG). The purpose of the article is therefore to determine the level of GHG emissions in agriculture and the economic and climate efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and comparison to other sectors of the economy. The DEA method was used in the study. Calculations were made based on Eurostat data. It was found that the share of GHG emissions of agriculture in the EU represents 10-11% of all emissions in the European Union. Agriculture is the least economically and climatically effective sector of the EU economy. Comparing the agriculture of individual countries, the highest efficiency was achieved by Italy, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, the lowest – Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. [1]
277. The article discusses the possibility of recovering waste heat from the exhaust air from the ventilation system of multi-family residential buildings. A system of waste heat recovery from the extracted air with an electric heat pump was proposed for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW). The proposed system has been analysed in TRNSYS 17 software for exemplary multi-family residential building. The influence of exhaust air humidity and heat pump outlet temperature on the energy effect was analysed. For the analysed case and the Polish conditions of electricity production, a possible reduction of the final energy amount for DHW preparation (EKW) by 35.1% and primary energy consumption (EPW) by 9.1% was determined in comparison with the use of a gas condensing boiler only.The factors influencing the energy effect of the system for the recovery of waste heat from the exhaust air were indicated. The authors specified directions of further research aimed at determining how to recover available waste heat from the exhaust air with lower energy expenditure and for which installations in the building they should be used. [1]
278. The article discusses the physicochemical mechanisms of the effect of chemical reagents on the processes of swelling of the raw mixture based on the ash of thermal power plants. The process of structure formation in such mixtures occurs as a result of physicochemical transformations of its constituent components. To intensify gas evolution and obtain materials of a porous structure, the presence of a gas former is necessary. The author has analysed the possibility of creating a porous structure in a raw mixture based on ash with the introduction of various gas formers or their formation as a result of exchange reactions. The main chemical compounds contributing to pore formation have been determined. To form a given structure, it is proposed to control chemical transformations at the stage of swelling. To study the processes of intensification of gas evolution, the author proposes to investigate the mechanisms of the influence of mineral fillers and chemical reagents on swelling processes based on the analysis of the Gibbs equation. The parameters of the Gibbs equation are obtained, by which it is possible to determine the probability of the occurrence of chemical reactions with the proposed chemical agents for the formation of gas bubbles with (pores) in the raw material. [1]
279. The article discusses selected ways of saving energy. It is a review material on the problems of humanity and industry in terms of energy consumption of machines, devices as well as principles and actions aimed at improving and protecting the environment and the Earth – as our planet. Energy efficiency, which should go hand in hand with energy saving, was also mentioned. Prognosis for the coming years, new ways of labeling devices were presented. In addition, the issue of greenhouse gases and their emissions into the atmosphere was also raised. [1]
280. The article discusses issues related to modifying existing buildings to improve their condition in terms of lower energy consumption and reducing heat loss. The study takes the form of a review. Current systems and data are described according to relevant standards. The issue of the energy efficiency of the building is explored. A list of the most common ways of thermal modernization has been presented. Financial support programs were discussed. The merits and drawbacks of the solutions are delineated. [1]
281. The article describes the role and types of cooling lubricants used in grinding processes. Conventional methods of coolants delivery into the grinding zone were described, such as: flood method, high-pressure jet method, centrifugal coolant provision method as well as methods method to minimize coolant flow rate: minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), minimum quantity cooling (MQC) and minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Against this background, a methods were presented to completely eliminate grinding fluid from the grinding process (dry grinding) like: impregnated grinding wheels and cold air guns (CAG). [1]
282. The article describes the results of experiments which was intended to compare the results of turning and traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces of rings made of bearing steel (100Cr6) in hardened state (62±2 HRC). During experimental investigations particular attention has been paid to the machining performance and roughness of the machined surface. The results of research presented in this article confirm the advantage of the turning process over traverse grinding using grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure. [1]
283. The article describes the result of experiments witch were intended to compare the results of different workpieces orientation in disc centrifugal machine. During experimental investigations, particular attention was paid to the optimal orientation the workpiece in working charge. The results of the research presented in this article confirm the benefit of horizontal orientation of the workpiece to the motion of the media in the working charge. [1]
284. The article describes the forecasts and the current state of electromobility in Poland. Attention was drawn to the significant problems faced by the electricity market as a result of adapting infrastructure for electromobility and growing energy demand. IT systems supporting electromobility were presented. The activities undertaken by Energa Operator for the development of electromobility in the area of electricity distribution of this company have also been presented. [1]
285. The article deals with the problems of handling used motor oils on the railways of Ukraine. At the moment, this waste is transferred to other enterprises for disposal. But, based on international experience, it is advisable to be regenerated directly at the enterprise where it is formed. The purpose of this work is to develop a modern scheme for oil waste disposal. In this regard, various indicators were investigated, reflecting both the operational suitability of oils and their toxicological parameters. As a result, we proposed a scheme and selected special equipment for handling the used engine oils, which allows to reduce the technogenic load associated with their accumulation, handling and minimization, contributes to the return of oil to the technological process. The calculated value of the conditional environmental effect and the approximate payback period allowed us to draw conclusions about the undoubted environmental and economic effect of implementing the proposed scheme [1]
286. The article deals with issues related to quality management and quality assessment in production of plastic articles in injection moulding. Expert knowledge collected in textbooks and literature allows to get acquainted with the characteristics of plastic article production and product quality defects arising in such processes. The characteristics and technology of plastics processing are discussed, the most frequent quality defects occurring in the production of articles made of plastics by injection molding are listed. On the basis of expert knowledge collected in the literature, a series of actions leading to the elimination of each of the mentioned quality defects has also been proposed. [1]
287. The article contains answers to three "why" questions: - why the waste management system still does not bring the expected results, and the Polish state is one of the lowest-ranking in the European score regarding the amount of segregated waste; - why the sale of selected secondary raw materials and their material reuse in production processes do not cover the costs related to waste management; - why it does not bring additional profits. The article is based on research conducted in Wroclaw from 1998 to 2018. There is a cost model that can be adapted to similar cases. The article deals with removing organisational and/or technical reasons causing the stagnation of selective waste collection. [1]
288. The article considers the possibility of efficient energy and environmental use of vortex devices for the granulation of solids. The factors influencing the energy consumption for generating a vortex flow with dispersed solid inclusions are analysed. A mathematical model for calculating the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus in a clean gas flow, which was used in computer modelling, is presented. The main dependencies for determining the influence of the geometric dimensions of the vortex on its aerodynamic drag are also given. An analytical solution to the problem of minimising the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus during the movement of a dispersed medium is considered. The forces acting on the particles in the cyclone chamber during interaction with the gas are analysed. In this paper, a general method for calculating the parameters of cyclone-vortex devices for dispersed media using the basic equations of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics is developed. The solution approach used in this paper can be extended to other vortex devices not considered in this work. [1]
289. The article analyses the influence of aircraft noise on the transaction prices of residential premises within the Poznań property market. The paper analyses the set of properties, subject to the transaction from the first to the fourth quarter of 2020. In total, 1550 properties were examined. The study defined basic attributes of all premises, exhibiting the most significant influence on their price. The research conducted using the hedonic regression allowed for the identification of crucial evidence that aircraft noise negatively affects the property transaction prices. [1]
290. The article aims to analyse the impact of military operations on the hydro-ecological state of water bodies in Ukraine, analyse potential military risks and assess the prospects for recovery in the water sector. The war leads to the destruction of water supply infrastructure and, secondly, to the pollution of natural waters with sewage and ammunition. Thus, Ukraine's hydro-ecological condition of natural watercourses and reservoirs is deteriorating during a full-scale war. First, we analysed the literature and modern scientific publications and studied the current state of the water bodies of Ukraine under martial law. The article analyses the key consequences of military operations on water bodies, including the destruction of water infrastructure and hydraulic structures, contamination by explosives and destroyed military equipment, flooding by mine water, and leaks from tailing ponds. Special attention is paid to the results of water quality monitoring in wartime. The authors systematised and reviewed the key incidents of destruction and damage to hydraulic structures since the beginning of the war. Potential risks to water bodies in the context of Russian aggression are studied. Finally, the author analyses the directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and proposes a list of practical steps necessary to restore water resources. The author's view on post-war reconstruction measures in water resources is offered. In addition, environmental organisations and local authorities can use the results of this scientific research. [1]
291. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant, VRE) strains in meat plants and evaluate their biofilm-forming potential. In two Polish meat plants, 75 samples of raw pork meat, swabs from work surfaces (floors, tables, machine parts and tools) and from employees' hands were collected. The analyses indicated that enterococci were present in more than 72% of the tested samples. VRE isolates were found in more than 25% of the tested samples (especially in cutting and processing rooms). VRE strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Moreover, 77% of E. faecium and 43% of E. faecalis isolates showed biofilm-forming ability. The observed high biofilm-forming potential among the analyzed VRE strains indicates that these agents may play an important role in the spread of drug resistance in the food chain through contaminated surfaces, meat, and workers' hands. [1]
292. The aim of this case study is to generate several poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based hydrogels using additive manufacturing process and compare their material properties. A commercial stereolithography system is used to produce the test specimens in accordance with ISO standards. Three formulations will be prepared for this purpose. The basis in each case is PEGDA with average molecular weights of 700 Mn, 575 Mn and 250 Mn. A photoinitiator and an UV absorber are added to ensure spatial and temporal crosslinking. Subsequently, the formulations are investigated for their material properties according to ISO standards by means of tensile, compression and hardness tests, and the influence of the molecular weights is determined. [1]
293. The aim of the work was to create a technical and organizational design for a modular, didactic system for the production of single-stage gearing. The project presented a project of a production system equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect the real world systems. Modular construction of the designed system allows for free modeling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system expansion and its use. Additionally, the system design assumes the possibility of carrying out scientific and research works in the scope of designing production systems with a high level of automation. [1]
294. The aim of the study was to conduct the process of bioethanol obtaining from biomass using chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5 and 10%) were used for the delignification process, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using three commercial cellulolytic preparations (Cellic® CTec2, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and cellulase from Aspergillus species). The final step involved an alcoholic fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYPE II yeast. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of reducing sugars was determined in the samples, and the fermentation yield was controlled by determining the ethanol content by pycnometry. The use of chemical pretreatment increased the yield of the whole process by at least 50%. The content of reducing sugars after hydrolysis depended on the type of enzyme preparation used for hydrolysis and the use of NaOH in pretreatment. The highest content of reducing sugars (45.8 g/dm3) was achieved in a sample of material that was purified with 5% NaOH, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using Cellic® CTec2. This means an efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process equal to 94.69%. The concentration of bioethanol after alcoholic fermentation in this sample was 0.509 g/l. [1]
295. The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the European Green Deal and to identify its potential impact on the Community's regional development processes. The paper presents the objectives and assumptions of the doctrine and its global dimension. The theoretical foundations of the doctrine in economic and social dimension have been defined. An attempt was made to identify and analyse the impact of the European Green Deal on regional development processes in the European Community. Regional development has been defined as the process of development of economic potential, increase in the competitiveness of economic entities and the standard of living of the countries' inhabitants, in their regional decomposition, which takes place as a result of transforming factors and resources into goods and services, ensuring economic security. The influence of the European Green Deal on factors of economic growth and development, factors of competitive advantage of countries, system of both public and private value (natural resources, national assets), transformations in the structure of economies (emerging and declining industries), as well as costs necessary to make the doctrine a reality were indicated. [1]
296. The aim of the conducted studies was made to develop a bottom sediment monitoring network for selected water reservoirs of the Silesian voivodeship (Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs). Based on the obtained spatial distributions, the location of points was selected, which should be considered in further studies. In the search for the solution, it was assumed that the network enabling collection of reliable results on the sludge quality, while minimising financial outlays, should not exceed 25% of measurement points from the base year. In order to define the quality and accuracy of the planned network, a visual assessment of the obtained spatial distributions was used. A comparison of the classification of measurement stations with respect to the quality assessment of the geochemical criterion in relation to the selected heavy metal real data, as well as the values obtained on the basis of the simulation was made. Comparative analysis showed a high range of changes in the classification of measuring positions (Ostrowy 0-5 positions, Poraj 0-19 positions, Dzierżno Duże 0-16 positions). This fact is associated with a significant range of base data resulting from high pollution of bottom sediments with individual heavy metals (Ostrowy – Cr, Ni, Poraj – Cd, Pb, Zn, Dzierżno Duży – Cd, Zn). Considering the conducted research, it was found that the sustainable management of the environment by determining the bottom sediment monitoring network of the Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs should be based on an individual research approach for each of the facilities. The research allowed to state that GIS has a significant impact on decision-making in the field of environmental management. [1]
297. The aim of the article was the analysis of the physicochemical quality of water within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in Wrocław (south-west Poland) in the context of the European Union's classification of water quality, as well as an assessment of the potential impact of hydropower plants on this quality. The study uses the results of monthly tests from three measurement points within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in the city of Wrocław (points upstream and downstream the hydropower plant and the reference point), from the period June 2018 to May 2020. The analyses covered 10 physicochemical parameters, i.e.: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature, turbidity, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and BOD5. The conducted analysis showed that the hydropower plant has no clear influence on the physicochemical quality of the water in the Ślęza River, other interactions present in the catchment area are more important. From the effects visible in the results, a decrease in the amplitudes of water temperature downstream the hydropower plant compared to the other points was noted, as well as a lower median of its value (statistically significant changes). An additional noticeable effect was the increase in water oxygenation below the damming, but it was not statistically significant. It has been shown that the physicochemical condition of water at the tested points does not meet the assumed standards for 8 out of 9 parameters (except for water temperature). The largest exceedances of the limit values concerned NO2-N (up to 923% of the norm), and the most consistent, almost constantly occurring – EC (23 out of 24 months). The reason for the high NO2-N content was most probably surface runoff from the fields and the re-suspension of sediments rich in nutrients, while in the case of EC, its high values result from the specificity of the catchment area. [1]
298. The aim of the additive manufacturing (AM) is a production of physical objects by adding material layer-by-layer based on virtual geometry developed in the computer system. The main criteria for the division of additive manufacturing methods are the way to apply the layer and the type of construction material. In most projects, the choice of method is a compromise between costs and properties (e.g. physical, chemical or mechanical) of the manufactured object. Currently, AM methods have found application in many areas of life, including industrial design, automotive, aerospace, architecture, jewellery, medicine and veterinary medicine, bringing many innovative and revolutionary solutions. The purpose of this article is to review of the additive production methods and present the potential of medical application. [1]
299. The aim of reviewing information was characterizing in the labor factor using in refrigeration technology is and their impact on the environment. The development of the refrigeration industry occurred thanks to progress towards coolants. The most important aspect of using of refrigerators is their impact on health and human life, and atmosphere. By caring for health, the European Union achieves legal rights. Research on thermodynamic factors pose a wide field of work for many scientists and are the most popular, new information, that can be used in practice. [1]
300. The RE band of electromagnetic radiation has recently become the subject of interest in remote sensing due to its greater penetration into the plant structure than the commonly used NIR band. It is particularly important in cultivating corn, which is characterised by considerable thick foliage during the growth period. While sensors equipped with this channel are used in satellite remote sensing and onboard drones, they are not implemented in airborne imaging systems. An airborne remote sensing station was constructed, including, in addition to the traditional R, G, B and NIR image components, also the RE channel and a laser scanner (ALS). Data processing involves geometric calibration and the creation of a multi-channel orthophoto map. The data processed in this way was tested by analysing several series of aerial recordings of a corn field, which involved developing interpretation keys based on selected vegetation indices and assigning individual groups of pixels with five plant health classes. This study focused on the comparative assessment of the effects of using the NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE and SAVI indices, comparing their results to yield measurements (CHM) and the results of field measurements of plants at the end of the growing season. Promising results with a high degree of correlation were obtained. [1]
301. The Photovoltaic solar cells convert the radiant energy from the Sun directly to electricity. Solar photovoltaic systems can help to fulfil the entire energy demands in rural areas by harnessing all the opportunities and potentials. The water is an important element in the life of plants, animals and human being. In this paper, it has been studied that solar energy could be used for water pumping applications such as providing water to rural and remote areas. It is being practiced in south Libya. The Data is being collected over two years by measuring the water flow on daily basis at pumping head of (35m). In addition, this presents an evaluation of PV system in water pumping and piping systems and estimation of pumping energy cost. The solar pumping systems depend on water flow rate, pumping head and solar irradiance. The system components contain inverter, pump and PV generator. Besides, the effects of the climate and operating conditions on the performance of PV pumping systems has been discussed. [1]
302. The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method to the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the tested minichannel were obtained. [1]
303. The Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is a hybrid machining technology which combined with electro discharge machining and electro chemical machining process. In this research, electrochemical discharge drilling operation is carried out on conventional ceramic tile by using a designed and manufactured ECDM setup. The experiments were performed as per design of experimental technique of Taguchi L27 orthogonal array using MINITAB 17 software. The important process parameters that have been selected are voltage, rotation and electrolyte concentration with output response as machining depth and diametric cut. From the observations, it is found that the voltage is the most significant parameter for machining depth and diametric cut followed by electrolyte concentration and rotation. [1]
304. The EST system – emission-free sewage transport is one of many methods used to counteract and limit the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage system. EST method is the environment and human friendly, and effective at the same time. This solution applies aeration and flushing of pressure pipelines using compressed air with closed vent valves. The paper presents the results of field tests of the EST system, which also verified previous laboratory tests carried out in a broader range.The tests were carried out on two different delivery pipelines (Object-1, Object-2), consisting of several kilometers long sections Pump Station – Expansion well with hydrogen sulfide concentration measurement. The results show that the EST system is an effective solution for controlling hydrogen sulfide in a pressure sewage system. The application of the EST system caused an immediate decrease in H2S concentration under 50 ppm. The measurements were taken in the expansion well, where short-term outbursts of large loads of hydrogen sulfide were observed during sewage pumping. Purges carried out 1-2 times a day, caused a decrease in instantaneous gas load (from the average level of 758 mg H2S/pump cycle at Object-1 to 15 mg H2S/cycle and from 3 914 to 322 mg H2S/cycle at Object-2).Results of field studies have also shown that individual optimization of the EST system operation for a selected section of the pressure sewage system (length of the aeration cycle and its frequency during the day), may control the concentration of H2S. The EST system, reducing the concentration of H2S by over 90%, ensures the safety of sewage system operation and decreases its impact on the surrounding environment. [1]
305. Technology of wind exploitation has been applied widely all over the world and has already reached the level in which manufacturers want to maximize the yield with the minimum investment outlays. The main objective of this paper is the determination of the optimal number of blades in the Cup-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Optimizing the size of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine allow the reduction of costs and increase the output. The target is the maximum power of the rotor. The optimum number of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades evaluation is based on analysis of a single blade simulation and its superposition for the whole rotor. The simulation of working blade was done in MatLab environment. Power spectrum graphs were prepared and compared throughout superposition of individual blades in the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine rotor. Some wind tunnel measurements of the hydrodynamic force according to pitch angle of the blade are also shown. The major result of this research is the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine kmax ratio power characteristic. On the basis of the analysis of the power spectra, optimum number of the blades was specified for the analysed rotor. Power spectrum analysis of wind turbine enabled the specification of the optimal number of blades, and can be used regarding investment outlays and power output of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. [1]
306. Systemy komputerowe są w dzisiejszych czasach bardzo popularne. Niestety, wraz ze wzrostem ich popularności pojawili się aktorzy, którzy w różnych celach dążą często do nieuprawnionego dostępu do danych użytkowników. W celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na zagrożenia powstały IDS (ang. intrusion detection systems) - systemy wykrywania intruzji. W ostatnich latach naukowcy zainspirowani byli do znalezienia nowoczesnych rozwiązań pozwalających na wykrywanie intruzji. Badacze zauważyli pewne paralele między celami IDS i biologicznych systemów immunologicznych. Dzięki temu powstały sztuczne systemy immunologiczne (AIS - ang. artificial immune systems). Celem rozprawy była analiza istniejących i opracowanie własnego algorytmu detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych, inspirowanego mechanizmami obronnymi organizmów żywych. Rozprawa stawia tezę, że możliwa jest realizacja algorytmów detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych o właściwościach porównywalnych lub lepszych od znanych rozwiązań, w tym znanych z literatury rozwiązań wykorzystujących AIS. W niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej przeprowadzono kompleksowy przegląd literatury dotyczącej IDS i AIS, i w szczególności najpopularniejszego algorytmu AIS, jakim jest algorytm negatywnej selekcji (NSA - ang. negative selection algorithm). Zaproponowano następnie własny system wykrywania intruzji, który pozwala na wykrywanie infekcji w systemie operacyjnym. W systemie zaimplementowano metodę losową i metodę wzorców, a następnie przedstawiono autorskie ulepszenie tych metod przy pomocy dodatkowego zbioru receptorów międzykomórkowych. System dogłębnie przetestowano dla szerokiej gamy parametrów wejściowych generacji receptorów, a następnie porównano osiągi z innymi rozwiązaniami znanymi z literatury. Badania eksperymentalne pokazały, że system IDS osiąga wyniki porównywalne lub lepsze od wyników znanych z literatury. Na podstawie badań eksperymentalnych wyciągnięto wnioski, że cel pracy został osiągnięty, a teza dowiedziona. Dalsze badania mogą uwzględniać możliwości naprawy zainfekowanych plików w systemie operacyjnym. [1]
307. Surface run-off from areas adjacent to dirt roads may cause considerable damage to these roads. The degree of damage is determined from the amount of flowing water, run-off intensity as well as sites, in which run-off reaches the roads. These parameters result from soil conditions, as well as natural relief and the land form modified by tillage operations. Another parameter influencing the formation and the degree of erosion is connected with maintenance operations regularly repeated in the life cycle of these roads, such as e.g. surface levelling or use of paving materials. The analysis involved GIS tools, which made it possible to consider the impact of spatial variability in the surroundings of such roads on the incidence of adverse factors. The application of LiDAR data made it possible to indicate the formation of surface run-off routes and the resulting threats of damage to dirt roads. [1]
308. Subsea transmission pipelines (STP) are designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/liquid mixtures over some distances. STP are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (O&G) products. A Vernonia amygdalina (VA) solution is prepared to act as an inhibitor. The specimens are kept in a workable state. Steps are taken to prepare each specimen. All cuts and sheared edges were ground out to prevent them from becoming sites for preferential attack. The finishing of the specimen surface with grit abrasive paper (sand paper) and rinsing of the specimens in distilled water are carried out. Then, degreasing of specimen in acetone and air-dried are carried out. Upon drying, the specimens are immediately weighed to obtain their initial weights. Twelve specimens are used for the test as follows: 6 Aluminum (Al); and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2M concentration of VA solution, the MS and Al samples are immersed in different plastic containers containing 400ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400ml) of the VA solution is poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS. [1]
309. Standards related to calculation methods used in building energy performance simulation tools usually impose constant volumetric heat capacity of air. However, this simplification may result in errors if the actual conditions differ from the assumptions made. The paper presents the problem of dry air density and specific heat capacity variation and their influence on calculated energy use for space heating in a multifamily building. The monthly calculation method of PN-EN ISO 13790 was used. Simulations were performed in five cities, each in one climatic zone according to PN-EN 12831. Variation of the air density caused by air temperature and elevation resulted in differences in calculated heating demand from -4.5% to 4.5% in relation to that at constant volumetric heat capacity assumed in PN-EN ISO 13790. [1]
310. Standard ceramic abrasive tools are manufactured using glass bonds or mineral resources, in which the microstructure of the bonding bridges cannot be controlled. In this study, a new type of glass-crystalline bond was used to combine mixed abrasive grains from microcrystalline and monocrystalline corundum into an abrasive tool. The glass-crystalline bond has a fine crystalline structure (particle size of the crystalline phase: 1-1.5 µm) and perfectly moistens the abrasive grains. This fact and the generated crystalline phase with a high coefficient of brittle fracture resistance enable the production of tools with a higher porosity and self-sharpening ability in comparison to grinding wheels with the use of industrial bond, which results in high performance indices with a longer service life. [1]
311. Stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 1996 r. [1]
312. Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies. [1]
313. Spektroskopia w podczerwieni bliskiej NIR (Near-Infrared) jest techniką analizy chemicznej, która wykorzystuje absorpcję promieniowania podczerwonego w zakresie 800-2500 nm do określenia składu chemicznego badanej próbki. Analiza widm NIR pozwala na szybkie i nieinwazyjne określenie składu próbek w różnych dziedzinach, takich jak przemysł spożywczy, farmaceutyczny, medyczny czy rolniczy. Przez długi okres czasu istniały pewne trudności z analizą widm NIR, które nie są proste w interpretacji. Było to związane z brakiem implementacji odpowiednich metod analizy, które wymagały odpowiedniej mocy obliczeniowej. Dziś znany jest cały wachlarz metod analizy widm. Istnieją odpowiednie programy oraz moc obliczeniowa dzisiejszych komputerów w ciągu kilku sekund pozwala na wydobycie użytecznej informacji z widm NIR. Jedną z nowoczesnych metod analizy widm NIR, która może być zastosowana są SSN (Sztuczne Sieci Neuronowe). Matematyczne modele umożliwiające uczenie maszynowe, a ich zastosowanie w analizie widm NIR pozwala na automatyczne rozpoznawanie charakterystycznych wzorców i wykrywanie związków chemicznych w próbkach. Metoda ta jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadku skomplikowanych, wielowymiarowych widm NIR, które są trudne do analizy przy użyciu tradycyjnych metod statystycznych. Drugim aspektem pracy związanym z spektroskopią jest zastosowanie małogabarytowego mobilnego spektrometru DLP NIR Scan Nano EVM, który w ciągu kliku sekund może być gotowy do pracy. Urządzenie rejestruje widmo w ciągu 2 sekund. Współpracuje z komputerem posiadającym odpowiednie oprogramowanie, generując pliki w formacie .csv oraz .dat, które można implementować w łatwy sposób do innych programów takich jak np. Matlab. W pracy badano obiekty, które wykazują zmiany widmowe w określonym przedziale czasowym. Wyróżnić można trzy grupy materiałów. Pierwszą grupą były materiały pochodzenia organicznego. Badano zmiany zachodzące w produktach związane z procesami dojrzewania a w przypadku roślin zielonych badano zmiany zachodzące w liściach na skutek usychania. Była to grupa obiektów testowych pozwalająca na opracowanie koncepcji pracy z widmami NIR w programie Matalab. Drugą grupą były materiały, które mogą być wykorzystane w elektronice jako kleje lub hermetyzację, badano proces krzepnięcia. Docelową grupą były materiały PM (Perovskite Materials) wykorzystywane do budowy nowoczesnych ogniw fotowoltaicznych, pozyskane dzięki współpracy z firmą SAULE. Badano zmiany widmowe zachodzące w materiałach w okresie 30 dni, zaobserwowano pewne zmiany. Badania nad poprawą stabilności ogniw PSC (Perovskite Solar Cells) w dalszym ciągu są bardzo intensywne ponieważ jest to główny problem nowoczesnych ogniw. Wykorzystując program Matlab opracowano odpowiedni model SSN, który został wytrenowany i przetestowany na uzyskanej bazie widm materiałów perowskitwowych. W oparciu o analizę MSE (Mean Square Error) wytypowano najlepsze metody uczenia oraz optymalną ilość neuronów w warstwie ukrytej. Określono również wpływ IDP (Initial Data Preprocessing) na działanie SSN. Program stworzony przez autora pracy pozwala na rozpoznawanie czasu pomiarowego losowego widma z serii pomiarowej oraz określa miarę podobieństwa wybranego widma względem pozostałych. Powiązanie zmian widmowych z informacją o sprawności ogniwa mogłoby być potężnym narzędziem umożliwiającym rozpoznawanie stadium degradacji ogniw. [1]
314. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell-side is a highly complex task. This stems from the complex geometry of the shell-side itself, defined by such parameters as tubesheet layout, tube diameter, baffle spacing or baffle cut. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only a few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell-side of apparatus on an industrial scale. In this article, the authors presented the results of an experimental visualization study, utilizing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experiment used a laser sheet technique along and across a tube bundle. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying the flow pattern of streams in the shell-side and assessing stagnation vortices and their consequences. Finally, detecting bypass streams and leakage streams flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle were presented. [1]
315. Sewage sludge used for reclamation of egraded areas or in agriculture must have a certain total heavy metal content, as required by law. In practice, however, it is important to carry out a fractional analysis of the elements contained in the sludge. This activity allows to determine the chemical form of a given metal, thanks to which it is possible to assess the assimilability of elements by plants. The study proved that the fraction of certain metals in sewage sludge can vary depending on the period studied. The combination of elements with other compounds in sludge from one treatment plant can vary from month to month. Once analysis has been carried out, it should not be the basis for assessing the bioavailability of metals if sludge from a given treatment plant were to be sampled several times a year. [1]
316. Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy. [1]
317. Rozprawa składa się z siedmiu rozdziałów. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono wprowadzenie do rozpatrywanej tematyki, genezę pracy i krótką charakterystykę procesów cięcia materiałów metalowych. Rozdział drugi zawiera analizę stanu wiedzy, w którym opisano charakterystyczne cechy blach elektrotechnicznych, sposoby ich obróbki za pomocą technik cięcia, opis zjawisk zachodzących podczas procesu i charakterystycznych parametrów technologicznych, aktualne problemy badawcze analizowane przez innych autorów zajmujących się procesami cięcia oraz aktualne sposoby modelowania tego procesu. Przedstawiono w nim również cel, hipotezę i zakres pracy. Rozdział trzeci zawiera opis stanowisk badawczych i wyniki badań charakterystyk materiałowych analizowanego gatunku stali elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono opis modelu matematycznego i symulacyjnego procesu cięcia. Do opisu zjawisk na typowym kroku przyrostowym wykorzystano uaktualniony opis Lagrange'a, przyjmując skokowo- spółobrotowy układ współrzędnych. Proces cięcia analizowano jako geometrycznie i fizycznie nieliniowy problem brzegowo-początkowy z warunkami brzegowymi, które są nieznane w obszarze kontaktu narzędzie-przedmiot obrabiany. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań symulacyjnych z założeniem występowania w materiale przestrzennych stanów naprężeń zarówno dla płaskich stanów odkształceń jak i stanów przestrzennych. Za pomocą opracowanych modeli MES określono wpływ głównych parametrów technologicznych i warunków realizacji procesu cięcia na wartości naprężeń zastępczych w strefie cięcia, szerokość strefy odkształconej, rozkład współczynnika trójosiowości stanu naprężeń oraz formowanie się defektów ciętej krawędzi. W rozdziale szóstym zawarto opis stanowisk do badań eksperymentalnych procesu cięcia, plan badań właściwych oraz wyniki wraz z walidacją modeli numerycznych. Dokonano analizy wyników badań za pomocą mikroskopów w celu szczegółowej obserwacji charakterystycznych cech powierzchni przecięcia takich jak: wysokość zadziorów, szerokość przełomu poślizgowego, stan powłoki izolacyjnej. Wyniki opracowano statystycznie, otrzymując modele w postaci funkcji regresji. Przeprowadzono badania wybranych właściwości magnetycznych blachy po procesie cięcia dla przyjętych parametrów obróbki. W etapie końcowym rozdziału sformułowano zadanie optymalizacji wielokryterialnej oraz przedstawiono jego rozwiązanie dla procesu cięcia analizowanej blachy elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale siódmym przedstawiono wnioski stwierdzające prawdziwość postawionej hipotezy, wnioski poznawcze, utylitarne i dotyczące kierunków dalszych prac naukowo-badawczych. Przedstawione w rozprawie wyniki badań własnych mają zarówno charakter aplikacyjny jak i poznawczy. Pozwalają one prawidłowo dobierać wielkości decydujące o jakości wyrobu w zależności od warunków technologicznych cięcia lub określać optymalne warunki procesu. [1]
318. Rozprawa jest nowym etapem badań dotyczących analizy dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych oraz nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, umożliwiających minimalizację luzu bocznego, prowadzonych w Politechnice Koszalińskiej przez profesora Wojciecha Kacalaka. Celem pracy jest opracowanie metodyki podwyższania dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych z uwzględnieniem oceny efektywności adaptacyjnej minimalizacji luzu w przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Pracę podzielono na osiem rozdziałów. Drugi rozdział obejmuje analizę literatury i dotychczasowych osiągnięć z zakresu budowy i eksploatacji przekładni ślimakowych oraz analizę cech eksploatacyjnych wielu znanych i opatentowanych rozwiązań z mechanizmami zmniejszania luzu bocznego w przekładniach ślimakowych. W trzecim rozdziale zamieszczono sformułowane hipotezy oraz tezę. Kolejny rozdział zawiera opracowaną metodykę modelowania i analiz oraz prognozowania wpływu niedokładności przemieszczeń i pozycjonowania w układzie kinematycznym z przekładnią ślimakową z wykorzystaniem systemów CAD. W rozdziale piątym opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz sposób wykonania serii pomiarów, w dalszej części przedstawiono wyznaczenie wpływu regulacji na cechy statystyczne luzu bocznego w badaniach modelowych i eksperymentalnych. W kolejnym rozdziale przeprowadzono optymalizację mającą na celu określenie zależności niezbędnych do obliczeń parametrów w zależności od przeznaczenia przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Rozdział siódmy zawiera opracowane procedury optymalnego kompletowania precyzyjnych przekładni ślimakowych w produkcji małoseryjnej dla różnych kryteriów oceny dokładności całej serii. W ostatnim rozdziale zawarto wnioski końcowe oraz kierunki dalszych badań. [1]
319. River erosion is a complex process due to multiple factors, such as climate changes, discharge quantity, the type of transported sediments, and variations in the hydrological regime. This paper aims to analyse river erosion's impact on transport elements' stability (especially on bridges). To do so, a Geomorphic Change Detection analysis was used, which involves calculating the altitude differences between two successive digital models, as a basis for calculating surfaces and volumes of sediments displaced through the erosion process. This analysis was doubled by a series of cross-sections in the proximity of bridges to observe the current river bed configuration and identify the active processes. The variation of these processes is directly dependent on human interventions undertaken to reduce the erosion process and to protect the infrastructure elements. The bridges located in the studied area are in different stages of damage by lateral and depth erosion processes, depending on their intensity and the human interventions made to protect these bridges. The least affected are the bridges where complex measures have been taken (construction of bed sills) or the dynamic processes have a low intensity. [1]
320. Rising global temperatures have exacerbated the problems of adaptation to climate change in various sectors of the economy, including municipal energy. Therefore, the task is to develop measures and mechanisms, the implementation of which will guarantee cost-effective comfortable and reliable heat and cold supply of buildings and structures in climate change. Experimental studies of heat transfer and monitoring of thermal regimes in enclosing structures and building elements were conducted with the development of innovative engineering systems for energy supply of a passive house of the "zero-energy" type. Experimental developments of innovative energy-efficient greenhouse gas-reducing technologies and equipment for energy supply systems of buildings have been performed and their architectural and construction solutions for adaptation to climate change have been optimized. In order to expand and deepen the theory and practice of improving the energy efficiency of buildings in the near future, the scientific priority and subject of basic and applied research have been identified. Developed adaptive to climate change innovative, energy efficient technologies and equipment of engineering systems of energy supply of buildings with the use of renewable energy sources can be used in the practice of energy supply of housing and communal services. [1]
321. Revitalisation of even small watercourses in urbanised areas improves water retention conditions, while at the same time reducing the risk of flooding. It also contributes to improved condition or ecological potential of waters. Measures implemented to revitalise small urban watercourses are hindered by many obstacles. When selecting an optimal solution we need to refer to multiple-criteria methods. Considering the number of barriers and the need to search for the optimal solution this paper analyses the applicability of multiple-criteria decision-making method involving analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential for revitalisation of watercourses in urbanised areas. The investigations were conducted on the Wierzbak watercourse flowing in the northern part of the city of Poznań, which has been channeled in over 60% of its course and is discharged into the Bogdanka River (a left-bank tributary of the Warta) in an ouflow sewer. In order to analyse the problem in detail various barriers were investigated, e.g. ecological, planning, social, economic and engineering. The analyses were conducted for 6 variants. Based on the collected information and data the AHP method was applied to select the most advantageous solution to potential revitalisation of the watercourse. Analysis of the results showed that for 4 out of the 6 tested variants complete exposure of the watercourse would be the most advantageous option. In turn, ecological and social barriers were deemed to be the most important. The study confirmed applicability of the AHP method to solve such complicated decision-making problems. [1]
322. Research was carried out into the impact of the content of wheat flour in a mixture with chopped wheat straw and the humidity of this material on the hardness of the pellet obtained from this raw material. The maximum content of wheat flour was 9.6% of the dry matter of the raw material, and the humidity of the raw material was 11.6, 25.7 and 36.0%. An increase of wheat flour content in the whole range examined considerably increased the pellet hardness, while an increase of humidity content in the raw material had an impact on increased hardness up to 25.7% only. [1]
323. Renewable energy sources are increasingly common in Poland, and a growing number of single-family houses are now equipped with such systems. The article presents the study of the performance of the heat pump and the photovoltaic system installed in a house in the Swietokrzyskie Province near the city of Kielce. The data related to thermal and electrical energy generation throughout three years has been analysed with a focus on the advantages offered by such systems in the climate conditions of Central Poland. It turned out that 2022 was the best year for electricity production because it exceeded the value of 8000 kWh, and in the winter period from November to February, energy production balances at 200-300 kWh, which proves the high efficiency of panels for electricity production even in unfavourable climatic conditions. The heat pump generates the smallest energy production to heat the house in the summer, while in the winter, this production increases intensively due to the heating season in Poland. These are values from 1500 kWh to values above 3000 kWh. Similarly, in the case of domestic hot water, these values are higher in winter than in summer. Additionally, the work includes electricity consumption before and after the installation of renewable energy sources. Simplified economic analysis has also been presented in the paper. The simple payback period is estimated at approximately 9 years. [1]
324. Quarterly water consumption data collected in a small water supply system were used for elaboration of a new water consumption modeling approach. In this paper, multi-distribution statistical analysis was performed. As the Anderson-Darling test proved, at least a half out of the ten tested theoretical probability distributions can be used for description of the water consumption. The application of the PWRMSE criterion made it possible to determine, which of the tested theoretical distributions is the best-fitted to the empirical data set. In the case of total daily water consumption for the group of the households, it was Johnson distribution, whereas for the average daily water consumption per capita, it was GEV distribution. Based on the best-fitted probability distribution, a 25-year water consumption simulation with the Monte Carlo method was conducted. Because methodology of this study is based on the probability distributions, even if the type of theoretical distribution of the water consumption will change, it will be still possible to use this simulation method by assuming the other distribution. [1]
325. Pylaisia polyantha moss growing near intensive traffic in Geležinis Vilkas street at Vingis Park (Vilnius) was selected as an indicator of environmental pollution. Two models were applied for the study: the Gaussian plume model – for zinc emission from automobiles calculation and mathematical model – for recalculating the zinc emission from transport to zinc concentration in moss. Moss samples were collected during spring, summer and autumn. There were no significant changes in Zn concentrations between these periods. Zn emission dispersion from pollution source was calculated only for one vehicle, in order to reach relationships between environmental conditions and dispersion of Zn emission from vehicle exhaust fumes pipe. It was detected that the concentration of Zn tends to decrease with the distance from the pollution source. It was observed that there was a strong relationship between wind speed and Zn concentration – the slower the wind speed, the higher concentration of zinc in moss. [1]
326. Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest fibrokompozyt drobnokruszywowy na bazie kruszywa odpadowego o zawartości włókien stalowych 1,25% w stosunku do objętości kompozytu. Materiał ten charakteryzuje się właściwościami mechaniczno-fizycznymi lepszymi bądź zbliżonymi do betonu zwykłego, a więc może być alternatywą dla betonu zwykłego do wykonania zginanych elementów żelbetowych. Celem pracy jest ocena metod wymiarowania ścinanych elementów fibrobetonowych wg norm Model Code 2010 [212] i RILEM TC-162-TDF [219] pod względem możliwości zastosowania tych metod do projektowania na ścinanie elementów wykonanych z fibrokompozytu drobnokruszywowego oraz wykazanie, że włókna stalowe jako zbrojenie rozproszone, mogą przyczynić się do poprawy nośności i używalności elementów konstrukcyjnych wykonanych z drobnokruszywowego kompozytu. [1]
327. Przedmiotem pracy jest próba zastosowania lepkoplastycznych modeli konstytutywnych do opisu właściwości materiałowych tkaniny tekstylnej powlekanej PANAMA. W pracy ustalono program badań laboratoryjnych niezbędnych do określenia tych wielkości. Wykonano identyfikację parametrów materiałowych dla dwóch modeli lepkoplastycznych związków konstytutywnych. Przeprowadzono weryfikację obliczonych parametrów poprzez porównanie badań laboratoryjnych z symulacją numeryczną tych prób wykonaną na podstawie wyznaczonych parametrów. [1]
328. Przedmiotem pracy doktorskiej jest eksperymentalna i teoretyczna analiza drgań pionowych oraz przesuwno-obrotowych fundamentu blokowego, posadowionego bezpośrednio na podłożu gruntowym. Proces drgań badano z uwzględnieniem wpływu takich czynników jak wielkość fundamentu, głębokość posadowienia, częstość drgań oraz poziom obciążenia. [1]
329. Providing external sources of carbon to the treated wastewater often becomes necessary to achieve high efficiencies of wastewater treatment plants. The use of conventional sources of carbon brings high operating costs for wastewater treatment plants. This has become a prerequisite for the exploration of other, alternative, sources of organic carbon. The aim of the research was to confirm the effectiveness of the use of waste products, for example molasses, in the denitrification process, as well as to determine their influence on the rate of changes in pollutant concentrations during wastewater treatment. The studies were carried out during the process of municipal sewage treatment in two independent SBR-type activated sludge chambers on a laboratory scale. A single reactor operating cycle lasted 6 hours and included the following phases: wastewater supply (2 min), mixing (anaerobic) (60 min), aeration (210 min), sedimentation (60 min) and decantation (30 min). Molasses was added to one of the chambers in each cycle twenty minutes after filling the wastewater as a source of easily assimilable organic compounds. The use of a waste external carbon source during treatment of municipal wastewater resulted in a higher efficiency of removing nitrogen forms than in the control reactor while maintaining a high efficiency of removing organic compounds. The use of molasses during wastewater treatment resulted in an increased removal rate during waste water treatment. The rate of NUR denitrification in the molasses reactor increased by 2.48 mg N/dm3∙h compared to the control SBR. Molasses as a waste product can be successfully used as an external carbon source in the denitrification process. [1]
330. Prezentowana praca doktorska stanowi propozycję wykorzystania sygnałów emisji akustycznej (EA) do diagnozowania układów półprzewodnikowych, w szczególności stosowanych w urządzeniach napędowych jednostek pływających oraz podobnych, instalowanych w systemach/konstrukcjach offshore’owych. Ponadto, przedstawiono możliwość badania wymienionych układów w ich wartościach granicznych lub zbliżania się do wartości granicznych. Opracowano i opisano tor pomiarowy badający wpływ stanu (technicznego) układu półprzewodnikowego na zmiany fali sprężystej emisji akustycznej. Zaprezentowano zależności zmiany temperatury pracy elementu, na pasmo emitowanej częstotliwości fali sprężystej. Dokonano badań, które potwierdziły, że emisja akustyczna elementów półprzewodnikowych mocy występuje podczas ich przełączania i jest możliwa do rejestracji. Dokonano analizy uszkodzeń tranzystorów IGBT. Zaprezentowano deskryptory emisji akustycznej oraz zaproponowano ich zastosowanie w odpowiednich badaniach układów półprzewodnikowych. Przeanalizowano istniejące podobne badania związane z diagnozowaniem tranzystorów IGBT oraz wskazano różnice w interpretacji ich wyników m.in. udowadniając błędy niektórych z nich. Badania opisane w pracy przybliżają analizę fal sprężystych emitowanych przez półprzewodniki i ich zależność od zmian termicznych podczas przełączania, przy różnych współczynnikach rozszerzalności termicznej materiałów użytych do budowy elementu. Dokonano analizy zdarzeń sygnału EA w wyższych częstotliwościach, spowodowanych zmianami prądu płynącego w układzie. Przedstawiono różne sposoby rejestracji oraz interpretacji sygnałów emisji akustycznej. Wykorzystano zarówno dostępną aparaturę pomiarową (np. tor pomiarowy z użyciem oscyloskopu), jak również najnowsze dostępne urządzenia do pomiaru i rejestracji EA firmy Vallen oraz MISTRAS. Wykorzystano również tor pomiarowy skonstruowany w Politechnice Morskiej w Szczecinie ze zmodyfikowanym rejestratorem EA dedykowanym wcześniej do diagnozowania nowoczesnych układów wtryskowych silników okrętowych oraz do analizy stosowanej w inżynierii materiałowej przy badaniu nieciągłości (wad) materiałów. Pomiary przeprowadzone przez autora doprowadziły do wykazania istnienia sygnału emisji akustycznej w elementach półprzewodnikowych oraz przyporządkowania określonych pasm częstotliwości (spektrum), które można przypisać odpowiednim zjawiskom zachodzącym w elemencie półprzewodnikowym. [1]
331. Preventive maintenance is beneficial to minimize unexpected breakdowns in industries with continuous production. Composite structures are used for naval applications like ship hulls and marine propellers. In most of the industries, composite structural health analysis using experimental and numerical model are available for damage detection and estimate the residual life of composite beams. The present work is focusses on identification of damage and estimate residual life of composite healthy and cracked beams. Free vibrational analysis is carried out on composite beam made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with a different crack orientation. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer associated with engineering data management (EDM) software utilized for experimental analysis to detect presence of damage in cracked composite beam. FEM software called Analysis of composite pre/post (ACP) available in ANSYS R3 is used to compare the natural frequency results of healthy composite beam with cracked composite beam with different ply orientations. For validation of numerical modal evaluation, the consequences acquired from ANSYS R3 FEA software are in comparison with experimental results received by impact hammer method. The fatigue life of a damaged composite beam is estimated the use of “Hwang and Han’s” fatigue life equation. [1]
332. Predictive force models for oblique metal cutting incorporating tool flank wear was carried out using a CNC lathe machine to turn mild carbon steel CS1030. The developed models are based on the fundamental mechanics of orthogonal cutting process, in which inclination angle is 00. Workpieces were Cylindrical with wall thickness of 3mm and diameter of 100mm. Cut thickness levels were 0.1, 0.17, 0.24 and 0.31mm; cutting speeds were 100, 150 and 200 m/min; tool rake angle levels were −5, 0 [1]
333. Prace badawcze opisane w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej, zostały podjęte w celu analizy zasadności i możliwości stosowania antywzorców i modeli neuronowych do wspierania projektowania maszyn. Potrzeba wielowymiarowego opisu cech konstrukcji mechanicznych będących antywzorcami, znacznie zwiększa złożoność obliczeń wymaganych do stworzenia w pełni funkcjonalnego i deterministycznego modelu obliczeniowego (pozwalającego na porównanie symbolicznych opisów antywzorców). W celu doprecyzowania efektywnego zakresu rozprawy doktorskiej, wskazane zostały modele neuronowe, jako rodzaj metod obliczeniowych pozwalających na prowadzenie obliczeń na niekompletnych oraz wielowymiarowych danych. [1]
334. Praca zawiera wyniki badań, mające na celu określenie wpływu zaburzeń generowanych periodycznie na proces wrzenia czynnika chłodniczego podczas przepływu w wężownicy rurowej parownika. Wrzenie w przepływie realizowano w warunkach periodycznej zmiany gęstości strumienia masy (wzrostu i zaniku) czynnika chłodniczego R404A, dla stałych poziomów obciążenia cieplnego komory chłodniczej. Prowadziło to do okresowych zmian ciśnienia i temperatury czynnika wzdłuż drogi jego przepływu w wężownicy. Periodyczne zmiany gęstości strumienia masy czynnika chłodniczego wywoływano otwierając lub zamykając zawór odcinający zasilający wężownicę rurową. [1]
335. Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o zagadnieniach związanych z oddziaływaniem elektrotermicznym na tranzystory oraz informacje o sposobach kompensacji temperatury wnętrza tranzystora; podstawowe informacje o obiektach badań i o uzyskanych w drodze pomiaru krzywych termicznych tranzystorów mikrofalowych; opis programu do obliczania przebiegów temperatury Tj (t) dla dowolnych pobudzeń mocą cieplną P(t) przy konkretnych warunkach chłodzenia wraz z przykładowymi wynikami. [1]
336. Praca powstała we współpracy z producentem zbiorników i cystern ze stali nierdzewnej, przedsiębiorstwem PRO-WAM Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Koszalinie przy ul. Zwycięstwa 278. Motywacją do podjęcia prac badawczych przedstawionych w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej były problemy dotyczące jakości technologicznej podzespołów wchodzących w skład jednego z kluczowych produktów firmy: naczepy-cysterny do przewozu płynnych środków spożywczych. Przeprowadzone w szerokim zakresie badania doświadczalne wykazały, że zaproponowana autorska zależność na syntetyczny wskaźnik JTC może być z powodzeniem stosowana w przemyśle metalowym do porównywania jakości technologicznej procesu cięcia. Względna (procentowa) postać wskaźnika JTC powoduje, że może on być stosowany do porównywania wyników procesu cięcia prowadzonego różnymi metodami i w różnych warunkach a także składowe licznika zaproponowanej zależności mogą być rozszerzane o kolejne wskaźniki oceny jakości technologicznej. [1]
337. Praca o charakterze teoretyczno-eksperymentalnym dotyczy badań wymiany ciepła w warunkach konwekcji swobodnej, od pionowej izotermicznej płyty płaskiej, umieszczonej w przestrzeni częściowo ograniczonej ekranem. Istotą tych badań jest ustalenie wpływu parametrów termicznych i hydraulicznych oraz geometrii układu na warunki wymiany ciepła pod kątem jej intensyfikacji wynikającej ze zmiennej odległości ekranu od płyty pionowej. [1]
338. Praca naukowa dotyczy poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań układów cyfrowych realizowanych na jednym podłożu układu scalonego wielkiej skali integracji (VLSI). Obiektami projektowania są układy kombinacyjne i jednostki arytmetyczne pracujące w trybie prądowym. Głównym celem przedstawionych w rozprawie badań jest dostosowanie znanych metod minimalizacji funkcji logicznych do minimalizacji funkcji binarnych w algebrze bramek prądowych w ten sposób, żeby zmniejszyć złożoność sprzętową otrzymanego układu prądowego pod względem zajmowanej prze niego w układzie ASIC powierzchni oraz wykorzystanie zmodyfikowanych metod do projektowania różnego rodzaju prądowych jednostek operacyjnych [1]
339. Praca ma charakter teoretyczno-konstrukcyjny. Dokonano w niej gruntownej analizy problemów związanych z implementacją wybranych algorytmów algebry liniowej oraz z opracowywaniem bardziej niezawodnych algorytmów ( wykrywania oraz usuwania błędów). Rozważania teoretyczne zostały częściowo zweryfikowane i poparte symulacjami komputerowymi w języku VHDL oraz praktyczną realizacją układu VLSI. Przeprowadzona została gruntowa analiza literatury światowej z zakresu tematyki oraz wnikliwa analiza porównawcza metod stosowanych do projektowania algorytmów odpornych na błędy i zakłócenia z wykorzystaniem metody sum warzonych. Dużym atutem pracy jest próba systemowego opracowania szybkich i przede wszystkim bardziej niezawodnych układów realizujących wybrane algorytmy algebry liniowej, które mogą być wykorzystane w sprzęcie medycznym, zastosowaniach militarnych i w technice kosmicznej. [1]
340. Praca dotyczy zagadnienia poprawienia efektywności środków technologicznych przy automatycznym łączeniu elementów na powierzchniach obrotowych z gwarantowanym luzem poprzez eliminację zakleszczenia w procesie montowania wyrobu na zautomatyzowanych liniach montażowych. [1]
341. Praca dotyczy wykorzystania fal termicznych i plazmowych do wyznaczania parametrów rekombinacyjnych, optycznych i termicznych wybranych materiałów półprzewodnikowych. W ramach realizacji pracy doktorskiej został zaproponowany uproszczony model teoretyczny do analizy sygnału radiometrycznego w podczerwieni emitowany z materiałów półprzewodnikowych. [1]
342. Praca dotyczy opracowania modelu matematycznego procesów wymiany ciepła i masy w pomieszczeniu mieszkalnym pozwalającego na przewidywanie pola temperatur i koncentracji wilgotności, w celu projektowania układu regulacji mikroklimatem. Celem dysertacji jest opracowanie metodyki pomiaru pól temperatur i wilgotności w obiekcie rzeczywistym, a także opracowanie prostego modelu inżynierskiego pozwalającego na przewidywanie tych pól dla celów ich regulacji zapewniającej komfort cieplny w pomieszczeniu. Symulację komputerową przeprowadzono w oparciu o komercyjny kod obliczeniowy FEMLAB jak też w oparciu o własny program opracowany na komercyjnym kodzie MATLAB. [1]
343. Praca dotyczy możliwości uzyskania na bazie odpadowego piasku z północnych regionów Polski pełnowartościowego tworzywa budowlanego przez dodatek mikrokrzemionki oraz zbrojenia rozproszonego w postaci włókien stalowych. Celem badań jest określenie najbardziej optymalnych składów kompozytów betonowych na bazie piasku miejscowego, których cechy pozwolą na stosowanie ich zamiast betonów konstrukcyjnych bądź żwirowych betonów specjalnych. [1]
344. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem równoważenia hydraulicznego i termodynamicznego w kotłowni hybrydowej z obiegami grzewczymi o zróżnicowanym i zmiennym w czasie zapotrzebowaniu na ciepło, prezentację istniejących dostępnych sprzęgieł hydraulicznych oraz nowatorskie opracowanie szeregowego sprzęgła termo-hydraulicznego wraz z przypisanym do niego modelem matematycznym. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą wyników badań w warunkach rzeczywistych i modelowych. Zastosowano analizę różnic średnich oraz ocenę moderacji [1]
345. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem pojawiającej się wody w układach sieci gazowych średniego i niskiego ciśnienia niedający się wytłumaczyć wprost nieszczelnościami przewodów. Nie są powszechnie znane fakty, że w gazociągach rozprowadzających gaz ziemny bezpośrednio do konsumentów może pojawić się woda. Natomiast specjaliści od eksploatacji sieci gazowych na co dzień mają do czynienia z tym zjawiskiem. Skąd bierze się ta woda? Na pewno nie przez nieszczelności powstające na sieci wskutek uszkodzenia mechanicznego lub korozji, ponieważ gazociągi znajdują się zawsze pod nadciśnieniem. Gaz ziemny wydobywany z ziemi jest zazwyczaj zanieczyszczony frakcjami stałymi i obciążony wilgocią, posiada właściwości żrące. Wcześniej osuszony gaz pobierany z podziemnych magazynów gazu jest również nasycony wodą. Obecność wody w gazie ziemnym jest niepożądana, ponieważ potęguje korozje rur i sprzętu, zwłaszcza w obecności H2S i CO2, a w warunkach zimowych tworzy korki lodowe. Może przyczyniać się także do powstania hydratów blokujących przepływ gazu, szczególnie w przypadku procesów odzysku węglowodorów ciekłych, takich jak wymrażanie czy procesy kriogeniczne. [1]
346. Praca doktorska poświęcona zagadnieniom elektrolitycznego utleniania plazmowego (ang. plasma electrochemical oxidaiton, PEO). Proces PEO wykorzystuje wysokie napięcie (stałe lub impulsowe) do generowania w obszarze pomiędzy dwoma zanurzonymi w elektrolicie elektrodami, wyładowań plazmy, co pozwala uzyskać porowate powłoki na modyfikowanej powierzchni. Plazmowe utlenianie elektrolityczne pozwala m. in. wytwarzać na powierzchniach metali i ich stopów wielofunkcyjne warstwy ochronne charakteryzujące się bardzo dużą twardością, odpornością na ścieranie, znakomitą przyczepnością do podłoża oraz wysoką odpornością na korozję. własności otrzymywanych powłok zależą głównie od warunków napięciowo-prądowych, czasu oraz składu i temperatury elektrolitu. [1]
347. Praca doktorska dotyczy zagadnienia modelowania charakterystyki stereometrycznej warstwy wierzchniej przedmiotów za pomocą wskaźników cyfrowej reprezentacji obrazu w połączeniu z analizą zużycia ostrzy narzędzi. Przyjęty cel rozprawy jest nowoczesnym kierunkiem badawczym, pozwalającym wykorzystać nowe metody obserwacji i rejestracji procesów oraz nowe metody przetwarzania danych. Zastosowanie metod sztucznej inteligencji do wspomagania oceny danych i automatyzacji rozpoznawania stanów charakterystycznych, jest drogą prowadzącą do wykorzystania wyników pracy w elastycznych systemach technologicznych. [1]
348. Polymeric building materials and equipment for indoor use in spaces intended for people may, in an essential way, contribute to deterioration of wholesome quality of life. Phthalates, present in many products, constitute an omnipresent group of compounds used widely as plasticizers. The research results show that these substances may have a negative impact on human health, and thus European Union has implemented a number of regulatory measures restricting their use. Manufacturers and suppliers must comply with these regulations. As a result, it is necessary to investigate and determine the contents of phthalates in these materials. This paper presents the analytic profile of method of marking phthalates extracted from polyvinyl chloride with use of HPLC chromatography with UV-VIS detection, and selected results obtained in examinations of materials used in interior design. The results of described examinations of phthalates content indicate that not all materials recommended by manufacturers may be used indoors in spaces intended for people. The method was verified for its suitability for routine analyses of materials made of PVC and submitted for attestation. The elaborated method can be used for determination of banned phthalates presence in PVC. The method allows for detection of these phthalates at the level required by the REACH regulation, and its validation parameters are highly satisfactory considering a very complex matrix. [1]
349. Polymer flocculants are used in wastewater treatment processes, and the necessity and universality of their use result from changes in production technologies, also causing variability in the parameters of treated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains a substrate that is difficult to biodegrade (BOD5/COD < 0.02), and the presence of toxic compounds makes it necessary to treat them in many stages before discharging them to the receiver or reusing. The study aimed to assess the possibility of using a new generation flocculent to support coagulation. The research was conducted on mine water originating from hard coal mines and on treated coke wastewater from the biological sewage treatment plant. The synthesis of copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with acrylonitrile allowed the extraction of effective products – flocculents with specific properties, supporting the coagulation process and reducing the parameters of contaminants in treated industrial wastewater. Compared to commercial polyelectrolyte Praestol, copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid removed turbidity more effectively than acrylamide-acrylonitrile copolymers. [1]
350. Pol/SKR STY 327, AAA/3656/4 [1]
351. Podjęta w rozprawie doktorskiej tematyka wynika ze zwiększonego popytu na energię elektryczną, szczególnie pochodzącą ze źródeł odnawialnych. Zadaniem inżynierii lądowej jest kształtowanie powierzchni Ziemi pod potrzeby egzystencji człowieka. Przekształcając obszar ziemi pod elektrownię wiatrową musimy mieć na uwadze charakter zagospodarowania przestrzeni, który determinowany jest przez dopuszczalne poziomy hałasu w środowisku. Wciąż rosnące potrzeby energetyczne mogą zostać w dużej mierze zaspokojone poprzez wytypowanie i przekształcenie terenu pod przyszłą elektrownię wiatrową. Energetyka wiatrowa na lądzie stanowi dynamicznie rozwijający się sektor energetyki odnawialnej i ma wszelkie predyspozycje do tego, by stać się odpowiedzią zarówno na kryzys klimatyczny, jak i gospodarczy. Rozwój energetyki wiatrowej poza ograniczeniami ustawowymi determinowany jest odpowiednimi warunkami wietrznymi oraz dostępnością terenu przeznaczonego pod elektrownię. Zakres pracy doktorskiej obejmuje analizy wietrzności oraz hałasu pochodzącego od turbin wiatrowych (WT) determinujących lokalizację farmy wiatrowej (WF). Wybór terenu lokalizacji elektrowni ograniczony jest głównie warunkami wietrznymi oraz zabudową chronioną akustycznie (jednorodzinną, wielorodzinną i zagrodową). Odległość WT od danej zabudowy uzależniona jest z jednej strony od emisji źródła, a z drugiej od dopuszczalnego poziomu hałasu na terenie chronionym akustycznie. Podstawowe narzędzia, które determinują lokalizację przyszłych farm wiatrowych to: zapisy miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego, mapy topograficzne, identyfikacja szorstkości terenu i stałych barier, założenia dotyczące warunków wietrznych, dobór wysokości i mocy turbin wiatrowych. Wizja lokalna w miejscu lokalizacji przyszłej farmy wiatrowej dostarcza informacji o stanie rzeczywistym (zapisy fotograficzne, dane z GPS, a także pełny i szczegółowy opis wszystkich barier występujących w danej lokalizacji). Przeszkody, które mogą wpływać na potencjał energetyczny wiatru, to zazwyczaj budynki przemysłowe, budynki mieszkalne, lasy, pojedyncze drzewa, kominy, inne turbiny wiatrowe, wieże obserwacyjne, wieże komunikacyjne, wzgórza, góry, hałdy, mosty itp. Poprawnie przeprowadzona kampania pomiarowa warunków wietrzności musi uwzględniać powyższe uwarunkowania. Brane są pod uwagę warunki lokalizacyjne oraz wymogi ochrony środowiska przy zachowaniu szeroko pojętej optymalizacji pozyskiwanej energii elektrycznej. Decyzje podjęte na tym etapie determinują dalszy przebieg realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Odpowiednio wykonana koncepcja techniczna pozwala na minimalizację ryzyka inwestycyjnego oraz optymalizację kosztów na etapie projektowym, budowlanym i eksploatacyjnym. W procesie ustalania lokalizacji i doboru urządzeń farmy wiatrowej zauważa się brak koordynacji działań zespołów projektowych. Proces doboru turbin WF zaczyna się zwykle od ustalenia dostępności urządzeń na rynku. Inwestor wskazuje grupę urządzeń do dalszych analiz. Następnie zespoły specjalistów przystępują do projektowania. Ponieważ bardzo ważny jest aspekt ekonomiczny przedsięwzięcia, badana jest produktywność przyszłej elektrowni. Mając to na uwadze zespół energetyczny wybiera jeden typ urządzenia oraz konkretne punkty posadowienia turbin, następnie grupa akustyków przyjmuje WF do analiz. Ze względu na uwarunkowania środowiskowe i przestrzenne zespół akustyków często wprowadza zmiany lokalizacji turbin oraz korekty trybów pracy urządzenia. Korekta polega na ograniczeniu mocy akustycznej urządzenia kosztem produktywności, a tym samym wydłużeniu czasu zwrotu kosztów inwestycji. Problem ten dotyczy wszystkich realizowanych projektów. [1]
352. Physical and geometric factors are generally regarded as the main cause of evaporation characteristics of the Leidenfrost droplets levitating above the hot surface. It is well-known and generally accepted that similar research is conducted under different conditions and on individual measurement set-ups. This is one of the potential reasons for the differences in the results of thermal fluxes and computational models in scientific papers. This paper discusses the influence of the heating surface geometry on the heat transfer coefficient h during water drops evaporation under film boiling regime. The variable geometry parameters are the curvature radius of the heating bowl of R = 64 and 254 mm. Individually compiled test stands made it possible to measure the instantaneous drop mass for each R radius and to determine the coefficient h. The methodology was validated by calculating the relative error. It changes with the curvature radius and the droplet size, and for droplet mass from about 2 g to 0.3 g does not exceed ±10%. The heat transfer coefficient h is about 15% higher for a drop located on a surface with a larger radius of curvature. Moreover, the method that was devised allows us to estimate the h value for asymmetric droplet shapes. The advantage of the adopted method of measuring the drop mass over time is the possibility of analyzing heat transfer processes in any drop shape range, even in the case of asymmetric ones. Previous research methods were mainly based on determining the mass of the drop by calculating its volume. [1]
353. Passive area sources, such as primary settling tanks, located in the area of wastewater treatment plants can significantly impact odour air quality. This paper presents the variability of odour emissions from the primary settling tank at the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP) during a one-year study of odour concentrations determined by dynamic olfactometry. The investigations indicated that the highest monthly average value of the specified odour emission rate was for July (49.89 ouE/m2/s). Preliminary statistical analysis results using a multiple regression model showed the statistical significance of the independent variables in the form of wastewater temperature and retention time concerning the specific odour emission rate values. [1]
354. Osady ściekowe, są odpadem powstającym w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Ich unieszkodliwianie i zagospodarowanie stanowi problem światowy. Rozprawa dotyczy zmniejszonej suplementacji węgla na proces transformacji form chemicznych trzech pierwiastków (Zn, Cu i Ni) podczas kompostowania komunalnych osadów ściekowych. Zrealizowane badania dowiodły, że niska, początkowa wartość ilorazu C/N mieszaniny osadów ściekowych, przeznaczonych do kompostowania, nie wpływa negatywnie na jakość i dojrzałość kompostu. Otrzymane wyniki wykazują, że zmniejszenie dodatku metalu, o dużej zawartości węgla organicznego, powoduje, że w miarę trwania kompostowania metale ciężkie przechodzą w formy trudno dostępne dla środowiska. [1]
355. One of the ways to reduce the energy consumption from conventional sources is the introduction of an energy audit, which aims to inform the owner / user of a building about its energy consumption and possible ways of its reduction. For this purpose, the coefficients EK (annual demand for final energy) and EP (the amount of non-renewable primary energy to satisfy the energy needs of the building) were introduced. Their maximum values are deter-mined in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Infrastructure for each type of building covered by the energy audit obligation. Audit is an expertise designed to gain knowledge about energy consumption in a given building, a set of buildings, a system or an installation. It is to provide information on how to save an energy and their results. The following article presents the purpose and methodology of performing the energy audit for residential buildings. [1]
356. One of the increased usability energy separation devices that deals with the compressed fluids such as the air, the water and several Refrigerants is the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube due to its simple operating principle to separate the compressed fluid to two hot and cold streams. The aim of the current paper is to review the Ranque-Hilsch tube flow separation most affecting geometrical parameters hat are conducted numerically and experimentally such as the injection nozzles configuration, the vortex tube orifice to the nozzle’s dimensional ratio and also the vortex tube configuration in addition to the optimum conical valve angle. [1]
357. One of the important and still current problems occurring in the fish processing industry is the intensive wear of the cutting surface of industrial cutting blades used to separate the fish raw material. In the paper, the proposes a proprietary solution to the above problem consisting in the regeneration of worn surfaces realized in the process of precise grinding by the use of a prototype 5-axis CNC grinding machine was presented. The obtained machining results were verified, among others on the basis of measurements of values of the cutting edges inclination angles and analysis of values of selected surface roughness parameters. The proposed solution along with the developed methodology can be an interesting alternative to typical ways of renewing the cutting ability of cutting tools in applications from the fish processing industry. [1]
358. Obserwowana w ostatnich latach zmiana sposobu zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych jest efektem realizacji strategii gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w Unii Europejskiej, zakładającej przejście gospodarki z modelu liniowego na cyrkularny, w którym zasoby są zużywane w sposób bardziej zrównoważony, a odpady stają się surowcem. Celem rozprawy doktorskiej było wyznaczenie związku pomiędzy ilością dodawanego suplementu i intensywnością procesu kompostowania, wyrażoną zmianą wartości określonych parametrów fizykochemicznych. Głównym składnikiem modyfikującym skład mieszaniny poszczególnych komponentów tworzących wsad do procesu kompostowania, była słoma jęczmienna. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie przedsiębiorstwa Goleniowskie Wodociągi i Kanalizacja. Wyniki badań, uzyskane w trakcie realizacji pracy potwierdziły hipotezę badawczą, która zakładała możliwość przebiegu procesu kompostowania w warunkach zwiększonej koncentracji azotu. [1]
359. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional, steady, incompressible lid driven flow in a square cavity were investigated in this work. A commercial finite volume package of ANSYS-FLUENT was used to analyze and visualize the nature of the flow inside the cavity at different Reynolds Number. In addition, a MATLAB code was developed and validated by comparing the results with the reference values from literature. Staggered grid was employed in discretization of the cavity to avoid checkerboard pressure while developing the code. The governing equations were discretized in terms of velocity and pressure fields. Artificial compressibility method was used to de-couple the pressure and velocity terms in the governing equations. A 129x129 grid system was used in both cases. The effects of Reynolds number (100 on the flow characteristics were illustrated through the analysis of stream function, velocity vector, pressure co-efficient and velocity contours. The thinning of the wall boundary layers with increase in Reynolds number is evident from the u and v velocity profiles along the vertical and horizontal lines at the geometric center, although the rate of this thinning is very slow for Re > 5000 [1]
360. Nucleate pool boiling is a very efficient transfer regime with low temperature gradients, bounded between two heat flux values and which border transitions to other regimes, this phenomenon is well framed with correlations; our study aims to clarify the applicability of this regime to liquid hydrogen and to develop reliable correlations for a useful and qualitative agreement. An exhaustive review on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and the limits of this regime, whether are the onset nucleate boiling (ONB) and the critical heat flux (CHF) was made, allowing the collection of more than 1400 points from experimental setups, highlighting a variety of parameters. Five predictive correlations were drawn from the literature, graphical and statistical comparisons were made, two in five reveal acceptable results. After analysis of the experimental data, new correlations were developed and compared with the data collected, convincing results were obtained and discussed. A simple form was expressed for the heat flux , shows better predicted values; convincing results of the (CHF) have been found on modified Kutateladze correlation (1948), and the CHF value reaches a maximum of 148×103 W/m² for a reduced pressure at 0.35; a nucleate boiling correlation suitable for hydrogen has been developed. [1]
361. Nuclear power plants play an important role in power systems of many countries. Ability to reasonable increase installed capacity of nuclear power units allow to reduce the cost for building of new power plants. When increasing NPP capacity to 104% there is a need to estimate the residual life of plant’s typical elements and continue their operation. The mathematical model of estimation of service life indicators of steam turbine K-1000-60/3000 is developed. The effect of increasing the capacity of a nuclear reactor on the heat transfer coefficients of a steam in the nozzle segments of high-pressure cylinder was established by using CFD modeling. The thermal and stress-strain state of the high-pressure rotor for the most typical operating modes are calculated. Using the correlation dependences of low-cycle fatigue, the rate of accumulation of cyclic damage of the base metal is established. The resistance of the metal to the exhaustion of long-term strength is also determined. On the example of the high pressure rotor of the 3rd power unit of Rivne NPP the service life indicators are calculated. The validity of increasing the installed capacity of the power unit was also confirmed. [1]
362. Nowadays, the global industries producing mechanical components are moving towards the usage of composites to reduce weight at the same time without compromising with characteristics of the material being used. This new combination of material provides specific desired properties when combined with various reinforcement materials like SiC, B4C, Al2O3, MgO etc., It is widely used in various industries like aerospace, automobile and marine industries. This property specific tailorable metal matrix composite with Al7075 as the base material can be fabricated using various techniques such as stir casting, high end ball milling, ultrasonic assisted casting, powder metallurgy, squeeze casting friction stir casting etc., out of which stir casting method is preferred by many researchers as stir casting method is seen to provide better distribution of reinforcement particles throughout the metal matrix. It is evident from the research of various authors that when the base material Al7075 is reinforced with the above-mentioned ceramic, it is found that there is a decrease in density and increase in hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance. Here, both physical and mechanical behaviour of aluminium reinforced composites with the effect of the particle size changes, effects after reinforcement and other processing and fabrication methods have been discussed. [1]
363. Non-imaging Fresnel lenses have been playing an important role in improving the efficiency of the solar energy systems. Many researchers have been developing novel designs of Fresnel lenses to enhance the concentrator performance. To bring the complex design of a Fresnel lens from a conceptual theory to a real-life application while maintaining its efficiency, it is critical to find the optimum manufacturing method that achieves the best quality fabrication at low cost in the lab scale. This work will systematically investigate four advanced manufacturing methods for their lens-making capabilities, including pressure casting, hot embossing, 3D printing, and CNC machining. Six Fresnel lenses were fabricated by the four methods, which were tested in the lab by a solar simulator and a solar cell to demonstrate their performances. The CNC machining provides the best quality lab-scale Fresnel lens that enhances the solar cell efficiency by 118.3%. 3D printing and hot embossing methods are also promising for the fabrication of good performance lenses – increasing the solar cell efficiency by 40-70%. However, the 3D printed lens has the issue of material degradation on the long term. Although the pressure casting is the easiest manufacturing method, the performance of fabricated lens was the lowest. [1]
364. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska poświęcona jest opracowaniu oraz zastosowaniu zminiaturyzowanych metod analitycznych, umożliwiających szybkie i tanie oznaczanie różnych biomarkerów, a także mikrozanieczyszczeń w złożonych próbkach środowiskowych. Ponadto, poddano dyskusji przegląd najnowszych publikacji naukowych, dotyczących niskocząsteczkowych, organicznych mikrozanieczyszczeń ekosystemów wodnych oraz ścieków. [1]
365. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki związanej z popularyzacją i dystrybucją obrazów broni palnej we współczesnych mediach masowych. Zakres moich badań obejmuje zjawisko obcowania z bronią palną poprzez obrazy. „Obcowanie” wyraża tu pewien rodzaj adoracji broni palnej, uczestnictwa w kulturze i obyczajach z nią związanych za pośrednictwem obrazów. Interesuje mnie zarówno to, w jaki sposób obrazy broni strzeleckiej funkcjonują w kulturze popularnej, jak i to, jak są zbudowane. W treści pracy podejmuję: (1) próbę zbadania właściwości obrazów broni palnej i ich związków z kulturą masową; (2) próbę określenia, które elementy obrazów broni palnej sprawiają, że jest ona odbierana jako atrakcyjna wizualnie. Ponadto w części praktycznej wybrane przeze mnie obrazy broni strzeleckiej zostają poddane dekonstrukcji malarskiej w celu wykrycia i wyodrębnienia ich charakterystycznych komponentów obrazowych. W rozdziale pierwszym umieściłem różne definicje broni oraz określenia, którymi posłużyłem się w opisach. W rozdziale drugim, opisuję przypadek współpracy malarza Georga Catlina z producentem broni Samuelem Coltem. Ten przykład jest pomocny dla zrozumienia współczesnych mechanizmów masowej dystrybucji obrazów broni palnej. Współpraca między Catlinem i Coltem stworzyła pewien schemat, wiążący obrazy broni z żywą, emocjonującą fabułą. Dziś, schemat ten wykorzystują i rozwijają nowe, współczesne nam media. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony jest obrazom broni obecnym w sztuce filmowej. Wyjaśnia: (1) w jaki sposób kino rozwija schemat, który stworzyli Catlin i Colt; (2) jak 2 obrazy broni palnej wpływają na formę obrazu filmowego; (3) jak kino mitologizuje i popularyzuje broń strzelecką na przykładzie pistoletu Walter PPK i karabinu maszynowego AK Kałasznikow. Rozdział czwarty dysertacji opisuje jak gry FPS (First Person Shooter) rozwijają fabularny i wizualny model zaczerpnięty z amerykańskich superprodukcji filmowych, w którym dominującą rolę odgrywają obrazy broni palnej oraz efekty spektakularnych zniszczeń dokonywanych z jej pomocą. W treści tego rozdziału wyjaśniam także: (1) zasady, jakie rządzą obrazowaniem broni w grach; oraz (2) opisuję, które elementy broni palnej są szczególnie atrakcyjne wizualnie w grze i w jaki sposób twórcy gier wykorzystują je podczas ich tworzenia. Rozdział piąty, jest próbą przybliżenia zjawiska Gunporn, które do tej pory nie doczekało się szerszego opracowania. Ma ono bezpośredni związek z fascynacją fotografią, obrazami, komiksami, filmami oraz grami, które przedstawiają broń i uzbrojenie. Jest to w pewnym sensie rozdział podsumowujący, ponieważ łączy w sobie wszystkie wątki z poprzednich rozdziałów. Rozdział szósty zwiera opis części praktycznej. Przedstawione zostały w nim wyniki moich badań w formie obrazów malarskich oraz objaśnienie zastosowanych przeze mnie metod badawczych, sposobu pracy, a także doboru materiałów, na podstawie których budowałem swoje kompozycje malarskie. [1]
366. Niniejsza praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny. Dotyczy zagadnień z pogranicza dziedzin takich jak energetyka, informatyka techniczna, eksploatacja maszyn oraz automatyka. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wskazała, że w dalszej części prac badawczych skupić należy się na parametrach o największej zmienności, takich jak natężenie promieniowania słonecznego, które mogą wymagać szczególnego uwzględnienia w modelowaniu i kontroli proce-su sterowania w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Stabilność ciśnienia atmosferycznego i temperatury otoczenia wskazywała na możliwość ich łatwiejszego włączenia do modeli prognostycznych. Z kolei większa zmienność prędkości wiatru i wilgotności wymagała zastosowania zaawansowanych metod predykcyjnych w celu minimalizacji niepewności w przewidywaniach. Kolejnym ważnym elementem pracy było stworzenie matematycznego modelu procesu transportu energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Określono parametry pracy oraz przedstawiono założenia i uproszczenia modelu fizycznego. Przetestowane zostały dwie najpowszechniej wykorzystywane metody sterowania proporcjonalnego i sterowania ON-OFF oraz trzecia zaproponowana modyfikacja pod nazwą IPC. Uzyskane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i symulacyjnych pozwoliły ponadto na za-projektowanie i zaprogramowanie nowego słonecznego sterownika adaptacyjnego, który po-zwalał na automatyczne wybieranie spośród trzech określonych metody sterowania do aktualnych warunków pogodowych. Ostatnim etapem przedsięwzięcia były badania porównawcze nowego rozwiązania z komercyjnym klasycznym regulatorem. Uzyskano wzrost efektywności o 12,7% na korzyść zaprojektowanego sterownika co pozwoliło stwierdzić, że wykorzystanie sterowania adaptacyjnego przynosi znaczące korzyści w aspekcie poprawy efektywności gromadzenia energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych oraz potwierdzić hipotezę badawczą. Wyniki te mogą służyć ponadto do dalszego ulepszania samych algorytmów sterowania, poprawiając ogólną efektywność słonecznych systemów grzewczych. [1]
367. Niniejsza praca doktorska przedstawia problematykę transportu osadów niespoistych, niejednorodnych granulometrycznie z zawartością bardzo drobnych frakcji w ruchu falowym nad płaskim i nachylonym dnem. Zagadnienia związane z transportem rumowiska w ruchu falowym i związanych z nim zmian morfologicznych dna z punktu widzenia praktyki inżynierskiej dotyczą między innymi erozji wybrzeża, zapiaszczania torów wodnych, projektowania i eksploatacji morskich budowli hydrotechnicznych oraz konstrukcji ochrony brzegu. Modelowanie natężenia transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym to ważny, ale trudny temat w inżynierii przybrzeżnej, gdyż osad jest intensywnie transportowany głównie w bardzo cienkiej warstwie, o wysokiej koncentracji tuż ponad dnem. Celem pracy było udowodnienie tez pracy poprzez rozpoznanie eksperymentalne i teoretyczne strumieni 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − z uwzględnieniem wpływu strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑓 − frakcji najdrobniejszych 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚 , w ruchu falowym nad dnem nienachylonym i nachylonym w kierunku przeciwnym do kierunku ruchu fali. Następnie zaproponowano modyfikację modelu trójwarstwowego transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym (Kaczmarek i inni 2022) do opisu wyżej wymienionych strumieni w obu wymienionych przypadkach, a także przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą strumieni osadów z udziałem frakcji drobnych i bardzo drobnych w ruchu falowym i przepływie jednokierunkowym. Celem prac eksperymentalnych rozprawy doktorskiej było przeprowadzenie pomiarów i zebranie danych eksperymentalnych, dokumentujących pionową strukturę całkowitego transportu osadów 𝑞+/−, odpowiednio w fazie grzbietu i doliny fali, a także wielkości zarówno natężenia strumienia 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− osadów wychodzących w obu kierunkach z obszaru obliczeniowego do sąsiednich obszarów kontrolnych (i atrzymywanych w łapaczkach), jak i składu granulometrycznego osadów w obszarach kontrolnych po obu stronach obszaru obliczeniowego w warunkach płaskiego oraz nachylonego dna. Znajomość tych wielkości jest niezbędna dla prawidłowej oceny zmian batymetrii w obszarze obliczeniowym. Realizację celu, przeprowadzono na drodze eksperymentalnej, zarówno nad dnem płaskim jak i nachylonym, w dwóch etapach. Pierwszy z nich obejmował rozpoznanie eksperymentalne strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓1 +/−, 𝑞𝑓2 +/− i 𝑞𝑓3 +/− przy wykorzystaniu techniki pomiarowej, stosowanej od niedawna do analizy ruchu osadów w wodzie, tj. PIV (ang. Particle Image Velocimetry). Drugi etap prac eksperymentalnych obejmował pomiary strumieni zatrzymywanych w łapaczkach 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + i 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − wraz z określeniem składu ranulometrycznego transportowanych osadów. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono w Gdańsku w 2020 i 2021 roku w laboratorium hydraulicznym Instytutu Budownictwa Wodnego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, wyposażonym w kanał falowy oraz pomiarowe i wspomagające urządzenia niezbędne do przeprowadzenia badań. Rezultaty badań eksperymentalnych zostały skonfrontowane z wynikami analizy teoretycznej, przeprowadzonej w oparciu o trójwarstwowy model transportu niejednorodnych osadów (Kaczmarek i inni 2022). Z uwagi na fakt, że model ten nie uwzględnia efektów pionowego sortowania osadów z zawartością 𝑖 −tych bardzo drobnych frakcji z zakresu średnic 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚, pomija efekty opóźnień fazowych frakcji drobnych z tego zakresu i nie opisuje wpływu tych frakcji na wielkość transportu 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− oraz nie uwzględnia efektów związanych z nachyleniem dna, takich jak wpływ sił grawitacji na ziarna osadu oraz dodatkowy efekt zmniejszonego lub zwiększonego ciśnienia przy zmianie przekroju przepływu, zaproponowano modyfikację tego modelu o współczynniki korygujące. Przeprowadzono obliczenia transportu strumieni frakcji bardzo drobnych i drobnych, frakcji grubych oraz sumarycznych wychodzących w fazie grzbietu oraz doliny z obszaru wyjściowego i osadzanych w sąsiednich obszarach kontrolnych oraz porównano z wynikami pomiarów. [1]
368. Municipal waste management in Poland has continuously changed over the past years regarding collection systems and disposal processes. After joining the EU, the approach to waste management changed dramatically, intensifying selective collection and implementing recovery and treatment processes. Recent years have shown that a further fundamental overhaul in the waste sector is needed to convert the sector to a closed-loop economy. These challenges are appearing in Poland, forcing actions in which the efficiency of the waste stream management system should generate added value in the form of sourced raw materials, materials and products. The waste generated should be managed following the waste hierarchy, in which disposal is the least desirable process. The work aims to analyse the current state of municipal waste management in Poland concerning applicable legal requirements, waste management hierarchy and the use of the best available technologies. The data from the analysis was used to determine where Poland is currently, heading towards transforming to a circular economy in the technological, social, environmental and economic areas. The research results showed the need to reduce the waste generated, including a significant reduction in the amount of waste stored in landfills and a significant increase in the recycling rates of municipal waste. In this context, supporting the transition to a closed-loop economy is essential in creating a low-carbon, recycling and innovative waste management, implementing EU strategies. [1]
369. Municipal WWTP are exposed to the inflow of toxic substances, which may impede their proper functioning, especially of the biological part. In the case of combined or hybrid sewer systems, additionally, in wet weather, there may appear a rapid inflow of a mixture of domestic and industrial sewage, and stormwater in an amount exceeding the capacity of the devices, causing the need to discharge parts of not fully treated wastewater through the bypass channel. In such situations, the receivers are exposed to an inflow of increased amounts of pollutants. The article presents the concept of a monitoring, early warning and sustainable management system for the Lodz wastewater treatment plant, which will allow minimizing pollutant emissions to the aquatic environment. [1]
370. Motywacją do podjęcia badań mających na celu podwyższenie właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych ceramiki szklanej jest rosnące zainteresowanie modyfikacją właściwości tych materiałów, stosowanych w kompozytach ściernych na bazie tlenku glinu i azotku boru. Pełniąca funkcję spoiwa ceramika szklana, której zadaniem jest związanie ziaren, określa wytrzymałość mechaniczną całego kompozytu. Jest to o tyle ważne, gdyż z opublikowanych w ostatnich latach propozycji rozwiązań technologicznych dotyczących doskonalenia właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych ceramicznych kompozytów ściernych wynika, że jednym z głównych problemów jest spełnienie jednocześnie, wzajemnie się wykluczających, dwóch głównych właściwości tych kompozytów, tj. wysokiej porowatości i odporności na zużycie. Oprócz poprawy wytrzymałości mechanicznej i odporności na zużycie kompozytów ściernych, zauważa się także problem ich niewystarczającej przewodności cieplnej. Przekłada się to również na liczne problemy w procesie obróbki materiałów, szczególnie trudnoskrawalnych, związanych z nadmierną ilością ciepła powstającego podczas procesu szlifowania. Kluczowym czynnikiem ograniczającym efektywność szlifowania jest wysoka temperatura, dlatego opublikowane w ostatnich latach wyniki badań koncentrują się nad wprowadzeniem rozwiązań umożliwiających jej obniżenie. Nowoczesne systemy chłodzenia są jednak niewystarczające, bowiem odprowadzanie ciepła ze strefy kontaktu materiału obrabianego i materiału ściernego następuje różnymi sposobami, nie tylko poprzez takie czynniki jak chłodziwo, wióry czy konwekcję, ale w znaczącym stopniu przez ściernicę. To, w jaki sposób i z jaką szybkością nadmiar ciepła będzie odprowadzony, zależy głównie od rodzaju ziarna ściernego. Poza ziarnami ściernymi, część energii cieplnej w procesie szlifowania przekazywana jest także na spoiwo pokrywające ziarna ścierne i stanowiące ciągłą sieć mostków. Jest to o tyle ważne, że zapewniona ciągłość struktury spoiwa pozwala na zwiększenie szybkości odprowadzenia ciepła ze strefy kontaktu narzędzia i materiału ściernego. Rozdział pierwszy dotyczy wprowadzenia do problematyki podjętej w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej. Z obszernej analizy stanu wiedzy przedstawionej w rozdziale drugim wynika, że zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości modyfikacji struktury ceramiki szklanej w celu podwyższenia jej właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych nie zostały wyczerpująco zbadane. Wybrana ceramika szklana z układu ZABS (ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2), która została przedstawiona w rozdziale trzecim, jest szczególnie interesująca ze względu na możliwość generowania w tym układzie fazy krystalicznej willemitu. Skutkiem krystalizacji powierzchniowej tej fazy jest znaczne i trwałe zwiększenie wytrzymałości mechanicznej, z uwagi na powstanie naprężeń ściskających na powierzchni szkła, z jednoczesną zmianą struktury pozostałości amorficznej w spoiwie będącej efektem wprowadzenia modyfikatora sieci szklanej. Wprowadzenie do tego układu tlenku metalu przejściowego (tlenku miedzi) może znacząco wpływać na proces krystalizacji ceramiki szklanej, a tym samym pośrednio na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne takich materiałów. Warto wspomnieć w tym miejscu o tym, że większość aktualnych badań dotyczy wpływu miedzi jedynie na wybrane właściwości, głównie optyczne i fotoniczne, natomiast wpływ miedzi na właściwości mechaniczne układów krzemianowych wciąż jest mało znany. Wnioski wyciągnięte z analizy literatury pozwoliły na sprecyzowanie hipotezy, celu i problemów badawczych, które przedstawiono w rozdziale czwartym. [1]
371. Motywacja do podjęcia tematyki badawczej dotyczącej intensyfikacji zjawiska wymiany ciepła w powietrznym kolektorze słonecznym było dostrzeżenie rosnącej potrzeby opracowywania nowatorskich rozwiązań w obszarze energetyki słonecznej. Rozwijająca się dziedzina wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, wymaga poszukiwania sposobów na zwiększanie sprawności cieplnej urządzeń do konwersji energii. Celem pracy było poszukiwanie na drodze eksperymentalnej i numerycznej nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych pasywnych powietrznych kolektorów słonecznych. Oczekiwano, że możliwe jest zaproponowanie takiej konstrukcji, przy której uzyska się zwiększenie intensywności procesu wymiany ciepła między powierzchnią grzejną a czynnikiem roboczym, co zwiększy sprawność cieplną urządzenia. [1]
372. Minimum Production Time model of the machining process optimization problem comprising seven lathe machining operations were developed using Genetic Algorithms solution method. The various cost and time components involved in the minimum production cost and minimum production time criteria respectively, as well as all relevant technological/practical constraints were determined. An interactive, user-friendly computer package was then developed in Microsoft Visual Basic.Net environment to implement the developed models. The package was used to determine optimal machining parameters of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for the seven machining operations with twenty-three technological constraints in the conversion of a cylindrical metal bar stock into a finished machined profile. The result of the single-objective machining process optimization models shows that the minimum production time is 21.84 min. [1]
373. Maritime transport contributes to stimulating the development of civilisation. According to the European Environment Agency, around 1/4 of the total CO2 emissions in the EU in 2019 came from the transport sector, of which 71.7% were from road transport. The share of CO2 emissions from maritime transport is estimated to be about 3% of the world's. In terms of energy demand for moving a specific load over a specific distance, it is currently the cheapest form of transport. The International Maritime Organization's activities aim to reduce the environmental impact of this form of transport. The article discusses the expected effects of the regulations introduced until 2023. Regulations have a significant impact on the increase in transport costs. There may be far-reaching changes in the shipping market that have an indirect (rather unintended) effect due to the introduced regulations. "Side effects" can be very severe, especially for shipowners with a small number of ships. The article attempts to draw attention to such threats. [1]
374. Many studies have proven that the type of light source and the lighting regime have significantly influenced the efficiency of microalgae biomass production and the taxonomic composition of the cultivated biomass, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the light source on the productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivating on anaerobic digestate. The criterion for dividing experiment into variants was the light source used.It was found that the light source significantly influenced the Chlorella vulgaris growth. The highest biomass production was observed in variants with the fluorescent tube-warm light (color temperature 3000K) and the LED-warm light with 2 local maximum at 450 nm and 580 nm (color temperature 6500K). In variants with the pressure sodium lamp with the essential spectrum 570-620 nm (color temperature 2700K), the production of microalgae biomass was the lowest.The removal efficiency of organic compounds expressed as COD and BOD5 as well as ammonium and total nitrogen were dependent on the final concentration of biomass in the culture medium. In variants with the highest biomass production, the lowest concentrations of these indicators in the culture medium were observed. Phosphorus compounds were removed effectively from the culture medium regardless of the light source and the concentration of microalgae biomass. [1]
375. Many old public buildings in Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by low energy efficiency and often lack of mechanical ventilation. The general trends are aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building sector and to provide comfort conditions. The indoor air quality can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations.In the article, a complex approach to the definition and analysis of data on the indoor CO2 concentration and the air exchange rate in educational institutions at natural air exchange and in the absence of mechanical air circulation was implemented. Educational institutions in Kyiv have been considered. The study of the CO2 concentration of indoor and outdoor air of three typical schools of mass development in the 80 s, as well as the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI, was carried out. Experimental determination of the background CO2 concentration during the day next to the considered objects showed that the background concentration of CO2 is in the range of 400-420 ppm. Measurements of the CO2 concentration distribution were carried out after classes throughout the classroom area, according to which the difference between the values at the level of the working area was 30...180 ppm. It was found that the concentration of CO2 varies during classes between 700-1100 ppm. During the break, the CO2 concentration decreases to 500-1000 ppm, depending on the type of ventilation.Experimental data on the dynamics of changes in the indoor CO2 concentration are used to determine the air exchange rate based on balances of air flows and CO2. It is shown that the number of present persons influences the indoor CO2 concentration more significantly than the air exchange rate. On the example of an experimental study of the CO2 concentration in the classrooms for high school students it was found that the air exchange rate during the classes is in the range of 0.4...0.75 h-1. During breaks the air exchange rate increases to 2.9-3.5 h-1. For the range considered, the weighted average air exchange rate is 0.8 h-1, and even with forced airing, the air exchange rate is insufficient to ensure acceptable CO2 concentration.For the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI a field experiment was carried out to determine the dynamics of changes in CO2 concentration in time and on the basis of it the air exchange rates for representative classrooms were determined. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm and increases by 350-850 ppm depending on the use and location of classrooms. Based on experimental data, the air exchange rate for the training building of the education institution is in the range of 0.35-0.7 h-1. During the periods of airing the air exchange may increase by 0.45 h-1, but this does not allow reaching the standard value. When analyzing the obtained results, simulation models of natural air exchange of the examined classrooms were used on the basis of the improved ASHRAE method. The natural air exchange rate based on simulations is in the -0.8…0.5 h-1 range. Negative values are explained by exfiltration, which is typical for the upper floors.Not only the comfort and condition of the building envelope, but also the total energy consumption of the building depend on the actual level of air exchange rate. In the total energy balance the ventilation component is 30-60%. Further use of the obtained results can be connected with monitoring of the actual level of air exchange rate and its consideration during complex modernization or implementation of the ventilation systems with heat recovery in the premises of educational institutions. [1]
376. Many factors affect the quality of water in rivers, including: types of pollution sources, the shape of the catchment, the type of land use, the amount of pollution flowing in. The construction of a retention reservoir is one of the factors affecting changes in the river valley related to the landscape, the environment, and water flow hydraulics. Reducing the velocity of water flow on the section of the reservoir causes changes in the characteristics of the movement of pollutants, some of them are deposited in the reservoir. The article analyzes water quality parameters at intake points located below (Uniejów) and above (Biskupice) of the Jeziorsko dam on the Warta River. The variability of such parameters as BOD5, TOC, pH, temperature, Ntot, Ptot was analyzed. The research also analyzed the dynamics of water inflow and outflow from the reservoir. The actual water retention time in the reservoir, which makes interpretation of the results difficult. The most indicators were characterized by the significance of differences for research in 2014. [1]
377. Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg MMC) have been the focus of consideration by many researchers for the past few years. Many applications of Mg MMCs were evolved in less span of time in the automotive and aerospace sector to capture the benefit of high strength to weight ratio along with improved corrosion resistance. However, the performance of these materials in critical conditions is significantly influenced by several factors including the fabrication methods used for processing the composites. Most of the papers addressed all the manufacturing strategies of Mg MMC but no paper was recognized as a dedicated source for magnesium composites prepared through stir casting process. Since stir casting is the least expensive and most common process in the preparation of composites, this paper reviews particulate based Mg MMCs fabricated with stir casting technology. AZ91 series alloys are considered as the matrix material while the effect of different particle reinforcements, sizes , weight fractions on mechanical and tribological responses are elaborated in support with micro structural examinations. Technical difficulties and latest innovations happened during the last decade in making Mg MMCs as high performance material are also presented. [1]
378. Low-emissivity coatings on glass surfaces, inert gas instead of air between glasses, and double-glazed windows are usually used to reduce heat loss from a room through windows. This effect can also be achieved by installing two double-chamber windows in one window opening at a certain distance from each other. This work uses numerical modelling to study the characteristics of heat transfer through a system of two two-chamber windows. The distributions of temperature and airflow velocity due to natural convection in the chambers of double-chamber windows and the space between the windows are analyzed. The distributions of temperatures and heat fluxes over the surfaces of windows are determined depending on the distance between the windows. The dependences on the distance between the windows of radiation, convective, and total heat flow through a system of two double-chamber windows are studied. It is shown that two double-chamber windows located at a certain distance from each other make it possible to increase the heat transfer resistance compared to one two-chamber window without a low-emission coating by 2.6...2.8 times. As the distance between windows increases, a given system's overall heat transfer resistance increases. However, this increase becomes insignificant if this distance is greater than 80 mm. [1]
379. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films were subjected to modification using different plasma sources. Argon, nitrogen, air and oxygen were used as a gas phase throughout the process, and their impact on the material's surface properties was verified. The surface activation rate was measured via atomic force microscopy regarding the porosity factor and using the water contact angle technique. The last method – being feasible, agile and of high sensitivity to alternating physicochemical surface character – was utilised to verify the post-process stability of the modified surface. Those tests were performed extensively, up to 160 hours (contact angle) and 240 hours (atomic force microscopy). [1]
380. Long evolution of solid timber structures has developed sufficiently reliable engineering solutions and methods of timber structures reinforcement. The experience of mass production and application of new glued timber structures has shown that the simple transfer of traditional methods of calculation and design to modern structures is not always correct. The design and reinforcement of modern are still being developed. Graphical representation of the fields of operating normal stresses and wood resistance fields show that even with simple uniaxial stretching along the fibers the limiting state initially arises not at the direction of the principal axes of symmetry but at an angle to the fibers. The current trends in management, diagnostics, design and reconstruction of buildings show that almost all problems of preserving wooden and other structures in ordinary reconstructed objects, as well as in architectural, historical and cultural monuments are based on the competence level of the personnel not only in the restoration industry, but in construction industry too. [1]
381. Logistics operators are characterized by a high dynamics of an increase of incomes, and hence increased shipping. Owing to a rational policy in the area of the consolidation of production and distribution, they may boast of a better use of the means of transport. The aim of the article is to analyse the promoted behaviours of logistics operators in Poland and in Ukraine. The research methods used in the study include a literature analysis, a comparative analysis and a questionnaire survey of logistics operators’ clients in Poland and in Ukraine. Selected items have been evaluated: eco-friendly programs, action for the environment, exhaust emission reports, CSR activities carried out locally, nationally and globally, sustainable development of logistics operators, professional development of employees, innovative technologies implemented by logistics operators and transport safety. The analysis conducted in relation to logistics operators will show similarities and differences in the promoted environmental activities and to what extent this is noticed by customers. [1]
382. Literature review on flow acoustic methods and materials of an automotive muffler. a car is judged comfortable also depending on the acoustic level transmitted inside, and a thorough knowledge of acoustics of ducts and mufflers is needed for the design of efficient muffler configurations. Unstable exhaust gas at high temperature flowing from internal combustion engine manifold may cause of noise and vibrations conflicting with the high standard of acoustic comfort requested by this kind of vehicle. The basic gaols are to define most important methods to identify noise occur from the motion of fluid in case of turbulent model. Materials properties like velocity, temperature, thermal conductivity and density have been technical presented in this work. [1]
383. Life Cycle Assessment, included in company environmental management methods, has particular importance in marketing management. Analysis of dangers to the environment through tools such as the LCA method allows for comparisons of alternative company management strategies. LCA is characterised as a technique for environmental management that enables environmental impact assessment of the product, process, industry, and even the comprehensive economic sector. LCA also influences decisions regarding environmental policy modification, but most importantly, it influences a company's marketing activities. The LCA technique is applied the world over with great effectiveness in studying specific phases of a product's life cycles – from 'birth to death'; however, Poland's experience in this domain constitutes continuously developing research areas. The experience of foreign research centres confirms the possibility of applying LCA techniques in supporting environmental risk assessment of innovative technologies where LCA is used to study the environmental impact of a new generation product, i.e. flocculants from polymer wastes. This article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of applying a new generation of polyelectrolyte (gained from polystyrene waste) in treating industrial wastewater and the LCA environmental impact assessment, which was carried out using SimaPro software. Based on the analysis of the results of the application of sodium salts of sulfone derivatives of polystyrene in the treatment of mine water, it was found that these products significantly reduced the pollution indicators of mine water from KWK1. Accordingly, they provided the basis for the development of technical-scale technology. [1]
384. Landfills are widely utilised for waste disposal due to their economic advantages and ease of implementation compared to alternative methods. However, landfills exert significant environmental and health impacts on adjacent agricultural land. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil is a risk to ecological and food safety. Methodological approaches to assess and mitigate the impact of landfills on agricultural land are essential for ensuring sustainable land use practices and safeguarding human health. In this study, landfills were assessed at the local level, and the hazard level was classified according to it. A set of priority measures for restoring technogenic disturbed areas and minimising their impact on agricultural land was determined. The need to select a set of innovative, ecologically oriented methods for remediation of landfills, depending on the type and degree of soil contamination, was identified in context of ensuring environmental and food security. [1]
385. LPG storage tanks may be seriously threatened by a fire coming from nearby fuels or by leakage appearance. The aim of the study was to prepare a three-dimensional model of LPG release on a car gas station under different environmental conditions. CFD simulations of liquid and gas phase release from a tank localized on a car gas station was performed. First, ALOHA software was applied to determine mass flow rate, while Ansys software was used to determine the shape and size of hazardous zone. To reflect real condition atmospheric stability classes were applied. It was observed that for classes A-D the hazardous zone was decreasing. While, for E and F class the range was increased. It was noticed that the location of the leakage affects the extent of the danger zone. For the leaking below the liquid surface analyzed LPG has liquid form. While, for the leaking above the liquid surface analyzed LPG has gas form. Furthermore, for liquid leakage the largest hazard zone of release was observed. [1]
386. Kol.419/2, Kol.419/3, Kol.419/5, Kol.419/6, KGA 295, Kol. 11/295, Kol. 11/505, KGA 683 [1]
387. Kol. 419/9, Kol. 419/10, Kor. 419/16, B 2992, B 3124, B 3126, B 3201, KGA 389, Kol. II/509, B 3425, B 3221, Kol. 419/18, Kol. 419/28, Kol. 419/32, Kol. 419/34, Kol. 419/30, Kol. 419/33 [1]
388. Kol. 419/45, Kol. 419/35, Kol. 419/36, Kol. 419/46, Kol. 419/47, Kol. 419/48, Kol. 419/49, Kol. 419/50, Kol. 419/55, Kol. 419/57, Kol. 419/82, Kol. 419/87, Kol. 419/77, Kol. 419/73, Kol. 419/74, Kol. 419/71 [1]
389. Kol. 138/26, Kol. 138/47, Kol. 138/46, Kol. 138/11, Kol. 138/13, Kol. 138/12, Kol. 138/161, Kol. 138/161/B, Kol. 138/27, Kol. 138/162, Kol. 138/50, Kol. 138/29, Kol. 138/59, Kol. 138/64-66, Kol. 138/60, A VIII 5/16, A VIII 5/8 [1]
390. Kazakhstan is a country experiencing tangible environmental problems. Currently, it faces numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, exploitation of natural resources, negative consequences of mining, etc. In order to cope with environmental problems, a number of legislative acts have been enacted: the Environmental Code, the Water Code, the Forestry Code, a number of laws and government decrees that provide a legal basis for sustainable development. But, unfortunately, these laws and policies were not properly implemented due to issues such as inconsistency, weak enforcement, the presence of internal contradictions, gaps, and discrepancies, etc. As a result, the current legislation in the field of environmental protection does not meet the development objectives of our country, its lack of transparency hinders the development of the economy, and indistinctness reduces the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market and the volume of investments attracted to the economy. Many aspects of the state's environmental activities remain unregulated from a legal point of view, which, on the one hand, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment and the plunder of natural resources, and on the other hand, creates conditions for the development of corruption. This study proposes individual solutions to problems in the environmental sphere by creating new legal norms, as well as eliminating contradictions between existing regulatory legal acts, systematizing legislation and establishing a unified practice of applying norms. It is concluded that the implementation of environmental human rights depends on the quality of regulatory legal acts and their effective application. [1]
391. It is well documented that nicotine causes low birth weight, preterm birth, pregnancy difficulties, lower fertility, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and decreased steroidogenesis and potassium channels conductance of Xenopus oocytes. Lung cancer is the most well-known adverse impact of nicotine. This work used a 96-hour FETAX test to examine how concurrent administration of glucose monohydrate modifies the effects of exposure to nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and/or glucose on ion channels and membrane potential in Xenopus leavis embryos at an early stage of development. In-vitro fertilised embryos were treated with nicotine and glucose alone or in combination for this aim, and the effects of those treatments were then assessed for potential teratogenic effects. At the conclusion of the FETAX technique, the ratios of healthy, abnormal, and dead embryos were calculated, and the length of embryos in each treatment group was assessed. The ratios of abnormal and dead embryos were considerably higher with nicotine treatment alone compared to controls. Compared to the results of the nicotine-alone treatment group, the ratio of aberrant embryos was marginally reduced by concurrent glucose and nicotine therapy. In contrast, the ratio of normal embryos was raised. Additionally, treatments with glucose, nicotine, and Nic+Glu significantly altered the resting membrane potentials of fertilised oocytes (p < 0.001). Our findings indicated that the simultaneous treatment groups that also received glucose had a protective impact on embryos. Such structured, more sophisticated research is required to confirm these findings. [1]
392. Istnieją różne wersje oprogramowania do symulacji układów ferromagnetycznych, które są powszechnie dostępne w sieci i nie wymagają zakupu licencji. Jednakże symulatory te zazwyczaj potrafią symulować układy dla bardzo niskich temperatur zbliżonych do zera bezwzględnego. Komercyjna elektronika jednakże pracuje w zakresie temperatur zbliżonych do temperatury pokojowej, zatem istnieje konieczność badania układów ferromagnetycznych dla temperatur powyżej zera absolutnego, w tym zbliżonych do temperatur bliskich zaniku zjawisk ferromagnetycznych (temperatury Curie). Dlatego na potrzeby tej dysertacji, autor zdecydował się odpowiedzieć na zapotrzebowanie w postaci wysokotemperaturowego symulatora układów ferromagnetycznych i zrealizował własne oprogramowanie. Przy jego pomocy zbadał zaproponowany przez siebie model pamięci magnetycznej, która złożona jest z matrycy oddzielnych komórek i charakteryzuje się czasem przełączania rzędu setek pikosekund, a także nie wymaga stosowania układów głowic przełączających. Dzięki temu istnieje szansa na zapewnienie krótszego czasu dostępu do pamięci w stosunku do współczesnych rozwiązań n.p. w porównaniu z pamięciami wykonanymi z ciągłych warstw magnetycznych. Sporządzone oprogramowanie i zaproponowany model daje nadzieję na dalszy rozwój badań i znalezienie modelu pamięci o jak najniższym czasie przełączania i jak największej gęstości zapisu, co wyrażono w tezie pracy. Jako podstawę autorskiego systemu informatycznego wykorzystano oprogramowanie MAGPAR zrealizowane w Politechnice Wiedeńskiej i stosowane do obliczeń mikromagnetycznych dla temperatur bliskich zera bezwzględnego. Symulator ten posiadał pożądane cechy technologiczne takie jak możliwość przetwarzania rozproszonego i wykorzystywania wielu węzłów obliczeniowych do przyśpieszenia obliczeń (MPI). Zastosowanie wysokich temperatur w badaniu układów ferromagnetycznych wymagało uzyskania ich rozkładu dla całego badanego modelu więc należało odpowiednio rozwiązywać dodatkowe równie określające przepływy cieplne i zaimplementować je w metodyce elementów skończonych co pokazano w niniejszej pracy. Ze wzrostem temperatur uległo zmianie równanie opisujące czasowo-przestrzenną ewolucję zmian namagnesowania w układzie ferromagnetycznym, które zastąpiło równanie zaimplementowane dla opisu ewolucji namagnesowania dla niskich temperatur. Temperatury powyżej zera bezwzględnego wywierają wpływ na wyrazy pola efektywnego, co ma przełożenie na przebieg ewolucji namagnesowania. Zmienione równanie ewolucji namagnesowania i zmodyfikowane wyrazy pola efektywnego należało odpowiednio implementować w metodyce elementów skończonych co także zawarto w pracy. Uczyniono przegląd zagadnień badawczych będących domeną spintroniki, w tym nakreślono potencjalne jej zastosowania w architekturach komputerowych inspirowanych budową układu nerwowego istot żywych, co jak pokazano, może mieć istotny wpływ na polepszenie wydajności numerycznych obliczeń rozproszonych. [1]
393. Istnieje wiele metod rozmrażania jednak cały czas trwają poszukiwania nowych realizacji tego procesu, zarówno poprzez modernizację stosowanych już metod jak i poprzez tworzenie nowych. W przedstawionym w pracy nowym procesie rozmrażania wyróżniono dwa etapy: częściowego odwodnienia sublimacyjnego oraz rozmrażania próżniowo-parowego. Przedstawione sposoby polegają na rozmrażaniu produktu kondensującą się parą wodną w podciśnieniu. [1]
394. Iron production is one of the production processes that create a large number of negative externalities towards their surroundings. Iron production is based on the use of a wide range of production operations, which include not only the blast furnace process but also the treatment and processing of ores, sintering, pelletizing and processing of metallurgical waste and its possible storage. All parts of the blast furnace process can have a negative impact on the environment. Within the individual parts of the blast furnace plant, a number of pollutants are produced which negatively affect the environment. They can have both solid and gaseous states. In the case of solid emissions, it is airborne dust, and the gaseous form represents pollutants in the form of sulphur, nitrogen or carbon oxides. From the point of view of the blast furnace plant structure itself, blast furnace, agglomeration processes, palletization processes or the processing of waste from production can be classified as emission points. The article deals with the classification of basic impacts of blast furnace production on the environment. It analyses in detail the negative externalities in ore sintering. It also deals with the analysis of research, which was focused on the degree of reduction of iron oxides ore. The efficiency of the reduction process is crucial in terms of resource use, but also the overall amount of negative externalities. The research was carried out in the environment of a selected iron producer in the Czech Republic. [1]
395. Increasing the level of thermal resistance of the building envelope in combination with the choice of heat source is an urgent task. It is important to take into account changes in the cost of energy over time. Thermal modernization, in its turn, allows to increase the level of thermal comfort, which is not taken into account and evaluated in practice, although the relevant standards for comfort conditions and categories of buildings to ensure comfort have been introduced in Ukraine. This paper analyzes the change in the level of comfort after thermal modernization, determines the category of the building to provide comfortable conditions, as well as identifies the change in the average radiation temperature of the fences, as one of the main factors of PMV change in these conditions. [1]
396. Includes the identification and analysis of the vehicle recycling system using the example of buses in consideration of economic and business issues in Poland, specialising in the collection of cars/buses, their dismantling, segregation of materials and secondary use (recycling), given the regulatory changes proposed by the EU. The operations listed are interrelated. Reusing materials identical to their original purpose (including reuse of steel for car bodies) and assemblies from end-of-life vehicles (after possible reconditioning) can be applied as spare parts for repairs, subject to the observance of certain rules and the law. Life extension activities contribute to reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. The paper presents a case for dismantling a bus. [1]
397. In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country. [1]
398. In this study we demonstrate an overview about possibilities in using additive manufacturing for tissue engineering and orthopedic prosthesis. We show the possibilities to produce scaffolds by using a low cost commercial stereolithography system under the use of biocompatible hydrogels like Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. We also demonstrate that it is possible to use a low cost selective laser sintering system to produce individual prostheses to support the healing process in many orthopedic issues. [1]
399. In this project, an atypical resistance rotor of a vertical axis rotor as a small wind energy turbine is to be aerodynamically investigated and optimised in a flow simulation. In this report the results obtained from the flow simulations of the single and two rotor setup, as well as the results from the flow simulations of a single blade, are presented. The geometry of the rotor and blades is the base geometry for further optimisation. All simulations are performed with one specific tip speed ratio. The base geometry for slat and baffle can be calculated based on experience gained in previous studies. It was found in previous experiments that a rotor with 42% overlap (area that occupies the wings of the total circumference) is always started. Those experiments have also shown that a rotor with 36.5 % overlap has a higher power coefficient at low wind speeds, at higher wind speeds, the rotor with 42 % overlap has a better power coefficient. Based on those first investigations the optimisation of the blade and rotor geometry will be carried out later in this project. [1]
400. In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well. [1]
401. In this paper, the authors present a computational model of a fin-based air cooling system for PMSM electric motors. The model can be used as a method for fast and efficient feasibility studies of air cooling for PMSM machines in hybrid-electric or all-electric aviation applications, supplementing further research (thermal resistance networks, and FEA/CFD-CHT models). In the paper, authors provide temperature distributions along the fin length which are calculated and presented for a straight fin, followed by heat that can be dissipated from fin surface and fin efficiency. A parameter to compare different fin materials for aviation applications is introduced – heat dissipated from the fin to fin mass ratio. Aluminum and copper fins are compared. Different shapes of straight fin are considered and compared. The above parameters and comparison are then calculated and given for circular fins. Parameters of the whole fin-based air cooling system for specific 140 kW PMSM motor are calculated and presented. [1]
402. In this paper we consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. It is indicated the differences in the consideration of forces that determine the crushing of non-boiling and boiling drops. It is determined the possibility of using the model to define the processes of displacement, deformation or fragmentation of the inclusion of the dispersed phase under the influence of a set of neighboring particles. The proposed method allows us to determine the main energy parameters of the homogenization process by boiling the emulsion. [1]
403. In this article, a study of supersonic airflow through a channel with various cross-section is presented. The channel is namely a heatproof nozzle which is used in a pneumatic pulsator system. The system utilizes a pneumatic impact to destruct or to avoid of the creation of unfavourable phenomena which comes from cohesion forces. The pneumatic pulsator system is driven by compressed air and a high-velocity airflow is induced by the difference between internal and external air pressure. This flow changes its characteristics during a work cycle of the pulsator from subsonic to supersonic conditions. It causes a very dynamic gas conversion and may produce additional heat inside the pulsator and its nozzle. The article presents a method for calculating the value of the heat which can be generated inside the heatproof nozzle. The results of the study shows that the small amount of energy is lost during the airflow which can generate an increment of heatproof nozzle wall temperature. [1]
404. In the process of industrial automatization, collaborative robots are becoming an increasingly important tool in a wide range of industries. The robot assists humans in strenuous and repetitive tasks, in order to increase the productivity and well-being of the worker. The concept presented in this paper focuses on a flexible assistance function of a robot for multiple workstations simultaneously and incorporates different human-machine-interaction approaches. Therefore, an assembly table (Figure 2) with the possibility to study different concepts for one robot at the same time is designed and constructed. Aspects like ergonomics and safety are considered in the design. Additionally, a standardized data format that enables users and developers to control the robot through peripheral devices is created. As an example, gesture and voice control are discussed and evaluated. [1]
405. In the presented paper the determination of the design rainfall duration for which the outflow from the urban catchment reaches maximum intensity and the evaluation of the relation between determined design rainfall duration and selected catchment characteristics were discussed. The analysis based on the outflow simulation results in SWMM5 obtained for eight existing urban catchment located in Bydgoszcz (Poland) with area ca. 35-280 ha. The calculations were made for the Euler hyetographs with the rainfall durations from 15 min to 360 min and the rainfall frequency of occurrence c = 2 years. For each catchment the relations between the catchment characteristics (total area, impervious area, length of the flow path and the longest flow time through the sewers) and the rainfall duration were determined. It was shown, that the design rainfall duration, represented by the Euler hyetograph, should be at least three times longer than the flow time through the catchment. [1]
406. In the present work, the optimal balancing of the planar six-bar mechanism is investigated to minimize the fluctuations of shaking force and shaking moment. An optimization problem is formulated for balancing the planar six-bar mechanism by developing an objective function. The genetic algorithm and MINITAB software were used to solve the optimization problem. The selection of weighting factors has a crucial role to obtain the optimum values of design parameters. Two sets of weighting factors were considered as per the contribution of X and Y components of the shaking force and shaking moments. Shaking force and shaking moments were minimized drastically and were compared with the original values. [1]
407. In the present work optimization of cutting parameters are performed while hard turning of AISI 52100 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Experiments are planned and conducted based on Center Composite Rotatable Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Method (RSM). Cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius and negative rake angle are considered as input parameters. In this study machining force (F) and surface roughness (Ra) are measured during the experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is deployed to determine the influence of process parameters. Obtained optimal parameters are speed 200 rpm, feed 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.8 mm, nose radius 1.2 mm and negative rake angle 45º. [1]
408. In the present paper, an attempt was made to model the periodic hydrodynamic instabilities of the condensation process of a refrigerant in pipe minichannels. For this purpose, a homogenous thermodynamic model with an equilibrium condition on both sides was used, which was based on the equations of the balance of the mass, momentum and energy. These equations were used for numerical modeling of flow disturbances with a phase change. This model takes into account the complexity of multiphase flows. The accuracy of the model calculations was verified by means of the experimental results obtained. A satisfactory compliance was found for this comparison, which confirms the usefulness of the computational model proposed for the determination of the influence of periodically generated hydrodynamic disturbances on the condensation process of R134a and R404A refrigerants in pipe minichannels. [1]
409. In the paper, the experimental investigations related with longitudinal turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy (Grade 23) typically used in aeronautics industry have been presented. The main goal was to determinate the influence of chances a selected cutting parameters (vc and f) for total cutting force Fc and its components. In this case the analysis of components of cutting force Fcmeasured during workshop experimental investigations was carried out. Next, the measured values were compared with the values calculated on the basis of formulas available in the literature. This allowed to state that universal theoretical formulas can also be used to determine the components of the total cutting force F in the longitudinal turning process of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. [1]
410. In the paper, the experimental investigations on hobbing cutting of the gears with the use of cooling fluids with minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) has been presented. The experiments were prepared during milling of 42CrMo4 alloy steel at of 32 ± 2 HRC hardness using high speed steel HS6-5-2 hobs without coating. Gears have been generated made in one single pass, to the full depth of the cut. As a cooling fluid in the MQL method, the vegetable oil and synthetic mineral oil MICRO 3000 was used. During the experiment, the size of the clamping was measured on the worm blade application surface, thus determining the direct VBC wear indicator and the Fc cutting force value was recorded. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the type of used oil with MQL on the wear of the tool was assessed. The carried out analysis revealed that the use of vegetable oil in the field of assessed conditions gave better results than dry milling. [1]
411. In the paper, characteristics of porous coatings enriched in copper on pure Titanium and its alloys (NiTi, Ti6Al4V, TNZ, Ti2448) as well as on niobium obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) in electrolyte containing H3PO4 within Cu(NO3)2, are presented. All obtained surfaces of PEO coatings have different shapes and diameters of pores. The binding energies of main peaks for titanium Ti2p3/2, niobium Nb3d5/2, zirconium Zr3d5/2, phosphorus (P2p) and oxygen (O1s) suggest the presence of titanium Ti4+, niobium Nb5+ and zirconium Zrx+ (x≤2) as well as PO43–. [1]
412. In the paper there is presented an evaluation of variability of surface water quality (reservoirs and watercourses), on the area of degraded post-mining area in Bytom. The physicochemical analysis of water and compared with archival data obtained in 2009 and 2014. There were done analysis of following parameters: reaction, total content of substances dissolved in water, water hardness and the content of: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4- ions as well as Fe and Mn. The examined surface waters were characterised by high content of solutes. Anions were dominated by chlorides, the sodium proved to be the dominating cation, the examined water samples were characterised by high concentration of sulphates. In all analyzed reservoirs, permissible concentrations of chlorides and sulphates were exceeded. In all sample points there was observed a decrease of pH value in long term period, the concentration of chlorides lowered, however concentrations of sulphates increased in the majority of sampling points. [1]
413. In the face of the current climate change, the increasing incidence of extreme weather events, prolonged periods of drought and water scarcity, attention should be paid to rational water management with particular emphasis on rainwater. Excessive development and sealing of urban catchments result in a faster outflow of water to the sewage system, which prevents it from reaching the soil and plants. This situation intensifies the drought effect and contributes to the occurrence of urban floods. In order to mitigate the negative impact of this process, solutions allowing for rainwater harvesting should be implemented. A wide variety of systems are currently available on the market to harvest and reuse rainwater. In the publication, the authors analysed four solutions: a green roof, drainage boxes, an underground storage tank, and an infiltration basin. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to select the best rainwater harvesting system, which is one of the methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making. The analyses considered two different variants in terms of land use: a detached house located in the suburbs of a large agglomeration and a block of flats placed in the city center. According to the analysis and the assumed factors, in both cases, the best solution was to use an underground storage tank. This system proved to be the most advantageous due to the possibility of reuse of water, low construction costs, and ease of exploitation. [1]
414. In the context of the investigations of multiphase flows, e.g. in cooperation with the local brewery, the convective transport phenomena during the fermentation are investigated. Due to the strong turbidity of the medium, the measurement of velocity profiles is complicated. The difficulties of an investigation with a biological fermentation fluid are the many complex interactions between the different three phases (solid, gas, fluid). Furthermore, natural convection processes are superimposed by rising gas bubbles and the high turbidity of the fluid only allow an acoustic velocity measurement. In previous investigation, ultrasonic transducers are used for the non-contact determination of velocity fields in fluids. The results of these past projects show that the measurement signals of the ultrasonic transducers used can be influenced by many factors. In order to verify the results of the transducers and to investigate the existing uncertainties, a flow configuration with a relatively stable reproducible flow pattern is required. In this study, a calibration system for ultrasonic transducers is developed, manufactured and validated by means of optical measurement technology such as the LDA. Finally, a measurement using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry in a model fluid will be compared with an optical measurement technique. [1]
415. In the context of investigations of real multiphase flows, the university has its own 350 litre fermentation tank with comprehensive acoustic flow and temperature measurement technology for the systematically investigation, of the influence of the fermentation activity, distribution of yeast and occurring convection phenomena. Due to the many problems with the optical (e.g. PIV) and acoustic (e.g. UDV) measurement in a real fermenting fluid the numerical simulation was already used in earlier publications. To validate the numerical models, extensive experimental investigations were carried out which show that the flow in the fermenter is caused only by the reaction products of the yeast and the cooling panels and controls the yeast distribution. In this paper, both the numerical (CFD) and the experimental investigations serve as a starting point to influence the yeast distribution. The described convection flow can only temporarily guarantee the uniform distribution of the yeast in the fermenter until the sedimentation of the yeast at the tank bottom (bottom-fermenting yeast) finally begins. [1]
416. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics has been increasingly used in the development of various types of rotating machines. In the case of water turbines and pumps, a large number of researches have been published recently, related to the use of different numerical methods for prediction of efficiency, cavitation characteristics and different dynamic phenomena. For basic analysis an accurate result near the optimal operating regime is sufficient, but for detailed analysis the numerical analyses in the wider field of operating conditions are necessary. Thus, we encounter some otherwise known physical phenomena that occur in the part load and full load regime. In these areas, due to the nature of the flow, various non-stationary phenomena occur that are dominant for such operating regimes. In this paper, the problems that arises if we consider only stationary results and some recommendations to avoid later problems in the operation of centrifugal pumps are presented. [1]
417. In our earlier papers a hybrid adsorption-compression refrigeration cycle was presented. The hybrid, two stages cycle is based only on the natural refrigerants: water and carbon dioxide. The main advantage of the hybrid cycle is that the carbon dioxide compression cycle is subcritical because during the year-round operation it is possible to maintain the condensing temperature below 20 oC. During the hot season, this is achieved by adsorption cooling, during cold seasons the wet cooling tower is sufficient. Already several years of experience, allowed to gather a considerable amount of measurement data. The refrigeration system is working in our laboratory constantly since 2013. In 2015 the adsorption system was upgraded by the manufacturer. In 2017 frequency inverter for wet tower fan controlling was introduced. The refrigeration chamber was used for tests with different content and operation of the refrigeration chamber (loading and unloading). The assumed CO2 evaporating temperature was -35 oC. The averaged for HT(High Temperature) part of the cascade (adsorption cycle only) COPHT=0.51 for the whole year 2018. This may be considered a very good performance. [1]
418. In order to reduce ventilation heat loss and improve energy efficiency of low-energy buildings air-handling units (AHUs) with heat recovery are used. The article presents results of surveys performed in a passive building located in Katowice concerning the temperature efficiency of heat and cold recovery of two selected AHUs, with different heat exchangers. For this purpose the measurement data from the Building Management System (BMS) for the period 1.08.2015-31.07.2016 were used. The first unit was equipped with a rotary heat exchanger. Its average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery was 47.2% annually. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 52.9% on average for the warm half year. The second unit had a cross-flow exchanger. The average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery in this device was 80.1%. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 57.2% on average for the warm half year. Additional remarks concerning the temperature measurement in analysed units were also given. [1]
419. In order to explore methods for comprehensive assessment of the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sewage sludge from China's industrial parks, we studied the wastewater treatment plant of Nanjing MV Industrial Park as an example. Eight common heavy metals in sewage sludge – Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) were studied. The treatment effect of these containments was comprehensively assessed using the absolute niche fitness model, the relative niche model and the spatial niche fitness model. All three models showed that Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg > Cd > Cr > Zn > As in the samples. But they produced – different numerical values – the absolute niche suitability model < the spatial niche suitability model < the relative niche suitability model. Therefore, we concluded that special attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk of As and Cr heavy metals to the personnel who exposed to the sewage sludge. [1]
420. In modern realities, there is no unified methodology for the economic assessment of geological exploration in subsoil use. The main research question of this study was to develop a methodology for the new economic model formation for assessing geological exploration in the subsoil use for the mineral resource base rational use. The new methodology can facilitate the assessment of subsoil users of hydrocarbon reserves and resources and government bodies when putting resources and reserves on the balance sheet. In the course of the study, modeling, observation, description, and analysis methods were used. The result of the study was a new economic model for evaluating geological exploration in subsoil use. The main conclusions can be characterized by the optimization of the main indicators of the valuation of mineral raw materials. The basic principles for calculating discounted cash flow, discount rate, payback period and internal rate of return were developed. [1]
421. Improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is ensured by improving the thermal protection characteristics and the wider introduction of control tools. In order to take into account the influence of individualisation of operating conditions, the study of the regulation of heating distribution of a single-pipe system with bypassed heating devices of a 5-storey typical for Ukraine mass building of the 80s after thermos-modernisation for conditions in Kyiv and Warsaw (Poland) was carried out. On the basis of the simulation model created in the Mathcad software environment for design/rated and average climatic conditions, the influence of internal heat flows into adjacent rooms on the distribution of energy consumption, changes in internal air temperature under the influence of local changes in the heating device flow coefficients were studied. The developed approaches, and the results obtained on the influence of local regulation of devices of vertical single-pipe heating systems can be used to clarify the distribution of energy consumption for heating between individual zones of apartment buildings. [1]
422. Hydrostatic parameters of a ship are very important in ship design. The importance of the parameters compared to one another need to be revealed in realm of uncertainty, so as to avoid design error. In view of this, a fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (Fuzzy-AHP) method is utilized in addressing the subject under investigation. The fuzzy logic is used to address uncertainty in pairwise comparison exercise, so as to facilitate the estimation of order of importance of hydrostatic parameters. In this research, the engineering judgements of three designers in analysis of importance of hydrostatic parameters are aggregated and processed using the Fuzzy-AHP methodology. The result produced in the study showed that hydrostatic parameters are importance in order of moments of inertia of vessels (MIV), mass displacement (MD), tons per centimeter immersion (TPCI), coefficients of form (CF), centers of buoyancy (CB), metacentric heights of vessels (MHV), ship waterplane area (SWA), longitudinal center of floatation (LCF), volume displacement (VD) and wetted surface area (WSA) with weight values of 0.218, 0.095, 0.078, 0.083, 0.074, 0.1, 0.46, 0.108, 0.209 and 0.028 respectively. [1]
423. Hydrometeorological variables are tested by trend methods to be able to detect trends in river basins. Mann-Kendall, Spearman’s rho tests are widely used as traditional trend methods. Besides that, some new trend tests are applied to hydrometeorological variables as Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Sediment discharge observations are more difficult than other hydrometeorological variables. In general, sediment data are observed in monthly time scale. Therefore, there are very limited studies on sediment data, especially in Turkey. In this study, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann-Kendall trend analyses are applied to sediment discharges in Turkish river basins. According to Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann Kendall results, positive trends have detected only 8, 2 and 20 gauging stations, respectively. Then, 30 positive and 15 negative trends by ITA methodology. The trend slopes calculated from ITA methodology are categorized because some positive and negative of trends are weak. The applied trend methods are evaluated together considering climate properties of hydrological regions in Turkey. Increasing trends on sediment data are detected from the rivers from Mediterranean region of Turkey. The results of the study would help to manage water resources as well as sustainable development in the Turkish river basins. [1]
424. Hydro energy still occupies an important place among renewable energy sources. In special operating conditions, Pelton turbines are irreplaceable and can be used for extremely small hydropower plants and also large hydro power plants. Pelton turbines can operate with high head and relatively small flow rates. In many cases, the height differences of the water are very large. Sometimes it is necessary to stop the operation of the turbine very quickly and the consequences of water hammer can be very severe. The responsible part to minimize the consequences of this phenomena is jet deflector, which can be in two different technical designs. The steps for 3-D geometry definition, pre-processing and post-processing, flow modelling and FEM analysis are presented. In the paper is presented the new optimized design of push-out jet deflector shape. Optimization consider 3-D CFD analysis of free surface flow and stress analysis. The main goal of the research was to minimize the influence of all force components on the torque of deflector servomotor. The final results present the geometry of the deflector, with a significant reduction in the stresses and deformations. These have been achieved with a crucial reduction in the hydrodynamic force and torque. [1]
425. Hydraulic satellite machines are known and produced in many versions, recognizable by the number of humps on their inner rotor and external gear, and therefore by the number of cooperating gears (satellites). All known shapes were however designed on the base of preliminary assumption that rotor’s and external gear’s pitch lines are formed by merging arcs, tangent to each other in the. This assumption makes calculations easier, but the curvature radius of the pitch lines changes instantly in their merging points. Tests made in the Department of Hydraulics and Pneumatics of the Gdańsk University of Technology proved that satellite motors may work also as a pump. All known shapes were however designed for motor work - mainly for low-speed, high-torque motors. Sudden changes of the pitch line’s curvature strongly affect velocity and acceleration of pump’s moving parts and forces between them. Because of that, in the pump mode fast wear of teeth in the points of small curvature radius is visible. The obvious effect is reduced durability and high noise emission. To eliminate all those problems the new mechanism, designed for the pump is necessary. [1]
426. Hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems are currently performed using computer programs. In addition to the basic calculation procedure, modules responsible for evaluating the obtained calculation results are introduced more and more often into the programs. This article presents the results of research on artificial neural networks with a radial base function (RBF) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), aimed at determining whether they can be used to model the relationship between the variables describing the computational section of the water distribution system and the diameter of the water pipe. The classification capabilities of the RBF and MLP networks were analyzed according to the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the network. A comparative analysis of RBF networks with multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks was performed. The results showed that the MLP networks have much better classification properties and are better suited for the task of assessing the selected diameters of the water pipes. [1]
427. Human activity has been impacting the environment for thousands of years. Progressing environmental pollution caused by human economic activity is associated with an increase in the concentration of trace elements and the formation of an excess of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have always been present in the environment, but the development of civilisation and technology has resulted in their increase. PAHs easily penetrate plants, animals and the human body, which makes them a serious threat to human health and agriculture. Reducing the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil is possible by introducing a microbiological preparation in the form of Effective Microorganisms (EM) into the soil. Some strains of microorganisms in EM can decompose chemical compounds, including PAHs. Through biodegradation, EM transforms harmful substances into less toxic forms. EM stimulates the activity of soil microflora, which naturally participates in the decomposition processes of organic substances, which contributes to improving soil quality and environmental protection. The following work presents the results of own research on analysing the impact of Effective Microorganisms on changes in the content of PAHs in the soil. It was observed that 75% of test samples in the form of soils after wheat cultivation in which EM was added had lower contents of 3,4,5-ring PAHs than their control samples. The work aims to analyse the potential of EM as a preparation that supports the natural capabilities of the ecosystem to reduce the amount of pollutants in the form of PAHs in the soil. [1]
428. Human activities such as transport contribute to the environmental degradation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the level of contamination of soils, from different districts of big cities of central Europe, with heavy metals: zinc, lead, and nickel. The samples were taken from the top, sodded soil layer. Each single sample weigh was about 1 kg taken from 1 m2 measuring station. Soil samples were dried at room temperature. The airborne dry soil was thoroughly mixed and sieved through a 1 mm nylon sieve. The study included analysis of which type of metals is washed out under the influence of abiotic factors (bioavailable forms) and demonstrating how spatial development affects the accumulation of selected heavy metals in the soil. The results indicated that heavy metals emitted to the ground layer of the atmosphere accumulate in the immediate vicinity of communication routes. Moreover, based on the analysis of interrelationships of zinc, lead, and nickel concentrations, it has been shown that there is a common source of their emission to soil. Furthermore, the thesis that the concentration of metals was dependent on the soil reaction was not confirmed. [1]
429. High-quality products include those with better surface quality and texture, close dimensional tolerances and form accuracies at precise level, increase fatigue life and burr-free. Burr formation is one of the most common inevitable facts occurring in all material removal processes, reduces assembly and machined part quality. But, burr formation during milling is a more complex mechanism compare to remaining machining burrs and leads to numerous difficulties during the deburring process. To prevent this, one should optimize the combination of cutting parameters during machining itself. In order to build up a link between quality and productivity and to attain the same in the cost-effective way, the present work concentrate on multi objective optimization of CNC end milling process parameters. Multiple performance characteristics with respect to surface quality and performance index like assembly work have been put up, to assess an equivalent single quality index (called grey relational grade) has been optimized finally by Grey based Taguchi method. After that priority weight of individual quality and performance attributes has been estimated by entropy measurement technique on the basis of relative significance and check the feasibility of the proposed technique has been demonstrated in this context. [1]
430. Heat pumps are known as zero-emission heating and cooling devices at the point of energy production. In order to exploit their advantages, they are combined with low-temperature heating systems. Using the example of a residential building, in five climatic zones in Poland and one in Ukraine, systems analyses were carried out, in which heat into rooms is supplied by two different ways: low-temperature radiators and thermally active ceilings. The energy demand for heating, cooling and domestic hot water preparation was calculated. The seasonal coefficient of performance of the ground source heat pump was estimated to compare the systems. The results of the analysis confirmed that thermo active ceiling (with flow temperature of 35°C) ensures a lower final energy demand when it works throughout the year in the heating and natural cooling mode compared to the low-temperature radiators (with flow temperature of 45°C) which facilitates only the heating mode in the heating season. Performance analysis demonstrated differences in final electric energy demand from 8% in the I climatic zone to 9% in the V climatic zone in Poland, and 10% in Ukraine. [1]
431. Heat pumps are an ideal solution for use in newly built passive and energy-plus buildings. One of the many problems present in such construction is the choice of the operational parameters of the lower heat source and the selection of a ground regeneration system which would enable effective regeneration in a short period of time and at a minimal cost. This article presents the heat analysis of the ground from which heat is obtained for heating purposes. The author also analyses ground heating, as the heat is delivered to it via regeneration systems. [1]
432. Heat demand calculation procedures for buildings are currently being conducted based on the Polish Standard grounded on the European Standard for heat losses methodology. Poland was divided into several climatic zones with given calculations and annual average external air temperature values. In each zone, the technical committee gives the temperature that must be considered. The data included in the Polish Standard preparation concern several years backwards. However, throughout the previous years, we have observed the tendency of the temperature to increase throughout the year, not only in Poland. The phenomenon provides scientists with the conclusion that the temperatures will continue to increase yearly. The low temperatures in the winter season will no longer occur. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the possibility of lowering the heat demand calculation, including the actual prevailing temperature values. The study was conducted regarding possible economic benefits for the building users due to the lower temperature difference between the internal and external temperatures. Three types of heating systems were analysed. The calculations were conducted for air to water heat pump, pellet boiler and gas condensing boiler, proving that regarding the actual meteorological data, the average annual cost reduction will be in the range of 858 PLN to 1,035 PLN. [1]
433. HW 12/295, HW 12/296, KOL 242/63, IPMS KOL 242/7, KOL 242/7, IPMS KOL 242/55, IPMS A XII 36, WO 315/18, IPMS KOL 242/49, KOL 242/55, KOL 242/69, IPMS KOL 242/69, KOL 242/54, A XII 24/63, K 242/92, KOL 242/92, KOL 242/16, IPMS KOL 242/48, KOL 242/37, IPMS KOL 242/69, FO 371/24381, CAB.120.746, HS 4/322, HW 14/15, HS.4.280, HS 4/142, WO 208/3437, HS.8.766, HS.1.3410, KOL 133-134, KOL 134, AVIIIa 1/29, KOL III/2, A VIII 31/2, HS 8/895, FO 372/6325, KOL III/I, KOL III/5, A VIII 7/2, A VIII 7/1 [1]
434. Growing ecological awareness in society and legal regulations aimed at reducing the negative impact of used products on the environment means that waste management begins to play a significant role in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research towards the organization and implementation of waste management. It has been noticed that an important link in the economy is the recycling of used products. Thus, numerous studies are undertaken in the direction of organization, improvement, automation and computerization of the product and material recycling process. The article presents the results of literature research in terms of the implementation of the end-of-life vehicle recycling process. [1]
435. Grinding is usually the last stage of the technological process and determines the quality of manufactured products. One of the varieties of grinding more and more often used in practice is deep grinding which is called Creep-Feed Grinding. It is characterized by a high value of grinding infeed and slow feed. Technological parameters such as the depth of grinding and the speed of feed have a significant impact on the quality of the workpiece. However, also the grinding speed has an influence on the grinding process and the result of machining. Therefore, experimental studies on the impact of grinding speed on the surface roughness and grinding force components were carried out. The tests were realized in the deep-grinding grinding process of Inconel 718 with a grinding wheel made of mixture of sintered alumina and ruby corundum. [1]
436. Gravitational waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of gravitational waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of gravitational waves, propagation of gravitational waves, its effect on objects on earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faceses massive limitations. Detection of gravitational waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history. [1]
437. Gravitational filtration is a process of solid and liquid phase separation. Wastewater suspension conveyed to a porous bed makes a single-phase solution or is a mixture of solid impurities contained in liquid phase. Stopping of such impurities is based on mechanical action of a filtration bed mostly through wedging of the solid phase in its pores. However, the relationship between size of the solid phase fraction contained in wastewater and size of grains of the filtration bed is important because it determines the type of the process as gravitational filtration may proceed, among other things, on a porous bed, in the very porous bed, simultaneously on and in the porous bed, in the porous bed with a colmatation barrier and accumulated sediment layer etc. Gravitational filtration process is a complex phenomenon and to provide possibly accurate characteristic of such process it is necessary to perform experiments within possibly broad range of parameters variability. Mathematical description of the gravitational filtration process requires determination of values of a number of parameters. This pertains to the presentation of the filtration barrier through determination (based on the grain size analysis) of sizes of characteristic diameters as well as the characteristic of medium flow through the filtration bed computing e.g. filtration or permeability coefficient values. The filtration coefficient is a feature specific for given bed and it depends on its porosity, grain size and flowing medium temperature. In this paper an interesting combination of a direct laboratory method and computational indirect method based on Slichter’s analytical and empirical mathematical formula in order to determine variations in filtration bed porosity values has been presented using FILTRA application. [1]
438. Global trends in the efficiency, safety of energy systems and energy conservation actualize the task of developing new technologies for energy storage and transportation. The article considers current technologies of storage and accumulation of thermal energy, which can be used in central heating systems, and draws conclusions about the feasibility of their use. Also, the classification of energy storage systems is presented. The most perspective thermal energy storage, which can be used to equalize the load on the energy source to ensure the peak demand for heat with a high coefficient of utilization of the equipment capacity, is noted. [1]
439. Fuel injector nozzle is important part of fuel injection system which plays dominant role in spray formation which directly and indirectly affects on combustion efficiency of diesel engine. The performance of the internal flow of the fuel injector nozzle is impeded by several factors. Cavitation is one of the factor which affects fluid flow. It is associated with local pressure distribution inside nozzle. Therefore cavitation plays major role while designing injector nozzle.In the present study, analysis of existing six hole mini-sac diesel injector nozzle is carried out using commercial CFD package. The main objective of research is to design of nozzle to avoid cavitation and to find out contribution of different parameters through parametric study. The results are predicted and compared with both test result and analytical result at steady state conditions for different needle lift., the better the results. [1]
440. From ancient days to till today manufacturing industries, especially making of holes on the parts during drilling process for precision assembling of parts facing problems with burr formation. Drilling operation is one of the finishing operation in the production cycle, removing of burrs during drilling process is a time consuming and non-value added process to the manufacturing sector. So reducing the size of burrs is the main aim of the present study. In the present work, optimization of burr size is considered during drilling of aluminium 7075 alloy. From Grey relational grades of responses selected optimal combination of parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses with a corresponding higher grey relational grade. For identifying the most significant input parameters that influence the output responses ANOVA is conducted. Finally, observations reveals that feed rate, point and clearance angles are the most influential factors on burr size and also experimental results divulge that the lower the thrust force causes to decrease the burr height. The proposed approach is helpful to the budding entrepreneurs in the related areas to select optimal combination of drilling parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses especially in burr size to prevent the post finishing operations. [1]
441. Friction drilling as a non-chip drilling method require a special formed tool. This tool can be combined with conventional drilling machines as well as milling machines, also CNC ones. The choice depends only on the factors related to production volumes. Tool must have high durability properties to reach proper efficiency level. This means the number of boreholes that can be formed while maintaining the shape and structure of the surface within the dimensions tolerances limits. High temperature in process also cause a high durability properties. These article presents a review of apossible solutions on tools mounting devices and tools functionality used in friction drilling process. [1]
442. For several years, in the world are carried out studies on the refrigerants condensation in minichannels. These studies are aimed at understanding the condensation process and facilitate the design of mini heat exchangers. It is very important to optimize heat transfer and drive power consumption of the is the knowledge of the processes occurring during refrigerants condensation in pipe minichannels. It is important in this case to make a individual flow structures maps for the refrigerants, due to the significant effect of flow structured formed in the minichannel on the heat transfer and flow resistance. Unfortunately, in relation to the number of publications about condensation in minichannels, the number of published flow maps is relatively small. Due to the fact that the condensation process takes place differently in the minichannels and conventional channels, there is no possibility of using the flow maps for conventional channels to identification flow patterns in minichannels. One of the most popular flow maps for the condensation in minichannels is the map created by Colleman and Garimella, which was made for the R134a refrigerant. The authors conducted their own experimental studies of refrigerants R134a, R404A and R407C condensation in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d = 3.3 - 0.31 mm. These studies results were subjected to calculation identification of flow structures using the map of Colleman and Garimella. These results are compared with the criteria published on Thome and Cavallini flow maps. [1]
443. For long time Germany had many atomic power plants and was important exporter of this nuclear technologies, but right now german government decided to close all their reactors upto 2020. In this presentation we will try to answer for one important question. “Why?”, and second one “is it a good idea?”. We will try to find out answer for first question and later prove that withdrawing from nuclear energetics is one of the greater mistakes that developed countries are making right now, and please take into consideration that despite the fact i always believed that right now atomic energy is second to none of what we have right now i carried my research with open mind looking for answers forcing myself to not be biased about subject. Right now I believe in what i believed before, but the change is that now this is not “i think so”, but “i know that”. [1]
444. Flood prevention has become one of the most important priorities of public safety and risk mitigation in Poland. The study presents an evaluation of the actions implemented in 16 voivodships of Poland in the field of flood prevention and water retention. Voivodships correspond to individual regions of the country. The analysis covering the period of 2003-2018 was carried out on the basis of data obtained mainly from Local Data Bank. A set of indicators, divided into infrastructural and economic ones were applied. The assessment of technical measures covered two basic types of hydro engineering facilities: flood embankments and retention reservoirs. The economic indicators illustrate the expenditures incurred on the implementation of technical means of flood prevention. The obtained results provide means to categorise the voivodships into subsets. Units similar in terms of the carried out water management were assigned to 4 types. Voividships similar in terms of the expenditures designated to the implementation of water management tasks were divided into 4 groups. Taking into account the dynamics of the investments and financial outlays on water management measures related to the existing flood risk assessment, the situation is satisfactory in 4 voivodships, but insufficient or unsatisfactory in 7 of them. The obtained results show that in order to achieve the flood prevention levels required in the studied regions additional actions are necessary, including but not limited to technical measures. [1]
445. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a key risk management tool used in detecting and eradicating potential failure for the purpose of improving the reliability and safety of a system. However, the traditional FMEA in spite of its popularity has inadequacies that have hindered the effectiveness of the tool in analysing risk of failure modes. Due to the shortcomings of the technique, different improved versions have been suggested in the literature in order for risk to be analysed more effectively but majority of these versions are computationally challenging. In this paper, a simple approach is introduced for improving the risk analysis capability of the FMEA. The approach utilizes Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) as an alternative to RPN of FMEA in analyzing risk of failure. A case study of the turbocharger system of a diesel engine is applied to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. The result obtained from the EDAS method were compared with approaches in the literature previously used to address risk analysis of a turbocharger. The result of the analysis indicated that the EDAS method is a feasible alternative technique for risk analysis. [1]
446. Estimating the amount of suspended sediment in rivers correctly is important due to the adverse impacts encountered during the design and maintenance of hydraulic structures such as dams, regulators, water channels and bridges. The sediment concentration and discharge currents have usually complex relationship, especially on long term scales, which can lead to high uncertainties in load estimates for certain components. In this paper, with several data-driven methods, including two types of perceptron support vector machines with radial basis function kernel (SVM-RBF), and poly kernel learning algorithms (SVM-PK), Library SVM (LibSVM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy (NF) and statistical approaches such as sediment rating curves (SRC), multi linear regression (MLR) are used for forecasting daily suspended sediment concentration from daily temperature of water and streamflow in the river. Daily data are measured at Augusta station by the US Geological Survey. 15 different input combinations (1 to 15) were used for SVM-PK, SVM-RBF, LibSVM, NF and MLR model studies. All approaches are compared to each other according to three statistical criteria; mean absolute errors (MAE), root mean square errors (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Of the applied linear and nonlinear methods, LibSVM and NF have good results, but LibSVM generates a slightly better fit under whole daily sediment values. [1]
447. Environmental protection as rational shaping of the environment, management of environmental resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, counteracting pollution, is integrally related to the urban area. It is in the cities, which are the living environment for half of the world's population, that most activities and initiatives aimed at environmental protection are undertaken. An important action is to reduce the impact of urban transport on the environment. In particular, increased road traffic in urban areas is a constant increase in pollutants introduced into the environment in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, harmful to people, the environment and spatial structures. One of such negative impacts of transport is the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. In the process of limiting it, actions are taken in the area of shaping urban transport systems and mobility of city residents. For the purpose of identifying individual processes that are components of these activities, literature research was carried out, the results of which are presented in the article. [1]
448. Environmental concern and awareness have led to the development of different sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental impact of waste plastics. A brief literature review was conducted to evaluate recent challenges and emerging ideas on this topic. The two most noticeable approaches identified here are the introduction of biodegradable polymers as replacements for conventional plastics and recycling post-consumer waste plastics. The sustainable approach protects the environment, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. [1]
449. Ensuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into 3 parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor. [1]
450. Eni oilfield has been experiencing production decline with increase in water output. The implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can help to extract some percentages of the original oil in place (OOIP). EOR methods are capital intensive and few are environmental hazardous. In a bid to address these issues, this paper discusses on an alternate economically viable enhanced oil recovery technique which has the potential to curb the challenges of other conventional EOR methods.This work suggested a 3 stage approach of applying microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) method for oil recovery in Eni field. The reservoir characteristics in Eni field were studied, the average porosity value of the reservoirs is between 0.238 and 0.241.The reservoir characteristics and parameters were found suitable for the application of MEOR technique for effective oil drainage from the delineated reservoir compartments. Microbial flooding was found to be matured in reservoirs with temperature less than 200 F, brine salinity not more than 100,000 ppm, water depth not more than 3500m and permeability should be above 30 (Md). It was recommended that MEOR approach should be applied in Eni Oilfield for increment of oil production and reduction in water cut due to its efficiency and economic viability. [1]
451. Energy is the most important part for community and financial growth of any country. Energy planning models play a vital role in strategy formulation and power sector progress. In this paper a systematic review and comparison of energy planning models developed and applied from 1977-2019 has been presented. The review indicates that most of the energy planning models has been presented and applied in developed nations. Only few numbers of energy planning models have been presented and applied in under developing countries. The review also shows the comparison of energy planning models applied in developed and under-developed countries. This review article will assistance the energy managers, scholars and strategy makers broadly. [1]
452. Energy is an important factor for the social and economic development of communities. The energy performance of insulation systems is an important factor in today's increasing consumption of energy. Insulation in hot water pipelines is done to reduce heat losses caused by building elements. In this study, optimum insulation thickness, annual costs, energy saving and repayment times were evaluated in district heating systems. The evaluations were made for various pipe sizes, various fuel types and various insulation materials considering the heating loads of the regions. In addition, the formulas used for the heat loss and insulation economy are given in the study. As a result, the choice of an optimum insulation thickness in pipelines of district heating systems provides economic and environmental advantages. [1]
453. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 is aiming to restore 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers across Europe. The important issue is which barriers should be prioritised for removal. In this study a set of socio-economic and environmental criteria was chosen to rank the dams on salmonid rivers in Lithuania and recommend them for removal. As these criteria usual contradict themselves the multi-criteria decision analysis tool was utilized. The results showed that the Anykščiai dam on the river Šventoji can be recommended to be removed first. The removal can significantly increase the salmonid population in the river Šventoji over significant stretch of the river. Also, this dam is in the protected area and is not listed as national heritage and does not have hydropower plant on it. Although, this study showed that dams with hydropower plants can also be recommended for removal. [1]
454. Dysertacja zawiera autorską koncepcję metody proaktywno-reaktywnego planowania misji floty BSP. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania odpornych na wybrane zakłócenia misji floty BSP. W szczególności opracowano referencyjny model planowania misji floty BSP odpornej na trzy rodzaje zakłóceń: zmiana warunków pogodowych, wprowadzenie nowych odbiorców do sieci transportowej, jak również zmiana terminów dostaw. Podstawowym elementem opracowanego modelu jest autorska miara odporności misji BSP, wyrażona funkcją odporności, której wartość określa granicę (maksymalna prędkość wiatru) realizowalności wyznaczonej misji. [1]
455. During machining process cutting fluids are used to minimize the heat that is developed between tool, work piece and the chip. Heat absorption capacity of any cutting fluid used is measured by specific heat. Higher the specific heat better will the heat absorption capacity. This paper discusses the experimental procedure used to measure the specific heat of Neem oil, Honge (Karanja), Sunflower oil and Petroleum based oil (Hydro 68). This experiment is a function of temperature with respect to time. This method is validated by measuring the specific heat of distilled water, since the standard specific heat value of distilled water is known. The results show that Specific Heat of Neem Oil is good compared to Honge and sunflower Oil, but less compared to Petroleum oil (Hydro 68) which is used as cutting fluid for drilling operation in Industries after mixing with water. [1]
456. Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics. [1]
457. Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC. [1]
458. Damage to cargo in transport occurs as a result of improper securing of cargo, which causes not only material losses due to partial or complete damage to cargo, but may threaten the safety of participants in the distribution of cargo in the distribution chain. Dangers, difficulties and costs caused by human errors in packing and securing cargo in all modes of transport can be remedied and certainly significantly reduced. The best way to achieve this goal is to build the awareness of the great need for proper packaging and securing the cargo in a way that ensures the safety of all participants in the distribution chain among producers, distributors and carriers. The article discusses the problem of rational use of stretch film as the most frequently used method of securing loads. Author indicated necessity to develop methods and procedures for the proper protection of palletized loads with the use of stretch film to reduce the amount of stretch film used while ensuring proper load security, increase the safety and better protection to the environment of the planet and its natural resources. [1]
459. D/II/6, D/I//6, Kol.133/76, Kol. 133/75, Kol. 133/74, Kol. 133/90, Kol. 133/216, Kol. 603 59, Kol. 133/203 [1]
460. Cykl badań w ramach projektu pozwolił poznać wpływ parametrów procesu PVD nanoszenia twardych warstw typu TiCxN1-x na odporność na zużycie pokrytych narzędzi skrawających. Jednocześnie pozwolił na określenie przydatności badań tribologicznych prowadzonych na próbkach testowych w warunkach laboratoryjnych w celu prognozowania zachowań tych warstw na narzędziach w warunkach eksploatacyjnych. [1]
461. Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. [1]
462. Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production. [1]
463. Contemporary systems for removing flue gases and used air should be selected so that there is no risk of accumulation of hazardous and harmful substances in human health. We spend a large part of our lives in our apartments and even relatively low concentrations of harmful substances, that arise during the operation of gas appliances can pose a serious threat to health. The efficiency of air exchange, and thus the concentration of harmful substances in rooms, largely depends on many variables, whose interaction generates a large number of variants. The author of the article set themselves the task of examining the impact of weather conditions on the operation of flue gas exhaust systems and ventilation in rooms with gas appliances. [1]
464. Coalbed methane is extracted from the adsorbed state in coal seams with lower pressure & production rate. In previous studies, researchers only focused on the methods that were developed for making a relationship between the underground production rate & surface flow rate without any type of optimization procedure. In this study, the main purpose is to do a review on finding out of surface layout plan to optimize the maximum gas flow rate by developing an improved pipeline network. The more the optimization of the layout plan for designing pipeline network, the lower the amount of investment need to provide. Here, a mathematical model is proposed for the gas transportation based on the hydraulic & thermodynamic calculations of the pipeline network. Not only that, but also the filtration mechanism of depressurization & desorption for the gas flow through pipe section are evaluated here. After that, the pressure drop & pipeline efficiency are explored to find out the best design of pipeline network from the observed results. Finally, based on this study, many uncertainties can be reduced associated with the installation of pipeline network for gas transportation. [1]
465. Climate change, environmental degradation and the introduction of increasingly restrictive legal regulations mean that the automotive industry is facing tremendous challenges. The paper presents a computer tool that uses the results of tests carried out on a chassis dynamometer for a Fiat Panda 1.3 Multijet, to simulate driving tests. As a result of the work of a computer tool, the impact on CO2 emissions was analysed in the context of CADC - Artemis (Common Artemis Driving Cycles) road tests for the following fuels: diesel oil, FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), rapeseed oil and butanol. Mass consumption of fuels and CO2 emissions were analysed in driving tests for the vehicle in question. The highest mass consumption of fuel and carbon dioxide emissions occurred in the case of FAME (respectively 2.283 kg and 6.524 kg). [1]
466. Climate change has become a pitfall towards economic growth, sustainable development, and ecological balance, not different in Bangladesh. This study investigates the relationship between ecological footprint and globalization of Bangladesh in the 1980-2021. Results of Auto-regressive distributed lag mdel (ARDL) bound test confirms long-run relationship among carbon footprint, ecological footprint, globalization, and other control variables. Long-run and short elasticity confirm globalization, population density, energy consumption along political and economic globalization stimulates ecological footprint. On the other hand, economic growth is a culprit of ecological footprint. It reflects alternative signs with an ecological footprint. On carbon footprint, results are similar to ecological footprint except for energy consumption. As ecological footprint increases, people consume more energy in the short run while less energy in long run. Laws enforced in the last or previous decades regarding environmental issues need more strictness and acceptability to utilize energy through advanced technology and robust inflows from the foreign sector. [1]
467. Cement is the most widely used man-made material. The global cement industry produces about 3.3 billion tons of cement annually. A lot of energy is needed to produce cement. About 200 kg of coal is used to produce each ton of cement. The cement industry also produces about five percent of the world's greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, some cement producers have the potential to recover waste heat. The method studied in this research is based on heat recovery from boilers installed at the outlet of clinker cooler and preheater of cement factory. Due to the low temperature of the gases available, three different fluids, water, R123 and R245fa are considered as the operating fluid. Also, energy and exergy analysis is performed in a Rankin cycle and the selection of optimal parameters is considered by using genetic algorithm. By selecting the decision parameters in the optimization of the genetic algorithm such as pinch temperature, evaporator pressure and operating mass flow rate, the optimal values of exergy efficiency were obtained. [1]
468. Celem rozprawy jest określenie wpływu niestabilności o charakterze dynamicznym na proces przemiany fazowej skraplania w minikanałach rurowych dla nowych proekologicznych czynników chłodniczych przewidzianych, jako zamienniki dla dotychczas stosowanych czynników R134a i R404A. Badania eksperymentalne skraplania zrealizowano dla izomerów R1234yf i R1234ze traktowanych jako substytuty R134a oraz czynników R507 i R448A, jako zamienniki czynnika R404A. [1]
469. Celem pracy jest wykazanie, że warunki uplastyczniania polietylenu PE-LD w układzie ślimakowo - tarczowym eksperymentalnej wytłaczarki ślimakowo - tarczowej wpływają na porządkowanie łańcuchów polimerowych. Następnie określenie w jakim stopniu efekt porządkowania wpływa na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę mikroskopową wytłoczyn PE-LD uzyskanych w postaci pręta. Aby zrealizować cele badań przeprowadzono analizę obliczeniowo - symulacyjną, wytłaczanie tworzywa i pomiar właściwości mechanicznych i budowy strukturalnej [1]
470. Celem pracy jest opracowanie oraz optymalizacja nowych, wydajnych i tanich procedur izolacji oraz analizy ilościowej szerokiej gamy związków małocząsteczkowych, wykazujących właściwości modulatorów hormonalnych, głównie sterydów i ich naturalnych oraz syntetycznych pochodnych, wykorzystujących techniki ekstradycji do fazy stałej, mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej oraz zależnej od temperatury chromatografii inkluzyjnej. [1]
471. Celem pracy jest opracowanie modeli zużycia narzędzi ściernych w zmiennych warunkach procesu szlifowania, z wykorzystaniem probabilistycznego opisu zagadnienia oraz algorytmów symulacji zużycia ściernicy w procesie obwodowego szlifowania płaszczyzn. Matematyczne modele zużycia oparto na założeniu losowości obciążenia mechanicznego ziaren oraz wytrzymałości doraźnej i odporności na obciążenie sumaryczne w czasie pracy ziaren ściernych. [1]
472. Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu składu chemicznego, struktury oraz adhezji mikrotwardości wybranych twardych powłok na ich właściwości tribologiczne, zwłaszcza na wartość wskaźników zużycia powłoki oraz przeciwpróbki uzyskane w warunkach tarcia suchego. W pracy zastosowano dwie różne metody PVD wybranych rodzajów powłok o zbliżonym składzie chemicznym, strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych, oraz przeprowadzono badania tribologiczne w warunkach tarcia suchego dla różnych warunków pracy węzła trącego. [1]
473. Celem pracy jest analiza numeryczna ustrojów zabezpieczających konstrukcje budowlano-inżynierskie przed skutkami obciążeń nagłych powodujących szybkie zmiany deformacji. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zabezpieczenia konstrukcji tunelu podwodnego przed wybuchem. Dużo uwagi poświęcono modelowaniu konstytutywnemu stali i betonu, z których wykonywane są konstrukcje osłonowe. [1]
474. Celem pracy było wyjaśnienie zależności pomiędzy dokładnością wykonania frezów ślimakowych a przyrostem trwałości ich ostrzy po pokryciu twardą warstwą azotku tytanu.W analizie teoretycznej zagadnienia dokonano oceny wpływu dokładności wykonania freza ślimakowego na rozkład obciążenia ostrzy oraz opracowano metodę oceny zróżnicowania dokładności wykonania narzędzi wieloostrzowych wewnątrz jednej klasy dokładności.Aby zrealizować cel pracy, opracowano zmodyfikowaną metodę stałoprądowego reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego, pozwalającą wytwarzać twarde warstwy azotku tytanu o znacznie stabilniejszych właściwościach niż w innych metodach wytwarzania. [1]
475. Celem powstania tej pracy doktorskiej była ocena wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości i podatność kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych, zawierających w swoim składzie polietylen, polilaktyd oraz wióry drzewne, na degradację w środowisku wody morskiej. Do badań wybrane zostały dwa istotnie różniące się kompozyty polimerowo-drzewne. WPC1 zawierał: 70% polietylenu niskiej gęstości stanowiącego osnowę oraz 30% drobnych wiórów drzewnych, pełniących rolę napełniacza. WPC2 zawierał: 30% napełniacza drzewnego oraz 50% osnowy polietylenu niskiej gęstości i dodatek 20% poli(kwas mlekowego). WPC1 i WPC2 poddane zostały badaniom wytrzymałościowym, badaniom struktury oraz badaniom powierzchni. Próbki do badań degradacji umieszczone zostały na okres sześciu miesięcy w specjalnie do tego celu zbudowanych, komorach degradacyjnych a część próbek umieszczona została w komorze z dodatkowym oświetleniem UV w celu zbadania wpływu światła UVA i UVB na właściwości próbek. Zestaw wybranych próbek umieszczony został na narażonym na oddziaływanie naturalnego światła słonecznego oraz wody morskiej pokładzie promu kursującego po północno-zachodniej części morza bałtyckiego. Podstawowymi badaniami przeprowadzonymi na kompozytach były badania własności wytrzymałościowych (wytrzymałość podczas jednoosiowego rozciągania oraz badania udarności), ich celem było określenie zmian właściwości mechanicznych. Próbki poddane zostały także badaniom zmiany wewnętrznej struktury i chropowatości powierzchni oraz struktury geometrycznej powierzchni próbek w czasie degradacji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań przeprowadzono proces optymalizacji, aby określić parametry wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach. Pomiary realizowano zgodnie z opracowanym planem, w określonych odstępach czasowych. Próbki poddane zostały również oznaczeniu wodochłonności. Podczas każdego etapu badań wykonywano dokumentację fotograficzną (fotografie oraz zdjęcia mikroskopowe próbek). Po przeprowadzeniu analiz sporządzone zostały podsumowania. Całość zakończono wnioskami utylitarnymi i naukowymi. Złożony program badawczy umożliwił poszerzenie stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych i dodatku w ich składzie polilaktydu. Wnioski z analizy badań umożliwiają sterowanie procesem wytłaczania ślimakowotarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach, które mogą być wykorzystywane w infrastrukturze morskiej oraz na statkach i w portach. [1]
476. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu zastosowania uchwytu aktywnego, który wprowadza dodatkowy ruch obrotowy oraz wibracyjny na kształtowanie chropowatości powierzchni przedmiotu obrabianego. W pierwszej części pracy została omówiona charakterystyka procesu obróbki w wygładzarkach rotacyjno-kaskadowych oraz stosowane dotychczas rozwiązania uchwytów aktywnych. Kolejna część pracy opisuje kinematykę ruchu wsadu roboczego oraz jego energię w poszczególnych częściach komory roboczej wygładzarki rotacyjno-kaskadowej. Następnie przedstawiono projekt uchwytu aktywnego oraz jego realizację. W ostatniej części pracy zostały zaprezentowane badania potwierdzające skuteczność opracowanego urządzenia. Badania zostały podzielone na trzy części. W części pierwszej zbadano wpływ rodzaju ruchu przedmiotu obrabianego na efektywność obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego. Kolejna część obejmuje propozycję trzy etapowej obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego i przemieszczaniem przedmiotu obrabianego w kierunku promieniowym komory wygładzarki. W ostatniej części przedstawiono wpływ dziedzictwa technologicznego na końcowy efekt obróbki powierzchni. Na zakończenie przedstawiono podsumowanie i wnioski o charakterze poznawczym, utylitarnym oraz wyznaczające kierunki dalszych badań. [1]
477. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zjawisk podstawowych w strefie szlifowania ostrzy noży planarnych ściernicami z ziarnami regularnego azotku boru (cBN) w trzech odmianach kinematycznych (szlifowanie obwodem ściernicy, szlifowanie czołem ściernicy, szlifowanie stożkową powierzchnią czołową ściernicy) umożliwiająca wytypowanie warunków realizacji tego procesu zapewniających w efekcie wydłużenie okresu trwałości kształtowanych narzędzi w procesie skórowania ryb płaskich. Przeprowadzone badania eksploatacyjne dowiodły możliwości uzyskania około 18% wydłużenia okresu trwałości ostrzy co w warunkach zakładu przetwórstwa rybnego pozwala na uzyskanie efektu skali i wpływa korzystnie zarówno na zredukowanie kosztów narzędzi, jak i na ograniczenie czasu przestoju linii technologicznej, związanego z wymianą ostrzy w maszynie do skórowania. [1]
478. Cargo damage in drastic situations may threaten the safety of people participating in the further stages of the transport task in the distribution chain. Regardless of this, the damage also affects the unplanned extension of the delivery time or even prevents its further execution. The final and inevitable consequence is unplanned additional costs that will be charged to the shipper preparing the cargo for shipment. Additional costs will be incurred, both direct (materials for repackaging and load securing, fuel, tolls, insurance) and indirect costs (carbon footprint of the materials produced and fuel used by vehicles, increased traffic congestion, safety of road users). Their consequence will be an unnecessary increase in the pollution of the human natural environment. The article presents the classification of damage to palletized loads. The correctness of the proposed classification was to be carried out by analyzing the results of surveys and broadly understood consultations with business entities dealing with the phenomenon of damage to palletized loads on a daily basis. The small number of completed questionnaires indicates the need to develop a new, less detailed questionnaire and a possible simplification of the proposed classification of damage to palletized loads. Based on the numerous discussions and meetings held during the consultations regarding the quantity and quality of cargo damage, it can be concluded that this is a very complex sensitive topic. This can also be confirmed by studies of the literature review, available industry studies and published statistical data. It is practically difficult to determine the size of damage to palletized loads in road transport. The proposed classification of damage to palletized loads allows for the definition of dangers, difficulties and, consequently, direct and indirect costs of transport, which can be remedied, and certainly significantly reduced. Minimizing damaged and destroyed loads results in both a reduction of the direct costs of damaged products and a secondary reduction in the consumption of natural resources of the environment, necessary to re-manufacture damaged or destroyed products. It also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint, an issue that is so important especially nowadays. [1]
479. Calculations of water distribution systems are most often performed many times because the correct solution from a technical point of view is rarely obtained after the first calculation run; hence, we can talk about a multistage calculation process. In connection with this, the calculation process of computer water distribution systems can be additionally supplemented with elements of process diagnostics. Diagnostic activities should be carried out using numerical algorithms, which can be a complement to classical hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems. The condition for reliable functioning of the diagnostic system formulated in this way is the efficient detection of computational irregularities. For this purpose, diagnostic problems were defined for the water pipes and the connection nodes in the water distribution system. The proposed diagnostic tests analyze the calculation results and indicate whether the solution is correct or, if irregularities are detected, suggest a way to solve the problem. Diagnostic tests are carried out using artificial neural networks. [1]
480. By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined. [1]
481. Buildings are the main consumer of energy resources in the total energy balance of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the main energy consumption is allocated for heating. Efficient use of energy resources for heating needs to a large extent depends on the efficiency of regulation of heating systems. In the article, dynamic mathematical models of a two-room typical apartment in Ukraine, built in 2016, were developed in Matlab and EnergyPlus software environment. The simulations were carried out using IWEC hourly climate data for the city of Kyiv. The results of simulations of thermal energy consumption in Matlab are characterized by a larger range of fluctuations of the heating system load, which is typical for the real operating conditions of the system with the controller of ON/OFF type. In EnergyPlus it is assumed that the gas boiler operates continuously in the ON mode. In the research, the change of load on the apartment heating system was studied at different numbers and locations of air temperature control sensors installation, according to which the controller of the autonomous gas boiler operates. [1]
482. Badania poparte publikacjami krajowymi i zagranicznymi pokazały że metody foto-akustyczne są doskonałym narzędziem pozwalającym określić parametry cieplne i optyczne typowych materiałów stosowanych w budowie przyrządów półprzewodnikowych. Pozwoliło to autorowi na jednoznaczne sformułowanie tezy pracy, że możliwe jest określenie podstawowych parametrów cieplnych jak i wybranych parametrów optycznych materiałów półprzewodnikowych techniką foto-akustyczną w dziedzinie pomiarów częstotliwości oraz dziedzinie pomiarów widmowych zarówno amplitudowych jak i fazowych w różnych konfiguracjach eksperymentalnych. [1]
483. Bacteria immobilized in carrageenan are widely used in industry to facilitate bacterial handling and storage. Carrageenan is derived from seaweed and its nature is influenced by the condition of the origin of the sea where seaweed grows, one of the Indonesia sea territories that has seaweed that contains caraganen with good properties is Maluku. This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage time of bacteria immobilized in Maluku sea’s carrageenan on proteolytic activity, the bacteria used were Bacillus megaterium. Bacterial immobilization of carrageenan was made at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, storage in cold conditions for up to 9 months. Protease activity was tested using Kunitz method by adding casein as a substrate. The optimal concentration of carrageenan for immobilization of Bacillus megaterium was obtained at a concentration of 1.5%. Protease isolated from immobilized Bacillus megaterium showed increased activity value from storage for 4 months (0.0489 Ug-1) to 7 months (0.1372 Ug-1), and decreased activity after being stored for 9 months (0.0501 Ug-1). [1]
484. Automotive industry is a very attractive area for young researchers to do continuous research and also it can be considered as an important thrust area as it is directly related to passenger safety. New developments in automotive sector can be seen in many domains like material selection, design, manufacturing etc. Since wrong selection directly leads to product failure, among these, the proper selection of a particular material can be treat as utmost priority. Hence, the present work discusses a methodology to select the best aluminium alloy for automobile panels among various alternates serving the same purpose. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods with entropy weighting criteria are implemented for finding the best material and the results are discussed. [1]
485. At the beginning of the work on the effects of global warming and climate change in the international area, there are efforts to reduce exhaust emissions. Because fossil fuel is depleting and exhaust emission gases emitted to the atmosphere are rising rapidly, energy efficiency is on the agenda in transportation. Therefore, automotive developers and scientists have undertaken new research in the automotive sector. Hybrid electric vehicle technology is one of the important studies that these researchers continue. In the hybrid electric vehicle technology, the hybrid engine is aimed to give the best results in terms of exhaust emission, fuel consumption and maintenance costs compared to other internal combustion engines, and at the same time the hybrid engine is aimed to perform better than other internal combustion engines. General information about the hybrid electric vehicle technology as one of the new and alternative technologies in these study is provided. In addition, information was given about exhaust emission, emission standards and fuel consumption. Comparisons were made between the hybrid engine and other internal combustion engines. [1]
486. At electrspark alloying (ESA) of aluminum surfaces using Al-Sn tool-electrode (TE), nanostructuring of manufactured surfaces take place owing to the formation of SnO2 nanofibers. Examining the tribological properties of these surfaces in a friction couple with a counterbody made of hardened steel showed that the wear of counterbody during the friction in the oil and at dry friction exceeds by an order of magnitude and above it the wear of such surfaces. [1]
487. Analysis of the results of the hydraulic calculations of a slotted separator, allowed for changes in the separator design taking into account the reduction of flow turbulence, ensuring the continuity of water flow and sediments as well as optimal location of the slots. The separator is an important element of the installation for hydromechanical removal of sediments from the bottom of a water reservoir. Tests were carried out on the physical and mathematical model.Hydraulic calculations and numerical simulations were carried out using the SSIIM (Simulation of sediment movements in water intakes with multiblock option) program. The program enables three-dimensional analysis of flows and transport of sediments in rivers and canals by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent model k-e. A number of numerical experiments of the separator work were carried out for various design solutions regarding the geometry of the inlet and outlet channels and their connection with the chambers as well as slots system. The numerical simulations and conducted research on a physical model, allowed to develop an optimal solution. [1]
488. An Investigation was conducted to produce Aluminium based Functionally graded material (FGM) composites by Friction stir processing (FSP). A reinforcement strategy featuring the use of Alumina and TiC reinforcements was investigated, where holes were drilled in an Aluminium plate, filled with reinforcements and stirred using FSP. A mathematical model was formulated for positioning of holes in such a manner that the composition of the reinforcements varies from maximum to minimum over a given length. Samples were subjected to various number of FSP passes from one to three with 100% overlap and its influence on particle distribution and homogeneity was studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at cross sections parallel to the tool traverse direction. A progressive gradient in hardness values was observed for the surface composites at all the passes. [1]
489. Among the apparatuses with a regular arrangement of packing elements creating an in-phase mode of vortex interaction, which ensures high efficiency of the processes, it is interesting to use a standard tubular packing. Such packing allows additional advantages associated with heat supply or extraction directly in the contact zone of the interacting phases, which is very important for conducting some chemisorption processes. The research covers such hydrodynamic regularities as hydraulic resistance during a heat carrier movement in pipes and during external flow around a tubular beam, retained liquid amount and gas content of layer in the external flow around the tubular beam with liquid and gas flows. The research was carried out using an experimental setup with a heat and mass transfer apparatus with regular tubular packing. The medium used during experiments is water-air. The research methodology included standard methods for determining hydraulic resistance and retained liquid amount and visual observation and photographing of gas-liquid flows. The novelty of the research was equations – one for calculating the hydraulic resistance in pipes, taking into account local resistances and pipe roughness. The other ones for determining the pressure losses during the external flow around the tubular beam, the retained liquid amount, and the gas content of the layer, taking into account the vortex interaction of gas and liquid flows. Graphical and calculated dependences of the investigated hydrodynamic characteristics were obtained as a result of the conducted research of the hydraulic resistance during the heat carrier movement in the pipes, as well as the hydraulic resistance and the retained liquid amount during the external flow around the tubular beam with a change in the gas velocity and irrigation density. When the heat carrier flows in the pipes, the numerical values of the hydraulic resistance in the transient mode do not exceed 1.5 kPa, in the developed turbulence mode in the range of the Reynolds number from 1·104 to 6·104 DР varies from 1.5 to 53 kPa. With the external flow around the tubular beam, in the developed turbulence mode wg = 4 m/s and L = 25 m3/m2h, the hydraulic resistance is 85 Pa, the retained liquid amount is 4.5·10-3 m. The change in the irrigation density in this mode (developed turbulence) in the L range from 10 to 100 m3/m2h leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance from 65 to 160 Pa, the retained liquid amount from 2.16·10-3 to 13.6·10-3 m. The calculated dependencies are the basis of the method for calculating the hydrodynamic characteristics of the apparatus with the regular tubular packing, which can be used to calculate industrial devices. [1]
490. Among all the functions served by forest ecosystems an increasingly important role is played by their social function. These ecosystems have been traditionally associated with tourism and recreation and as a result also interest in the appraisal of non-productive functions of forests has been increasing. The value of the natural environment is not tangible and it may be assessed only based on subjective opinions and attitudes of the general public. A contingent valuation method based on the Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept has been applied to determine the nature value of a landscape dominated by forests within the boundaries of a national park in central Poland. The most important aim of this study was to determine the propensity of individuals actively using the environmental goods to pay fees charged by the Wielkopolska National Park. Dependencies between the inclination of local residents to pay fees for the possibility to use the Wielkopolska National Park and selected variables were determined using the logit model approach. It was observed that the willingness to incur costs for the use of the Wielkopolska National Park grows with an increase in the awareness of the respondents concerning financial requirements related to environmental protection, their knowledge on the Park and membership in environmental organisations. Based on the conducted studies it was found that environmental education provided to the general public is a necessary pre-requisite to making the public aware of the need to finance actions related to preservation of the natural environment and nature conservation. [1]
491. Al-based automotive alloys with different level of Si content has been conducted on the characterization of machined surfaces in terms of roughness, temperature, chips formation as well as microstructue evaluation under different machining conditions. For this experiment a shaper machine with HSS single point V-shaped cutting tool is used at different cutting speed and depth of cut. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the alloys decresess with cutting speed and depth of cut but it is more prominent on cutting speed. It is because of high cutting speed is more associated with the higher cutting temperatur and softening the work material leading to better surface finish. Higher Si added alloys shows the better surface finish due to formation of different intermettalics as more brittle. For brittle and higher hardness it produces the higher temperature during machining. During machining relatively curly and short chips are form by the high Si added alloy becase of its low elongation properties. Fracture surfaces of higher Si added alloy display more crack propagation obtained by the plate-like Si rich intermetallics. [1]
492. Airborne pathogens are the most important factor causing environmental issues on pig farms. Research on airborne swine-derived microbes has mainly concentrated on several specific microbes or pathogens. The present work was conducted to detect and identify the entire microbial community in piggery air and their dispersion by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fifteen faeces and eighty-four air samples were collected in swine barns and from different distances away from the barns, respectively. The results showed that the faeces and air share the most dominant bacteria. The top 10 genera belonged to Fimicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and accounted for 54% and 76-84% of the total sequences. Moreover, great higher (P < 0.01) microbial diversity was detected in the faeces. This study indicated that a hygienic interval of 50 m should be set on swine farms to prevent the spreading infectious disease caused by airborne pathogens. [1]
493. Agriculture, mainly biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) and plant protection products are one of the sources of environmental pollution. The sources of pollution are both farm buildings and intensively used agricultural land. Therefore, a crucial element of the environment contributing to the improvement of surface water quality are the aforementioned shallow reservoirs covered by vegetation that act as biofiltres or reservoirs such as dammed reservoirs. The analysed reservoir is located in the Greater Poland Province, about 25 km to the north from Poznań, in Murowana Goślina commune. The research on the analysed reservoir was conducted during the growing seasons, from 2016 to 2018, at three measurement and control points: at the Przebędowo reservoir inflow, it the Przebędowo reservoir and at the Przebędowo reservoir outflow. They included determining 4 groups of physico-chemical indicators supporting biological elements, including indicators characterising aerobic conditions, salinity, acidification (pH) and indicators characterising biogenic conditions. Based on the conducted research, a great influence of the reservoir was proven, especially in the context of the concentration of dissolved oxygen at the outflow, where, concerning this indicator, the reservoir was classified as water quality class I. The presented research results also confirmed that in the context of the complexity of hydrological and physico-chemical processes taking place in dammed reservoirs, it is necessary to continuously control them both in terms of water quantity and quality. [1]
494. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes such as three- dimensional (3D) printing are one of most important technologies of our century. Additive manufacturing is a manufacturing process in which 3D solid objects are created. It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of an additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object. Additive manufacturing is also known as 3D printing. The strongest reasons for the use of rapid prototypes in manufacturing are the production of parts with a small quantity or a complex shape, the obtaining of lighter parts, the prevention of waste of raw materials, a wider availability of testing and design and further personalization. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM by exploiting the basic principle of oxygen-impaired photopolymerization to create a continuous fluid interface of uncured resin between the growing section and the exposure window. [1]
495. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), all new buildings must be constructed using technologies that will ensure almost zero energy consumption by the building through renewable energy sources and an energy-efficient thermal envelope. To assess the possibilities of reconstructing an existing building following the requirements of the EPBD in Ukraine, we have presented possible ways to modernise an office in Kyiv using renewable energy sources (biomass, heat pump) at different levels of thermal protection. Based on dynamic modelling results in the DesignBuilder software environment, the technical, environmental and economic aspects of building modernisation using near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) technologies have been investigated. In particular, the authors have analysed the possibilities of using different modes of heat pump operation to provide heat to a building of different levels of thermal protection in the GeoTSOL software environment. The results obtained can be used to assess the benefits of improving the energy efficiency of a building using different types of renewable energy sources. [1]
496. Academics have been curious about what motivates pro-environmental behavior. However, a few research studies have been conducted to analyze and comprehend the pro-environmental behavior of those in charge of service and production (employees). The COVID-19 outbreak brought this topic to light, emphasizing the significance of employees' pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in promoting and maintaining business sustainability.Therefore, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by investigating employees' PEBs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person and online surveys were used to reach the staff of hotels and travel agencies in Egypt's most popular tourist areas.The quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 25. The results revealed that employees of the tourism and hospitality industry are exceptionally engaged in PEBs in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the findings indicate that the structure of tourism and hospitality employees' PEB is constituted of six factors; namely, operation activities, habits, organization rules, health, energy-saving, and environment-related activities. However, their behavior must be guided and improved in three key areas (personal health, organizational rules, and operation activities). According to this study, employees may follow certain practises without understanding their justification or significance. In practice, the study presents recommendations that might increase the industry's resistance to challenges in terms of improving the pro-environmental behavior of industry employees. [1]
497. AXII 20/I, Kol. 553/1, Kol.728/9, Kol.553/3, A IIE, A II E/834, Kol. 434/284, Kol. 434/288, Kol. 434/289 [1]
498. AA7075 is an aluminum alloy that's almost as strong as steel, yet it weighs just one third as much. Unfortunately, its use has been limited, due to the fact that pieces of it couldn't be securely welded together by the traditional welding process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process overcomes the limitations of the conventional welding process. The aim of our present is to compare the predicted results of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Friction Stir welded similar joints through Regression modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. It was observed that the linear regression algorithm is able to make more accurate predictions compared to neural network algorithm for small dataset. [1]
499. A well-known way to increase the thermal insulation properties of windows in buildings is to increase the number of glasses in a window or, what is the same, to increase the number of glass chambers in a glass unit. This method, in combination with low-emissivity coatings on the inner surfaces of glass, can provide a significant increase in the heat transfer resistance of window structures. The use of such windows in construction can significantly reduce heat loss from the premises in the winter, which leads to a reduction in energy costs for heating and increases the energy efficiency of the building. In this work, the characteristics of heat transfer through a three-chamber glass unit are studied using numerical modeling and experimental study. Options for the absence and presence of low-emissivity coatings on glass are considered. Changes in air velocity and temperature in the chambers are studied. Heat transfer resistance for three-chamber windows are calculated depending on the number of low-emissivity coatings on the glass. [1]
500. A structural beam is a common element in many mechanical structures such as ship propeller shaft, crane boom, and air craft wings. In the present paper experimental and numerical modal analysis are carried out for estimating the damage detection, geometric location of the damage, severity of damage and residual life of structural beam to prevent unexpected failures of the mechanical structures. Experimental and numerical modal analysis results for healthy and cracked beam are compared for validation of numerical methodology used in the present paper. Experimental modal analysis is performed on both healthy and cracked beam with the help of impact hammer, acceleration sensor and FFT analyzer associated with EDM (Engineering Data Management) software. Modal tests are conducted using impact method on selected locations of the entire healthy and cracked beam to find the first three natural frequencies, which are used to detect the presence of damage and geometric location of the damage. Three parametric studies are carried out to know the effect of crack depth, crack location and crack orientation on the natural frequencies of the cracked beam. Finally, residual life of a healthy and cracked beam was estimated using Basiquin’s equation and finite element analysis software called ANSYS 18.1. [1]
501. A steam explosion is the result of intense heat transfer when a thermolabile liquid phase comes into contact with a hot liquid. As a result of such contact, microdispersed fragmentation of a high-boiling liquid occurs. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the process of thermomechanical crushing process, taking into account the formation of a vapour layer at the interface between two phases and the force interaction with respect to several simultaneously boiling particles of the dispersed phase. [1]
502. A recent development in the material studies provides beneficial application of lightweight alloys such as aluminium, magnesium as well as composites and metal matrices. The alloys are experimentally improved by increasing hardness in the ballistics testing using projectiles, makes them viable for the areas such as aerospace, military, defence, automobiles and so on. So the study is made on different approaches. First, by comparing different types of non-ferrous alloys and projectiles regarding sizes, structures. Second, the materials with heat treatment are also studied for investigating the hardness property by overcoming successful penetration on non-ferrous alloys. Third, material to be improvised by use of numerical studies such as 3D models, empirical models and software such as ANSYS, ABAQUS and AUTODYN, etc. Finally, the aim of this paper is to review the recent progress ballistic studies of lightweight materials and to provide a best choice of material for further on-going research. [1]
503. A multi-layer model is used to calculate time-dependent sediment velocity and concentration vertical profiles. This model, in which the differences in sediment transport at different distances from the bed are considered is intended both for the wave motion and steady flow. Numerical calculations were carried out for sediment transport during the wave crest and trough and total sediment transport as a sum of their absolute values. The model concept of variation in shear stress from the skin stress value above the bed to the stress value at the bed previously proposed for steady flow is extended here for the wave motion and verified by direct stress measurements. The calculations were carried out for mixed sand sediments with different grain size distributions including semi-uniform and poorly sorted grains. Comparison with the available small- and large -scale data from flumes and oscillating tunnels yields agreement typically within plus/minus a factor two of measurements. [1]
504. A mathematical model of gas dynamics in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment is presented in the paper. The parameters of gas flows in the vortex apparatus, optimal ratios of the vortex apparatus geometric dimensions, as well as hydrodynamic parameters are determined, making it possible to develop effective design solutions of this equipment. The mathematical model allows one to carry out computational experiments and determine particle trajectories, their temperature, particle size and humidity at various points in time and evaluate the dynamics of these parameters. Using the calculation experiment method makes it possible to quickly and without financial costs determine the technological modes of heat treatment of dispersed material in vortex devices. The obtained data can be used in calculation methods of heat and mass transfer vortex apparatuses. [1]
505. A great deal of packaging made of PET is observed in logistics supply chains, and the article is particularly concerned with food – bottles. The implementation of the EU's "zero-waste" guidelines implies action on the part of producers of: packaging and food for B2C distribution to find new solutions to enable the above-mentioned stakeholders in the logistics supply chain to achieve a balance of the aforementioned business parties – taking into account environmental protection. The article discusses the tasks and possibilities under the above conditions of a new type of "RECYCLER" companies, which, at the end of the life of PET packaging, i.e. after the foodstuffs in PET bottles have been consumed, produce a recyclate and return it to re-production. In a number of journals, including e.g. (Połednik et al. 2016, Topiarzová et al. 2011), respecting good recycling practices – there is an ongoing discussion on the sense of introducing reusable packaging, deposits, etc. This article discusses the barriers to recovery in a multi-level plastics recovery system, with specific reference to the operation of a PET bottle recycling line, and presents a pre-verified concept for a method to increase the efficiency of separating PET bottles from the plastics fraction in a multi-level waste separation system. [1]
506. A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed. [1]
507. A concept of producing reinforcing bars for concrete elements from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is presented in the paper. The proposed technology of production harnesses strips of PET cut from bottles and thermal treatment. Finally, a sand-resin coating is applied to the composite bars. Produced bars can be differentiated by utilising different numbers of strips influencing the diameter of a bar. The key mechanical properties of the bars containing 3 to 8 strips were tested during the research program. Maximum loadings and displacements were established. Problems regarding the future application of the bars in question were discussed. Areas of need for further research were pointed out. [1]
508. A XII 24/6A/3, A XII 24/6A/5, A XII 24/6A/9, A XII 24/6A/10, A XII 24/6A/11, A XII 24/6A/12, A XII 24/6A/13, A XII 24/6A/16, A XII 24/6C/5, A XII 24/6C/6, A XII 11/10, Kol. 11(KGA)/652, Kol. 11(KGA)/650, Kol. 292/4, Kol. 292/3, A XII 11/18 cz. IV, KGA 696, A XII 11/18 cz. III, KGA 690, KGA 694, KGA 11/697, A XII 11/18 cz. V, KGA 675, A XII 21/7, A XII 22/154 A, A XII 22/107, A XII 22/108 cz.II [1]
509. A XII 23/21, A XII 23/31, A XII 23/50a, A XII 23/50d, A XII 23/50f, A XII 23/50h, A XII 24/6c/1, A XII 24/6c/4, A XII 24/6c/2, A XII 24/6c/7, A XII 24/6c/8, A XII 24/6c/9, A XII 24/6a, A XII 24/6a/1, A XII 24/6a/2 [1]
510. A VIII 3/3, A VIII 5/2, A IV-I/5b, A IV-1/4a, A VIII 5/3, Kol. 138/164A, A VIII 5a/5, A VIII 5a/2, Kol. 698/6, A VIII 5a/1, A VIII-5/6 [1]

Number in brackets is a number of all objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Koszalin [1711]
2. Warszawa [39]
3. Poznań [6]
4. Olsztyn [6]
5. Katowice [5]
6. Wrocław [4]
7. Szczecin [4]
8. Kołobrzeg [3]
9. Gdańsk [3]
10. Torgelow [2]
11. Kraków [2]
12. Białystok [2]
13. Łódź [1]
14. Trzebiatów [1]
15. Moskva [1]
16. Lublin [1]
17. Koszalin-Mielno [1]
18. Gliwice [1]
19. Dedelov [1]
20. Częstochowa [1]
21. Chorzów [1]
22. Bydgoszcz [1]

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1. czerwiec 2003 [15691]
2. czerwiec 2004 [3255]
3. czerwiec 2005 [2386]
4. październik 2001 [2294]
5. listopad - grudzień 2001 [2114]
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13. styczeń - luty 2001 [1438]
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18. październik - listopad 1998 [1341]
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21. grudzień 2002 [1235]
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31. czerwiec 2012 [895]
32. październik 2004 [886]
33. styczeń - luty 1999 [868]
34. marzec 1997 [860]
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36. (2021-2023) [722]
37. październik 2002 [717]
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44. lipiec - wrzesień 1998 [468]
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47. grudzień 2020 [386]
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50. 2024 [327]
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60. grudzień 2018 [144]
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63. 2021 [115]
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65. 2022 [90]
66. grudzień 2024 [62]
67. 2023 [61]
68. czerwiec 2013 [4]

Number in brackets is a sum of all reads of objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Wyd. 3 popr. [8193]
2. Wyd. 3 popr. i uzup. [5924]
3. Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. [5038]
4. Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu składu chemicznego, struktury oraz adhezji mikrotwardości wybranych twardych powłok na ich właściwości tribologiczne, zwłaszcza na wartość wskaźników zużycia powłoki oraz przeciwpróbki uzyskane w warunkach tarcia suchego. W pracy zastosowano dwie różne metody PVD wybranych rodzajów powłok o zbliżonym składzie chemicznym, strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych, oraz przeprowadzono badania tribologiczne w warunkach tarcia suchego dla różnych warunków pracy węzła trącego. [4267]
5. Wydanie 2 [1486]
6. Wyd. 2 [1209]
7. W pracy podjęto próbę kompleksowej analizy statycznej przestrzennych ustrojów cięgnowych z uwzględnieniem obciążeń skupionych (prostoliniowe elementy cięgien), jak i obciążeń ciągłych (krzywoliniowe elementy cięgien) przy założeniu, że ustrój cięgnowy cechuje nieliniowość geometryczna lub - dodatkowo - nieliniowość fizyczna. Do obliczeń numerycznych autorka wykorzystuje napisane przez siebie programy komputerowe uwzględniające różne rodzaje obciążenia i geometryczną oraz fizyczną nieliniowość konstrukcji. [1126]
8. W pracy postawiono tezy: 1/ Dla silników spalinowych zasilanych benzyną lub ciekłym gazem propan-butan istnieje wspólny zakres wartości parametrów zasilania zapewniających wymaganą efektywność energetyczną pracy silnika. 2/ Dobór wartości parametrów pracy silnika uzależniony jest od rodzaju i udziału danego paliwa podczas jego eksploatacji. Praca zawiera m.in.:analizę literatury; opis badań eksperymentalnych; analizę danych uzyskanych wyników; opracowanie wniosków i zaleceń. [920]
9. Przedmiotem pracy doktorskiej jest eksperymentalna i teoretyczna analiza drgań pionowych oraz przesuwno-obrotowych fundamentu blokowego, posadowionego bezpośrednio na podłożu gruntowym. Proces drgań badano z uwzględnieniem wpływu takich czynników jak wielkość fundamentu, głębokość posadowienia, częstość drgań oraz poziom obciążenia. [802]
10. W pracy przedstawiono technologię unieszkodliwiania ścieków zakładu przetwórstwa drewna Polspan-Kronospan metodami fizykochemicznymi. Wykorzystano głównie procesy: koagulacji, sorpcji, sedymentacji odśrodkowej oraz filtracji ciśnieniowej. Sformułowania równania modelowe i opracowano metodykę ich rozwiązywania. Wykonano obliczenia modelowe dla szerokiego zakresu zmienności parametrów procesowych w celu określenia zakresu zmienności i efektywności proponowanej technologii w różnych warunkach rzeczywistych. Następnie przeprowadzono losowe próby sprawdzające dokładność stosowania otrzymanych równań, przez porównanie wyników doświadczenia z wynikami obliczeń równaniami metodą analizy statystycznej. [711]
11. Wydanie 2 rozszerzone [709]
12. Wydanie 2 poszerzone [685]
13. This study presents the results of investigations conducted in the hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 in the immediate catchment of the Przebędowo reservoir, located in the Wielkopolskie province 25 km north of Poznań in the Murowana Goślina commune. The immediate catchment of the reservoir is approx. 95 km2 in area, while the direct recharge area of the lake (immediate catchment) covers 1.31 km2. The areas adjacent to the reservoir are arable lands composed of fluvial Quaternary (Pleistocene) deposits, while the analysis of layers covered by piezometers showed a predominance of medium sands deposited to a depth of approx. 3 m. The analysed reservoir was constructed in the valley of the Trojanki river (from 6+915 km to 8+371 km of its course) by the Wielkopolska Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Structure Authority in Poznań and it was commissioned in November 2014. The embankment dam of the reservoir is class IV, it is 334 m in length and 3.30 m in height. The reservoir of 1450 m in length and maximum width of 120 m, at the normal pool elevation of 72.50 m a.s.l. has a mean depth of 0.94 m and the pool area of 12.03 ha. The shoreline length of the reservoir is 2980 m, shoreline density is 248 m×ha-1 and the elongation index is 12. In turn, the flood control capacity derived from the difference between normal and maximum pool level is around 67 000 m3.The conducted analyses confirmed that apart from the weather conditions such as precipitation, air temperatures and evaporation from the reservoir a considerable role for the fluctuations in water levels in the reservoir was played by the anthropogenic factor. It was particularly related with the manner of reservoir operation frequently characteristic to dammed reservoirs and with the artificial control of water circulation.Analysis of the water balance for the Przebędowo reservoir showed that in the winter half-years of the analysed hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 the dominant factor in the case of increments was connected with inflow to the reservoir in the Trojanka water­course, amounting to 12.9 hm3 and 5.16 hm3, respectively. To a much lesser extent the increments of water in those half-years were determined by the inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas and by precipitation. In the case of losses the greatest share in the water balance was observed in the discussed half-years for outflow from the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.0 hm3 and 3.75 hm3. To a lesser extent losses were determined by the uncontrolled underground outflow and subsurface inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas. In turn, evaporation from the reservoir surface and water storage losses determined losses only slightly. Whereas in the summer half-years the increments in the water balance to the greatest extent were determined by inflows to the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.7 hm3 (2017) and 3.59 hm3 (2018), while in the case of losses it was outflows from the reservoir amounting to 9.06 hm3 and 2.7 hm3. In turn, a lesser role was played in the case of losses by outflow from the reservoir to adjacent areas, which in the discussed half-years was comparable and amounted to a mean 0.66 hm3. [630]
14. Istnieje wiele metod rozmrażania jednak cały czas trwają poszukiwania nowych realizacji tego procesu, zarówno poprzez modernizację stosowanych już metod jak i poprzez tworzenie nowych. W przedstawionym w pracy nowym procesie rozmrażania wyróżniono dwa etapy: częściowego odwodnienia sublimacyjnego oraz rozmrażania próżniowo-parowego. Przedstawione sposoby polegają na rozmrażaniu produktu kondensującą się parą wodną w podciśnieniu. [516]
15. W pracy pracochłonność jest rozpatrywana jako liczba godzin potrzebna na usunięcie jednej lub większej liczby awarii. Rozprawa powstała w związku z potrzebą wypełnienia luki metodycznej istniejącej w naukowym warsztacie badawczym, dotyczącym identyfikacji stanu i prognozowania pracochłonności usuwania awarii urządzeń mechanicznych - statków powietrznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na sformułowanie tezy, że istnieją modele prognostyczne, które z określoną dokładnością są w stanie przewidzieć przyszłe wielkości pracochłonności usuwania awarii na podstawie zgromadzonych danych. [511]
16. Praca doktorska dotyczy zagadnienia modelowania charakterystyki stereometrycznej warstwy wierzchniej przedmiotów za pomocą wskaźników cyfrowej reprezentacji obrazu w połączeniu z analizą zużycia ostrzy narzędzi. Przyjęty cel rozprawy jest nowoczesnym kierunkiem badawczym, pozwalającym wykorzystać nowe metody obserwacji i rejestracji procesów oraz nowe metody przetwarzania danych. Zastosowanie metod sztucznej inteligencji do wspomagania oceny danych i automatyzacji rozpoznawania stanów charakterystycznych, jest drogą prowadzącą do wykorzystania wyników pracy w elastycznych systemach technologicznych. [499]
17. Celem pracy było wyjaśnienie zależności pomiędzy dokładnością wykonania frezów ślimakowych a przyrostem trwałości ich ostrzy po pokryciu twardą warstwą azotku tytanu.W analizie teoretycznej zagadnienia dokonano oceny wpływu dokładności wykonania freza ślimakowego na rozkład obciążenia ostrzy oraz opracowano metodę oceny zróżnicowania dokładności wykonania narzędzi wieloostrzowych wewnątrz jednej klasy dokładności.Aby zrealizować cel pracy, opracowano zmodyfikowaną metodę stałoprądowego reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego, pozwalającą wytwarzać twarde warstwy azotku tytanu o znacznie stabilniejszych właściwościach niż w innych metodach wytwarzania. [480]
18. Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o zagadnieniach związanych z oddziaływaniem elektrotermicznym na tranzystory oraz informacje o sposobach kompensacji temperatury wnętrza tranzystora; podstawowe informacje o obiektach badań i o uzyskanych w drodze pomiaru krzywych termicznych tranzystorów mikrofalowych; opis programu do obliczania przebiegów temperatury Tj (t) dla dowolnych pobudzeń mocą cieplną P(t) przy konkretnych warunkach chłodzenia wraz z przykładowymi wynikami. [452]
19. Praca naukowa dotyczy poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań układów cyfrowych realizowanych na jednym podłożu układu scalonego wielkiej skali integracji (VLSI). Obiektami projektowania są układy kombinacyjne i jednostki arytmetyczne pracujące w trybie prądowym. Głównym celem przedstawionych w rozprawie badań jest dostosowanie znanych metod minimalizacji funkcji logicznych do minimalizacji funkcji binarnych w algebrze bramek prądowych w ten sposób, żeby zmniejszyć złożoność sprzętową otrzymanego układu prądowego pod względem zajmowanej prze niego w układzie ASIC powierzchni oraz wykorzystanie zmodyfikowanych metod do projektowania różnego rodzaju prądowych jednostek operacyjnych [446]
20. Praca dotyczy możliwości uzyskania na bazie odpadowego piasku z północnych regionów Polski pełnowartościowego tworzywa budowlanego przez dodatek mikrokrzemionki oraz zbrojenia rozproszonego w postaci włókien stalowych. Celem badań jest określenie najbardziej optymalnych składów kompozytów betonowych na bazie piasku miejscowego, których cechy pozwolą na stosowanie ich zamiast betonów konstrukcyjnych bądź żwirowych betonów specjalnych. [415]
21. Cykl badań w ramach projektu pozwolił poznać wpływ parametrów procesu PVD nanoszenia twardych warstw typu TiCxN1-x na odporność na zużycie pokrytych narzędzi skrawających. Jednocześnie pozwolił na określenie przydatności badań tribologicznych prowadzonych na próbkach testowych w warunkach laboratoryjnych w celu prognozowania zachowań tych warstw na narzędziach w warunkach eksploatacyjnych. [408]
22. Celem pracy jest wykazanie, że warunki uplastyczniania polietylenu PE-LD w układzie ślimakowo - tarczowym eksperymentalnej wytłaczarki ślimakowo - tarczowej wpływają na porządkowanie łańcuchów polimerowych. Następnie określenie w jakim stopniu efekt porządkowania wpływa na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę mikroskopową wytłoczyn PE-LD uzyskanych w postaci pręta. Aby zrealizować cele badań przeprowadzono analizę obliczeniowo - symulacyjną, wytłaczanie tworzywa i pomiar właściwości mechanicznych i budowy strukturalnej [371]
23. Praca zawiera wyniki badań, mające na celu określenie wpływu zaburzeń generowanych periodycznie na proces wrzenia czynnika chłodniczego podczas przepływu w wężownicy rurowej parownika. Wrzenie w przepływie realizowano w warunkach periodycznej zmiany gęstości strumienia masy (wzrostu i zaniku) czynnika chłodniczego R404A, dla stałych poziomów obciążenia cieplnego komory chłodniczej. Prowadziło to do okresowych zmian ciśnienia i temperatury czynnika wzdłuż drogi jego przepływu w wężownicy. Periodyczne zmiany gęstości strumienia masy czynnika chłodniczego wywoływano otwierając lub zamykając zawór odcinający zasilający wężownicę rurową. [365]
24. W pracy poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące problematyki projektowania zadaniowo zorientowanych, interakcyjnych systemów wspomagania decyzji. Opracowana metoda dotyczy projektowania systemów wspomagania decyzji, przeznaczonych dla obiektów opisywanych przez zmienne dyskretne, w których wspomagania decyzji polega na rozwiązywaniu problemów kombinatorycznych (planowanie, harmonogramowanie, marszrutowanie, składowanie itp.) spotykanych powszechnie w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych. Zakres pracy obejmuje analizę wybranego problemu wspomagania decyzji w podsystemach transportowych elastycznych systemów produkcyjnych (ESP), tzn., wspomagania procesu harmonogramowania pracy wózków samojezdnych [356]
25. W pracy przeprowadzona została próba wskazania kilku wspólnych dla układów napięciowych i prądowych kryteriów, które mogą służyć porównaniu. Poszukiwania kryteriów porównawczych przeprowadzono w oparciu o analizę specyfiki przetwarzania sygnałów. W projektowaniu układów elektronicznych zachodzi potrzeba wyboru pomiędzy sprzecznymi wymaganiami, dlatego przyjęto porównywanie układów ze względu na wiele kryteriów. Metody wielokryterialnego wyboru, z których jedną przystosowano do celu pracy umożliwiają szeregowanie układów wg ich jakości. [328]
26. Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics. [304]
27. Celem rozprawy jest określenie wpływu niestabilności o charakterze dynamicznym na proces przemiany fazowej skraplania w minikanałach rurowych dla nowych proekologicznych czynników chłodniczych przewidzianych, jako zamienniki dla dotychczas stosowanych czynników R134a i R404A. Badania eksperymentalne skraplania zrealizowano dla izomerów R1234yf i R1234ze traktowanych jako substytuty R134a oraz czynników R507 i R448A, jako zamienniki czynnika R404A. [303]
28. W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania metody interferencyjnej do oceny wybranych właściwości metrologicznych profilometrów stykowych. Celem szczegółowym było zbadanie przydatności dwuwiązkowego interferometru laserowego, z cyfrowym przetwarzaniem sygnału pomiarowego, do pomiaru parametrów drgań harmonicznych wibratora, stosowanego do sprawdzania profilometrów stykowych. [285]
29. W rozprawie doktorskiej skoncentrowano się na laboratoryjnym ustalaniu rodzaju i ilości stabilizatora do skutecznego ulepszania gruntów organicznych. Badania laboratoryjne umożliwiające wykazanie, iż w wyniku mieszania wybranych gruntów organicznych, pochodzących z rejonu Koszalina z ograniczoną ilością spoiwa w postaci różnych relacji cementu, i produktu odpadowego, jakim jest popiół lotny zachodzi proces wiązania, w konsekwencji którego, uzyskuje się postulowaną miękką lub półtwardą kolumnę zapewniającą współpracę kolumny z otaczającym gruntem. [281]
30. Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest fibrokompozyt drobnokruszywowy na bazie kruszywa odpadowego o zawartości włókien stalowych 1,25% w stosunku do objętości kompozytu. Materiał ten charakteryzuje się właściwościami mechaniczno-fizycznymi lepszymi bądź zbliżonymi do betonu zwykłego, a więc może być alternatywą dla betonu zwykłego do wykonania zginanych elementów żelbetowych. Celem pracy jest ocena metod wymiarowania ścinanych elementów fibrobetonowych wg norm Model Code 2010 [212] i RILEM TC-162-TDF [219] pod względem możliwości zastosowania tych metod do projektowania na ścinanie elementów wykonanych z fibrokompozytu drobnokruszywowego oraz wykazanie, że włókna stalowe jako zbrojenie rozproszone, mogą przyczynić się do poprawy nośności i używalności elementów konstrukcyjnych wykonanych z drobnokruszywowego kompozytu. [277]
31. Growing ecological awareness in society and legal regulations aimed at reducing the negative impact of used products on the environment means that waste management begins to play a significant role in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research towards the organization and implementation of waste management. It has been noticed that an important link in the economy is the recycling of used products. Thus, numerous studies are undertaken in the direction of organization, improvement, automation and computerization of the product and material recycling process. The article presents the results of literature research in terms of the implementation of the end-of-life vehicle recycling process. [273]
32. In modern realities, there is no unified methodology for the economic assessment of geological exploration in subsoil use. The main research question of this study was to develop a methodology for the new economic model formation for assessing geological exploration in the subsoil use for the mineral resource base rational use. The new methodology can facilitate the assessment of subsoil users of hydrocarbon reserves and resources and government bodies when putting resources and reserves on the balance sheet. In the course of the study, modeling, observation, description, and analysis methods were used. The result of the study was a new economic model for evaluating geological exploration in subsoil use. The main conclusions can be characterized by the optimization of the main indicators of the valuation of mineral raw materials. The basic principles for calculating discounted cash flow, discount rate, payback period and internal rate of return were developed. [250]
33. Przedmiotem pracy jest próba zastosowania lepkoplastycznych modeli konstytutywnych do opisu właściwości materiałowych tkaniny tekstylnej powlekanej PANAMA. W pracy ustalono program badań laboratoryjnych niezbędnych do określenia tych wielkości. Wykonano identyfikację parametrów materiałowych dla dwóch modeli lepkoplastycznych związków konstytutywnych. Przeprowadzono weryfikację obliczonych parametrów poprzez porównanie badań laboratoryjnych z symulacją numeryczną tych prób wykonaną na podstawie wyznaczonych parametrów. [245]
34. The paper presents a feasibility analysis of changes in the manner of development a former sports facility, Edmund Szyc Stadium in Poznań. The terrain and adjacent areas were inventoried, including the assessment of inter-area relationships. Based on the inventory and authors' surveys, three developmental variants were selected for further analysis. Particular attention was paid to the purpose of the area in the local zoning plan (local spatial development plan) and the preferences of its local community. A multi-criteria analysis carried out with three different methods – AHP, MAUT and PROMETHEE II indicated the second variant as optimal. Additionally, the authors performed a sensitivity analysis of the AHP method to determine the weight of adopted criteria. This allowed for observing what impact these changes had on the final result. The sensitivity analysis was performed only for 3 main groups of criteria. The implementation of activities planned in the concept will allow for optimal land development, improvement in functionality as well as improvement in visual and landscape characteristics of the city. [220]
35. Hydro energy still occupies an important place among renewable energy sources. In special operating conditions, Pelton turbines are irreplaceable and can be used for extremely small hydropower plants and also large hydro power plants. Pelton turbines can operate with high head and relatively small flow rates. In many cases, the height differences of the water are very large. Sometimes it is necessary to stop the operation of the turbine very quickly and the consequences of water hammer can be very severe. The responsible part to minimize the consequences of this phenomena is jet deflector, which can be in two different technical designs. The steps for 3-D geometry definition, pre-processing and post-processing, flow modelling and FEM analysis are presented. In the paper is presented the new optimized design of push-out jet deflector shape. Optimization consider 3-D CFD analysis of free surface flow and stress analysis. The main goal of the research was to minimize the influence of all force components on the torque of deflector servomotor. The final results present the geometry of the deflector, with a significant reduction in the stresses and deformations. These have been achieved with a crucial reduction in the hydrodynamic force and torque. [215]
36. At electrspark alloying (ESA) of aluminum surfaces using Al-Sn tool-electrode (TE), nanostructuring of manufactured surfaces take place owing to the formation of SnO2 nanofibers. Examining the tribological properties of these surfaces in a friction couple with a counterbody made of hardened steel showed that the wear of counterbody during the friction in the oil and at dry friction exceeds by an order of magnitude and above it the wear of such surfaces. [215]
37. Praca o charakterze teoretyczno-eksperymentalnym dotyczy badań wymiany ciepła w warunkach konwekcji swobodnej, od pionowej izotermicznej płyty płaskiej, umieszczonej w przestrzeni częściowo ograniczonej ekranem. Istotą tych badań jest ustalenie wpływu parametrów termicznych i hydraulicznych oraz geometrii układu na warunki wymiany ciepła pod kątem jej intensyfikacji wynikającej ze zmiennej odległości ekranu od płyty pionowej. [212]
38. Celem pracy jest opracowanie oraz optymalizacja nowych, wydajnych i tanich procedur izolacji oraz analizy ilościowej szerokiej gamy związków małocząsteczkowych, wykazujących właściwości modulatorów hormonalnych, głównie sterydów i ich naturalnych oraz syntetycznych pochodnych, wykorzystujących techniki ekstradycji do fazy stałej, mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej oraz zależnej od temperatury chromatografii inkluzyjnej. [209]
39. Praca dotyczy opracowania modelu matematycznego procesów wymiany ciepła i masy w pomieszczeniu mieszkalnym pozwalającego na przewidywanie pola temperatur i koncentracji wilgotności, w celu projektowania układu regulacji mikroklimatem. Celem dysertacji jest opracowanie metodyki pomiaru pól temperatur i wilgotności w obiekcie rzeczywistym, a także opracowanie prostego modelu inżynierskiego pozwalającego na przewidywanie tych pól dla celów ich regulacji zapewniającej komfort cieplny w pomieszczeniu. Symulację komputerową przeprowadzono w oparciu o komercyjny kod obliczeniowy FEMLAB jak też w oparciu o własny program opracowany na komercyjnym kodzie MATLAB. [208]
40. Rozprawa jest nowym etapem badań dotyczących analizy dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych oraz nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, umożliwiających minimalizację luzu bocznego, prowadzonych w Politechnice Koszalińskiej przez profesora Wojciecha Kacalaka. Celem pracy jest opracowanie metodyki podwyższania dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych z uwzględnieniem oceny efektywności adaptacyjnej minimalizacji luzu w przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Pracę podzielono na osiem rozdziałów. Drugi rozdział obejmuje analizę literatury i dotychczasowych osiągnięć z zakresu budowy i eksploatacji przekładni ślimakowych oraz analizę cech eksploatacyjnych wielu znanych i opatentowanych rozwiązań z mechanizmami zmniejszania luzu bocznego w przekładniach ślimakowych. W trzecim rozdziale zamieszczono sformułowane hipotezy oraz tezę. Kolejny rozdział zawiera opracowaną metodykę modelowania i analiz oraz prognozowania wpływu niedokładności przemieszczeń i pozycjonowania w układzie kinematycznym z przekładnią ślimakową z wykorzystaniem systemów CAD. W rozdziale piątym opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz sposób wykonania serii pomiarów, w dalszej części przedstawiono wyznaczenie wpływu regulacji na cechy statystyczne luzu bocznego w badaniach modelowych i eksperymentalnych. W kolejnym rozdziale przeprowadzono optymalizację mającą na celu określenie zależności niezbędnych do obliczeń parametrów w zależności od przeznaczenia przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Rozdział siódmy zawiera opracowane procedury optymalnego kompletowania precyzyjnych przekładni ślimakowych w produkcji małoseryjnej dla różnych kryteriów oceny dokładności całej serii. W ostatnim rozdziale zawarto wnioski końcowe oraz kierunki dalszych badań. [197]
41. Kazakhstan is a country experiencing tangible environmental problems. Currently, it faces numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, exploitation of natural resources, negative consequences of mining, etc. In order to cope with environmental problems, a number of legislative acts have been enacted: the Environmental Code, the Water Code, the Forestry Code, a number of laws and government decrees that provide a legal basis for sustainable development. But, unfortunately, these laws and policies were not properly implemented due to issues such as inconsistency, weak enforcement, the presence of internal contradictions, gaps, and discrepancies, etc. As a result, the current legislation in the field of environmental protection does not meet the development objectives of our country, its lack of transparency hinders the development of the economy, and indistinctness reduces the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market and the volume of investments attracted to the economy. Many aspects of the state's environmental activities remain unregulated from a legal point of view, which, on the one hand, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment and the plunder of natural resources, and on the other hand, creates conditions for the development of corruption. This study proposes individual solutions to problems in the environmental sphere by creating new legal norms, as well as eliminating contradictions between existing regulatory legal acts, systematizing legislation and establishing a unified practice of applying norms. It is concluded that the implementation of environmental human rights depends on the quality of regulatory legal acts and their effective application. [187]
42. Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production. [184]
43. Celem pracy jest analiza numeryczna ustrojów zabezpieczających konstrukcje budowlano-inżynierskie przed skutkami obciążeń nagłych powodujących szybkie zmiany deformacji. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zabezpieczenia konstrukcji tunelu podwodnego przed wybuchem. Dużo uwagi poświęcono modelowaniu konstytutywnemu stali i betonu, z których wykonywane są konstrukcje osłonowe. [184]
44. This paper pertains to the influence of decreasing supplementation to transformation of chemical forms of Ni. Zn and Cu during composting of sewage sludge. A universally used supplementing material constituting a rich source of organic carbon is straw. Addition of straw to sewage sludge is aimed at increasing C/N proportion up to at least 15 due to the risk of formation of toxic forms of nitrogen, concentration of which in sewage sludge is exceptionally high. We have presented in this paper the results of speciation research of three elements applying Tessier’s sequential extraction. It’s been proven that decreasing of straw share in the composted mixture with sewage sludge down to the level of C/N value below the admissible value, has a beneficial effect on the allocation of tested heavy metals towards the forms that are permanently bound in compost matrix. A systematic increase of organic (IV) and residual (V) fractions share and decrease of mobile forms of heavy metals content in bioavailable fractions i.e. ion-exchange (I) and carbonate (II) has been ascertained. [180]
45. The response of zoobenthos and ichthyofauna to different levels of habitat degradation was estimated on a small lowland river. The level of fragmentation, the hydromorphological modifications of the watercourse bed, and the water quality of different river stretches were assessed as proxies of the degree of anthropogenic transformation of habitats. The degree of fauna similarity between the study sites, as well as the relationships between habitat quality and biotic indexes were estimated. A strong response of both assemblages to changes in environmental conditions was demonstrated, however, reaction to individual pressures differs. This confirms that these organisms are excellent, universal bioindicators and both groups should be used together. The key role of a well developed riparian zone in shaping the diversity of freshwater biota has also been demonstrated. [171]
46. The article deals with issues related to quality management and quality assessment in production of plastic articles in injection moulding. Expert knowledge collected in textbooks and literature allows to get acquainted with the characteristics of plastic article production and product quality defects arising in such processes. The characteristics and technology of plastics processing are discussed, the most frequent quality defects occurring in the production of articles made of plastics by injection molding are listed. On the basis of expert knowledge collected in the literature, a series of actions leading to the elimination of each of the mentioned quality defects has also been proposed. [168]
47. The article discusses the physicochemical mechanisms of the effect of chemical reagents on the processes of swelling of the raw mixture based on the ash of thermal power plants. The process of structure formation in such mixtures occurs as a result of physicochemical transformations of its constituent components. To intensify gas evolution and obtain materials of a porous structure, the presence of a gas former is necessary. The author has analysed the possibility of creating a porous structure in a raw mixture based on ash with the introduction of various gas formers or their formation as a result of exchange reactions. The main chemical compounds contributing to pore formation have been determined. To form a given structure, it is proposed to control chemical transformations at the stage of swelling. To study the processes of intensification of gas evolution, the author proposes to investigate the mechanisms of the influence of mineral fillers and chemical reagents on swelling processes based on the analysis of the Gibbs equation. The parameters of the Gibbs equation are obtained, by which it is possible to determine the probability of the occurrence of chemical reactions with the proposed chemical agents for the formation of gas bubbles with (pores) in the raw material. [166]
48. This work was performed to improve the storage and transportation technology of gas hydrates in nonequilibrium conditions. At atmospheric pressure and positive ambient temperature, they gradually dissociate into gas and water. Simulation of the gas hydrate dissociation will determine optimal conditions for their transportation and storage, as well as minimize gas loss. Thermodynamic parameters of adiabatic processes of forced preservation of pre-cooled gas hydrate blocks with ice layer were determined theoretically and experimentally. Physical and mathematical models of these processes were proposed. The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented. [165]
49. The article analyses the influence of aircraft noise on the transaction prices of residential premises within the Poznań property market. The paper analyses the set of properties, subject to the transaction from the first to the fourth quarter of 2020. In total, 1550 properties were examined. The study defined basic attributes of all premises, exhibiting the most significant influence on their price. The research conducted using the hedonic regression allowed for the identification of crucial evidence that aircraft noise negatively affects the property transaction prices. [163]
50. Quarterly water consumption data collected in a small water supply system were used for elaboration of a new water consumption modeling approach. In this paper, multi-distribution statistical analysis was performed. As the Anderson-Darling test proved, at least a half out of the ten tested theoretical probability distributions can be used for description of the water consumption. The application of the PWRMSE criterion made it possible to determine, which of the tested theoretical distributions is the best-fitted to the empirical data set. In the case of total daily water consumption for the group of the households, it was Johnson distribution, whereas for the average daily water consumption per capita, it was GEV distribution. Based on the best-fitted probability distribution, a 25-year water consumption simulation with the Monte Carlo method was conducted. Because methodology of this study is based on the probability distributions, even if the type of theoretical distribution of the water consumption will change, it will be still possible to use this simulation method by assuming the other distribution. [163]
51. The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata). [158]
52. During machining process cutting fluids are used to minimize the heat that is developed between tool, work piece and the chip. Heat absorption capacity of any cutting fluid used is measured by specific heat. Higher the specific heat better will the heat absorption capacity. This paper discusses the experimental procedure used to measure the specific heat of Neem oil, Honge (Karanja), Sunflower oil and Petroleum based oil (Hydro 68). This experiment is a function of temperature with respect to time. This method is validated by measuring the specific heat of distilled water, since the standard specific heat value of distilled water is known. The results show that Specific Heat of Neem Oil is good compared to Honge and sunflower Oil, but less compared to Petroleum oil (Hydro 68) which is used as cutting fluid for drilling operation in Industries after mixing with water. [158]
53. Recreational houses (WH) of a recreational nature may constitute an offer for the development of non-standard forms of recreation proposed by the domestic tourist industry. The paper presents some selected design problems of heating an exemplary WH house. For central heating (central heating) and domestic hot water (domestic hot water), it is proposed to use a compressor heat pump. It works with the central heating installation (water underfloor heating) and hot water, and with a lower source in the form of surface water in the lake. The heat exchanger for the brine is immersed in the lake water. The methodology for calculating the dimensions of the lower heat exchanger was presented. It was proposed that it will be made in the form of two coils made of polyethylene pipes and WH float sides placed on both sides. The design solution presented in the paper meets the conditions for qualifying as using renewable energy sources (RES).It should be noted that covering the demand for electricity for the WH house, including to drive the heat pump motor and for other living purposes in a residential superstructure, is also made using a hybrid system in the form of cooperation between wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. Problems regarding the WH hybrid electricity supply system will be the subject of a separate study. [152]
54. The article presents a visual analysis of the landscape, based on the modified SBE method and the possibility of using this type of research for the purposes of revitalization of rural areas. The scope of the research covered the Puchaczów commune in which, due to environmental conditions, mining related to hard coal extraction has developed. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the existence of diverse hight structure of the plant cover increases the attractiveness of the landscape. The research method consisted in using the SBE analysis for 13 landscape units, presented as actual illustrations and modified pictures (as computer visualizations) by adding trees and shrubs. Then, using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, it was examined whether there is a significant difference for the average visual value evaluation between original and modified sketches. [149]
55. Praca ma charakter teoretyczno-konstrukcyjny. Dokonano w niej gruntownej analizy problemów związanych z implementacją wybranych algorytmów algebry liniowej oraz z opracowywaniem bardziej niezawodnych algorytmów ( wykrywania oraz usuwania błędów). Rozważania teoretyczne zostały częściowo zweryfikowane i poparte symulacjami komputerowymi w języku VHDL oraz praktyczną realizacją układu VLSI. Przeprowadzona została gruntowa analiza literatury światowej z zakresu tematyki oraz wnikliwa analiza porównawcza metod stosowanych do projektowania algorytmów odpornych na błędy i zakłócenia z wykorzystaniem metody sum warzonych. Dużym atutem pracy jest próba systemowego opracowania szybkich i przede wszystkim bardziej niezawodnych układów realizujących wybrane algorytmy algebry liniowej, które mogą być wykorzystane w sprzęcie medycznym, zastosowaniach militarnych i w technice kosmicznej. [149]
56. Podjęta w rozprawie doktorskiej tematyka wynika ze zwiększonego popytu na energię elektryczną, szczególnie pochodzącą ze źródeł odnawialnych. Zadaniem inżynierii lądowej jest kształtowanie powierzchni Ziemi pod potrzeby egzystencji człowieka. Przekształcając obszar ziemi pod elektrownię wiatrową musimy mieć na uwadze charakter zagospodarowania przestrzeni, który determinowany jest przez dopuszczalne poziomy hałasu w środowisku. Wciąż rosnące potrzeby energetyczne mogą zostać w dużej mierze zaspokojone poprzez wytypowanie i przekształcenie terenu pod przyszłą elektrownię wiatrową. Energetyka wiatrowa na lądzie stanowi dynamicznie rozwijający się sektor energetyki odnawialnej i ma wszelkie predyspozycje do tego, by stać się odpowiedzią zarówno na kryzys klimatyczny, jak i gospodarczy. Rozwój energetyki wiatrowej poza ograniczeniami ustawowymi determinowany jest odpowiednimi warunkami wietrznymi oraz dostępnością terenu przeznaczonego pod elektrownię. Zakres pracy doktorskiej obejmuje analizy wietrzności oraz hałasu pochodzącego od turbin wiatrowych (WT) determinujących lokalizację farmy wiatrowej (WF). Wybór terenu lokalizacji elektrowni ograniczony jest głównie warunkami wietrznymi oraz zabudową chronioną akustycznie (jednorodzinną, wielorodzinną i zagrodową). Odległość WT od danej zabudowy uzależniona jest z jednej strony od emisji źródła, a z drugiej od dopuszczalnego poziomu hałasu na terenie chronionym akustycznie. Podstawowe narzędzia, które determinują lokalizację przyszłych farm wiatrowych to: zapisy miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego, mapy topograficzne, identyfikacja szorstkości terenu i stałych barier, założenia dotyczące warunków wietrznych, dobór wysokości i mocy turbin wiatrowych. Wizja lokalna w miejscu lokalizacji przyszłej farmy wiatrowej dostarcza informacji o stanie rzeczywistym (zapisy fotograficzne, dane z GPS, a także pełny i szczegółowy opis wszystkich barier występujących w danej lokalizacji). Przeszkody, które mogą wpływać na potencjał energetyczny wiatru, to zazwyczaj budynki przemysłowe, budynki mieszkalne, lasy, pojedyncze drzewa, kominy, inne turbiny wiatrowe, wieże obserwacyjne, wieże komunikacyjne, wzgórza, góry, hałdy, mosty itp. Poprawnie przeprowadzona kampania pomiarowa warunków wietrzności musi uwzględniać powyższe uwarunkowania. Brane są pod uwagę warunki lokalizacyjne oraz wymogi ochrony środowiska przy zachowaniu szeroko pojętej optymalizacji pozyskiwanej energii elektrycznej. Decyzje podjęte na tym etapie determinują dalszy przebieg realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Odpowiednio wykonana koncepcja techniczna pozwala na minimalizację ryzyka inwestycyjnego oraz optymalizację kosztów na etapie projektowym, budowlanym i eksploatacyjnym. W procesie ustalania lokalizacji i doboru urządzeń farmy wiatrowej zauważa się brak koordynacji działań zespołów projektowych. Proces doboru turbin WF zaczyna się zwykle od ustalenia dostępności urządzeń na rynku. Inwestor wskazuje grupę urządzeń do dalszych analiz. Następnie zespoły specjalistów przystępują do projektowania. Ponieważ bardzo ważny jest aspekt ekonomiczny przedsięwzięcia, badana jest produktywność przyszłej elektrowni. Mając to na uwadze zespół energetyczny wybiera jeden typ urządzenia oraz konkretne punkty posadowienia turbin, następnie grupa akustyków przyjmuje WF do analiz. Ze względu na uwarunkowania środowiskowe i przestrzenne zespół akustyków często wprowadza zmiany lokalizacji turbin oraz korekty trybów pracy urządzenia. Korekta polega na ograniczeniu mocy akustycznej urządzenia kosztem produktywności, a tym samym wydłużeniu czasu zwrotu kosztów inwestycji. Problem ten dotyczy wszystkich realizowanych projektów. [149]
57. Logistics operators are characterized by a high dynamics of an increase of incomes, and hence increased shipping. Owing to a rational policy in the area of the consolidation of production and distribution, they may boast of a better use of the means of transport. The aim of the article is to analyse the promoted behaviours of logistics operators in Poland and in Ukraine. The research methods used in the study include a literature analysis, a comparative analysis and a questionnaire survey of logistics operators’ clients in Poland and in Ukraine. Selected items have been evaluated: eco-friendly programs, action for the environment, exhaust emission reports, CSR activities carried out locally, nationally and globally, sustainable development of logistics operators, professional development of employees, innovative technologies implemented by logistics operators and transport safety. The analysis conducted in relation to logistics operators will show similarities and differences in the promoted environmental activities and to what extent this is noticed by customers. [147]
58. The paper analyzes the reasons for the interest in natural gas as a potential marine fuel to replace the existing fuels derived from crude oil. The increase of environmental awareness and the effects of human activity caused the process of searching for more environmental friendly fuels. Naturally, interest has been shifted to a well-known energy source commonly found on Earth, in quantities much larger than crude oil. This fuel in the form of liquefied natural gas seems to be an attractive substitute for the currently dominant types of marine fuels. The technologies of its extraction, liquefaction, storage and transport were mastered and marine engines were adopted to its combustion as dual-fuel engines. The regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization and the European Parliament, forcing the reduction of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere from the combustion of marine fuels, require taking action to meet them. The proposals in individual next 30 years are given. Due to introduction of regulations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to switch to fuels with a lower or zero carbon content or the use of biofuels recognized to be more environmental friendly. Due to only 25% lower carbon content in methane with its higher lower heating value, it is possible to reduce the direct emission from this gas by about 30%. However, in the processes from natural gas extraction to energy effect in engines as a fuel, methane leaks occur, significantly worsening its image as an ecological fuel. Researches indicate that with current technologies, natural gas should not be recognized as an ecological fuel until gas leaks are significantly reduced. The article justifies why LNG should be considered as a transient marine fuel, with the need to switch to other synthetic fuels, ammonia, and finally hydrogen. [145]
59. The sustainable implementation of highway projects requires a sensitivity analysis of the terrain and all of its components that have a direct influence on road design, construction and operation. The result of this inquiry involving GIS techniques and methods regarding environmental and economic factors helps in choosing the optimal road route, in order to meet the real-world connectivity requirements. The sensitivity analysis can be applied to road and rail infrastructure projects, aiming to develop a decision-making tool that can be employed by their potential beneficiaries, according to their purposes and interests. This paper aims to create an objective decision-making tool for transport infrastructure development in correlation with the current needs of society regarding the development of transport infrastructure in an economic sustainable manner with low environmental impact. Furthermore, the study tries to identify the best highway corridor in an area with environmental constraints (especially geomorphological), that is in balance with both environment and financial resources. [144]
60. The main aim of the article is to present a theoretical model of a sustainable urban transport system and to indicate the need for changes in the approach to it. The issues of sustainable development and functioning of the municipal transport system in Olsztyn discussed in the article evoke vivid social and political interests of the city's inhabitants. This is mainly due to the impact of transport operation on quality of life, the correlation of its development with the economic development of the city, and the strong impact of transport on the natural environment. Today, it is already known that a coherent and modern transport system is an indispensable element of a competitive city. Connecting the city into a functional system, it presents it as a system of interdependencies between its elements. [143]
61. LPG storage tanks may be seriously threatened by a fire coming from nearby fuels or by leakage appearance. The aim of the study was to prepare a three-dimensional model of LPG release on a car gas station under different environmental conditions. CFD simulations of liquid and gas phase release from a tank localized on a car gas station was performed. First, ALOHA software was applied to determine mass flow rate, while Ansys software was used to determine the shape and size of hazardous zone. To reflect real condition atmospheric stability classes were applied. It was observed that for classes A-D the hazardous zone was decreasing. While, for E and F class the range was increased. It was noticed that the location of the leakage affects the extent of the danger zone. For the leaking below the liquid surface analyzed LPG has liquid form. While, for the leaking above the liquid surface analyzed LPG has gas form. Furthermore, for liquid leakage the largest hazard zone of release was observed. [143]
62. The design of the water distribution system is inherently linked to the execution of calculations, which aim, among other things, to determine the flow rate through individual pipes and the selection of diameters at the appropriate speed. Each step in the calculations is followed by an evaluation of the results and, if necessary, a correction of the data and further calculations. It is up to the designer to analyse the accuracy of the calculation results and is time-consuming for large systems. In this article, a diagnostic method for the results of hydraulic calculations, based on Kohonen Network, which classifies nominal diameters [DN] on the basis of data, in the form of flows, has been proposed. After calculating the new variant of the water distribution system, the individual calculation sections are assigned to the neurons of the topological map of Kohonen Network drawn up for nominal diameters. By comparing the diameter used for the calculation, with the diameter obtained on the topological map, the accuracy of the chosen diameter can be assessed. The topological map, created as a result of labelling the neurons of the output layer of the Kohonen Network, graphically shows the position of the classified diameter, relative to those diameters with similar input values. The position of a given diameter, relative to other diameters, may suggest the need to change the diameter of the pipe. [142]
63. Pylaisia polyantha moss growing near intensive traffic in Geležinis Vilkas street at Vingis Park (Vilnius) was selected as an indicator of environmental pollution. Two models were applied for the study: the Gaussian plume model – for zinc emission from automobiles calculation and mathematical model – for recalculating the zinc emission from transport to zinc concentration in moss. Moss samples were collected during spring, summer and autumn. There were no significant changes in Zn concentrations between these periods. Zn emission dispersion from pollution source was calculated only for one vehicle, in order to reach relationships between environmental conditions and dispersion of Zn emission from vehicle exhaust fumes pipe. It was detected that the concentration of Zn tends to decrease with the distance from the pollution source. It was observed that there was a strong relationship between wind speed and Zn concentration – the slower the wind speed, the higher concentration of zinc in moss. [142]
64. This paper presents a prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor for a hybrid boiler station supplying a small hotel in Koszalin. The task of the device was to balance the hybrid system with four circuits with different operating parameters, also changing in an extremely irregular manner. A prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor with improved internal structure was developed, ensuring the operation of the device in accordance with the temperature logic. Dimensions of the device have been calculated in accordance with the existing design principles of hydraulic distributors. [139]
65. Praca dotyczy zagadnienia poprawienia efektywności środków technologicznych przy automatycznym łączeniu elementów na powierzchniach obrotowych z gwarantowanym luzem poprzez eliminację zakleszczenia w procesie montowania wyrobu na zautomatyzowanych liniach montażowych. [138]
66. The aim of the article was the analysis of the physicochemical quality of water within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in Wrocław (south-west Poland) in the context of the European Union's classification of water quality, as well as an assessment of the potential impact of hydropower plants on this quality. The study uses the results of monthly tests from three measurement points within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in the city of Wrocław (points upstream and downstream the hydropower plant and the reference point), from the period June 2018 to May 2020. The analyses covered 10 physicochemical parameters, i.e.: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature, turbidity, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and BOD5. The conducted analysis showed that the hydropower plant has no clear influence on the physicochemical quality of the water in the Ślęza River, other interactions present in the catchment area are more important. From the effects visible in the results, a decrease in the amplitudes of water temperature downstream the hydropower plant compared to the other points was noted, as well as a lower median of its value (statistically significant changes). An additional noticeable effect was the increase in water oxygenation below the damming, but it was not statistically significant. It has been shown that the physicochemical condition of water at the tested points does not meet the assumed standards for 8 out of 9 parameters (except for water temperature). The largest exceedances of the limit values concerned NO2-N (up to 923% of the norm), and the most consistent, almost constantly occurring – EC (23 out of 24 months). The reason for the high NO2-N content was most probably surface runoff from the fields and the re-suspension of sediments rich in nutrients, while in the case of EC, its high values result from the specificity of the catchment area. [137]
67. The paper has been presented the methods of nitrogen oxides emission reduction to fulfill the Tier 2 and Tier 3 requirements of the Annex VI of MARPOL Convention. It has been shown the development of marine two-stroke diesel engines and the change of nitrogen oxides emission from 1960 to 2000 and later up to 2020 after the implementation of NOx emission reduction methods. Specific fuel consumption before 2000, and as a prediction and given data in the manufacturers manuals for Tier 3 engines up to 2020, and as only a prediction up to 2030 has been analyzed and elaborated. Impact of nitrogen oxides reduction methods on the specific fuel consumption of the marine diesel engine has been evaluated. Additional emission of some gases to the atmosphere due to the implementation of reduction methods has been determined. EGR and SCR systems have got a lot of imperfections: required to install additional reduction systems (investment cost, required volume in the engine room), need maintenance and operation costs, produced wastes during treatment process. The estimated additional cost is about 0.8 USD/MWh of produced energy, taking into account only the cost of excessive used fuel. The whole increased cost may reach the level two-three times more due to cleaning systems investment costs, their operational cost and waste disposal. It has been the one of the reasons of worsening the transport effectiveness and competitiveness. [135]
68. The article describes the results of experiments which was intended to compare the results of turning and traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces of rings made of bearing steel (100Cr6) in hardened state (62±2 HRC). During experimental investigations particular attention has been paid to the machining performance and roughness of the machined surface. The results of research presented in this article confirm the advantage of the turning process over traverse grinding using grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure. [135]
69. The article seeks to review the standards (emission and immission) and legal solutions relating to odour-active compounds, as well asanalyse the variability in the number of farmed animals and the emission of ammonia in Poland and Ukraine. Furthermore, the article characterizesodour emission factors, methods of health risk assessment, ways of limiting emission of odorous compounds from animal farming facilities. The analysis indicated the necessity of applying good practices available in reference documents – including those drawn up by environmental agencies – and scientific works, as such practices may significantly contribute to minimising the impact of animal farming facilities on people and the environment. The introduction of, inter alia, immission standards (reference values) expressed in ouE/m3 in the legal regimes of the EU and Ukraine would also render it possible to carry out an assessment of odours treated as a mixture present in ambient air and optimise the assessment of odour nuisance and thus the discomfort directly affecting the well-being and health of inhabitants of areas in the vicinity of farming facilities. [134]
70. Praca powstała we współpracy z producentem zbiorników i cystern ze stali nierdzewnej, przedsiębiorstwem PRO-WAM Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Koszalinie przy ul. Zwycięstwa 278. Motywacją do podjęcia prac badawczych przedstawionych w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej były problemy dotyczące jakości technologicznej podzespołów wchodzących w skład jednego z kluczowych produktów firmy: naczepy-cysterny do przewozu płynnych środków spożywczych. Przeprowadzone w szerokim zakresie badania doświadczalne wykazały, że zaproponowana autorska zależność na syntetyczny wskaźnik JTC może być z powodzeniem stosowana w przemyśle metalowym do porównywania jakości technologicznej procesu cięcia. Względna (procentowa) postać wskaźnika JTC powoduje, że może on być stosowany do porównywania wyników procesu cięcia prowadzonego różnymi metodami i w różnych warunkach a także składowe licznika zaproponowanej zależności mogą być rozszerzane o kolejne wskaźniki oceny jakości technologicznej. [134]
71. The present paper is on the physical and mechanical characterization of machined chips of commercially available highly conductive metallic materials, namely aluminium and copper under different machining environments. More specifically, geometry and hardness of chips as well as the chips removal effect on the machined surfaces are investigated in a quantitative fashion as a function of machining fluid and cutting parameter. The machining is carried out by using a horizontal shaper machine with a V-shaped HSS tool under three different machining fluids, where the feed rate is kept constant, while the cutting speed and depth of cut are varied. The geometry and hardness of the machined chips as well as the quality of machined surfaces are found to be affected quite significantly by the change of machining condition, particularly by the machining fluids. [132]
72. The issues related to the emission of atmospheric pollutants during the provision of energy supply services and the circulation of household waste in settlements are considered. The ways of air pollution by toxic compounds and the formation of greenhouse gases with existing methods of waste heat treatment are analyzed. The issues of reducing the content of toxic emissions in combustion products are studied on the basis of a numerical experiment by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The combustion processes in the power boiler TP-14A (E 220/100) are considered and adequate boundary conditions for the processes of aerodynamics, heat transfer and combustion of gas fuel are determined. The temperature, velocity and concentration fields in the furnace of the investigated boiler have been determined. According to the results of the calculations performed, the formation of chemical underburning and nitrogen oxides is predicted. [132]
73. The influence of sun rays, wind speed, and different type of subsoil on the evaporation process was analyzed. A dedicated experimental set-up for investigation of evaporation process of three liquids (ethanol, petrol and tap water) deposited on glass and sand was created. Results indicated that for porous surfaces wind decreased the amount of evaporated liquids. After substitution of wind with sun rays for porous surface evaporation process increased for ethanol and petrol, respectively. Finally, the influence of both wind and sun rays indicated a 1% and 5% decrease of evaporation intensity for tap water and petrol, respectively. While, a 2% increase of evaporated liquid was observed for ethanol. It was noticed that application of porous surface caused the highest improvement of evaporation process for petrol and tap water, while the lowest for ethanol. Moreover, application of wind together with porous surface increased the intensity of evaporation for all analyzed liquids. [132]
74. One of the ways to reduce the energy consumption from conventional sources is the introduction of an energy audit, which aims to inform the owner / user of a building about its energy consumption and possible ways of its reduction. For this purpose, the coefficients EK (annual demand for final energy) and EP (the amount of non-renewable primary energy to satisfy the energy needs of the building) were introduced. Their maximum values are deter-mined in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Infrastructure for each type of building covered by the energy audit obligation. Audit is an expertise designed to gain knowledge about energy consumption in a given building, a set of buildings, a system or an installation. It is to provide information on how to save an energy and their results. The following article presents the purpose and methodology of performing the energy audit for residential buildings. [131]
75. Agriculture, mainly biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) and plant protection products are one of the sources of environmental pollution. The sources of pollution are both farm buildings and intensively used agricultural land. Therefore, a crucial element of the environment contributing to the improvement of surface water quality are the aforementioned shallow reservoirs covered by vegetation that act as biofiltres or reservoirs such as dammed reservoirs. The analysed reservoir is located in the Greater Poland Province, about 25 km to the north from Poznań, in Murowana Goślina commune. The research on the analysed reservoir was conducted during the growing seasons, from 2016 to 2018, at three measurement and control points: at the Przebędowo reservoir inflow, it the Przebędowo reservoir and at the Przebędowo reservoir outflow. They included determining 4 groups of physico-chemical indicators supporting biological elements, including indicators characterising aerobic conditions, salinity, acidification (pH) and indicators characterising biogenic conditions. Based on the conducted research, a great influence of the reservoir was proven, especially in the context of the concentration of dissolved oxygen at the outflow, where, concerning this indicator, the reservoir was classified as water quality class I. The presented research results also confirmed that in the context of the complexity of hydrological and physico-chemical processes taking place in dammed reservoirs, it is necessary to continuously control them both in terms of water quantity and quality. [131]
76. Global trends in the efficiency, safety of energy systems and energy conservation actualize the task of developing new technologies for energy storage and transportation. The article considers current technologies of storage and accumulation of thermal energy, which can be used in central heating systems, and draws conclusions about the feasibility of their use. Also, the classification of energy storage systems is presented. The most perspective thermal energy storage, which can be used to equalize the load on the energy source to ensure the peak demand for heat with a high coefficient of utilization of the equipment capacity, is noted. [129]
77. W trakcie gotowania brzeczki z chmielem powstaje osad gorący, który jest oddzielany w kadzi wirowej. W pracy proponuje się modyfikacje dennicy kadzi wirowej, które mają na celu poprawę warunków klarowania brzeczki piwnej po jej gotowaniu z chmielem. Przeprowadzono pomiary rozkładu prędkości przepływu pierwotnego za pomocą metody PIV oraz symulacji komputerowych. Wyznaczono także charakterystykę reologiczna brzeczki i osadu, które wykorzystano przy budowie modelu komputerowego. [128]
78. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland in 1981-2010. Water needs were calculated by the plant coefficients, which were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney-Criddle’s equation, modified for Polish conditions. Rainfall deficit with the occurrence probability of normal, medium dry and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the growing season was 434 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the periods May-October and June-August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for most of the provinces. The rainfall deficit was recorded with the occurrence probability of normal as well as medium or very dry years in the entire study area. Due to climate changes, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. This research significantly broadens and refines the knowledge about the water needs of grapevines in central Poland, which will allow the design of resource-efficient irrigation programs for grapevines in the studied region of Poland. [128]
79. Human activities such as transport contribute to the environmental degradation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the level of contamination of soils, from different districts of big cities of central Europe, with heavy metals: zinc, lead, and nickel. The samples were taken from the top, sodded soil layer. Each single sample weigh was about 1 kg taken from 1 m2 measuring station. Soil samples were dried at room temperature. The airborne dry soil was thoroughly mixed and sieved through a 1 mm nylon sieve. The study included analysis of which type of metals is washed out under the influence of abiotic factors (bioavailable forms) and demonstrating how spatial development affects the accumulation of selected heavy metals in the soil. The results indicated that heavy metals emitted to the ground layer of the atmosphere accumulate in the immediate vicinity of communication routes. Moreover, based on the analysis of interrelationships of zinc, lead, and nickel concentrations, it has been shown that there is a common source of their emission to soil. Furthermore, the thesis that the concentration of metals was dependent on the soil reaction was not confirmed. [128]
80. This article describes functional and diagnostic structure of the equipment of a Wind Power Station. Considering particular operational conditions of a technical object, that is a set of Wind Power Station equipment, this is a significant issue. A structural model of Wind Power Station equipment is developed. Based on that, a functional – diagnostic model of Wind Power Station equipment is elaborated. That model is a basis for determining primary elements of the object structure, as well as for interpreting a set of diagnostic signals and their reference signals. [127]
81. The purpose of the paper is: to analyze and assess assumptions that determine the functioning of the category of environmental quality management, to present criteria and assumptions for integrated environmental quality management.Hypothesis: Integrated environmental quality management requires: a necessary condition – the verification of institutional solutions functioning between the alternative concepts of development and between the concepts of management, a sufficient condition – the decision-making will which accepts the verification, its assumptions and criteria presented in the text.A final conclusion: Limitations of the consent paradigm, based on the paradigm of deregulation (breaking the civilization code) [126]
82. The Photovoltaic solar cells convert the radiant energy from the Sun directly to electricity. Solar photovoltaic systems can help to fulfil the entire energy demands in rural areas by harnessing all the opportunities and potentials. The water is an important element in the life of plants, animals and human being. In this paper, it has been studied that solar energy could be used for water pumping applications such as providing water to rural and remote areas. It is being practiced in south Libya. The Data is being collected over two years by measuring the water flow on daily basis at pumping head of (35m). In addition, this presents an evaluation of PV system in water pumping and piping systems and estimation of pumping energy cost. The solar pumping systems depend on water flow rate, pumping head and solar irradiance. The system components contain inverter, pump and PV generator. Besides, the effects of the climate and operating conditions on the performance of PV pumping systems has been discussed. [126]
83. Energy is the most important part for community and financial growth of any country. Energy planning models play a vital role in strategy formulation and power sector progress. In this paper a systematic review and comparison of energy planning models developed and applied from 1977-2019 has been presented. The review indicates that most of the energy planning models has been presented and applied in developed nations. Only few numbers of energy planning models have been presented and applied in under developing countries. The review also shows the comparison of energy planning models applied in developed and under-developed countries. This review article will assistance the energy managers, scholars and strategy makers broadly. [126]
84. A multi-layer model is used to calculate time-dependent sediment velocity and concentration vertical profiles. This model, in which the differences in sediment transport at different distances from the bed are considered is intended both for the wave motion and steady flow. Numerical calculations were carried out for sediment transport during the wave crest and trough and total sediment transport as a sum of their absolute values. The model concept of variation in shear stress from the skin stress value above the bed to the stress value at the bed previously proposed for steady flow is extended here for the wave motion and verified by direct stress measurements. The calculations were carried out for mixed sand sediments with different grain size distributions including semi-uniform and poorly sorted grains. Comparison with the available small- and large -scale data from flumes and oscillating tunnels yields agreement typically within plus/minus a factor two of measurements. [126]
85. The work concerns a detailed analysis of the possibilities of increasing environmental protection by increasing the efficiency of selective collection of municipal waste in the city of Wroclaw and the economic conditions of this activity. The study includes a short introduction and an overview of waste morphology indicators. Then, a research model for the study of the morphology of municipal waste is discussed, based on the example of Wroclaw (Poland). Finally, 3 variant cost models of measures supporting the segregation of municipal waste were described and discussed. The article ends with a numerical example for Wroclaw along with a verification of the applicable rates for municipal waste collection fees, whether sorted or not. [125]
86. The problem of municipal waste management is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Its solution requires the integrated involvement of central and local authorities as well as the public. For their actions to be fully effective, they must be accompanied by an increase in environmental awareness. The aim of the study was to assess the environmental awareness and knowledge of inhabitants of eastern Mazovia regarding municipal waste management. A survey study was carried out on a group of 262 individuals using a questionnaire. Analysis of the results showed that the surveyed inhabitants of eastern Mazovia were aware of problems associated with municipal waste management, but some of them were critical of the actions taken by central and municipal authorities to solve them. Their high level of environmental awareness and knowledge was evidenced by the fact that most of those surveyed were familiar with the principles of selective collection of municipal waste, including green and hazardous waste. [124]
87. The electrolysis process of water produces oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas that can be used as an energy source to solve the shortage problem of fossil fuel and reduces the exhaust emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicles engines. In this study, HHO dry cell generator was designed, fabricated and tested experimentally to investigate its performance. The hybrid internal combustion engines using HHO gas is considered one of the most important studied applications. The vehicle engines performance and gas emissions are investigated for two different engines; 150CC with carburetor and 1300CC with Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The results recorded the consumption of the fuel is reduced by 14.8% for 150CC engine and 16.3% for 1300CC engine. HHO gas reduced the emission gases by 33% and 24.5% reduction in CO and 27.4% and 21% reduction in HC for 150CC and 1300CC engines respectively. HHO gas can be efficient used as a secondary fuel for vehicle engines. [124]
88. Non-imaging Fresnel lenses have been playing an important role in improving the efficiency of the solar energy systems. Many researchers have been developing novel designs of Fresnel lenses to enhance the concentrator performance. To bring the complex design of a Fresnel lens from a conceptual theory to a real-life application while maintaining its efficiency, it is critical to find the optimum manufacturing method that achieves the best quality fabrication at low cost in the lab scale. This work will systematically investigate four advanced manufacturing methods for their lens-making capabilities, including pressure casting, hot embossing, 3D printing, and CNC machining. Six Fresnel lenses were fabricated by the four methods, which were tested in the lab by a solar simulator and a solar cell to demonstrate their performances. The CNC machining provides the best quality lab-scale Fresnel lens that enhances the solar cell efficiency by 118.3%. 3D printing and hot embossing methods are also promising for the fabrication of good performance lenses – increasing the solar cell efficiency by 40-70%. However, the 3D printed lens has the issue of material degradation on the long term. Although the pressure casting is the easiest manufacturing method, the performance of fabricated lens was the lowest. [124]
89. The aim of the additive manufacturing (AM) is a production of physical objects by adding material layer-by-layer based on virtual geometry developed in the computer system. The main criteria for the division of additive manufacturing methods are the way to apply the layer and the type of construction material. In most projects, the choice of method is a compromise between costs and properties (e.g. physical, chemical or mechanical) of the manufactured object. Currently, AM methods have found application in many areas of life, including industrial design, automotive, aerospace, architecture, jewellery, medicine and veterinary medicine, bringing many innovative and revolutionary solutions. The purpose of this article is to review of the additive production methods and present the potential of medical application. [123]
90. Sewage sludge used for reclamation of egraded areas or in agriculture must have a certain total heavy metal content, as required by law. In practice, however, it is important to carry out a fractional analysis of the elements contained in the sludge. This activity allows to determine the chemical form of a given metal, thanks to which it is possible to assess the assimilability of elements by plants. The study proved that the fraction of certain metals in sewage sludge can vary depending on the period studied. The combination of elements with other compounds in sludge from one treatment plant can vary from month to month. Once analysis has been carried out, it should not be the basis for assessing the bioavailability of metals if sludge from a given treatment plant were to be sampled several times a year. [123]
91. The sector of transport, on the one hand, contributes to the socio-economic development; on the other hand, it is the source of multiple external effects with a significant and adverse impact on the society and economy. In spite of many years' experiences in the study of external costs of transport, there are still large discrepancies in research approaches and methods. This article reviewed available studies in the scope of the estimation of external costs in transport and presented own estimations of the level of costs of climate change and air pollution generated by road freight transport in Poland. The estimation of external costs was conducted based on a method developed by Martinio et al. The obtained results of the study confirm the significant adverse effect of road freight transport on the environment. The results may be useful in the selection of appropriate transport policy instruments. [122]
92. The objective of the study was to characterize the mycological quality of air at animal veterinary practice in Krakow. Bioaerosol measurements were performed during the summer season of 2017. The samples of outdoor and indoor air at animal veterinary practice were collected using a 6-stage Andersen`s air sampler. The highest concentration of fungal aerosol was observed in the treatment room. The analysis showed various fungal contamination in different measuring points at different measuring times of the day. Based on the analysis of bioaerosol particle size distribution it was found that the largest "load" of fungi, isolated form the air, can reach (in the human respiratory tract) to the region of the throat, trachei and primary bronchi. The predominant fungi in indoor air was Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Fungi that can cause dermatophytoses have also been isolated from indoor air: Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum. The study confirmed that the animal veterinary practice can be a workplace related to exposure to microbial agents. [122]
93. The driving comfort of the vehicle is primarily determined by the design of the suspension system, which transmits the force between the vehicle and the ground. There are different types of vehicle suspension systems, including active suspension systems that provide significant benefits for ride comfort while driving. However, the existing active suspension systems have limited functions such as power, and also complex structure. To overcome the problem, the proper design of the active suspension system by considering its present limitations is essential. A well-designed active suspension system controls the load on the wheels under the resonance of the body structure and ensures driving comfort. It reduces the vibrational energy of the vehicle body caused by the excitation of the road while keeping the stability of the vehicle within an acceptable limit. For a proper design of the active suspension system, the road surface, the seat suspension, and the wheel load are the most important elements to consider. In this study, different types of vehicle suspension systems with their limitations have been thoroughly investigated. Many aspects of control and some of the essential practical considerations are also explored. [122]
94. The article presents the characteristics of a wide set of research methods used in prospective analysis known as foresight. Explorative and normative, quantitative and qualitative methods as well as techniques based on expert and assumptions were described in detail. The paper also describes the broader context of the notion of technological foresight and describes differences in this concept in relation to technology management. [121]
95. Wyd. 5 [120]
96. The current study focuses on the life cycle assessment and an economic valuation of a natural convection solar greenhouse dryer in Western Maharashtra, India. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is an active device that gains solar radiation incident on to the surface of the dryer and along with wind energy, it removes moisture from agricultural yield. The combination of solar energy and wind energy removes moisture from agricultural yield. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is primarily used in rural settings; hence, it is very important to analyse the environmental and economic aspects associated with the dryer to obtain the maximum benefit from the dryer with less investment possible. The experiment involving a natural convection solar dryer was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The environmental parameters taken into considerations during the analysis covered energy, energy payback time and CO2 emissions, mitigation and carbon credits earned by the dryer. The economic analysis of the solar dryer consists of the annual cost of the dryer, the salvage value, the annual saving obtained and the payback period respectively. [120]
97. The aim of reviewing information was characterizing in the labor factor using in refrigeration technology is and their impact on the environment. The development of the refrigeration industry occurred thanks to progress towards coolants. The most important aspect of using of refrigerators is their impact on health and human life, and atmosphere. By caring for health, the European Union achieves legal rights. Research on thermodynamic factors pose a wide field of work for many scientists and are the most popular, new information, that can be used in practice. [120]
98. Rising global temperatures have exacerbated the problems of adaptation to climate change in various sectors of the economy, including municipal energy. Therefore, the task is to develop measures and mechanisms, the implementation of which will guarantee cost-effective comfortable and reliable heat and cold supply of buildings and structures in climate change. Experimental studies of heat transfer and monitoring of thermal regimes in enclosing structures and building elements were conducted with the development of innovative engineering systems for energy supply of a passive house of the "zero-energy" type. Experimental developments of innovative energy-efficient greenhouse gas-reducing technologies and equipment for energy supply systems of buildings have been performed and their architectural and construction solutions for adaptation to climate change have been optimized. In order to expand and deepen the theory and practice of improving the energy efficiency of buildings in the near future, the scientific priority and subject of basic and applied research have been identified. Developed adaptive to climate change innovative, energy efficient technologies and equipment of engineering systems of energy supply of buildings with the use of renewable energy sources can be used in the practice of energy supply of housing and communal services. [119]
99. Buildings are the main consumer of energy resources in the total energy balance of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the main energy consumption is allocated for heating. Efficient use of energy resources for heating needs to a large extent depends on the efficiency of regulation of heating systems. In the article, dynamic mathematical models of a two-room typical apartment in Ukraine, built in 2016, were developed in Matlab and EnergyPlus software environment. The simulations were carried out using IWEC hourly climate data for the city of Kyiv. The results of simulations of thermal energy consumption in Matlab are characterized by a larger range of fluctuations of the heating system load, which is typical for the real operating conditions of the system with the controller of ON/OFF type. In EnergyPlus it is assumed that the gas boiler operates continuously in the ON mode. In the research, the change of load on the apartment heating system was studied at different numbers and locations of air temperature control sensors installation, according to which the controller of the autonomous gas boiler operates. [119]
100. One of the important and still current problems occurring in the fish processing industry is the intensive wear of the cutting surface of industrial cutting blades used to separate the fish raw material. In the paper, the proposes a proprietary solution to the above problem consisting in the regeneration of worn surfaces realized in the process of precise grinding by the use of a prototype 5-axis CNC grinding machine was presented. The obtained machining results were verified, among others on the basis of measurements of values of the cutting edges inclination angles and analysis of values of selected surface roughness parameters. The proposed solution along with the developed methodology can be an interesting alternative to typical ways of renewing the cutting ability of cutting tools in applications from the fish processing industry. [118]
101. This paper introduce the transient model of the propane heat pump cycle. Heat pump cycle model includes:- compressor model- condenser model in lumped parameters- evaporator model in lumped parameters- expansion valve model- heat source model (cooling chamber)- PID control system for heat recovery from superheated refrigerant vapour.Model allows estimate inertia of the heat pump cycle with system of the heat recovery from superheated propane vapor [117]
102. The word greenhouse dryer is used for a building which is highly glazed with thermal conditioning for desired range and it is used for cultivating crops, plants, vegetables, etc. The actual working of a greenhouse is that the short-wave radiations falling on the greenhouse are absorbed by the outer glazing material thereby heating the interior area of greenhouse and providing ambient heat for plants, vegetables growth respectively. The heated space is retained within the enclosure of greenhouse. This phenomenon is called as greenhouse effect. The important role played during the greenhouse effect phenomenon are atmosphere, insulating roofs, walls, etc.The current study focuses on the numerical and experimental validation of Solar Greenhouse which is utilized for drying phenomenon. The numerical simulation is performed using Finite Element Analysis method. The various roof shapes have been incorporated to have emphasis on maximum solar gain to drying phenomenon. [117]
103. W pracy podjęto badania, w celu analizy przemieszczania materiału szklanego w procesie micro- i nanoskrawania pojedynczymi ziarnami diamentu oraz procesu szlifowania z zastosowaniem ściernic zbudowanych na bazie tego typu ziaren. Celem badań, było opracowanie podstaw do identyfikacji warunków, przy których zachodzi niepożądany mechanizm kruchego pękania materiałów szklanych. [116]
104. Increasing the level of thermal resistance of the building envelope in combination with the choice of heat source is an urgent task. It is important to take into account changes in the cost of energy over time. Thermal modernization, in its turn, allows to increase the level of thermal comfort, which is not taken into account and evaluated in practice, although the relevant standards for comfort conditions and categories of buildings to ensure comfort have been introduced in Ukraine. This paper analyzes the change in the level of comfort after thermal modernization, determines the category of the building to provide comfortable conditions, as well as identifies the change in the average radiation temperature of the fences, as one of the main factors of PMV change in these conditions. [116]
105. The stability of a vehicle depends on many parameters.The Centre of Gravity is one of the most important in them. If the height of center of gravity from the ground decreases the stability of the vehicle increases. But when the ground clearance is too low it has a chance of collision vehicle and the ground while going on an uneven road or with speed brakes. So, to avoid the collision of a vehicle to ground and increase the stability a mechanism to adjust the ground clearance is to be attached. Also, the lift and drag forces can also be altered using this adjustable ground clearance mechanism. The designers usually fix ground clearance and they try to acquire this by the suspension system. The suspension system has tires, tire air, springs, shock absorber, and other parts to connect the vehicle with the wheels. The present paper describes the significance of using hydraulic oil as a working fluid in an adjustable ground clearance mechanism. Also describes the design and analysis of piston and cylinder rod. [115]
106. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of potato chips in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The potato chips is a value added product, that can be effectively used during throughout year as snacks, side dish or appetizer. It can be either deep dried or backed for consumption. The potato contains high fiber, it helps to lower the cholesterol level in blood reducing the risk of blood pressure if consumed backed. The potato chips can be effectively stored for one year to six months and consumed as snacks.The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The Moisture Removal Rate (MRR) for drying of potato chips in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open sun drying is 83% and 78% respectively. The drying rate observed during the experiment has a better resemblance with simulated Response Surface Modelling. [115]
107. Eni oilfield has been experiencing production decline with increase in water output. The implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can help to extract some percentages of the original oil in place (OOIP). EOR methods are capital intensive and few are environmental hazardous. In a bid to address these issues, this paper discusses on an alternate economically viable enhanced oil recovery technique which has the potential to curb the challenges of other conventional EOR methods.This work suggested a 3 stage approach of applying microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) method for oil recovery in Eni field. The reservoir characteristics in Eni field were studied, the average porosity value of the reservoirs is between 0.238 and 0.241.The reservoir characteristics and parameters were found suitable for the application of MEOR technique for effective oil drainage from the delineated reservoir compartments. Microbial flooding was found to be matured in reservoirs with temperature less than 200 F, brine salinity not more than 100,000 ppm, water depth not more than 3500m and permeability should be above 30 (Md). It was recommended that MEOR approach should be applied in Eni Oilfield for increment of oil production and reduction in water cut due to its efficiency and economic viability. [115]
108. This publication presents the test results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from ground composite materials. The components of the obtained composites are peat and stabilizing binders in the form of fly ash and hydrated lime. The composites were designed to be used to stabilize low-bearing organic soil in the Lake Druzno basin in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. The results of the leachability studies show that as the lime hydrated in the composition of the composite increases, the leachability of heavy metals and metalloids decreases. The decrease in the leachability of these elements is also influenced by the increase in the pH value. The results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from composites as well as the obtained pH values make it possible to conclude that they are neutral to the ground environment and can be used in engineering practice under specific conditions in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. [114]
109. The problem of wastewater treatment from craft breweries emerged in Poland about 10 years ago when an increase in the number of small breweries was observed. Plants located in small towns are forced to solve the problem on their own. One of the possibilities is to use low-cost technology of constructed wetlands with subsurface and surface flow. The purpose of the research was to test the possibility of effective treatment of sewage from a craft brewery in a lab-scale research installation and to determine the parameters for designing a real scale plant. Wastewater from the Waszczukowe brewery was used in the study. The research system consisted of a retention and aeration tank, SS-VF subsurface flow and FWS surface flow beds. An innovative Certyd filling produced by LSA company was used. The high efficiency of SS-VF bed and the entire research system was found. The removal efficiency in SS VF was on average 89.7% for BOD5, 90.5% for COD, 54.6% for TN and 52.1% for TP. For whole treatment it was respectively 97.1%, 96.7%, 72.6% and 61.3%. A high organic matter removal effect was found for the SS-VF bed (87.1 g BOD5 m-2 d-1) and a relatively low for the FWS (3.0 BOD5 g m-2 d-1). The study confirmed the need for plant design based on hydraulic load and required load removed per unit area. [114]
110. Literature review on flow acoustic methods and materials of an automotive muffler. a car is judged comfortable also depending on the acoustic level transmitted inside, and a thorough knowledge of acoustics of ducts and mufflers is needed for the design of efficient muffler configurations. Unstable exhaust gas at high temperature flowing from internal combustion engine manifold may cause of noise and vibrations conflicting with the high standard of acoustic comfort requested by this kind of vehicle. The basic gaols are to define most important methods to identify noise occur from the motion of fluid in case of turbulent model. Materials properties like velocity, temperature, thermal conductivity and density have been technical presented in this work. [114]
111. Climate change, environmental degradation and the introduction of increasingly restrictive legal regulations mean that the automotive industry is facing tremendous challenges. The paper presents a computer tool that uses the results of tests carried out on a chassis dynamometer for a Fiat Panda 1.3 Multijet, to simulate driving tests. As a result of the work of a computer tool, the impact on CO2 emissions was analysed in the context of CADC - Artemis (Common Artemis Driving Cycles) road tests for the following fuels: diesel oil, FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), rapeseed oil and butanol. Mass consumption of fuels and CO2 emissions were analysed in driving tests for the vehicle in question. The highest mass consumption of fuel and carbon dioxide emissions occurred in the case of FAME (respectively 2.283 kg and 6.524 kg). [114]
112. W rozprawie przedstawiono badania nad umocnieniem wybranego spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi, łączącego ziarna ścierne z tlenku glinu. Rozdział pierwszy zawiera wprowadzenie w tematykę podjętą w niniejszej pracy. W rozdziale drugim zamieszczono analizę literatury dotyczącą stanu wiedzy z zakresu budowy i właściwości ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu i spoiw ceramicznych stosowanych do ich wiązania w narzędzie ścierne, podstaw dotyczących mechaniki kruchego pękania oraz modułu Younga porowatych kompozytów ceramicznych, a także opis mechanizmów zużycia ziaren ściernych i spoiw ceramicznych. Z obszernej analizy tekstów źródłowych wynika, że mechanizm zużycia ceramicznych narzędzi ściernych zdeterminowany jest wieloma czynnikami, m.in. rodzajem ziarna ściernego, właściwościami spoiwa oraz siłą mocowania ziaren ściernych w ściernicy przez spoiwo. Najmniej pożądanym typem zużycia ściernicy jest zużycie wytrzymałościowe (pękanie) mostków wiążących, gdyż zjawisko to prowadzi do szybkiego zużycia objętościowego narzędzia i tym samym nie pozwala na pełne wykorzystanie potencjału skrawnego ziaren czynnej powierzchni ściernicy. Z tego powodu podejmowane są prace badawcze mające na celu podwyższenie właściwości mechanicznych spoiw, które skupione są m.in. na celowej modyfikacji mikrostruktury mostków wytrzymałymi fazami krystalicznymi z jednoczesną kontrolą budowy granicy międzyfazowej. Interesującym lecz dotychczas niewystarczająco zbadanym rozwiązaniem jest wykorzystanie wiskerów ceramicznych jako fazy zbrojącej spoiwo. Na podstawie wniosków z analizy tekstów źródłowych, sprecyzowano cele, hipotezy, problemy badawcze oraz zakres pracy, które zamieszczono w rozdziale 3. W kolejnym rozdziale (rozdział 4.) opisano metodykę przeprowadzonych badań. Rozdział ten zawiera charakterystykę materiałów wykorzystanych do wytworzenia badanych ściernic oraz opis metod badawczych zastosowanych do realizacji założonych celów pracy. Podjęte prace badawcze dotyczyły badań z zakresu zwilżalności ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu przez wytypowane spoiwo szklanokrystaliczne, określenie wpływu modyfikacji spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi na ewolucję mikrostruktury strefy złącza, wytrzymałość mechaniczną na rozciąganie oraz moduł Younga ściernic z tlenku glinu, badań właściwości eksploatacyjnych ściernic z podstawowym spoiwem szklanokrystalicznym i spoiwem modyfikowanym wiskerami oraz badania morfologii czynnej powierzchni ściernic po procesie szlifowania. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań oraz ich dyskusję. Wytypowane parametry obróbki cieplnej badanych narzędzi ściernych pozwoliły na krystalizację projektowanych inkluzji, zarówno o charakterze drobnodyspersyjnym (gahnit) jak i wiskerów glinoborowych. Wykazano również, że dla określonych udziałów prekursora wiskerów dodawanego do mas ściernych możliwe jest uzyskanie efektu umocnienia mostków wiążących, co przekłada się na zróżnicowane właściwości mechaniczne ściernic, badane w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych. Wzrost wytrzymałości na rozciąganie narzędzi z udziałem wiskerów w spoiwie wiążącym jest efektem uruchomienia dodatkowych mechanizmów podwyższających energię pękania, m.in. związanych z wyciąganiem wiskerów z matrycy amorficznej, odchylaniem lub rozgałęzianiem pęknięć. Jednocześnie potwierdzono efekt wzrostu wartości modułu Younga E ściernic wynikający z obecności fazy wiskerowej o wysokim module E (ok. 400 GPa). Osiągnięcie takich efektów pozwoliło na uzyskanie narzędzia ściernego o znacznie zredukowanym udziale spoiwa (Vs = 5,5%), którego charakter zużycia jest odmienny od charakteru zużycia ściernicy bez udziału wiskerów. [113]
113. To create a mechatron model of vacuum tube vibration system for rock cutting by flat auger tools based on physical and mechanical properties of processed array and kinematic characteristics of the instrument. The analytical model of the fracture process of rock cutting by tool vibration with considering of plastic properties of the massif were developed. The main technological parameters of massif vibrating cutting with normal variations were modeled: dependences of normal and tangential pressure in the zone of working body interaction with the medium, normal and shear stresses in the zone of destruction, rock characteristics of the medium, vibration parameters dependences on the characteristics of mechatronic system geometry of the contact area of flat incisors treated with medium. The choice of the computational model of the vibration rock cutting with the normal to the direction of movement of the working body fluctuations with considering arising from processes at once or disorders: the occurrence of compressive and tensile stresses were backgrounded. Main stages and interconnection options in the simulation of vibration cutting were established. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a method of analysis of contact interaction of roller working body molding machine with an array taking into account the changes in the stabilization process of physical and mechanical properties of the treated medium, the aim of which is to predict the required voltage and depth of the formed layer. The theoretical basis of rock cutting by flat auger tool taking into account the normal component of the vibration with respect to the movement direction allowing for the deformation of the rock mass and the contact interaction with the working body were established, that allows to improve the technology of drilling wells by reducing the power consumption of the cutting process. The results enable us to determine the parameters of power and kinematic conditions for the occurrence of the vibration cutting. [113]
114. In the present work optimization of cutting parameters are performed while hard turning of AISI 52100 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Experiments are planned and conducted based on Center Composite Rotatable Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Method (RSM). Cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius and negative rake angle are considered as input parameters. In this study machining force (F) and surface roughness (Ra) are measured during the experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is deployed to determine the influence of process parameters. Obtained optimal parameters are speed 200 rpm, feed 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.8 mm, nose radius 1.2 mm and negative rake angle 45º. [113]
115. Friction drilling as a non-chip drilling method require a special formed tool. This tool can be combined with conventional drilling machines as well as milling machines, also CNC ones. The choice depends only on the factors related to production volumes. Tool must have high durability properties to reach proper efficiency level. This means the number of boreholes that can be formed while maintaining the shape and structure of the surface within the dimensions tolerances limits. High temperature in process also cause a high durability properties. These article presents a review of apossible solutions on tools mounting devices and tools functionality used in friction drilling process. [113]
116. Cement is the most widely used man-made material. The global cement industry produces about 3.3 billion tons of cement annually. A lot of energy is needed to produce cement. About 200 kg of coal is used to produce each ton of cement. The cement industry also produces about five percent of the world's greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, some cement producers have the potential to recover waste heat. The method studied in this research is based on heat recovery from boilers installed at the outlet of clinker cooler and preheater of cement factory. Due to the low temperature of the gases available, three different fluids, water, R123 and R245fa are considered as the operating fluid. Also, energy and exergy analysis is performed in a Rankin cycle and the selection of optimal parameters is considered by using genetic algorithm. By selecting the decision parameters in the optimization of the genetic algorithm such as pinch temperature, evaporator pressure and operating mass flow rate, the optimal values of exergy efficiency were obtained. [113]
117. Waste and associated risks are becoming an increasingly noticeable problem in environmental protection in our time. The management of especially industrial waste is a difficult and at the same time a significant problem. Incineration is the basic process of thermal utilization. The combustion process is not neutral for the environment, and is associated with the emission of dust, sulfur and nitrogen compounds as well as dioxins and furans. Therefore, combustion installations must be equipped with a number of devices for cleaning the exhaust gases. The most primary process of obtaining useful energy from biomass, i.e. combustion, is characterized by specific dynamics. Regardless of the technique, it is affected by physical and chemical processes. The condition of economic and technical correctness of co-firing is maintaining the optimal share of biomass in the fuel mixture and its appropriate quality. Effective co-firing of the prepared mixture can be carried out in existing grate, fluid and dust boilers. Pyrolysis is a stage in both the combustion and gasification process. In this process, as a result of the thermal decomposition of the structure of the organic fuel, we obtain carbonizate as well as tar and gas products. [112]
118. In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country. [112]
119. This experimental study investigated the effects of a conventional cutting fluid during drilling cylindrical holes on workpiece materials made of the AISI 1040 steel. Drilling responses were compared between dry and wet (in presence of the cutting fluid) cutting conditions with respect to drilling force, roundness deviation and taper of the hole, and chip morphology. High production machining and drilling with high cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut were found to be inherently associated with the generation of a large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. In a dry condition such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the roundness deviation and taper of the hole. The use of a conventional cutting fluid, in such a situation, was very effective to reduce the cutting temperature. In a dry cutting condition, numerous tool-wears were found on the drill bits. Drilling in such a dry condition seriously affects roundness of the hole, and chip shape and color. Contrastingly, use of a traditional cutting fluid reduced temperature as well as improved roundness and taper of the hole. It also acted as a lubricate at the tool tip–work surface interface. [111]
120. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes such as three- dimensional (3D) printing are one of most important technologies of our century. Additive manufacturing is a manufacturing process in which 3D solid objects are created. It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of an additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object. Additive manufacturing is also known as 3D printing. The strongest reasons for the use of rapid prototypes in manufacturing are the production of parts with a small quantity or a complex shape, the obtaining of lighter parts, the prevention of waste of raw materials, a wider availability of testing and design and further personalization. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM by exploiting the basic principle of oxygen-impaired photopolymerization to create a continuous fluid interface of uncured resin between the growing section and the exposure window. [111]
121. The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method to the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the tested minichannel were obtained. [110]
122. Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC. [110]
123. With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided. [109]
124. When establishing a plantation of energy crops, a number of decisions regarding planned technology and plant selection should be made. Using the complex calculation algorithms, it is possible to determine the amount of energy needed to establish, run and liquidate the plantation. An analysis of the technological process and the specifics of the examined plants allows to determine the set of the most important features determining the yield size, and ultimately the energy efficiency of the planned production. When conducting field production, the influence of climatic conditions should also be taken into account, for example using a hydrothermal coefficient. The most difficult element of the planned project is to determine the size of the expected yield. Using the above relationships, a mathematical model can be used which, while maintaining the range of the system variables, allows to determine the amount of the expected energy value of the crop. [109]
125. This paper presents the FEM analysis of V-die bending process of the zinc plated DC01 steel. The process is analyzed in terms of maximal plastic strain, and the reaction force on the punch. An analysis of the spring-back phenomenon has also been conducted. This paper shows the model preparation process as well as the achieved results and their interpretation. [109]
126. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of grapes for raisin making in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The Maharashtra state ranks first in the production of grapes, probably Western Maharashtra produces nearly 800 thousand tons of grapes every year. The major wastage of grapes is due to low sugar content, glossy appearance, shrinkage, excess water in berry, scorching and size variation. Therefore, there is a need to preserve the grapes by drying and making raisins for a non-seasonal requirement. The experiment was conducted for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open Sun condition from 1st of April to 4th of April for 48 hours. The initial weight of the grapes to be dried was 500 grams for both Solar Greenhouse Dryer and open sun drying conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The main aim of using DOE i.e., Response Surface Modelling is to get an optimum region for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer, from the Surface plot; the region of maxima and minima was obtained. [108]
127. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki związanej z popularyzacją i dystrybucją obrazów broni palnej we współczesnych mediach masowych. Zakres moich badań obejmuje zjawisko obcowania z bronią palną poprzez obrazy. „Obcowanie” wyraża tu pewien rodzaj adoracji broni palnej, uczestnictwa w kulturze i obyczajach z nią związanych za pośrednictwem obrazów. Interesuje mnie zarówno to, w jaki sposób obrazy broni strzeleckiej funkcjonują w kulturze popularnej, jak i to, jak są zbudowane. W treści pracy podejmuję: (1) próbę zbadania właściwości obrazów broni palnej i ich związków z kulturą masową; (2) próbę określenia, które elementy obrazów broni palnej sprawiają, że jest ona odbierana jako atrakcyjna wizualnie. Ponadto w części praktycznej wybrane przeze mnie obrazy broni strzeleckiej zostają poddane dekonstrukcji malarskiej w celu wykrycia i wyodrębnienia ich charakterystycznych komponentów obrazowych. W rozdziale pierwszym umieściłem różne definicje broni oraz określenia, którymi posłużyłem się w opisach. W rozdziale drugim, opisuję przypadek współpracy malarza Georga Catlina z producentem broni Samuelem Coltem. Ten przykład jest pomocny dla zrozumienia współczesnych mechanizmów masowej dystrybucji obrazów broni palnej. Współpraca między Catlinem i Coltem stworzyła pewien schemat, wiążący obrazy broni z żywą, emocjonującą fabułą. Dziś, schemat ten wykorzystują i rozwijają nowe, współczesne nam media. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony jest obrazom broni obecnym w sztuce filmowej. Wyjaśnia: (1) w jaki sposób kino rozwija schemat, który stworzyli Catlin i Colt; (2) jak 2 obrazy broni palnej wpływają na formę obrazu filmowego; (3) jak kino mitologizuje i popularyzuje broń strzelecką na przykładzie pistoletu Walter PPK i karabinu maszynowego AK Kałasznikow. Rozdział czwarty dysertacji opisuje jak gry FPS (First Person Shooter) rozwijają fabularny i wizualny model zaczerpnięty z amerykańskich superprodukcji filmowych, w którym dominującą rolę odgrywają obrazy broni palnej oraz efekty spektakularnych zniszczeń dokonywanych z jej pomocą. W treści tego rozdziału wyjaśniam także: (1) zasady, jakie rządzą obrazowaniem broni w grach; oraz (2) opisuję, które elementy broni palnej są szczególnie atrakcyjne wizualnie w grze i w jaki sposób twórcy gier wykorzystują je podczas ich tworzenia. Rozdział piąty, jest próbą przybliżenia zjawiska Gunporn, które do tej pory nie doczekało się szerszego opracowania. Ma ono bezpośredni związek z fascynacją fotografią, obrazami, komiksami, filmami oraz grami, które przedstawiają broń i uzbrojenie. Jest to w pewnym sensie rozdział podsumowujący, ponieważ łączy w sobie wszystkie wątki z poprzednich rozdziałów. Rozdział szósty zwiera opis części praktycznej. Przedstawione zostały w nim wyniki moich badań w formie obrazów malarskich oraz objaśnienie zastosowanych przeze mnie metod badawczych, sposobu pracy, a także doboru materiałów, na podstawie których budowałem swoje kompozycje malarskie. [108]
128. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zjawisk podstawowych w strefie szlifowania ostrzy noży planarnych ściernicami z ziarnami regularnego azotku boru (cBN) w trzech odmianach kinematycznych (szlifowanie obwodem ściernicy, szlifowanie czołem ściernicy, szlifowanie stożkową powierzchnią czołową ściernicy) umożliwiająca wytypowanie warunków realizacji tego procesu zapewniających w efekcie wydłużenie okresu trwałości kształtowanych narzędzi w procesie skórowania ryb płaskich. Przeprowadzone badania eksploatacyjne dowiodły możliwości uzyskania około 18% wydłużenia okresu trwałości ostrzy co w warunkach zakładu przetwórstwa rybnego pozwala na uzyskanie efektu skali i wpływa korzystnie zarówno na zredukowanie kosztów narzędzi, jak i na ograniczenie czasu przestoju linii technologicznej, związanego z wymianą ostrzy w maszynie do skórowania. [108]
129. AA7075 is an aluminum alloy that's almost as strong as steel, yet it weighs just one third as much. Unfortunately, its use has been limited, due to the fact that pieces of it couldn't be securely welded together by the traditional welding process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process overcomes the limitations of the conventional welding process. The aim of our present is to compare the predicted results of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Friction Stir welded similar joints through Regression modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. It was observed that the linear regression algorithm is able to make more accurate predictions compared to neural network algorithm for small dataset. [107]
130. The article presents an analysis of the geometric structure of the surface of X5CrNi18‑10 steel sheet after cutting with a abrasive water-jet (AWJ) and a photon beam (laser). Both methods and the workpiece material were also described. Using the laser triangulation method, the cut surface texture was measured by opto-digital microscopy. Additionally, microscopic images of the cut surface were made using the Dino-Lite Edge AM7915MZT microscope by ANMO Electronics Co. The analysis of changes in the value of the Sa parameter for the surface after laser cutting and abrasive water-jet showed that the thickness of the cut material has the most significant influence on the obtained measurement results. [106]
131. Fuel injector nozzle is important part of fuel injection system which plays dominant role in spray formation which directly and indirectly affects on combustion efficiency of diesel engine. The performance of the internal flow of the fuel injector nozzle is impeded by several factors. Cavitation is one of the factor which affects fluid flow. It is associated with local pressure distribution inside nozzle. Therefore cavitation plays major role while designing injector nozzle.In the present study, analysis of existing six hole mini-sac diesel injector nozzle is carried out using commercial CFD package. The main objective of research is to design of nozzle to avoid cavitation and to find out contribution of different parameters through parametric study. The results are predicted and compared with both test result and analytical result at steady state conditions for different needle lift., the better the results. [106]
132. Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. [106]
133. The article presents the association of the output signals of the grinding process with the machining parameters. The article focuses on assessing the suitability of grinding force signal and acoustic signal acquisition for different process conditions. In the first part of the article the kinematic contact of abrasive grain with the workpiece analysis was carried out. By analogy to the micro-cutting process, geometric analyses are presented and the process parameters that have a major impact on the grinding zone load are indicated. Analytically it has been shown that elementary grinding speeds (wheel and workpiece speed) and grinding depth have a significant effect on recorded signal values. The work also presents a set of factors and phenomena that are sources of acoustic emission impulses in the grinding process. For a selected range of grinding parameters, an experimental verification was performed. The article presents the highly correlated relationship between grain penetration depth (maximum uncut chip thickness) and grinding force components, as well as the effective value of acoustic emission. The output signals of the grinding process were also compared, indicating the advantage of the acoustic emission signal above the grinding force in terms of the reaction speed (and lag) of the sensors to the phenomena occurring in the grinding zone. [105]
134. Estimating the amount of suspended sediment in rivers correctly is important due to the adverse impacts encountered during the design and maintenance of hydraulic structures such as dams, regulators, water channels and bridges. The sediment concentration and discharge currents have usually complex relationship, especially on long term scales, which can lead to high uncertainties in load estimates for certain components. In this paper, with several data-driven methods, including two types of perceptron support vector machines with radial basis function kernel (SVM-RBF), and poly kernel learning algorithms (SVM-PK), Library SVM (LibSVM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy (NF) and statistical approaches such as sediment rating curves (SRC), multi linear regression (MLR) are used for forecasting daily suspended sediment concentration from daily temperature of water and streamflow in the river. Daily data are measured at Augusta station by the US Geological Survey. 15 different input combinations (1 to 15) were used for SVM-PK, SVM-RBF, LibSVM, NF and MLR model studies. All approaches are compared to each other according to three statistical criteria; mean absolute errors (MAE), root mean square errors (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Of the applied linear and nonlinear methods, LibSVM and NF have good results, but LibSVM generates a slightly better fit under whole daily sediment values. [105]
135. This publication presents a case study of responsible environmental management on the example of a Polish organization having the objective of municipal waste management. The results of the conducted analyses allow to conclude that the organization is well prepared to implement an environmental management system compliant with the requirements of ISO 14001:2015 standard. This publication presents and characterises environmental programmes which are implemented by the organization.The purpose of this publication is to present, on the example of a selected organization, the adaptation to the implementation of the environmental management system compliant with ISO 14001:2015 standard and to analyse the benefits obtained by the organization as a result of implementing the environmental management system. The carried-out surveys suggest that pro-environmental activities undertaken by the organization will bring numerous benefits. The benefits can include, inter alia, increased customer confidence, improved image of the organization and thus an increase in the number of services provided by the company. Environmental performance indicators will be carried out for the assessment of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system. This will allow an effective identification of the areas that require improvement. [104]
136. This paper discusses the current directions of vehicle developments, as well as the barriers and opportunities for using electric vehicles instead of conventional vehicles. There is also mentioned a problem of the battery charging system. Compared to refueling gasoline powered vehicles, charging of battery electric vehicles takes considerably more time, which renders a single-purpose charging infrastructure inconvenient. However, an objective of this article is also to investigate the future market prospects of various types of EVs, with the economics of EVs in comparison to conventional cars. Only if the final driving costs can be considerably reduced will EVs gain significant market shares. [104]
137. This article deals with the optimization of friction stir welding process parameters with filler ratios on dissimilar Aluminium alloy groups. For this purpose, 6 series Aluminium alloy 6082 and 5 series Aluminium alloy 5052 were taken. Microhardness property was conducted under various rotational speeds, welding speed, plunge depth, Center distance between the holes and filler mixing ratio. The Central Composite Design (CCD), the most commonly used Response Surface Methodology (RSM), is considered to develop the prediction equation. A validation analysis is carried out, and the results were compared with the relative impact of input parameters on weld nugget microhardness. It is observed that the increase in welding speed with plunge depth and filler ratio result in the increase of weld nugget microhardness up to a maximum value. The maximum weld nugget hardness of fabricated joint was obtained with the welding process parameters combination of 1000 rpm rotational speed, 125 mm/min welding speed, 0.15 mm plunge depth, 2 mm centre distance between the holes, and filler ratio of 95% Mg and 5% Cr. [104]
138. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional, steady, incompressible lid driven flow in a square cavity were investigated in this work. A commercial finite volume package of ANSYS-FLUENT was used to analyze and visualize the nature of the flow inside the cavity at different Reynolds Number. In addition, a MATLAB code was developed and validated by comparing the results with the reference values from literature. Staggered grid was employed in discretization of the cavity to avoid checkerboard pressure while developing the code. The governing equations were discretized in terms of velocity and pressure fields. Artificial compressibility method was used to de-couple the pressure and velocity terms in the governing equations. A 129x129 grid system was used in both cases. The effects of Reynolds number (100 on the flow characteristics were illustrated through the analysis of stream function, velocity vector, pressure co-efficient and velocity contours. The thinning of the wall boundary layers with increase in Reynolds number is evident from the u and v velocity profiles along the vertical and horizontal lines at the geometric center, although the rate of this thinning is very slow for Re > 5000 [104]
139. In this article, a study of supersonic airflow through a channel with various cross-section is presented. The channel is namely a heatproof nozzle which is used in a pneumatic pulsator system. The system utilizes a pneumatic impact to destruct or to avoid of the creation of unfavourable phenomena which comes from cohesion forces. The pneumatic pulsator system is driven by compressed air and a high-velocity airflow is induced by the difference between internal and external air pressure. This flow changes its characteristics during a work cycle of the pulsator from subsonic to supersonic conditions. It causes a very dynamic gas conversion and may produce additional heat inside the pulsator and its nozzle. The article presents a method for calculating the value of the heat which can be generated inside the heatproof nozzle. The results of the study shows that the small amount of energy is lost during the airflow which can generate an increment of heatproof nozzle wall temperature. [104]
140. Climate change has become a pitfall towards economic growth, sustainable development, and ecological balance, not different in Bangladesh. This study investigates the relationship between ecological footprint and globalization of Bangladesh in the 1980-2021. Results of Auto-regressive distributed lag mdel (ARDL) bound test confirms long-run relationship among carbon footprint, ecological footprint, globalization, and other control variables. Long-run and short elasticity confirm globalization, population density, energy consumption along political and economic globalization stimulates ecological footprint. On the other hand, economic growth is a culprit of ecological footprint. It reflects alternative signs with an ecological footprint. On carbon footprint, results are similar to ecological footprint except for energy consumption. As ecological footprint increases, people consume more energy in the short run while less energy in long run. Laws enforced in the last or previous decades regarding environmental issues need more strictness and acceptability to utilize energy through advanced technology and robust inflows from the foreign sector. [104]
141. This paper describes a stability study in plastic injection molding process. There is a need - underpinned by economic considerations - to continuously improve and lead to a maximum reduction in the level of deficiencies in production processes. One of the methods that can help to improve the process is SPC (Statistical Process Control). One of the SPC tools are process capability indicators (Cp, Cpk) or performance indicators such as Pp, Ppk. In this paper, on a mass measuring station, a study was conducted on three types of products manufactured in a company, and the measurements concerned each piece of product manufactured during one work shift. The collected data were used to calculate the process capability and evaluate these processes. [103]
142. The project presents the design of production systems equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect real-world systems. In addition, system designs provide for the possibility of scientific and research work in the design of production systems with a high level of automation. [103]
143. The primary objective of the study was to analyze the way in which railroad infrastructure affects residential property prices on the example of the municipality of Kórnik. The analysis carried out includes 737 transactions, which were concluded in the years 2019-2021. Input data forming the basis of the study were obtained from the District Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Poznań. The most important part of the analyses conducted was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. The analysis helped to identify the attributes that had the most significant impact on price. The statistical tools used showed that the presence of a railroad line in the vicinity of residential properties negatively affected transaction prices. A special role in the study is also played by spatial analyses, whose priority is to increase transparency in the process of describing phenomena occurring within the real estate market. [103]
144. The paper presents the specification of research methods commonly encountered in the studies of heat transfer processes in minichannels. In particular the following methods have been emphasized: electrochemical limiting current method as well as the thermal balance method. In thermal balance method the mean heat transfer coefficient is determined by the set of experimental thermal measurements of the investigated heat exchanger. In turn, limiting current method is based on heat and mass transfer analogy. The discussed research methods have been implemented on two specially designed and constructed test facilities with compact minichannel heat exchangers, which have been presented and described in details. In order to validate the designed setup, the preliminary experimental measurements of two minichannel heat exchangers with hydraulic diameter of 2 mm and rectangular cross sections during single-phase liquid flows have been carried out. In further perspective it is planned to extend the experimental studies of minichannel heat exchangers and to compare the results obtained by both methods described. [103]
145. The paper presents the results of research on the vertical falling flow and their analysis. Methods for calculating the gas volume fraction, which are characterized by high accuracy, and are often proposed in the literature. Their accuracy was presented, as well as the methods with the highest computational usefulness when designing devices in which two-phase gas - liquid flow is used. [103]
146. Subsea transmission pipelines (STP) are designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/liquid mixtures over some distances. STP are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (O&G) products. A Vernonia amygdalina (VA) solution is prepared to act as an inhibitor. The specimens are kept in a workable state. Steps are taken to prepare each specimen. All cuts and sheared edges were ground out to prevent them from becoming sites for preferential attack. The finishing of the specimen surface with grit abrasive paper (sand paper) and rinsing of the specimens in distilled water are carried out. Then, degreasing of specimen in acetone and air-dried are carried out. Upon drying, the specimens are immediately weighed to obtain their initial weights. Twelve specimens are used for the test as follows: 6 Aluminum (Al); and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2M concentration of VA solution, the MS and Al samples are immersed in different plastic containers containing 400ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400ml) of the VA solution is poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS. [103]
147. Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy. [103]
148. Flood prevention has become one of the most important priorities of public safety and risk mitigation in Poland. The study presents an evaluation of the actions implemented in 16 voivodships of Poland in the field of flood prevention and water retention. Voivodships correspond to individual regions of the country. The analysis covering the period of 2003-2018 was carried out on the basis of data obtained mainly from Local Data Bank. A set of indicators, divided into infrastructural and economic ones were applied. The assessment of technical measures covered two basic types of hydro engineering facilities: flood embankments and retention reservoirs. The economic indicators illustrate the expenditures incurred on the implementation of technical means of flood prevention. The obtained results provide means to categorise the voivodships into subsets. Units similar in terms of the carried out water management were assigned to 4 types. Voividships similar in terms of the expenditures designated to the implementation of water management tasks were divided into 4 groups. Taking into account the dynamics of the investments and financial outlays on water management measures related to the existing flood risk assessment, the situation is satisfactory in 4 voivodships, but insufficient or unsatisfactory in 7 of them. The obtained results show that in order to achieve the flood prevention levels required in the studied regions additional actions are necessary, including but not limited to technical measures. [103]
149. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 is aiming to restore 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers across Europe. The important issue is which barriers should be prioritised for removal. In this study a set of socio-economic and environmental criteria was chosen to rank the dams on salmonid rivers in Lithuania and recommend them for removal. As these criteria usual contradict themselves the multi-criteria decision analysis tool was utilized. The results showed that the Anykščiai dam on the river Šventoji can be recommended to be removed first. The removal can significantly increase the salmonid population in the river Šventoji over significant stretch of the river. Also, this dam is in the protected area and is not listed as national heritage and does not have hydropower plant on it. Although, this study showed that dams with hydropower plants can also be recommended for removal. [103]
150. Celem pracy jest opracowanie modeli zużycia narzędzi ściernych w zmiennych warunkach procesu szlifowania, z wykorzystaniem probabilistycznego opisu zagadnienia oraz algorytmów symulacji zużycia ściernicy w procesie obwodowego szlifowania płaszczyzn. Matematyczne modele zużycia oparto na założeniu losowości obciążenia mechanicznego ziaren oraz wytrzymałości doraźnej i odporności na obciążenie sumaryczne w czasie pracy ziaren ściernych. [103]
151. The purpose of this research is to effectively schedule jobs in a production company using heuristic johnson’s algorithm. A popular pure water production factory, Iterlene industrial services limited (IISL) located at Effurun, Nigeria was investigated and it was noticed that different sizes of jobs (bottled water) are produced ranging from 25cl, 50cl, 60cl, 75cl, and 150cl respectively, which are processed through the filling machine (FM1) and capping machine (CM2). In the order FM1CM2. Each job has to pass through the same sequence of operations. Jobs are assigned in such a way that a job is assigned on FM1 first and once processing is completed on FM1, it is assigned to CM2 and passing is not allowed. The idle time for the production of 500 bottles of water was estimated to be 1020seconds (17.00mins.). Johnson’s algorithm was applied to minimize the idle time for both FM1 and CM2 by determining the optimal sequence of the processed jobs. This was achieved within 780seconds (13.00mins.). Conclusively, the minimization of total elapsed time between the completion of first and last job was achieved. This would greatly improve productivity, effectiveness, and profitability at iterlene factory. [102]
152. The paper consists the results from the conducted experiment and the mathematical model of it. The presented process is biomass gasification and the modelling is based on complex parameter that is maximum thermodynamic efficiency and use the Gibbs free energy function and Lagrange multiplier. Referring to European Union strategy in terms of energy use it is highly recommended to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy production. The biomass is one of the most important sources of energy. Listed above methods of mathematical calculations let as define the composition of the gas produced and the efficiency that was reached. Also the precision of the model was evaluated. The effect of the work done is the possibility to use it to state the best condition for the process of biomass gasification technology. [102]
153. Nuclear power plants play an important role in power systems of many countries. Ability to reasonable increase installed capacity of nuclear power units allow to reduce the cost for building of new power plants. When increasing NPP capacity to 104% there is a need to estimate the residual life of plant’s typical elements and continue their operation. The mathematical model of estimation of service life indicators of steam turbine K-1000-60/3000 is developed. The effect of increasing the capacity of a nuclear reactor on the heat transfer coefficients of a steam in the nozzle segments of high-pressure cylinder was established by using CFD modeling. The thermal and stress-strain state of the high-pressure rotor for the most typical operating modes are calculated. Using the correlation dependences of low-cycle fatigue, the rate of accumulation of cyclic damage of the base metal is established. The resistance of the metal to the exhaustion of long-term strength is also determined. On the example of the high pressure rotor of the 3rd power unit of Rivne NPP the service life indicators are calculated. The validity of increasing the installed capacity of the power unit was also confirmed. [102]
154. Among the apparatuses with a regular arrangement of packing elements creating an in-phase mode of vortex interaction, which ensures high efficiency of the processes, it is interesting to use a standard tubular packing. Such packing allows additional advantages associated with heat supply or extraction directly in the contact zone of the interacting phases, which is very important for conducting some chemisorption processes. The research covers such hydrodynamic regularities as hydraulic resistance during a heat carrier movement in pipes and during external flow around a tubular beam, retained liquid amount and gas content of layer in the external flow around the tubular beam with liquid and gas flows. The research was carried out using an experimental setup with a heat and mass transfer apparatus with regular tubular packing. The medium used during experiments is water-air. The research methodology included standard methods for determining hydraulic resistance and retained liquid amount and visual observation and photographing of gas-liquid flows. The novelty of the research was equations – one for calculating the hydraulic resistance in pipes, taking into account local resistances and pipe roughness. The other ones for determining the pressure losses during the external flow around the tubular beam, the retained liquid amount, and the gas content of the layer, taking into account the vortex interaction of gas and liquid flows. Graphical and calculated dependences of the investigated hydrodynamic characteristics were obtained as a result of the conducted research of the hydraulic resistance during the heat carrier movement in the pipes, as well as the hydraulic resistance and the retained liquid amount during the external flow around the tubular beam with a change in the gas velocity and irrigation density. When the heat carrier flows in the pipes, the numerical values of the hydraulic resistance in the transient mode do not exceed 1.5 kPa, in the developed turbulence mode in the range of the Reynolds number from 1·104 to 6·104 DР varies from 1.5 to 53 kPa. With the external flow around the tubular beam, in the developed turbulence mode wg = 4 m/s and L = 25 m3/m2h, the hydraulic resistance is 85 Pa, the retained liquid amount is 4.5·10-3 m. The change in the irrigation density in this mode (developed turbulence) in the L range from 10 to 100 m3/m2h leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance from 65 to 160 Pa, the retained liquid amount from 2.16·10-3 to 13.6·10-3 m. The calculated dependencies are the basis of the method for calculating the hydrodynamic characteristics of the apparatus with the regular tubular packing, which can be used to calculate industrial devices. [102]
155. The term optical profilometry is used in relation to group of methods used in a rapid, non-destructive, and non-contact assessment of surface topography. Those methods playing a signifi-cant role in the area of a modern advanced laboratory and industrial 3D measurements. With the development of profilometric methods, a large progress in the construction of optical profilometric instruments and measuring sensors used in them, including confocal sensors based on the chromatic light aberration phenomenon (CLA) has been observed since several years. In the paper shows that the Talysurf CLI 2000 multisensory optical profilometer equipped with a CLA sensor can be used in high-accuracy 3D measurements of the uncirculated and circulated coins. The assessment of such type objects characterized by a high variability of altitude can be extremely helpful in analyzing the actual metrological properties of measuring equipment used in their measurements. [101]
156. Nucleate pool boiling is a very efficient transfer regime with low temperature gradients, bounded between two heat flux values and which border transitions to other regimes, this phenomenon is well framed with correlations; our study aims to clarify the applicability of this regime to liquid hydrogen and to develop reliable correlations for a useful and qualitative agreement. An exhaustive review on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and the limits of this regime, whether are the onset nucleate boiling (ONB) and the critical heat flux (CHF) was made, allowing the collection of more than 1400 points from experimental setups, highlighting a variety of parameters. Five predictive correlations were drawn from the literature, graphical and statistical comparisons were made, two in five reveal acceptable results. After analysis of the experimental data, new correlations were developed and compared with the data collected, convincing results were obtained and discussed. A simple form was expressed for the heat flux , shows better predicted values; convincing results of the (CHF) have been found on modified Kutateladze correlation (1948), and the CHF value reaches a maximum of 148×103 W/m² for a reduced pressure at 0.35; a nucleate boiling correlation suitable for hydrogen has been developed. [101]
157. Damage to cargo in transport occurs as a result of improper securing of cargo, which causes not only material losses due to partial or complete damage to cargo, but may threaten the safety of participants in the distribution of cargo in the distribution chain. Dangers, difficulties and costs caused by human errors in packing and securing cargo in all modes of transport can be remedied and certainly significantly reduced. The best way to achieve this goal is to build the awareness of the great need for proper packaging and securing the cargo in a way that ensures the safety of all participants in the distribution chain among producers, distributors and carriers. The article discusses the problem of rational use of stretch film as the most frequently used method of securing loads. Author indicated necessity to develop methods and procedures for the proper protection of palletized loads with the use of stretch film to reduce the amount of stretch film used while ensuring proper load security, increase the safety and better protection to the environment of the planet and its natural resources. [101]
158. A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed. [101]
159. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia analizy masztów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprężysto-plastycznych właściwości odciągów. Głównym celem przedstawionych analiz było wykazanie różnic w pracy statycznej masztów o odciągach z lin po wstępnym przeciągnięciu (E = const), w stosunku do masztów podpartych za pomocą lin bez wstępnego przeciągnięcia (E ≠ const). W pierwszym przypadku, stała wartość współczynnika sprężystości E liny sprawia, że trzon masztu po obciążeniu i odciążeniu powraca do pierwotnej konfiguracji. Natomiast maszt z odciągami o charakterystyce sprężysto-plastycznej (E ≠ const), po ustaniu obciążenia nie powraca do początkowej pozycji pionowej, lecz pozostaje lekko odchylony od pionu. Takie zachowanie wynika z powstania trwałych odkształceń lin po odciążeniu, co prowadzi do spadku sił wstępnego napięcia w odciągach i zmniejszenia sztywności masztu. Wymagana jest więc tu okresowa rektyfikacja i korekta sił wstępnego naciągu lin, szczególnie w początkowym okresie eksploatacji. Uwzględnienie tego rodzaju nieliniowości w analizie statycznej przyczynia się do wzrostu dokładności obliczeń masztu. Do przeprowadzenia analiz numerycznych w stanie niesprężystym wykorzystano nieliniowe zależności σ – ε dwóch lin o różnej konstrukcji, uzyskane z badań doświadczalnych. [100]
160. The tribological performance of 5xxx series aluminum alloys with ternary zirconium is evaluated at ambient conditions under dry, wet and saline environment. The experiment has been done using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under an applied load of 20N. The sliding distances varies ranging from 116m-2772m at a sliding velocity of 0.385 ms-1. The results show that presence of Mg and Zr into this alloy helps to increase their strength and wear resistance under dry sliding condition. But they significantly suffer under wet and corrosive environment due to formation of β-phase Al3Mg2, to slip bands and grain boundaries which may lead to and stress-corrosion cracking. The variation of friction coefficient is observed in wet and corrosive environment due to the formation of oxidation film, lubrication, and corrosion action in solution. The SEM fracture surface shows that brittle Al3Mg2 phase initiate the brittle fracture surface for Al-Mg alloy and Zr addition accelerate the brittleness of the alloy owing the fine precipitates of Al3Zr. [100]
161. The article discusses the possibility of recovering waste heat from the exhaust air from the ventilation system of multi-family residential buildings. A system of waste heat recovery from the extracted air with an electric heat pump was proposed for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW). The proposed system has been analysed in TRNSYS 17 software for exemplary multi-family residential building. The influence of exhaust air humidity and heat pump outlet temperature on the energy effect was analysed. For the analysed case and the Polish conditions of electricity production, a possible reduction of the final energy amount for DHW preparation (EKW) by 35.1% and primary energy consumption (EPW) by 9.1% was determined in comparison with the use of a gas condensing boiler only.The factors influencing the energy effect of the system for the recovery of waste heat from the exhaust air were indicated. The authors specified directions of further research aimed at determining how to recover available waste heat from the exhaust air with lower energy expenditure and for which installations in the building they should be used. [100]
162. The pyrochlores are the promising low-thermal conductive materials for Thermal Barrier Coatings applications. In present work the concept of pyrochlore formation during APS spraying of ZrO2 and ReO was analyzed. The specially prepared agglomerated mixtures of ZrO2 with Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3 and Gd2O3 oxides were plasma sprayed using A60 plasma torch on NiCoCrAlY-type bond coat. The influence of plasma gasses composition on coatings’ microstructure was investigated. The results of XRD phase analysis proved formation of pyrochlores from Gd2O3 +ZrO2 and Nd2O3+ZrO2 mixtures. The formation of Er4O12Zr3 from Er2O3+ ZrO2 mixture as well as Zr3Yb4 from Yb2O3+ ZrO2 powder was detected. The presence of pure rare earth oxides (REO) and zirconia oxides was observed in all types of sprayed coatings. The microstructural assessment showed differences in porosity and thickness of obtained ceramic coatings depending of type of REO oxides. The analysis of results showed that it is possible to obtain pyrochlore ceramic coatings from pure oxides mixture. The plasma energy was not efficient for full formation of pyrochlores, therefore the presence of pure oxides was observed. [99]
163. The paper deals with the development of high-performance composite heat exchangers made of different metals. The samples made of meshes and fine fibers have been sintered to the copper base in the reduction atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The test of boiling heat transfer performance have been carried out under ambient pressure with distilled water and ethyl alcohol as working agents. The obtained data indicates significant enhancement of heat flux of such composite heat exchangers in comparison to the smooth surface without any coating. The maximum heat flux for the microstructure covered heater has been several times higher than for the smooth surface. The enhancement has been observed to decrease as the temperature difference become higher. [99]
164. In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well. [99]
165. In the paper there is presented an evaluation of variability of surface water quality (reservoirs and watercourses), on the area of degraded post-mining area in Bytom. The physicochemical analysis of water and compared with archival data obtained in 2009 and 2014. There were done analysis of following parameters: reaction, total content of substances dissolved in water, water hardness and the content of: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4- ions as well as Fe and Mn. The examined surface waters were characterised by high content of solutes. Anions were dominated by chlorides, the sodium proved to be the dominating cation, the examined water samples were characterised by high concentration of sulphates. In all analyzed reservoirs, permissible concentrations of chlorides and sulphates were exceeded. In all sample points there was observed a decrease of pH value in long term period, the concentration of chlorides lowered, however concentrations of sulphates increased in the majority of sampling points. [99]
166. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics has been increasingly used in the development of various types of rotating machines. In the case of water turbines and pumps, a large number of researches have been published recently, related to the use of different numerical methods for prediction of efficiency, cavitation characteristics and different dynamic phenomena. For basic analysis an accurate result near the optimal operating regime is sufficient, but for detailed analysis the numerical analyses in the wider field of operating conditions are necessary. Thus, we encounter some otherwise known physical phenomena that occur in the part load and full load regime. In these areas, due to the nature of the flow, various non-stationary phenomena occur that are dominant for such operating regimes. In this paper, the problems that arises if we consider only stationary results and some recommendations to avoid later problems in the operation of centrifugal pumps are presented. [99]
167. From ancient days to till today manufacturing industries, especially making of holes on the parts during drilling process for precision assembling of parts facing problems with burr formation. Drilling operation is one of the finishing operation in the production cycle, removing of burrs during drilling process is a time consuming and non-value added process to the manufacturing sector. So reducing the size of burrs is the main aim of the present study. In the present work, optimization of burr size is considered during drilling of aluminium 7075 alloy. From Grey relational grades of responses selected optimal combination of parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses with a corresponding higher grey relational grade. For identifying the most significant input parameters that influence the output responses ANOVA is conducted. Finally, observations reveals that feed rate, point and clearance angles are the most influential factors on burr size and also experimental results divulge that the lower the thrust force causes to decrease the burr height. The proposed approach is helpful to the budding entrepreneurs in the related areas to select optimal combination of drilling parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses especially in burr size to prevent the post finishing operations. [99]
168. This research paper investigates the application of neural network models for forecasting in energy. The results of forecasting the weekly energy consumption of the enterprise according to the model of a multilayer perceptron at different values of neurons and training algorithms are given. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. [98]
169. This paper presents the possibilities of waste management originating frommunicipal wastewater treatment through the production of mineral-organic fertilizersbased on sewage sludge. The original method created for this purpose was used in thestudy together with the environmental assessment of this method. Therefore, the pur-pose of this publication is twofold. On the one hand, the first goal of the paper is todraw attention to the need to choose the appropriate method of utilization of sewagesludge, taking into account its characteristics and potentially harmful effects on theenvironment. The second goal of the paper is to assess the environmental impact ofthe selected method and demonstrate its eco-innovation.The first part of the paper is a theoretical introduction to the issues of sewagesludge management, as well as theoretical considerations on the essence of eco-inno-vation. The second part of the paper presents practical issues of production and appli-cation of the organo-mineral granulated fertilizer subjected to research, while the thirdpart – the methodology of the applied Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), including in par-ticular the application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis (MEFA) at the Life Cy-cle Inventory stage. The fourth section presents the assumptions and results of theconducted research for four alternative solutions for the production of organic-mineralfertilizers. The fifth and final part summarizes the results and contains a number ofconclusions and recommendations that should be considered in the context of the pos-sibilities of further product optimization. [98]
170. The present work is a numerical modeling of the flow of a viscous fluid provided with convective heat transfer in a rectangular channel. We focus on the influence of the shape of corrugations which are present on the channel walls. Three shapes of corrugations are studied and which are: the rectangular, triangular and semi-circular shape. Also, effects of the height and number of corrugations on the fluid dynamics and thermal characteristics of the exchanger are highlighted. The working fluid is non-Newtonian (having a shear thinning behavior modeled by the Otswald law). The obtained results reveal that the presence of corrugations yields a major change in the heat exchange execution. In terms of superiority of heat transfer ratio, the cases under investigation can be classified as follows: rectangular > triangular > semi-circular. However and in terms of low pressure drop, this ranking is reversed. Furthermore, the triangular and semi-circular shapes were found to have almost similar effects. [98]
171. The article presents the most important information concerning computer modelling and simulation, system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. An exemplary model of the production process of windscreen wipers, which was created on the basis of assumptions, discussed the individual components of the model. An example of using JAVA code in AnyLogic program is presented and examples of indicators that can be calculated and presented in the form of a graph in the program are shown. Computer simulations enable tracking and analysis of the production process. They help to verify assumptions and detect irregularities in the modeled process. Simulation programs have a wide range of possibilities, allow you to create reports, charts, comparisons, allow you to optimize processes. [98]
172. The main goal of the work was to create a project to implement an object recognition system into a modular didactic gear production system. The project shows how, thanks to the modular structure of the gear system, it is possible to easily add new elements to it, at the same time increasing its capabilities. At the beginning, the characteristics of the system were presented before the implementation, including a description of the production process that takes place in this system and all modules of the system were exchanged. Then the vision system for object recognition and all its components were described. The technical-organizational project of the implementation presented the concept of the deployment of the system modules and the principle of system operation after the implementation. A 3D model of all system components was also presented. [97]
173. A great deal of packaging made of PET is observed in logistics supply chains, and the article is particularly concerned with food – bottles. The implementation of the EU's "zero-waste" guidelines implies action on the part of producers of: packaging and food for B2C distribution to find new solutions to enable the above-mentioned stakeholders in the logistics supply chain to achieve a balance of the aforementioned business parties – taking into account environmental protection. The article discusses the tasks and possibilities under the above conditions of a new type of "RECYCLER" companies, which, at the end of the life of PET packaging, i.e. after the foodstuffs in PET bottles have been consumed, produce a recyclate and return it to re-production. In a number of journals, including e.g. (Połednik et al. 2016, Topiarzová et al. 2011), respecting good recycling practices – there is an ongoing discussion on the sense of introducing reusable packaging, deposits, etc. This article discusses the barriers to recovery in a multi-level plastics recovery system, with specific reference to the operation of a PET bottle recycling line, and presents a pre-verified concept for a method to increase the efficiency of separating PET bottles from the plastics fraction in a multi-level waste separation system. [97]
174. This paper reports an experimental comparative thermal analysis of a flat plate heat exchanger and corrugated plate heat exchanger (CPHE) of different corrugation angles using ethylene glycol as test fluid. The experiments were carried out counter current mode using water as hot fluid at 75°C. Design of each plate provided with eleven thermocouple sensors to determine the temperatures, in which seven were used to measure the surface temperature of plate and four were used to measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperature of cold and hot fluids. The mass flow rate of test fluid, varied between 0.5 to 4 liters per minute and corresponding steady state temperatures is measured. Using experimental readings, temperature difference between the inlet and outlet streams (DT), logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are determined. The obtained DT and U values of corrugation angles (300, 500) of CPHE were compared with those of flat plate heat exchangers. For corrugation angle of 30° and 50°, the DT and U values increases with increase of mass flow rate of the fluid. [96]
175. Thermoacoustics has become a promising technology to use heat from low temperature sources to drive engines. This study proposes a single-stage thermoacoustic travelling-wave engine for waste-heat recovery at 150°C. All the construction details of such a system are provided. A recently developed configuration of a looped tube with an impedance matching side-branch stub is proposed. A numerical model of the engine is built in DeltaEC software to conduct the simulations. Furthermore, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the engine is presented, including an energy balance, a description of the basic acoustic parameters in a steady state, as well as a study of a variable load influence on the performance of the engine. The Authors pointed out the necessity of the engine optimization and a proper choice of load related acoustic impedance, which would consider a trade-off between high power and high efficiency. Eventually, a possibility of achieving 40% exergy efficiency of the proposed engine is confirmed. [96]
176. The aim of this case study is to generate several poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based hydrogels using additive manufacturing process and compare their material properties. A commercial stereolithography system is used to produce the test specimens in accordance with ISO standards. Three formulations will be prepared for this purpose. The basis in each case is PEGDA with average molecular weights of 700 Mn, 575 Mn and 250 Mn. A photoinitiator and an UV absorber are added to ensure spatial and temporal crosslinking. Subsequently, the formulations are investigated for their material properties according to ISO standards by means of tensile, compression and hardness tests, and the influence of the molecular weights is determined. [96]
177. The following paper covers a method for wind turbine selection with a horizontal axis of rotation basing on real in-field measurements of wind conditions. The basic meteorological properties and characteristics obtained during measurement campaigns using necessary equipment as well as the used methodology are vital for successful investment in wind farm. The main goal of in-field investigation is to collect meteorological data using a measurement mast installed at the possible future wind farm location. The conducted measurement campaign provided wind directions, velocities and wind blast parameters. The measurements were conducted in the northern Poland using measuring system installed on 100 meter high mast. The system was equipped with all devices necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters. The reliability of measurements was verified using statistical data for the Weitbull distribution and the wind rose. In this way, the energy potential of raw air stream that could possibly drive a wind turbine was determined. Among 6 pre-selected wind turbine types, the optimal one for a given location was proposed. [95]
178. In the present paper, an attempt was made to model the periodic hydrodynamic instabilities of the condensation process of a refrigerant in pipe minichannels. For this purpose, a homogenous thermodynamic model with an equilibrium condition on both sides was used, which was based on the equations of the balance of the mass, momentum and energy. These equations were used for numerical modeling of flow disturbances with a phase change. This model takes into account the complexity of multiphase flows. The accuracy of the model calculations was verified by means of the experimental results obtained. A satisfactory compliance was found for this comparison, which confirms the usefulness of the computational model proposed for the determination of the influence of periodically generated hydrodynamic disturbances on the condensation process of R134a and R404A refrigerants in pipe minichannels. [95]
179. The study of environmental loads resulting from manufacturing technology is of great importance for environmental protection. Applying the principles of sustainable development means "a way of farming in which meeting the needs of the present generation will not reduce the chances of meeting the needs of future generations." Faced with such a challenge, the product must be assessed throughout its entire life cycle (LCA). From the available technologies and materials, one should choose those that are least harmful to the environment. In order to make a correct choice, it is necessary to know and understand the technological processes and phenomena that take place in them. Using off-the-shelf LCA applications, without knowing basic knowledge of manufacturing technology, can bias the results. The aim of the article is to present benefits resulting from the environmental assessment of manufacturing processes. [94]
180. The purpose of thesis was to comprehensively develop the construction project of a long reach compact excavator. Optimal solution was selected and its frames were determined by carrying out classic structural calculations. Then, based on them, a preliminary three-dimensional model was designed in the CAD environment. The prototype was subjected to a series of verification calculations and simulation tests using the finite element method under typical, but also non-standard operating conditions. Then, the structure was optimized and then tested again. Next, technical documentation of the final version was created. In the final part of work, technical and operational parameters of designed compact excavator were summarized and the direction of further actions was determined. The thesis ended with a summary of the observations arose during its implementation. [94]
181. The paper presents the results of the research on the use of eco-friendly impregnation materials to reduce cracking in load-bearing timber elements. The behavior of pine elements was studied when impregnation materials based on linseed oil were used. Statistical data are given on the reduction in the growth rate of the length and width of cracks, in dependence on the number of protective layers of the finishing material. The effect of the absence of cracks on timber elements during atmospheric drying is described, taking the use of a three-layer paint and varnish coating into account. The effect of increase of timber structures durability and corresponding cost and material consumption reduction in timber structures have been proven. [94]
182. The paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources for the LPG vaporizer systems in a moderate climate. The presented alternative solutions based on modern gas devices and renewable energy show great potential for energy savings in liquid gas evaporation systems in comparison to classical and currently commonly used systems. It has been demonstrated that the proposed solutions can significantly reduce the consumption of energy used to evaporate LPG in an environmentally friendly manner. The use of gas heat pumps in relation to a traditional energy source enables gas consumption to be reduced to 36%. The extension of the heat pump system with ground air heat exchanger or with vertical or horizontal heat exchangers, allows savings in gas consumption up to 42%. Moreover, the application of such systems enables more effective use of low emission and efficient heating medium in gas systems. In addition, in summer, when there is no need to evaporate the liquefied gas, these devices can be used to cold-production for, social and living needs. [94]
183. The article presents the review of mostly used methods of graphical analysis of production processes. In the text were briefly characterised all main type of methods of analysis of production processes including: traditional methods (time research and traffic research), comprehensive research, modelling and simulation-based methods and graphical methods. Graphical analysis methods such as: process mapping, value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams, schedules, Gantt's charts, Pareto-Lorenz’s diagrams, spaghetti diagrams, production variety funnels, analysis of the decision-making point, and examples of their application were described. [94]
184. Heat pumps are an ideal solution for use in newly built passive and energy-plus buildings. One of the many problems present in such construction is the choice of the operational parameters of the lower heat source and the selection of a ground regeneration system which would enable effective regeneration in a short period of time and at a minimal cost. This article presents the heat analysis of the ground from which heat is obtained for heating purposes. The author also analyses ground heating, as the heat is delivered to it via regeneration systems. [94]
185. Prace badawcze opisane w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej, zostały podjęte w celu analizy zasadności i możliwości stosowania antywzorców i modeli neuronowych do wspierania projektowania maszyn. Potrzeba wielowymiarowego opisu cech konstrukcji mechanicznych będących antywzorcami, znacznie zwiększa złożoność obliczeń wymaganych do stworzenia w pełni funkcjonalnego i deterministycznego modelu obliczeniowego (pozwalającego na porównanie symbolicznych opisów antywzorców). W celu doprecyzowania efektywnego zakresu rozprawy doktorskiej, wskazane zostały modele neuronowe, jako rodzaj metod obliczeniowych pozwalających na prowadzenie obliczeń na niekompletnych oraz wielowymiarowych danych. [93]
186. Polymer flocculants are used in wastewater treatment processes, and the necessity and universality of their use result from changes in production technologies, also causing variability in the parameters of treated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains a substrate that is difficult to biodegrade (BOD5/COD < 0.02), and the presence of toxic compounds makes it necessary to treat them in many stages before discharging them to the receiver or reusing. The study aimed to assess the possibility of using a new generation flocculent to support coagulation. The research was conducted on mine water originating from hard coal mines and on treated coke wastewater from the biological sewage treatment plant. The synthesis of copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with acrylonitrile allowed the extraction of effective products – flocculents with specific properties, supporting the coagulation process and reducing the parameters of contaminants in treated industrial wastewater. Compared to commercial polyelectrolyte Praestol, copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid removed turbidity more effectively than acrylamide-acrylonitrile copolymers. [93]
187. Coalbed methane is extracted from the adsorbed state in coal seams with lower pressure & production rate. In previous studies, researchers only focused on the methods that were developed for making a relationship between the underground production rate & surface flow rate without any type of optimization procedure. In this study, the main purpose is to do a review on finding out of surface layout plan to optimize the maximum gas flow rate by developing an improved pipeline network. The more the optimization of the layout plan for designing pipeline network, the lower the amount of investment need to provide. Here, a mathematical model is proposed for the gas transportation based on the hydraulic & thermodynamic calculations of the pipeline network. Not only that, but also the filtration mechanism of depressurization & desorption for the gas flow through pipe section are evaluated here. After that, the pressure drop & pipeline efficiency are explored to find out the best design of pipeline network from the observed results. Finally, based on this study, many uncertainties can be reduced associated with the installation of pipeline network for gas transportation. [93]
188. Zakres pracy obejmował badanie właściwości słomy żytniej, opracowanie obróbki wstępnej słomy żytniej z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej, optymalizację procesu obróbki wstępnej i hydrolizy enzymatycznej słomy żytniej, porównanie nowego sposobu otrzymywania bioetanolu z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej z konwencjonalnym otrzymywaniem bioetanolu z zastosowaniem metody siarczanowej. Opracowanie recyklingu cieczy jonowej z wykorzystaniem procesu liofilizacji. [92]
189. This article presents the results of experimental research on the effect of enhancing the heating surface on the heat transfer coefficient for boiling in a closed volume of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the research was determination of impact heat surfaces enhancements by applying circular cavities on heat transfer coefficient and on vapor structures formation during boiling. The study involved three brass samples with diameters equal to 50 mm, with different enhancements of the heating surface by drilled blind cavities. The research include investigation of sample without cavities, sample with 133 circular cavities of diameter of 2 mm and sample with 61 circular cavities of diameter of 3 mm. On the basis of the research, the influence of the investigated heat exchange surface enhancement on the intensity of heat exchange was determined. Own interface in the LabView environment for controlling and acquiring measurement data was developed. The boiling process was recorded with a high-speed camera, and based on the obtained video images, the recorded images were analyzed to determine the void fraction. The heat flux density, heat transfer coefficient were calculated and comparative diagrams of the obtained measurement results were made [92]
190. The article presents an example of the value stream mapping method application for the analysis of the production process of semi-trailers for transporting liquid food products. Below were presented characteristics of value stream mapping method, construction, functions and course of the trailer production process in details. On the basis of value stream map analysis conclusions were drawn that point out possibilities of improving and reducing the production costs of tankers for liquid food products transport. [92]
191. For several years, in the world are carried out studies on the refrigerants condensation in minichannels. These studies are aimed at understanding the condensation process and facilitate the design of mini heat exchangers. It is very important to optimize heat transfer and drive power consumption of the is the knowledge of the processes occurring during refrigerants condensation in pipe minichannels. It is important in this case to make a individual flow structures maps for the refrigerants, due to the significant effect of flow structured formed in the minichannel on the heat transfer and flow resistance. Unfortunately, in relation to the number of publications about condensation in minichannels, the number of published flow maps is relatively small. Due to the fact that the condensation process takes place differently in the minichannels and conventional channels, there is no possibility of using the flow maps for conventional channels to identification flow patterns in minichannels. One of the most popular flow maps for the condensation in minichannels is the map created by Colleman and Garimella, which was made for the R134a refrigerant. The authors conducted their own experimental studies of refrigerants R134a, R404A and R407C condensation in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d = 3.3 - 0.31 mm. These studies results were subjected to calculation identification of flow structures using the map of Colleman and Garimella. These results are compared with the criteria published on Thome and Cavallini flow maps. [92]
192. Badania poparte publikacjami krajowymi i zagranicznymi pokazały że metody foto-akustyczne są doskonałym narzędziem pozwalającym określić parametry cieplne i optyczne typowych materiałów stosowanych w budowie przyrządów półprzewodnikowych. Pozwoliło to autorowi na jednoznaczne sformułowanie tezy pracy, że możliwe jest określenie podstawowych parametrów cieplnych jak i wybranych parametrów optycznych materiałów półprzewodnikowych techniką foto-akustyczną w dziedzinie pomiarów częstotliwości oraz dziedzinie pomiarów widmowych zarówno amplitudowych jak i fazowych w różnych konfiguracjach eksperymentalnych. [92]
193. This research focuses on the effect of nanomaterials on the physical properties of a local Iraqi lubricant oil (20W-50), which is widely used in diesel engines. The concentrations of 0.001, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% of Al2O3 NPs and CNT are dispersed in the oil with the help of a suitable surfactant using a magnetic stirrer and a sonication process. The density, surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, pour point, thermal conductivity, thermal images, wear and the coefficient of friction of the oil with and without nanomaterials are tested. The results were shown that the higher concentrations of NPs, the better properties for the engine oil. The density for Al2O3 nanooil indicates a small change at 0.001 and 0.2 wt%, and a decrease at 0.5 wt% ratio. Also, the density of CNT oil shows a slight change at 0.001and then decreasing at 0.2 and 0.5 ratios. In addition, the surface tension of both nanooils are increased. The dynamic viscosity slightly change with an addition of the NPs especially at 20°C and 30°C. Also, there is a convergence in the viscosity values between base and nanooils at 40°C and 50°C. [91]
194. The purpose of this study was to assess progress in the implementation of rules for the control and handling of ballast water and sediments, regulated by the International Convention on the Control and Handling of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). The survey was conducted in 2018-2019 among seafarers responsible for handling ballast tanks. Analysis of the survey data revealed that despite the introduction of water treatments, ballast water continues to be a vector for the transfer of non-native organisms. This is due to the low effectiveness of the methods used, and the fact that 8% of the respondents answered that no BWT systems were used on the ships they manage. Despite this, some seafarers (4.7%) indicated that increasing environmental awareness and adherence to BWM principles should result in improved protection of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the global problem concerning the transport of non-native organisms via ballast water has still not been solved effectively. In the near future, improved BWT systems should be introduced, which after proper training of the crew will act as a barrier to the transfer of non-native organisms in ballast water. [91]
195. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature change on the Lamb wave-based SHM method. This study evaluates the Lamb wave method’s ability to detect damage to an AL2024-T3 sheet, assessed by a near-surface hole. Lamb waves are created via numerical simulation with the commercial Finite Element (FE) package ABAQUS. In this study, the Lamb wave-based SHM method using displacement responses is used. The results indicate that this method is able to detect a near-surface hole in the AL2024-T3 sheet as well as its location, with close approximation. Subsequently, the AL1100 sheet was investigated for changes in temperature from this method, which was evaluated over a temperature range of –200(°C) to 204(°C). The results show that temperature change in the range of –200(°C) to 93(°C) has no effect on the displacement responses. However, the graphs related to temperature change of more than 149(°C) do not overlap with the reference temperature. Hence, it has been concluded that Lamb waves can be used as an SHM method in the temperature range of –200(°C) to 93 (°C) without having to worry about the effects of temperature change on the results. [91]
196. Standards related to calculation methods used in building energy performance simulation tools usually impose constant volumetric heat capacity of air. However, this simplification may result in errors if the actual conditions differ from the assumptions made. The paper presents the problem of dry air density and specific heat capacity variation and their influence on calculated energy use for space heating in a multifamily building. The monthly calculation method of PN-EN ISO 13790 was used. Simulations were performed in five cities, each in one climatic zone according to PN-EN 12831. Variation of the air density caused by air temperature and elevation resulted in differences in calculated heating demand from -4.5% to 4.5% in relation to that at constant volumetric heat capacity assumed in PN-EN ISO 13790. [91]
197. Minimum Production Time model of the machining process optimization problem comprising seven lathe machining operations were developed using Genetic Algorithms solution method. The various cost and time components involved in the minimum production cost and minimum production time criteria respectively, as well as all relevant technological/practical constraints were determined. An interactive, user-friendly computer package was then developed in Microsoft Visual Basic.Net environment to implement the developed models. The package was used to determine optimal machining parameters of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for the seven machining operations with twenty-three technological constraints in the conversion of a cylindrical metal bar stock into a finished machined profile. The result of the single-objective machining process optimization models shows that the minimum production time is 21.84 min. [91]
198. This article discusses the processes of current re-engineering of the Georgian Railway. Georgian Railway was founded in 1865 and its operations started in 1871. It sits on the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia. When we analyze the re-engineering issues of a particular country, we conclude that there is no general recipe on the process of re-engineering in the railway of any country. Decisions which were made in different countries, despite the fact that the approaches to the process of re-engineering were different, the world experience has demonstrated some similar actions that are common for these processes. I would like to present the recommendations and approaches which show the common actions that are useful for all railway administration. The article is built on theoretical and practical issues that will help us to learn about the project management of re-engineering and give an idea how to use it in our future career. [90]
199. The environment is considered as an ideal machine, a system in which nothing happens without a reason. Every transformation, every action and stimulus has its own consequences, which are not always immediately plain to see. It is due to the fact that the environment is like a communicating vessels, or a complex organism, in which everything is interdependent and the organs work together. Despite the complexity of the processes, the intricate yet logical correlations between the elements, it is not a perfect system. Examples are weather anomalies and, in extreme cases, cataclysms. The problem arises when man interferes with the environment. By polluting almost every possible place, he initiates irreversible changes, degrading the environment. This paper presents an analysis of atmospheric air pollution in the town of Supraśl, as well as analysis of surface water from the Supraśl river and soil samples from a selected area. [90]
200. Surface run-off from areas adjacent to dirt roads may cause considerable damage to these roads. The degree of damage is determined from the amount of flowing water, run-off intensity as well as sites, in which run-off reaches the roads. These parameters result from soil conditions, as well as natural relief and the land form modified by tillage operations. Another parameter influencing the formation and the degree of erosion is connected with maintenance operations regularly repeated in the life cycle of these roads, such as e.g. surface levelling or use of paving materials. The analysis involved GIS tools, which made it possible to consider the impact of spatial variability in the surroundings of such roads on the incidence of adverse factors. The application of LiDAR data made it possible to indicate the formation of surface run-off routes and the resulting threats of damage to dirt roads. [90]
201. Prezentowana praca doktorska stanowi propozycję wykorzystania sygnałów emisji akustycznej (EA) do diagnozowania układów półprzewodnikowych, w szczególności stosowanych w urządzeniach napędowych jednostek pływających oraz podobnych, instalowanych w systemach/konstrukcjach offshore’owych. Ponadto, przedstawiono możliwość badania wymienionych układów w ich wartościach granicznych lub zbliżania się do wartości granicznych. Opracowano i opisano tor pomiarowy badający wpływ stanu (technicznego) układu półprzewodnikowego na zmiany fali sprężystej emisji akustycznej. Zaprezentowano zależności zmiany temperatury pracy elementu, na pasmo emitowanej częstotliwości fali sprężystej. Dokonano badań, które potwierdziły, że emisja akustyczna elementów półprzewodnikowych mocy występuje podczas ich przełączania i jest możliwa do rejestracji. Dokonano analizy uszkodzeń tranzystorów IGBT. Zaprezentowano deskryptory emisji akustycznej oraz zaproponowano ich zastosowanie w odpowiednich badaniach układów półprzewodnikowych. Przeanalizowano istniejące podobne badania związane z diagnozowaniem tranzystorów IGBT oraz wskazano różnice w interpretacji ich wyników m.in. udowadniając błędy niektórych z nich. Badania opisane w pracy przybliżają analizę fal sprężystych emitowanych przez półprzewodniki i ich zależność od zmian termicznych podczas przełączania, przy różnych współczynnikach rozszerzalności termicznej materiałów użytych do budowy elementu. Dokonano analizy zdarzeń sygnału EA w wyższych częstotliwościach, spowodowanych zmianami prądu płynącego w układzie. Przedstawiono różne sposoby rejestracji oraz interpretacji sygnałów emisji akustycznej. Wykorzystano zarówno dostępną aparaturę pomiarową (np. tor pomiarowy z użyciem oscyloskopu), jak również najnowsze dostępne urządzenia do pomiaru i rejestracji EA firmy Vallen oraz MISTRAS. Wykorzystano również tor pomiarowy skonstruowany w Politechnice Morskiej w Szczecinie ze zmodyfikowanym rejestratorem EA dedykowanym wcześniej do diagnozowania nowoczesnych układów wtryskowych silników okrętowych oraz do analizy stosowanej w inżynierii materiałowej przy badaniu nieciągłości (wad) materiałów. Pomiary przeprowadzone przez autora doprowadziły do wykazania istnienia sygnału emisji akustycznej w elementach półprzewodnikowych oraz przyporządkowania określonych pasm częstotliwości (spektrum), które można przypisać odpowiednim zjawiskom zachodzącym w elemencie półprzewodnikowym. [90]
202. Nowadays, the global industries producing mechanical components are moving towards the usage of composites to reduce weight at the same time without compromising with characteristics of the material being used. This new combination of material provides specific desired properties when combined with various reinforcement materials like SiC, B4C, Al2O3, MgO etc., It is widely used in various industries like aerospace, automobile and marine industries. This property specific tailorable metal matrix composite with Al7075 as the base material can be fabricated using various techniques such as stir casting, high end ball milling, ultrasonic assisted casting, powder metallurgy, squeeze casting friction stir casting etc., out of which stir casting method is preferred by many researchers as stir casting method is seen to provide better distribution of reinforcement particles throughout the metal matrix. It is evident from the research of various authors that when the base material Al7075 is reinforced with the above-mentioned ceramic, it is found that there is a decrease in density and increase in hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance. Here, both physical and mechanical behaviour of aluminium reinforced composites with the effect of the particle size changes, effects after reinforcement and other processing and fabrication methods have been discussed. [90]
203. In order to reduce ventilation heat loss and improve energy efficiency of low-energy buildings air-handling units (AHUs) with heat recovery are used. The article presents results of surveys performed in a passive building located in Katowice concerning the temperature efficiency of heat and cold recovery of two selected AHUs, with different heat exchangers. For this purpose the measurement data from the Building Management System (BMS) for the period 1.08.2015-31.07.2016 were used. The first unit was equipped with a rotary heat exchanger. Its average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery was 47.2% annually. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 52.9% on average for the warm half year. The second unit had a cross-flow exchanger. The average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery in this device was 80.1%. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 57.2% on average for the warm half year. Additional remarks concerning the temperature measurement in analysed units were also given. [90]
204. Dysertacja zawiera autorską koncepcję metody proaktywno-reaktywnego planowania misji floty BSP. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania odpornych na wybrane zakłócenia misji floty BSP. W szczególności opracowano referencyjny model planowania misji floty BSP odpornej na trzy rodzaje zakłóceń: zmiana warunków pogodowych, wprowadzenie nowych odbiorców do sieci transportowej, jak również zmiana terminów dostaw. Podstawowym elementem opracowanego modelu jest autorska miara odporności misji BSP, wyrażona funkcją odporności, której wartość określa granicę (maksymalna prędkość wiatru) realizowalności wyznaczonej misji. [90]
205. An Investigation was conducted to produce Aluminium based Functionally graded material (FGM) composites by Friction stir processing (FSP). A reinforcement strategy featuring the use of Alumina and TiC reinforcements was investigated, where holes were drilled in an Aluminium plate, filled with reinforcements and stirred using FSP. A mathematical model was formulated for positioning of holes in such a manner that the composition of the reinforcements varies from maximum to minimum over a given length. Samples were subjected to various number of FSP passes from one to three with 100% overlap and its influence on particle distribution and homogeneity was studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at cross sections parallel to the tool traverse direction. A progressive gradient in hardness values was observed for the surface composites at all the passes. [90]
206. Al-based automotive alloys with different level of Si content has been conducted on the characterization of machined surfaces in terms of roughness, temperature, chips formation as well as microstructue evaluation under different machining conditions. For this experiment a shaper machine with HSS single point V-shaped cutting tool is used at different cutting speed and depth of cut. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the alloys decresess with cutting speed and depth of cut but it is more prominent on cutting speed. It is because of high cutting speed is more associated with the higher cutting temperatur and softening the work material leading to better surface finish. Higher Si added alloys shows the better surface finish due to formation of different intermettalics as more brittle. For brittle and higher hardness it produces the higher temperature during machining. During machining relatively curly and short chips are form by the high Si added alloy becase of its low elongation properties. Fracture surfaces of higher Si added alloy display more crack propagation obtained by the plate-like Si rich intermetallics. [90]
207. This article describes a case study of an application of the method of creating innovations called SCAMPER for the development of new abrasive tools designed for machining of hard-to-cut materials. The SCAMPER method is used for innovative transformations of existing products, aimed at a modernization of their design, a construction and an extension of functions. This method was used in the procedure of modifying abrasive tools and it permitted a generation of a set of innovative solutions in this field. The methodology made it also possible to logically organize individual creative activities supported by the previously accumulated theoretical and experimental knowledge. [89]
208. The transport sector in Poland heavily pollutes the environment, and together with individual heating systems, it contributes to bad air quality in Polish cities. One of solutions to this problem, among others, is electric transport. It should lead to reduced emissions, but 80% of electricity in Poland is generated from coal and lignite, the “dirty” fuels. This paper is meant to compare the emission of pollutants from power plants per kilometre covered by electric vehicles and by conventional cars. For this purpose, statistical data was used. Additional information concerning possible electromobility evolution, other low emission transport solutions, Polish energy mix evolution, external costs of electricity and differences between EURO limits and real driving emission are also included. [89]
209. The level of environmental safety culture depends on many factors, including the influence of parents and the education system, the media and the quality of life. In the current Economy 4.0, globalization, increasing greenhouse effect, etc., it is the information and education system and the pro-environmental strategic actions undertaken by organizations that are beginning to play a significant role in building awareness and care for the environment. It is precisely the environmental corporate social responsibility, both of state institutions, the legislator, business entities and society (every citizen) that can significantly change the phenomenon of environmental degradation. The aim of the article is to present the essence of ecological corporate social responsibility and the activities undertaken by selected market stakeholders. The analysis carried out implies that ECSR is built through the implementation of pro-environmental stakeholder's actions, e.g. legislative changes, implementation of management systems according to ISO standards, use of renewable energy sources, etc. that aim at ensuring safety or improving the current state of the environment. [89]
210. The hydrofoil is one of the typical factors that affect the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, parallel grooves are proposed and applied to the hydrofoil. Following that, a numerical analysis is performed using the SST k- turbulence model, and the effects of hydrofoil profile, angle of attack, and flow are investigated. The profiles of NACA 0066, NACA 8412, NACA M2, and RAE 104 are considered for the study. The performance is analyzed based on the lift to drag ratio. The best model from this is given with surface modification and the flow study is carried out at different angles of attack. The modified profile of NACA 8412 with parallel groves has shown the highest lift to drag ratio at a 12-degree angle of attack. [89]
211. Praca doktorska poświęcona zagadnieniom elektrolitycznego utleniania plazmowego (ang. plasma electrochemical oxidaiton, PEO). Proces PEO wykorzystuje wysokie napięcie (stałe lub impulsowe) do generowania w obszarze pomiędzy dwoma zanurzonymi w elektrolicie elektrodami, wyładowań plazmy, co pozwala uzyskać porowate powłoki na modyfikowanej powierzchni. Plazmowe utlenianie elektrolityczne pozwala m. in. wytwarzać na powierzchniach metali i ich stopów wielofunkcyjne warstwy ochronne charakteryzujące się bardzo dużą twardością, odpornością na ścieranie, znakomitą przyczepnością do podłoża oraz wysoką odpornością na korozję. własności otrzymywanych powłok zależą głównie od warunków napięciowo-prądowych, czasu oraz składu i temperatury elektrolitu. [89]
212. Automotive industry is a very attractive area for young researchers to do continuous research and also it can be considered as an important thrust area as it is directly related to passenger safety. New developments in automotive sector can be seen in many domains like material selection, design, manufacturing etc. Since wrong selection directly leads to product failure, among these, the proper selection of a particular material can be treat as utmost priority. Hence, the present work discusses a methodology to select the best aluminium alloy for automobile panels among various alternates serving the same purpose. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods with entropy weighting criteria are implemented for finding the best material and the results are discussed. [89]
213. This article presents results of experimental tests of internal cylindrical traverse grinding in which the total machining allowance is removed in a single pass. Grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure made on basis of abrasive grains from Al2O3 were used in the process. Such tools are characterized by different construction of rough and finish grinding zones. Moreover, conic chamfer is shaped on their active surface that allows for even distribution of machining allowance on the grinding wheel surface. What is described in the hereby work is a device for precise shaping of conic chamfer on the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS). The work also presents results of tests whose aim was to determine the influence of grinding wheel macrogeometry on the process of internal cylindrical traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces made from steel 100Cr6. Changes of selected parameters of the machined surface geometric structure (Ra, Rz, RSm, Rdq and RTp) and values of the grinding power P were analyzed. It was proved that the greater the conic chamfer width, the better the results. [88]
214. The major effects of cylindrical and row trenched cooling holes with angles of alpha=30, beta=0, alpha=40, beta=0 and alpha=50, beta=0 at BR=3.18 on the effectiveness of film cooling near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in detail. In the current study, researchers used a FLUENT package 16/11 to simulate a 3-D model of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine. In this research, RNG turbulence model K-ε model was used to analyze the flow behavior on the passage ways of internal cooling. In the combustor simulator, the dilution jets and cooling flow staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction as well. In comparison with the baseline case of cooling holes, the application of trenched hole near the end wall surface increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 100% for different trench cases. [88]
215. The caloric value of the crops is one of the fundamental parameters to be determined during the process of biomass production for the energy purposes. The variety of biomass and its reaction to the environmental and agrotechnical conditions forces the utilization of particularly accurate algorithms during the determination of the caloric value of the crops. While determining the caloric value of the directly combusted crops, the coefficients for the raw state caloric value should be used. Violation of this rule causes significant overestimation of the end-results. Using the biomass for the biogas production, the energy balance should take the methane into account. The literature data shows quite a big difference in gas production from various substrates (from 368 up 722 Ndm3 per kg of dry mass) as well as a significant difference in the methane content (from 53 up to 76%). While planning the substrates selection for a biogas production plant, special attention should be put on proper estimation of the overmentioned coefficients. [88]
216. The article describes the forecasts and the current state of electromobility in Poland. Attention was drawn to the significant problems faced by the electricity market as a result of adapting infrastructure for electromobility and growing energy demand. IT systems supporting electromobility were presented. The activities undertaken by Energa Operator for the development of electromobility in the area of electricity distribution of this company have also been presented. [88]
217. The aim of the work was to create a technical and organizational design for a modular, didactic system for the production of single-stage gearing. The project presented a project of a production system equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect the real world systems. Modular construction of the designed system allows for free modeling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system expansion and its use. Additionally, the system design assumes the possibility of carrying out scientific and research works in the scope of designing production systems with a high level of automation. [88]
218. W dysertacji przedstawiono problem lokalizacji błędów w aplikacjach wielowątkowych. Przegląd literatury tematu pozwolił doprecyzować założenia, składające się na podstawy modelu kodu źródłowego i warunki wykrywania błędów. Umożliwiło to opracowanie metody, jej zaimplementowanie w prototypowym narzędziu i przeprowadzenie eksperymentów w celu weryfikacji opracowanej metody. [87]
219. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe microchannels with an internal diameter dw below 1 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter dw was obtained. [87]
220. This article investigates the application of neural network models to create automated control systems for industrial processes. We reviewed and analysed works on dispatch control and evaluation of equipment operating modes, and the use of artificial neural networks to solve problems of this type. It is shown that the main requirements for identification models are the accuracy of estimation and ease of algorithm implementation. It is shown that artificial neural networks meet the requirements for accuracy of classification problems, ease of execution and speed. We considered the structures of neural networks that can be used to recognize the modes of operation of technological equipment. Application of the model and structure of networks with radial basis functions and multilayer perceptrons for the tasks of identifying the mode of operation of equipment under given conditions is substantiated. The input conditions for the construction of neural network models of two types with a given three-layer structure are offered. The results of training neural models on the model of a multilayer perceptron and a network with radial basis functions are presented. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. It is shown that networks with radial basis functions offer greater accuracy in solving identification problems. The structural scheme of the automated process control system with mode identification on the basis of artificial neural networks is offered. [87]
221. Spektroskopia w podczerwieni bliskiej NIR (Near-Infrared) jest techniką analizy chemicznej, która wykorzystuje absorpcję promieniowania podczerwonego w zakresie 800-2500 nm do określenia składu chemicznego badanej próbki. Analiza widm NIR pozwala na szybkie i nieinwazyjne określenie składu próbek w różnych dziedzinach, takich jak przemysł spożywczy, farmaceutyczny, medyczny czy rolniczy. Przez długi okres czasu istniały pewne trudności z analizą widm NIR, które nie są proste w interpretacji. Było to związane z brakiem implementacji odpowiednich metod analizy, które wymagały odpowiedniej mocy obliczeniowej. Dziś znany jest cały wachlarz metod analizy widm. Istnieją odpowiednie programy oraz moc obliczeniowa dzisiejszych komputerów w ciągu kilku sekund pozwala na wydobycie użytecznej informacji z widm NIR. Jedną z nowoczesnych metod analizy widm NIR, która może być zastosowana są SSN (Sztuczne Sieci Neuronowe). Matematyczne modele umożliwiające uczenie maszynowe, a ich zastosowanie w analizie widm NIR pozwala na automatyczne rozpoznawanie charakterystycznych wzorców i wykrywanie związków chemicznych w próbkach. Metoda ta jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadku skomplikowanych, wielowymiarowych widm NIR, które są trudne do analizy przy użyciu tradycyjnych metod statystycznych. Drugim aspektem pracy związanym z spektroskopią jest zastosowanie małogabarytowego mobilnego spektrometru DLP NIR Scan Nano EVM, który w ciągu kliku sekund może być gotowy do pracy. Urządzenie rejestruje widmo w ciągu 2 sekund. Współpracuje z komputerem posiadającym odpowiednie oprogramowanie, generując pliki w formacie .csv oraz .dat, które można implementować w łatwy sposób do innych programów takich jak np. Matlab. W pracy badano obiekty, które wykazują zmiany widmowe w określonym przedziale czasowym. Wyróżnić można trzy grupy materiałów. Pierwszą grupą były materiały pochodzenia organicznego. Badano zmiany zachodzące w produktach związane z procesami dojrzewania a w przypadku roślin zielonych badano zmiany zachodzące w liściach na skutek usychania. Była to grupa obiektów testowych pozwalająca na opracowanie koncepcji pracy z widmami NIR w programie Matalab. Drugą grupą były materiały, które mogą być wykorzystane w elektronice jako kleje lub hermetyzację, badano proces krzepnięcia. Docelową grupą były materiały PM (Perovskite Materials) wykorzystywane do budowy nowoczesnych ogniw fotowoltaicznych, pozyskane dzięki współpracy z firmą SAULE. Badano zmiany widmowe zachodzące w materiałach w okresie 30 dni, zaobserwowano pewne zmiany. Badania nad poprawą stabilności ogniw PSC (Perovskite Solar Cells) w dalszym ciągu są bardzo intensywne ponieważ jest to główny problem nowoczesnych ogniw. Wykorzystując program Matlab opracowano odpowiedni model SSN, który został wytrenowany i przetestowany na uzyskanej bazie widm materiałów perowskitwowych. W oparciu o analizę MSE (Mean Square Error) wytypowano najlepsze metody uczenia oraz optymalną ilość neuronów w warstwie ukrytej. Określono również wpływ IDP (Initial Data Preprocessing) na działanie SSN. Program stworzony przez autora pracy pozwala na rozpoznawanie czasu pomiarowego losowego widma z serii pomiarowej oraz określa miarę podobieństwa wybranego widma względem pozostałych. Powiązanie zmian widmowych z informacją o sprawności ogniwa mogłoby być potężnym narzędziem umożliwiającym rozpoznawanie stadium degradacji ogniw. [87]
222. In the process of industrial automatization, collaborative robots are becoming an increasingly important tool in a wide range of industries. The robot assists humans in strenuous and repetitive tasks, in order to increase the productivity and well-being of the worker. The concept presented in this paper focuses on a flexible assistance function of a robot for multiple workstations simultaneously and incorporates different human-machine-interaction approaches. Therefore, an assembly table (Figure 2) with the possibility to study different concepts for one robot at the same time is designed and constructed. Aspects like ergonomics and safety are considered in the design. Additionally, a standardized data format that enables users and developers to control the robot through peripheral devices is created. As an example, gesture and voice control are discussed and evaluated. [87]
223. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of using biophilic installations to improve the indoor air quality in residential and commercial spaces. Modular plant systems can provide the support or, in smaller facilities, even an alternative to the conventional indoor air purification techniques, such as filtration. The unquestionable advantage of green walls is their comprehensive influence on the indoor air quality by shaping both appropriate thermal and humidity conditions as well as the chemical air composition. However, these constructions are not mechanical systems and therefore, the effectiveness of these specific types of living air purifiers in removing gaseous pollutants and particulate matter cannot be expected to match the level of traditional systems. [86]
224. This article presents the results for flow past a square cylinder and two square cylinders of the same and different sizes with corner modifications by varying the spacing ratio. Here, experimental work is conducted in a recirculatory channel filled with water. A set of aluminum discs made to rotate to create the flow in the test section. The motor is used to vary the speed of the water. Fine aluminum powder is used as a tracer medium. It is observed that vortex shedding frequency decreases by placing the second cylinder in the downstream of the first cylinder. For similar size cylinders, the width of the eddy in the middle of the cylinders increases with an increase in spacing ratio. With the increase of spacing ratio to 6, the flow past each cylinder behaves like a single square cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is smaller than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is reduced in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is bigger than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is larger in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. [86]
225. The goal of the article is to assess risk for substantiating the economic and organizational efficiency of the construction in the context of ecologic safety. A quantitative risk estimation was made by means of the Monte Carlo way for negative and positive choices to avoid the ecological harm. The simulation algorithm imitated the distribution obtained from the evidence-based fit. The outcomes of a sensitivity investigation are also prepared to verify the suggestion. This risk analysis technique has a computer digital implementation. The simulation data outputs plainly demonstrate the alternative of the general norm of validation and the acceptance of the solution which is not harmful to the environment. In situations of uncertainty, the decision to select the optimistic flavor with high spending (to retain the reliableness of the technics) but less risk pretends to be a decisive factor in the eco-friendly protection strategies of the construction project. [86]
226. The article presents an analysis of possibilities offered by the use of modelling and simulation method in production management, by presenting its essence, types and examples of production process models. In addition, the article presents the characteristics of computer modelling and simulation systems, which help to streamline production processes. The most commonly used programs such as AnyLogic, ShowFlow 2 and Rockwell Arena were described in detail. The concepts of modelling and simulation have been also clarified. [86]
227. The Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is a hybrid machining technology which combined with electro discharge machining and electro chemical machining process. In this research, electrochemical discharge drilling operation is carried out on conventional ceramic tile by using a designed and manufactured ECDM setup. The experiments were performed as per design of experimental technique of Taguchi L27 orthogonal array using MINITAB 17 software. The important process parameters that have been selected are voltage, rotation and electrolyte concentration with output response as machining depth and diametric cut. From the observations, it is found that the voltage is the most significant parameter for machining depth and diametric cut followed by electrolyte concentration and rotation. [86]
228. Energy is an important factor for the social and economic development of communities. The energy performance of insulation systems is an important factor in today's increasing consumption of energy. Insulation in hot water pipelines is done to reduce heat losses caused by building elements. In this study, optimum insulation thickness, annual costs, energy saving and repayment times were evaluated in district heating systems. The evaluations were made for various pipe sizes, various fuel types and various insulation materials considering the heating loads of the regions. In addition, the formulas used for the heat loss and insulation economy are given in the study. As a result, the choice of an optimum insulation thickness in pipelines of district heating systems provides economic and environmental advantages. [86]
229. Wyd. 2. [85]
230. This paper presents issues related to the subject of prototyping. It discusses the essence of creating prototypes in historical times and in contemporary times. The paper presents the process of car development in the times of Henry Ford and in modern times. Briefly contemporary methods of prototyping, so-called fast prototyping methods, are discussed. In short, the issues of researching prototypes in historical and contemporary times are also discussed. This article perfectly allows to see the progress in technology that has been made over the centuries from XIX to XXI. [85]
231. This paper addresses the protection of the environment and provides a design forthe use of the deposit after the cessation of mining in the Novoveská Huta region. The areaof interest of this case study describes the practical transformation of a functioning miningoperation into a mining museum in order to reduce the pressures on the environment aftermining. The resulting model of the functioning of the mining museum also deals in detailwith the safety of a mining operation which is no longer used for mining, taking intoaccount its further use. The article describes the proposed 1700-metre route which visitorswill pass along, and also gives a detailed description of the proposed measures necessaryfor safety and long-term sustainable operation.The aim was to design a use of the mining space, that would offer visitors theopportunity to see the handling space and mining methods of the deposit. An interestingelement will also be the possibility of inspecting the explosives store, wall linings, steeland wooden reinforcements. The tour will also include a demonstration of storage facili-ties as well as a Karlik's wheel mining equipment with a rope loop. The open-air museumalso offers the opportunity to get acquainted with transport around the entire deposit understrict safety conditions. It is assumed that devices such as a mining telephone or a sirenplaced on the walls of the tunnel will also arouse interest. An important element of theentire tour would also be a constant reminder of the safety rules during the tour.The impacts of this solution on the environment are very acceptable and incom-parably more beneficial than in the case of the termination of mining and subsequent non-use of the Novoveská Huta deposit. [85]
232. The study involves the development of multi-objective optimization model for turning machining process. This model was developed using a GA - based weighted-sum of minimum production cost and time criteria of multipass turning machining process subject to relevant technological/practical constraints. The results of the single-objective machining process optimization models for the multipass turning machining process when compared with those of multi-objective machining process model yielded the minimum production cost and minimum production time as $5.775 and 8.320 min respectively (and the corresponding production time and production cost as 12.996min and $6.992, respectively), while those of the multi-objective machining process optimization model were $5.841and 9.097 min. Thus, the multi-objective machining process optimization model performed better than each of the single-objective model for the two criteria of minimum production cost and minimum production time respectively. The results also show that minimum production time model performs better than the minimum production cost model. For the example considered, the multi-objective model gave a lower production time of 30.0% than the corresponding production time obtained from the minimum production cost model, while it gave a lower production cost of 16.46% than the corresponding cost obtained by the minimum production time model. [85]
233. Standard ceramic abrasive tools are manufactured using glass bonds or mineral resources, in which the microstructure of the bonding bridges cannot be controlled. In this study, a new type of glass-crystalline bond was used to combine mixed abrasive grains from microcrystalline and monocrystalline corundum into an abrasive tool. The glass-crystalline bond has a fine crystalline structure (particle size of the crystalline phase: 1-1.5 µm) and perfectly moistens the abrasive grains. This fact and the generated crystalline phase with a high coefficient of brittle fracture resistance enable the production of tools with a higher porosity and self-sharpening ability in comparison to grinding wheels with the use of industrial bond, which results in high performance indices with a longer service life. [85]
234. Predictive force models for oblique metal cutting incorporating tool flank wear was carried out using a CNC lathe machine to turn mild carbon steel CS1030. The developed models are based on the fundamental mechanics of orthogonal cutting process, in which inclination angle is 00. Workpieces were Cylindrical with wall thickness of 3mm and diameter of 100mm. Cut thickness levels were 0.1, 0.17, 0.24 and 0.31mm; cutting speeds were 100, 150 and 200 m/min; tool rake angle levels were −5, 0 [85]
235. Hydrostatic parameters of a ship are very important in ship design. The importance of the parameters compared to one another need to be revealed in realm of uncertainty, so as to avoid design error. In view of this, a fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (Fuzzy-AHP) method is utilized in addressing the subject under investigation. The fuzzy logic is used to address uncertainty in pairwise comparison exercise, so as to facilitate the estimation of order of importance of hydrostatic parameters. In this research, the engineering judgements of three designers in analysis of importance of hydrostatic parameters are aggregated and processed using the Fuzzy-AHP methodology. The result produced in the study showed that hydrostatic parameters are importance in order of moments of inertia of vessels (MIV), mass displacement (MD), tons per centimeter immersion (TPCI), coefficients of form (CF), centers of buoyancy (CB), metacentric heights of vessels (MHV), ship waterplane area (SWA), longitudinal center of floatation (LCF), volume displacement (VD) and wetted surface area (WSA) with weight values of 0.218, 0.095, 0.078, 0.083, 0.074, 0.1, 0.46, 0.108, 0.209 and 0.028 respectively. [85]
236. The paper presents the use of the PIV method in experimental studies on the speed distribution of oil particles contained in oil mist delivered into a cutting zone with minimum quantity (MQL). During investigations an orthogonal sample was of an aluminum alloy PA7N was machined using HS18-0-1 high-speed steel cutter. The oil mist was delivered into the cutting zone by a single spray nozzle directed at the tool rake surface. Two angular settings of the spray nozzle were applied in relation to the surface of the machined sample. Based on the images obtained by the PIV method, the distribution of the oil particles in the cutting area was determined according to the setting the spray nozzle. Studies have indicated more favorable conditions for the delivery of oil mist at the angle of spray nozzle at 85°. These conclusions were confirmed by measuring the cutting force in tangential direction to the machined surface. [84]
237. The following paper presents the analysis and synthesis of technological schemes, processes, tools and equipment for processing of conical gears and precession gears with medium module. As a result, a new method which allows to intensify the process of treatment, is proposed. It ensures a required accuracy of processing. The theoretical considerations are based on the theory of gear drives, theory of involute profiles generation and precession gears, generating machine, tool design theory and machine building technology. Methods of mathematical analysis, analytic geometry, mathematical model and 3D computer model are used. The experimental research was conducted in laboratories of the Departments of Machine Building Technology and the Department of Fundamentals of Machines Design at the Technical University of Moldova, by using machines and technological equipment for machining and testing. Experimental data processing was accomplished using approximation methods and mathematical statistics. [84]
238. The following article presents an analysis of the influence of the irradiance and ambient temperature on the roof coating temperature. The roof coating temperature depends mainly on the optical properties of the coating material. Those properties are the reflectivity and emissivity. The roof surface temperature determines the heat flux through the roof into the interior of the building. Proper material selection for the coating of the roof can significantly decrease the surface temperature, and as a result, decrease the heat flux into the space just below the roof. During the calculations, the model of the heat exchange derived by the author for the flat roof was used. The paper includes results of heat calculations for two coating materials with different reflectivity coefficients. The calculations were made for the specific weather conditions. [84]
239. The article presents an original proposal to improve the efficiency of anchoring steel fibers in fibroconcrete mixtures. The expected effect was obtained by developing the surface of the fibers by mechanical abrasive treatment with electrocorundum. The main part of the work presents the results of the conducted experimental studies. The effect of the surface treatment of the fibers was investigated by means of metallographic techniques, using a metallographic microscope and equipment for determining the surface roughness. On the other hand, the direct method of assessing the effectiveness of fiber anchoring in the concrete was determined with the use of the Pull – Out test. The results of these studies were subjected to detailed analysis and statistical processing. The results of metallographic and Pull – Out tests indicate that the proposed method of treating the fibers significantly affects their anchoring efficiency in the concrete matrix. According to the author, this may be of great practical importance, because the discussed method of treating the fibers can significantly improve the general properties of fibrocomposite mixtures. [84]
240. The article presents a new approach to forecasting the composition of producer gas. Thermochemical treatment of biomass as an effective method of producing flammable gas was presented. The methods of predicting the gas composition of the generator are described, and then its efficiency depending on the parameters of the device. In order to create a method for forecasting gas composition, the authors' works were used as the basis, in which the energy characteristics of the gases obtained were assessed. It was assumed in this paper that it is very important to understand the influence of each parameter on the energy characteristics of the gas. This made it possible to optimize the composition and predict thermal characteristics. In this article, we present the results of experimental studies on biomass gasification and a mathematical model based on Gibbs free energy. [84]
241. Wyd. 3 [83]
242. This article presents issues related to the search for new products. The process of innovation implementation in a production company is characterized. Issues related to the process of innovation implementation are presented, as well as processes closely related to it. There are presented the analyses which are necessary to carry out, before starting the process of innovation implementation in a company. The process of economic analyses and risk assessment of FMEA implementation was discussed. The analyses presented refer to a specific example which is the implementation of innovative impregnated wheels in the company Andre Abrasive Articles. [83]
243. The need for alternative fuel instead of conventional fossil fuels (diesel or gasoline) has recently increased for several reasons, including the expected shortage of petroleum fossil fuels and the production of pollution by transportation. Consequently, researchers are interested in finding new alternative fuels. At present, the number of studies on biodiesel as a compression ignition engine fuel has increased. Current studies are mainly concerned with studying the use of exhaust gas temperature to preheat biodiesel fuel before it enters the combustion chamber. A heat exchanger is designed to increase the temperature of the biodiesel fuel prior to the combustion process. The performance characteristics of diesel engines and the emission of pollutants resulting from this modification were investigated under different operating conditions, including different engine loads and speeds. The results showed clear improvements in engine performance, including improved output power, specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The engine power and specific fuel consumption improvements as a result of preheating reached up to 1.3 % and 8.27 %, respectively. Pollutant emission also decreased obviously, with carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission decreases of 12.95 % and 12.85 %, respectively. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides increased by 4.39 %. [83]
244. The manuscript focuses on an author’s original methods of ceramic grinding wheels impregnation. The authors developed 3 original methods of impregnation ceramic grinding wheels with sulphur, amorphous carbon and solid lubricants like molybdenum disulfide, graphite or hexagonal boron nitride. At the end the issue of evaluation of the application potential of developed grinding wheel impregnation methods were raised. [83]
245. The article presents the problem of reactive power compensation in an electric network, which powers a charging station for electric vehicles. The reactive power is present because the converters have a reactance character. Mobile inverters are single-phase receivers, so they cause a lack of symmetry in a three-phase system. Lack of symmetry causes an unbalance component to appear. The power compensation discussed here results in an improvement in the power factor. The reduction of the reactive and unbalance power is the result of this compensation. The article takes into account a non-sinusoidal method of power supply. [82]
246. In this paper we consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. It is indicated the differences in the consideration of forces that determine the crushing of non-boiling and boiling drops. It is determined the possibility of using the model to define the processes of displacement, deformation or fragmentation of the inclusion of the dispersed phase under the influence of a set of neighboring particles. The proposed method allows us to determine the main energy parameters of the homogenization process by boiling the emulsion. [82]
247. W rozprawie podjęto działania mające na celu ustalenie wpływu mocy prądu, kąta pochylenia uchwytu względem kierunku spawania, odległości końcówki prądowej od powierzchni blachy oraz oscylacji uchwytu w postaci wychylenia w stosunku do osi rowka spawalniczego na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni przy zachowaniu określonej energii liniowej procesu spawania. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano wpływ kąta ukosowania, odstępu i progu przy zachowaniu określonym polu przekroju jego powierzchni na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni po procesie spawania. Analizę rozpatrywanych parametrów uzupełniono o ustalenie wpływu kierunku walcowania blach na odchyłkę płaskości. W pracy wyznaczono rozkład zmiennej losowej odchyłki płaskości powierzchni na podstawie którego dobrano metodykę oceny wpływu badanych parametrów technologicznych. Spawanie przeprowadzono na zrobotyzowanym stanowisku firmy Panasonic oraz na zaprojektowanym przyrządzie do spawania spoin wzdłużnych. Akwizycje danych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody stykowej oraz bezstykowej z wykorzystaniem skanera 3D. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że rozkład zmiennej losowej jest rozkładem logarytmo-normalnym. Kierunek walcowania blachy wpływa istotnie na średnią geometryczną i odchylenie standardowe logarytmu odchyłki płaskości oraz rozkład odchyłek wzdłuż osi spoiny. Najistotniejszy wpływ na minimalizację odchyłki płaskości po procesie spawania miał kąt pochylenia uchwytu w stosunku do kierunku spawania mimo określonego poziomu energii liniowej. Kryterium określonego przekroju poprzecznego rowka spawalniczego w tolerancji 5% było niewystarczające w celu minimalizacji wpływu zmian geometrii rowka spawalniczego. Wyniki rozprawy oraz analizy literatury wdrożono w firmie TEPRO S.A.. [81]
248. This article is devoted to the analysis of the heat engineering characteristics of the operation of an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, EAHE, with a circular cross-sectional shape, which is a component of the geothermal ventilation system. The authors analyzed literature sources devoted to the research of heat exchangers of the soil-air type of various designs and for working conditions in various soils. Much attention is paid to the issues of modeling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of an EAHE under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine. [81]
249. In the paper, the experimental investigations on hobbing cutting of the gears with the use of cooling fluids with minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) has been presented. The experiments were prepared during milling of 42CrMo4 alloy steel at of 32 ± 2 HRC hardness using high speed steel HS6-5-2 hobs without coating. Gears have been generated made in one single pass, to the full depth of the cut. As a cooling fluid in the MQL method, the vegetable oil and synthetic mineral oil MICRO 3000 was used. During the experiment, the size of the clamping was measured on the worm blade application surface, thus determining the direct VBC wear indicator and the Fc cutting force value was recorded. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the type of used oil with MQL on the wear of the tool was assessed. The carried out analysis revealed that the use of vegetable oil in the field of assessed conditions gave better results than dry milling. [81]
250. High-quality products include those with better surface quality and texture, close dimensional tolerances and form accuracies at precise level, increase fatigue life and burr-free. Burr formation is one of the most common inevitable facts occurring in all material removal processes, reduces assembly and machined part quality. But, burr formation during milling is a more complex mechanism compare to remaining machining burrs and leads to numerous difficulties during the deburring process. To prevent this, one should optimize the combination of cutting parameters during machining itself. In order to build up a link between quality and productivity and to attain the same in the cost-effective way, the present work concentrate on multi objective optimization of CNC end milling process parameters. Multiple performance characteristics with respect to surface quality and performance index like assembly work have been put up, to assess an equivalent single quality index (called grey relational grade) has been optimized finally by Grey based Taguchi method. After that priority weight of individual quality and performance attributes has been estimated by entropy measurement technique on the basis of relative significance and check the feasibility of the proposed technique has been demonstrated in this context. [81]
251. Zagospodarowanie odpadów stanowi istotny problem podejmowany przez naukowców. Zmieniające się przepisy wymuszają na firmach produkcyjnych szukania możliwości zagospodarowania odpadów powstających w fabrykach. W niniejszej dysertacji przeprowadzono szeroką analizę możliwości wykorzystania wybranych materiałów odpadowych w celu stworzenia kompozytów cementowych o właściwościach odpowiadającym tradycyjnym betonom. Analizie poddano odpady pochodzące z produkcji pustaków ceramicznych, odpady pochodzące z produkcji wyrobów porcelanowych, piasek odpadowy uzyskiwany w procesie hydroklasyfikacji kruszywa, w kopalniach odkrywkowych usytuowanych w północno-zachodniej Polsce. Odpady te zastosowano jako zamienniki kruszywa naturalnego. Ponadto jako zbrojenie rozproszone kompozytów zastosowano kord stalowy uzyskiwany w procesie recyklingu zużytych opon samochodowych. W celach porównawczych zastosowano również komercyjne haczykowate włókna stalowe. Badania podzielono na cztery zadania badawcze. W pierwszym zadaniu określono podstawowe właściwości wybranych materiałów odpadowych. M. in. określono gęstość pozorną, jamistość i nasiąkliwość kruszyw przygotowanych z odpadów fabrycznych, określono wytrzymałość na rozciąganie kordu stalowego oraz wpływ dwukierunkowego przeginania na wytrzymałość włókien. W drugim zadaniu określono możliwość zastosowania kordu stalowego jako zbrojenia rozproszonego. Analizie poddano elementy z zawartością włókien 0,25%; 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%, 1,25%, 1,50%. Badania przeprowadzono na beleczkach z zaprawy cementowej o wy-miarach 40x40x160 mm. Do określenia właściwości zapraw zbrojonych kordem stalowym wykonano badanie trzypunktowego zginania w oparciu o normę PN-EN 196-1 dodatkowo mierząc ugięcie beleczek w funkcji obciążenia w trakcie testów wytrzymałościowych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na określenie receptur kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Przygotowano łącznie 24 mieszanki, w których zastosowano różne ilości kruszyw odpadowych. Dla każdej mieszanki przygotowano próbki z ilością włókien 0,0%, 0,5% oraz 1,0%. W trzecim zadaniu przeprowadzono szereg badań w celu określenia doraźnych i reologicznych cech wytrzymałościowych wybranych kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Określono wytrzymałość na ściskanie, moduł sprężystości, wytrzymałości resztkowe oraz dla wybranych kompozytów określono skurcz oraz pełzanie. Wyżej wymienione badania przeprowadzono na podstawie wytycznych normowych. Zadanie czwarte pole-gało na określeniu właściwości reologicznych wybranych kompozytów na podstawie długotrwałych badań belek o wymiarach 100x200x2900mm. Na potrzeby badań zaprojektowano stanowisko badawcze umożliwiające jednoczesne badania trzech belek. Do pomiaru odkształceń powierzchni belek oraz rys zastosowano, poza tradycyjnymi metodami pomiarowymi, system optyczny. Badania wykonano na ośmiu stanowiskach. Pojedyncze stanowisko składało się z trzech belek wykonanych z tego samego kompozytu, z różną ilością zbrojenia rozproszonego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że z badanych materiałów odpadowych można wytworzyć kompozyty o właściwościach zbliżonych do betonów tradycyjnych. Ponadto po przeanalizowaniu rezultatów badań długotrwałych zaproponowano modyfikację metody obliczania szerokości rozwarcia rys zawartej w normie PN EN 1992-1-1. [80]
252. This study employed viable methods for the selection of a preeminent mooring line amongst other alternatives for the mooring of a floating wave energy converter (WEC) in shallow water. Conventional mooring lines for mooring WEC are identified for optimal selection exercise. A combination of Entropy Weight and Visekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods is utilized in the aforementioned exercise. The two methods are effectively used in assessment of the attributes and performance of the various mooring lines in practical application. The result obtained, demonstrated that steel wire rope is the best mooring line suitable for a WEC system operations. It is good references to the marine and offshore engineering industries in decision making for optimal mooring line suitable for the mooring of a WEC system in shallow waters. [80]
253. This paper focuses on the assessment of the degree of risk in all phases of extraction activities in a selected quarry in the Slovak Republic. The research part of the paper assesses the degree of risk resulting from the assessment of the threat, the probability of the threat and the consequence of an adverse event in extraction activities. The paper offers an important basis for decision-making in quarry management in order to eliminate the negative consequences of andesite mining on the environment, equipment and people. The extraction activity in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry is assessed by this paper as low risk for two phases of extraction, specifically the preparation phase, and the extraction itself. The paper also highlights the importance of taking measures. Regarding the safety criteria in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry, it is possible, based on the results of the analysis and evaluation, to consider the quarry to be safe. However, a condition for this is the necessary expert training of workers in all activities performed while working in the quarry. Here, the need for personnel to strictly adhere to the set standards for extraction activities is of prime importance. This finding confirms the above that the aim of diagnosing and naming the potential for adverse events in the extraction process must be to minimize risks, as their absolute exclusion is not possible due to the human factor and unforeseeable circumstances. [80]
254. The following paper presents issues concerning a power supply for the alarm systems used in transport facilities. It describes the guidelines included in the polish standard PN-EN 50131-1:2009 „Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Wymagania systemowe” (Alarm systems – intrusion and hold-up systems – system requirements), a power supply in particular. Then the operational-reliability assessment of a system consisting of a main power supply (230V AC power grid), redundant UPS and diesel generator was made. The aim of that was to obtain formulas for particular state probability values in a symbolic form (Laplace’s). The further assessments taking other types of power supply into account will be presented in the forthcoming papers. [80]
255. The article presents the most important information concerning the methods, techniques and indicators of I measures, which are used in the evaluation of production processes. The theory of limitations, process mapping, benchmarking and diagnostic test method have been described. Sample indicators for the evaluation of production processes are presented and the measures for the evaluation of production processes are discussed, as well as methods of obtaining information about the process. The modelling and computer simulations were described and the algorithm of proceeding during the development of a simulation model was presented. The article discusses system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. [80]
256. The article describes the result of experiments witch were intended to compare the results of different workpieces orientation in disc centrifugal machine. During experimental investigations, particular attention was paid to the optimal orientation the workpiece in working charge. The results of the research presented in this article confirm the benefit of horizontal orientation of the workpiece to the motion of the media in the working charge. [80]
257. In the paper, characteristics of porous coatings enriched in copper on pure Titanium and its alloys (NiTi, Ti6Al4V, TNZ, Ti2448) as well as on niobium obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) in electrolyte containing H3PO4 within Cu(NO3)2, are presented. All obtained surfaces of PEO coatings have different shapes and diameters of pores. The binding energies of main peaks for titanium Ti2p3/2, niobium Nb3d5/2, zirconium Zr3d5/2, phosphorus (P2p) and oxygen (O1s) suggest the presence of titanium Ti4+, niobium Nb5+ and zirconium Zrx+ (x≤2) as well as PO43–. [80]
258. A mathematical model of gas dynamics in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment is presented in the paper. The parameters of gas flows in the vortex apparatus, optimal ratios of the vortex apparatus geometric dimensions, as well as hydrodynamic parameters are determined, making it possible to develop effective design solutions of this equipment. The mathematical model allows one to carry out computational experiments and determine particle trajectories, their temperature, particle size and humidity at various points in time and evaluate the dynamics of these parameters. Using the calculation experiment method makes it possible to quickly and without financial costs determine the technological modes of heat treatment of dispersed material in vortex devices. The obtained data can be used in calculation methods of heat and mass transfer vortex apparatuses. [80]
259. This work presents an experimental study of thermal energy storage by use of PCM. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of different inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and different Reynolds number of HTF on intensity of charging process. The PCM used in this study was stearic acid and water was used as HTF. A copper helical coil mounted in cylindrical container served as a heat transfer surface. [79]
260. This paper presents the characteristics of the subsystems of the modular, didactic production system of single-stage gearboxes. The presented system is equipped with miniatures of devices commonly used in industry. The modular construction of the stand gives the possibility of free modelling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system development and its use. The paper presents the characteristics of the manufacturing, storage, transport and assembly subsystem and quality control. In the characteristics, the market recognition was presented and selected solutions and devices were described. [79]
261. This paper presents a method of lowering the processor’s voltage and temperature in which the computer operates by performing an operation called undervolting. By using undervolting it is possible to reduce electricity consumption and the amount of heat generated by computer workstations by up to 30%. This problem is particularly relevant for institutions that use a large number of computers. The more the computers are subjected to the higher computational load, the more effective the mechanism of undervolting is. Undervolting the processor does not reduce its performance, but lowers its operating temperature, has a positive impact on its life span and power consumption. Maintaining a low temperature of operation for computer hardware is essential to reduce operating and repair costs. The paper also presents the results of environmental research aimed at assessing the validity and effectiveness of undervolting. [79]
262. This article presents five methods of centrifugal provision the grinding fluid to the grinding zone such as centrifugal grinding fluid supplying through the grinding spindle and through the grinding wheel, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the grinding wheel body and grinding wheel pores, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the body and space between abrasive segments, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the grinding wheel divider radial channels, centrifugal grinding fluid supply method with use of zonal centrifugal grinding fluid provision system. The described characteristics were referred primarily to the conventional flood cooling method as a reference. In summary the conclusions drawn after mentioned characteristics analysis were presented. [79]
263. The paper presents the modeling and analysis algorithm as well as the results of simulation tests with the use of FEM of the process of punching aluminum sheets used for casings. The first part presents the results enabling the correct selection of the die clearance on production lines depending on the thickness of the sheet metal. The second shows how to prepare the punch geometry in the FEM environment, taking into account the typical defects that occur as the work cycles increase. Thanks to this, it was possible to determine their influence on the state of stresses and deformations as well as the quality of the cut edge. The developed numerical applications and the obtained test results can be used to design tools and optimize the punching process. [79]
264. The paper describes results of investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop during bubbly boiling of refrigerating media. In this article were presented of authors own experimental studies and were proposed new simple calculation model describing bubble boiling in the tubular channel. The author attempts to put forward a simplified description of the process of bubble boiling in a straight pipe. The two-phase one-component (liquid-vapour) system is treated as a continuum governed by the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and mass. The continuum is characterised by parameters that describe the two-phase system, such as density of the two-phase mixture, static void fraction or static equilibrium dryness fraction. In view of engineering applications, a one-dimensional model is used where physical quantities are cross-section averaged. This way the average velocity, pressure, temperature, and so on, are introduced. The results of the proposed model have been compared with the results of the experimental research with satisfactory compliance. [79]
265. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the use of magnetorheological fluids for finishing processes. The paper descsribes the type of the materials and surfaces to be machined and the composition of the magnetorheological fluids used in this area. The most interesting applications were described in more detail, paying particular attention to the schematic diagram of the test stands, obtained results of experimental tests and the results of roughness measurements of the surfaces exposed to magnetically controlled fluids. The article also describes the directions of the newest experimental and simulation research on the application of magnetorheological fluids in the field. [79]
266. Many studies have proven that the type of light source and the lighting regime have significantly influenced the efficiency of microalgae biomass production and the taxonomic composition of the cultivated biomass, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the light source on the productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivating on anaerobic digestate. The criterion for dividing experiment into variants was the light source used.It was found that the light source significantly influenced the Chlorella vulgaris growth. The highest biomass production was observed in variants with the fluorescent tube-warm light (color temperature 3000K) and the LED-warm light with 2 local maximum at 450 nm and 580 nm (color temperature 6500K). In variants with the pressure sodium lamp with the essential spectrum 570-620 nm (color temperature 2700K), the production of microalgae biomass was the lowest.The removal efficiency of organic compounds expressed as COD and BOD5 as well as ammonium and total nitrogen were dependent on the final concentration of biomass in the culture medium. In variants with the highest biomass production, the lowest concentrations of these indicators in the culture medium were observed. Phosphorus compounds were removed effectively from the culture medium regardless of the light source and the concentration of microalgae biomass. [79]
267. In this paper, the authors present a computational model of a fin-based air cooling system for PMSM electric motors. The model can be used as a method for fast and efficient feasibility studies of air cooling for PMSM machines in hybrid-electric or all-electric aviation applications, supplementing further research (thermal resistance networks, and FEA/CFD-CHT models). In the paper, authors provide temperature distributions along the fin length which are calculated and presented for a straight fin, followed by heat that can be dissipated from fin surface and fin efficiency. A parameter to compare different fin materials for aviation applications is introduced – heat dissipated from the fin to fin mass ratio. Aluminum and copper fins are compared. Different shapes of straight fin are considered and compared. The above parameters and comparison are then calculated and given for circular fins. Parameters of the whole fin-based air cooling system for specific 140 kW PMSM motor are calculated and presented. [79]
268. This PhD manuscript contains new concepts focusing on experimental protocols and a proposal of new materials/nanomaterials for hybrid methodologies allowing for the elimination of low-molecular-mass organic micropollutants from the water phase. The introduction to the manuscript consists of a problem overview and extensive discussion of current literature in the field of micropollutants and technological processes for their removal. As target micropollutants, four common dyes were selected and investigated: Brilliant Blue, Malachite Green, Sunset Yellow and Ponceau 4R. Various experiments involving these chemicals were proposed including separation science and biological investigations (activated sludge, duckweed organisms). As active matrices, a number of both simple and complex substances were investigated, namely: active carbon, lyophilized graphene oxide, β-cyclodextrin, raw dandelion pappus, microcrystalline cellulose, raw pine pollen, and Egyptian Blue mineral pigments (1.1.1. and 1.1.1a.). A new approach for the synthesis of the selected nanomaterials were described in the details concerning lyophilised Graphene Oxide and Egyptian Blue dye. These materials were extensively characterized using a number of different physicochemical methods such as SEM, EDS, Raman and FTIR. [78]
269. The publication presents the results of an analysis concerning the impact of the method of an effective impervious area (EIA) mapping in the simulation model on the runoff from urban catchment. The runoff volumes and flood volumes generated by heavy rainfall, causing the runoff from pervious area, were compared. Two EIA mapping variants were taken into account – first one, concerning reduction in imperviousness degree and, second one, directing the runoff from impervious to pervious area. The runoff calculations were made on basis of simulation results in SWMM5. For building the catchment model data of existing catchment with the area of nearly 80 hectares in Bydgoszcz was used. The value of the EIA was estimated on the basis of empirical formulas. The reduction in impervious area connected directly to the storm water sewer system from 40% to 10% of the total impervious area were considered. It has been shown that using the reduction in imperviousness degree for EIA mapping can lead to underestimation of runoff volume. The difference in runoff calculated for analyzed EIA mapping variants increases with the decrease in infiltration capacity of pervious area and is in large part transformed into a flood volume. [78]
270. The following paper presents a methodology of wind turbines selection with a axis of rotation based on measurements of wind conditions specific for the wind power sector. Basic properties and characteristics used in the wind power sector, as well as a proper measurement campaign along with determining the necessary instrumentation and the methodology of its use, are the basic parameters that determine the decision of wind farm investment. The main goal of those activities is to gather the accurate meteorological data in sufficient amount using a measurement tower situated at a possible future location of a wind farm. This method is used to identify the direction, speed, gust and energy of the wind. Measurements were made in northern Poland using a measurement system based on a 80-meter-high telescopic mast. The system was equipped with instrumentation necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters, and was made by the Windhunter Serwis Ltd. Company headquartered in Koszalin. The reliability of measurements was verified using the statistical methods based on the Weitbull’s distribution and the windrose. Thus, the energy potential of the raw air stream was determined with a possible future use in a wind farm sitting. [78]
271. The article presents issues related to innovation, its meaning and objectives. The development of the concept of innovation over the years is presented. The division of innovation by the area of activity to which it refers was made. The essence of innovation is briefly discussed. On the example of a vehicle, the strategy of innovation implementation was also characterized. The methods and tools used during the implementation of innovations are presented. Computer modelling and simulations as well as other tools for implementation of innovations are characterized. [78]
272. Technology of wind exploitation has been applied widely all over the world and has already reached the level in which manufacturers want to maximize the yield with the minimum investment outlays. The main objective of this paper is the determination of the optimal number of blades in the Cup-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Optimizing the size of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine allow the reduction of costs and increase the output. The target is the maximum power of the rotor. The optimum number of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades evaluation is based on analysis of a single blade simulation and its superposition for the whole rotor. The simulation of working blade was done in MatLab environment. Power spectrum graphs were prepared and compared throughout superposition of individual blades in the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine rotor. Some wind tunnel measurements of the hydrodynamic force according to pitch angle of the blade are also shown. The major result of this research is the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine kmax ratio power characteristic. On the basis of the analysis of the power spectra, optimum number of the blades was specified for the analysed rotor. Power spectrum analysis of wind turbine enabled the specification of the optimal number of blades, and can be used regarding investment outlays and power output of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. [78]
273. A recent development in the material studies provides beneficial application of lightweight alloys such as aluminium, magnesium as well as composites and metal matrices. The alloys are experimentally improved by increasing hardness in the ballistics testing using projectiles, makes them viable for the areas such as aerospace, military, defence, automobiles and so on. So the study is made on different approaches. First, by comparing different types of non-ferrous alloys and projectiles regarding sizes, structures. Second, the materials with heat treatment are also studied for investigating the hardness property by overcoming successful penetration on non-ferrous alloys. Third, material to be improvised by use of numerical studies such as 3D models, empirical models and software such as ANSYS, ABAQUS and AUTODYN, etc. Finally, the aim of this paper is to review the recent progress ballistic studies of lightweight materials and to provide a best choice of material for further on-going research. [78]
274. The following paper presents an ORC installation including an evaporator with recirculation (heat carrying water exiting the evaporator is redirected to its inlet). It covers the calculations of inlet/outlet temperature of the evaporator taking into account a variant recirculation coefficient. Formulas for heat transfer between heat carrying water and working fluid inside evaporator are also included in this paper. The calculations are based on properly defined average specific heat. The analysis shows that the system performance depends on heat carrying water inlet temperature, on heat carrying water flow rate and the recirculation coefficient. [77]
275. The flat tubes are necessary apparatus to design the modern heat exchangers. In this context, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study has been achieved to explore the influence of the flat tube size on the heat transfer characteristics in cross-flow over flat tube banks. The calculations are performed with the help of the computer code (Fluent) which is based on the finite volume method to solve the continuity, momentum and energy equations. The numerical investigations are achieved for laminar flow (Reynolds numbers changing from 50 to 800), two dimensional and incompressible fluids. Some predicted results are compared with available experimental data of the literature and a satisfactory agreement is observed. The obtained results show a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient with increased flat tube size. A new valuable empirical correlation is suggested for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients over a flat tube bank. The proposed correlation may be useful for engineers to predict the heat transfer rates in such devices without requirements of experimental measurements. [77]
276. Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies. [77]
277. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell-side is a highly complex task. This stems from the complex geometry of the shell-side itself, defined by such parameters as tubesheet layout, tube diameter, baffle spacing or baffle cut. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only a few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell-side of apparatus on an industrial scale. In this article, the authors presented the results of an experimental visualization study, utilizing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experiment used a laser sheet technique along and across a tube bundle. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying the flow pattern of streams in the shell-side and assessing stagnation vortices and their consequences. Finally, detecting bypass streams and leakage streams flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle were presented. [77]
278. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films were subjected to modification using different plasma sources. Argon, nitrogen, air and oxygen were used as a gas phase throughout the process, and their impact on the material's surface properties was verified. The surface activation rate was measured via atomic force microscopy regarding the porosity factor and using the water contact angle technique. The last method – being feasible, agile and of high sensitivity to alternating physicochemical surface character – was utilised to verify the post-process stability of the modified surface. Those tests were performed extensively, up to 160 hours (contact angle) and 240 hours (atomic force microscopy). [77]
279. In the present work, the optimal balancing of the planar six-bar mechanism is investigated to minimize the fluctuations of shaking force and shaking moment. An optimization problem is formulated for balancing the planar six-bar mechanism by developing an objective function. The genetic algorithm and MINITAB software were used to solve the optimization problem. The selection of weighting factors has a crucial role to obtain the optimum values of design parameters. Two sets of weighting factors were considered as per the contribution of X and Y components of the shaking force and shaking moments. Shaking force and shaking moments were minimized drastically and were compared with the original values. [77]
280. At the beginning of the work on the effects of global warming and climate change in the international area, there are efforts to reduce exhaust emissions. Because fossil fuel is depleting and exhaust emission gases emitted to the atmosphere are rising rapidly, energy efficiency is on the agenda in transportation. Therefore, automotive developers and scientists have undertaken new research in the automotive sector. Hybrid electric vehicle technology is one of the important studies that these researchers continue. In the hybrid electric vehicle technology, the hybrid engine is aimed to give the best results in terms of exhaust emission, fuel consumption and maintenance costs compared to other internal combustion engines, and at the same time the hybrid engine is aimed to perform better than other internal combustion engines. General information about the hybrid electric vehicle technology as one of the new and alternative technologies in these study is provided. In addition, information was given about exhaust emission, emission standards and fuel consumption. Comparisons were made between the hybrid engine and other internal combustion engines. [77]
281. Wyd. 4 popr. [76]
282. To improve gas hydrates dissociation technology, studies of heat transfer processes on the interfacial surface are significant. In the work, experimental and theoretical studies of the gas hydrates dissociation are presented.The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented.The practical significance of the research results is in determining quantitative indicators of the heat transfer processes intensity under the conditions of propane hydrate dissociation. The results of the work can be applied to designing equipment for gas hydrates storage and dissociation. [76]
283. This paper portrays the benefits of introducing an ultracapacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature is, the higher the hybrid system efficiency becomes. Data from real world is is covered by this study. Simulations are done considering a modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. Owing to this system, the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10%. Finally, hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system but it also increases the power train efficiency and the battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers in further development of this topic. [76]
284. The problem of heat treatment of wet materials contains the question of the heat and mass inside the body transfer (an internal problem) and in the boundary layer at the interface between phases (an external problem). The amount of removable moisture depends on the degree of each of these processes development. When heated, the moisture content on the surface decreases, creating a concentration difference across the body. Therefore, a flow of moisture occurs in the body from deep layers to the surface, towards which the flow of heat is directed. Thus, when wet materials are heated, complex processes of moisture and heat exchange occur, mutually affecting the enthalpy and moisture content of both the heated material and the environment.The features of mathematical model construction of heating and drying of wet materials process are considered in the article. The drying process is defined as a thermal process with effective heat transfer coefficients with consideration of mass transfer. It makes it possible to obtain analytical dependencies that are convenient for engineering calculations, with which you can determine the temperature field and evaluate the kinetics of wet materials drying. [76]
285. The paper presents the analysis of results of investigations concerning an influence of applied constructive solutions on hydraulic operating conditions of a water-pumping air lift pump. The scope of the investigations encompassed the determination of flow rate and efficiency characteristics of an air lift pump having the discharge pipe with the internal diameter d = 0.04 m. The PM 50 mixer with a perforated rubber membrane, available on the market, as well as a mixer of own design, called circumferential mixer, were tested (the name origins from the fact that the mixer has the shape of a ring which encloses the discharge pipe on its whole circumference). The investigations were performed for three air-water mix delivery heads H: 0.40, 0.80, 1.20 m, for the specified pressure pipe submergence length h = 0.80 m. It has been stated that for both types of the applied mixers the water flow rate Qw increased along with the increase of the air flow rate Qa, reaching maximum, then decreased. However, in both of the applied mixers, the water flow rate Qw permanently decreased as the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The air lift pump achieved higher water flow rate Qw if the circumferential mixer was applied instead of that with perforated rubber membrane. It has been proved that for both of the applied types of mixers the air flow rate Qa in the air lift pump cannot be lower during water pumping than 5.0 m3×h-1 and should not exceed 15.0 m3×h-1 in case of the circumferential mixer and 16.0 m3×h-1 for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. The efficiency h of the tested air lift pump for both of the applied types of mixers decreased when the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The higher efficiency h, however, was obtained for the air lift pump with the circumferential mixer than for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. [76]
286. The main goal of the paper is to provide a condition for which a maximum entropy generation occurs in a heat exchanger at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). Knowing this condition is essential during the design of the heat exchanger as it allows designers to avoid one of its most unfavourable operating conditions in terms of thermodynamics. Entropy generation resulting from the resistance of heat-transferring fluids to flow was not taken into account. Entropy generation was analysed as a function of a heat flow rate at constant parameters at the inlet of a condenser and a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger. The analysis showed that for the condenser the entropy generation rate increases with the increase in the heat flow rate. The maximum entropy generation rate occurs for the maximum flow rate of the heat that can be transferred according to the definition of heat transfer effectiveness. For the counterflow heat exchanger, the entropy generation as a function of the heat flow rate reaches maximum at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). It appeared that the peak entropy generation, or the largest exergy loss, occurs when the outlet temperatures of the fluids are equal. This assertion was verified against data obtained from a simulator of the counter-flow heat exchanger for two different relations between heat capacity rates. [76]
287. The domestic gas industry has been set an ambitious goal in the form of a state programme for extensive gasification of Polish cities and towns. This provides for transition of the municipal thermal energy and of the municipal economy to natural gas. Ensuring of reliable and safe transport of the gaseous fuel is also a part of this programme.The article discusses the problems of transporting of the nitrogen-rich natural gas from the local mines, related to water of unknown origin appearing in it. The events that can confirm that there is a possibility of moisture condensation from the gas and its migration deep into the distribution network have been analysed.The actual level of moisture in the natural gas, which is already directly supplied to the consumers, has been experimentally tested.It has been proved by the computer calculations that in the conditions of high pressure in the network, there is a possibility of such condensation, depending on the external atmospheric conditions and physicochemical parameters of the gas.It has been proposed to change the existing designing & construction legal provisions in order to protect the gas networks against water accumulating in them in a better way. [76]
288. Research was carried out into the impact of the content of wheat flour in a mixture with chopped wheat straw and the humidity of this material on the hardness of the pellet obtained from this raw material. The maximum content of wheat flour was 9.6% of the dry matter of the raw material, and the humidity of the raw material was 11.6, 25.7 and 36.0%. An increase of wheat flour content in the whole range examined considerably increased the pellet hardness, while an increase of humidity content in the raw material had an impact on increased hardness up to 25.7% only. [76]
289. In this project, an atypical resistance rotor of a vertical axis rotor as a small wind energy turbine is to be aerodynamically investigated and optimised in a flow simulation. In this report the results obtained from the flow simulations of the single and two rotor setup, as well as the results from the flow simulations of a single blade, are presented. The geometry of the rotor and blades is the base geometry for further optimisation. All simulations are performed with one specific tip speed ratio. The base geometry for slat and baffle can be calculated based on experience gained in previous studies. It was found in previous experiments that a rotor with 42% overlap (area that occupies the wings of the total circumference) is always started. Those experiments have also shown that a rotor with 36.5 % overlap has a higher power coefficient at low wind speeds, at higher wind speeds, the rotor with 42 % overlap has a better power coefficient. Based on those first investigations the optimisation of the blade and rotor geometry will be carried out later in this project. [76]
290. This paper describes the optimization studies aime dat analysing the impact of the parameter described by the discount factor on the cost of the system and its structure. The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of medical waste management system in north-eastern Poland, in the Podlaskie Province. The scope of operational research carried out under the optimization study was divided into two stages of optimization calculations with assumed technical and economic parameters of the system. In the first stage, the lowest cost of functioning of the analysed system was generated, whereas in the second one the influence of the input parameter of the system, i.e. the discount factor on the economic efficiency index (E) and the spatial structure of the medical waste management system was determined. With the assumed discount factor in the range of 0.980 to 0.909, the highest cost of the system was achieved at the level of 2332.60 PLN/Mg (increase of economic efficiency index E by ca. 46% in comparison with course 1, with discount factor = 0.980); furthermore, discount factor = 0.909 produced the lowest value of the economic efficiency index, i.e. E = 1164.20 PLN/Mg (a decrease of E by ca. 27% in comparison with course 1). [75]
291. Thermophysical characteristics of porous thermal insulation materials (PTM) aregenerally determined by the structure, size, type and shape of pores, as well as by theirmutual arrangement in the material. Thermal conductivity is one of the most importantamong these characteristics, is caused by different physical processes and can be reducedto three types: conduction, convection and radiation. Literature sources imply that thermalconductivity dependence is represented as an exponential function. These dependencies failto have a sufficiently clear and pronounced nature and do not allow developing an analyticalexpression to describe this function, especially at high values of material density. In our548 Hanna Koshlak, Anna Kaczanexperiments, the thermal conductivity coefficient was determined in the dry and sorptionhumidity states, not exceeding 20%. The thermal conductivity of porous thermal insulationmaterials was studied using an IT-λ-400 device. Cylindrical test specimens, 5 mm thick and15 mm in diameter, were placed in the device and heated to 800°C. Within this temperaturerange, the material thermal conductivity was determined according to the standard proce-dure described in the device operating instructions. The observed data were processed usingthe designed experiment approach. Thermal conductivity is considered as the target function(Y, W/(m K)). The experiment was conducted according to the program of the central com-posite rotatable second-order design by Box-Hunter. The factors, studied in the previousseries of experiments, are considered as controllable ones. Variable factors shall meet thesecriteria during experiment design process. 16 experiments were conducted at basic levelsand supplemented by another 10 experiments at star points. [75]
292. The contemporary problems and issues of environmental protection refer to a large extent to problems related – generally speaking – with energy. Currently, the production processes mainly concern the combustion of energy fuels, transport – over long distances – by means of transport, their use for utility purposes, e.g. engine drive or heating. All these processes have a significant negative impact on the environment and are magnified by their enormous intensity and enormous size. While the processes of energy production and transport have been studied for many years, and their result are widely published, the issues related to the application and operation of heating devices are little known and require much observation and research. The operating indicators of heating devices are generally characterized by low values (natural convection) and their artificial increase (intensity) cannot be used due to the acoustic effects and additional (significant) investment costs. The article presents some results of research on the intensification of heat flow – i.e. the thermal efficiency of flat heaters placed in a room with a specific temperature. Physical phenomena were investigated numerically by shaping the heat exchange space. The tested systems concerned a room with a free-standing heater, a heater with a vertical panel mounted in parallel, and a system with a curved bottom plate forming the so-called de Laval nozzle. Interesting results of air velocity and temperature fields as well as values of the heat transfer coefficient along the height of the heater were obtained. Based on the presented research, it can be concluded that the creation of convection surfaces around the heater is advisable because it affects the intensity of heat exchange, which can be increased without energy-intensive energy expenditure, i.e. in a non-mechanical way. Undoubtedly contributes positively to investment and operating costs, which is so important in issues related to environmental protection. [75]
293. In our earlier papers a hybrid adsorption-compression refrigeration cycle was presented. The hybrid, two stages cycle is based only on the natural refrigerants: water and carbon dioxide. The main advantage of the hybrid cycle is that the carbon dioxide compression cycle is subcritical because during the year-round operation it is possible to maintain the condensing temperature below 20 oC. During the hot season, this is achieved by adsorption cooling, during cold seasons the wet cooling tower is sufficient. Already several years of experience, allowed to gather a considerable amount of measurement data. The refrigeration system is working in our laboratory constantly since 2013. In 2015 the adsorption system was upgraded by the manufacturer. In 2017 frequency inverter for wet tower fan controlling was introduced. The refrigeration chamber was used for tests with different content and operation of the refrigeration chamber (loading and unloading). The assumed CO2 evaporating temperature was -35 oC. The averaged for HT(High Temperature) part of the cascade (adsorption cycle only) COPHT=0.51 for the whole year 2018. This may be considered a very good performance. [75]
294. W rozprawie doktorskiej opisano zastosowanie czterowartościowej oceny stanu w procesie diagnozowania cech eksploatacyjnych złożonych obiektów technicznych. Celem tego typu diagnozy jest rozpoznanie stanu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego wystąpienie stanu niezdatności oraz zlokalizowanie elementu generującego taki stan. Ze względu na postępujący wzrost złożoności i wykonywanych zadań powszechnie stosowana logika trójwartościowa nie rozwiązuje w pełni problemów współczesnych obiektów technicznych. Zapewnienie użytkownikowi szybkiej i rzetelnej informacji o stanie technicznym obiektów uzyskuje się poprzez wprowadzenie wielowartościowej diagnostyki z większą liczbą rozpoznanych stanów (k>3). Przedstawione zasady i reguły diagnozy oraz ich praktyczna weryfikacja umożliwiły uzyskanie w procesie wnioskowania istotnego wzrostu informacji diagnostycznej oceny czterowartościowej w stosunku do oceny dwu i trójwartościowej.. W części teoretycznej wyznaczono zakresy zmian wartości cech i ich granic dla poszczególnych stanów obiektu technicznego w logice czterowartościowej. Określono schemat klas i kierunki zmian stanów obiektu oraz kryteria zasad rozpoznawania poszczególnych stanów w procesie klasyfikacji. W celu oceny stanu obiektu wyróżniono wskaźniki oceny w postaci ilościowej miary pozyskiwania informacji diagnostycznej, funkcji zysku informacji dodatkowej oraz efektywności obsługi technicznej. W części praktycznej zaprojektowano i wdrożono komputerowy system diagnostyki złożonych obiektów technicznych, który realizuje proces wnioskowania w dwu, trzy i czterowartościowych ocenach stanu. W systemie zaimplementowano pełny proces diagnostyczny, na który składają się takie czynności jak: modelowanie obiektu, analiza funkcjonalna i techniczna badanego obiektu, pomiar i analiza charakterystyk sygnału oraz wnioskowanie o stanie obiektu. Dodatkowo stworzono dwa stanowiska pomiarowe do diagnostyki układu sterowania silnikiem benzynowym o zapłonie iskrowym typu „Motronic” oraz elektrowni słonecznej małej mocy. Przedstawiona w pracy metoda wraz z wynikami eksperymentów jednoznacznie potwierdza tezę rozprawy, udowadniając, że możliwe jest diagnozowanie złożonych obiektów technicznych za pomocą czterowartościowej oceny stanu. [74]
295. The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon. [74]
296. The future of automotive industry is to design and devlelop electrical vehicles to control the emissions released from gaseous fuels and not to release any harmful gases in to atmosphere. In this work, an attempt was made to analyze the behavior of two wheeler E bike with alternative materials of frame such as aluminum alloy (Al-A), Titanium alloy (Ti-A), grey cast iron (G-CI), carbon fiber epoxy (CF-E), and structural steel (ST-S) and compared with AISI-1020 material. The frame of Yamaha R15 is initially modeled by using solid work and imported to Ansys. Static analysis was performed by applying a load of 1500 N on the frame and Impact analysis was performed by applying velocity of 27.7 m/s along X direction. The values of vonmises stress and deformation for all the materials are observed. After performing static analysis, it was observed that, CF- Epoxy material exhibited higher value of vonmises stress (7.659E+07 Pa) and lower deformation of (0.000304m) compared to remaining materials. Based on impact analysis , it was observed that, CF-E exhibited better vonmises stress of (3994.9MPa) closer to AISI 1020 and structural steel materials and deformation is observed to be lower (0.1106 mm) compared to remaining materials. [74]
297. One of the increased usability energy separation devices that deals with the compressed fluids such as the air, the water and several Refrigerants is the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube due to its simple operating principle to separate the compressed fluid to two hot and cold streams. The aim of the current paper is to review the Ranque-Hilsch tube flow separation most affecting geometrical parameters hat are conducted numerically and experimentally such as the injection nozzles configuration, the vortex tube orifice to the nozzle’s dimensional ratio and also the vortex tube configuration in addition to the optimum conical valve angle. [74]
298. In the paper, the experimental investigations related with longitudinal turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy (Grade 23) typically used in aeronautics industry have been presented. The main goal was to determinate the influence of chances a selected cutting parameters (vc and f) for total cutting force Fc and its components. In this case the analysis of components of cutting force Fcmeasured during workshop experimental investigations was carried out. Next, the measured values were compared with the values calculated on the basis of formulas available in the literature. This allowed to state that universal theoretical formulas can also be used to determine the components of the total cutting force F in the longitudinal turning process of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. [74]
299. W rozprawie przedstawiono autorską koncepcję syntezy struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na wybrany zbiór zakłóceń w organizacji realizującej portfel projektów. Zbudowano model referencyjny dla problemu planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na dwa rodzaje zakłóceń: absencje pracownicze i zlecanie dodatkowych operacji. W szczególności zdefiniowano miarę ilościową odporności struktury kompetencji, której wartość określa zdolność zatrudnionego zespołu pracowników do przyjmowania dodatkowych obowiązków (zastępstw) w przypadku absencji określonej liczby pracowników i zlecania dodatkowych czynności. Rozważany problem należy do klasy problemów NP-zupełnych, w których nakłady czasowe ponoszone na ich rozwiązanie rosną wykładniczo wraz z ich rozmiarem. Spotykane w praktyce instancje problemów planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na zakłócenia, zakładają dziesiątki/setki pracowników oraz setki czynności, których rozwiązanie może wymagać znacznej ilość czasu (kilku godzin/dni/tygodni). W wielu przypadkach zbiór rozwiązań dopuszczalnych, tzn. spełniających zadane ograniczenia zasobowe, jest zbiorem pustym. W związku z tym wykorzystano metodykę programowania deklaratywnego tzn. programowanie z ograniczeniami. Modele deklaratywne można łatwo modyfikować i rozbudowywać tzn. uwzględniać specyfikę aktualnie rozważanych problemów (danych, ograniczeń i pytań) m.in. poprzez wyznaczenie nadmiarowych ograniczeń (warunków wystarczających) pozwalających na dedykowane (dla danego problemu), a zatem efektywne/szybkie przeszukiwanie przestrzeni potencjalnych rozwiązań. Z uwagi na fakt, że rozwiązania dopuszczalne nie zawsze występują w problemach dużej skali i związanym z tym długim czasem oczekiwania na rozwiązanie, opracowano warunek wystarczający (nadmiarowe ograniczenie), którego spełnienie gwarantuje istnienie rozwiązań dopuszczalnych a tym samym uzasadnia ponoszone nakłady czasowe. Bazując na opracowanym modelu przedstawiono autorską metodę planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia oraz wskazano na możliwość jej wykorzystania w systemach zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (HRMS/CMS). Efektywność opracowanej metody zweryfikowano w serii eksperymentów wykorzystujących rzeczywiste dane pozyskane z dwóch organizacji: uczelni wyższej (Wydział Elektroniki i Informatyki Politechniki Koszalińskiej) i przedsiębiorstwa realizującego projekty IT (Kaliop Poland Sp. z o.o.). Opracowana metoda stanowi podstawę do opracowania interakcyjnego systemu planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia, wykorzystywanego m.in. w controllingu zasobów ludzkich. Ponadto dzięki przedstawionym w rozprawie badaniom możliwe staje się opracowanie innych pochodnych metod zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, jak np. metod wspomagania planowania zespołów projektowych uwzględniających efekt uczenia i zapominania. [73]
300. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d below 2,5 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter d was obtained. [73]
301. This paper shows that imaging and analysis of morphological features of the surface of modern structured abrasives in the pre-machining state can be carried out by means of electron microscopy supported by image processing and analysis techniques. The acquisition of SEM micrographs for active surfaces of the four (A6, A30, A65, A160 grades) monolayer abrasive discs 237AA (3M) with Trizact™ abrasive grains was carried out by the use of Quanta 200 Mark II (FEI Company) high-resolution scanning electron microscope. Visual analysis allowed for the observation of abrasive grains mainly in terms of the occurrence on their surface of various defects resulting from the technology of their production. For a parametric analysis, the authors used the Fiji 1.51s software (J. Schindelin et al.) which, in turn, made it possible to determine the values of the basic geometrical parameters characterizing the abrasive grains in the selected area of the active surface of assessed abrasive tool. The observation and measurement instruments used in the experimental studies described in this work and the proposed methodology may present an interesting alternative approach to the assessment of the surface morphology of advanced structured abrasives. [72]
302. The evaluation of physical and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties was carried out using developed CHA Reinforced Polymer Composite. Sieve analysis of pretreated CHA was done to obtain 75 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm particles sizes. These particles were used at varying compositions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as reinforcements for polyester composites. The catalyst and accelerator used were Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Cobalt Naphthenate respectively. The densities of the evaluated composites made with 150 μm particles were found to be less dense with values ranging from 0.9792 g/cm3 to 1.2561 g/cm3 than those made with 75μm and 300μm. The results also show that the percentage water absorbed by samples increased, ranging from 0 to over 2000 E’/MPa for all percentage reinforcements of CHA, with an increase in the duration of immersion of the samples in distilled water. However, 25% reinforcement had better results for all particle sizes. There were obvious variations of storage modulus, loss modulus and mechanical loss factor with percentage weight of reinforcement, temperature and frequency. The composite with 15 % reinforcement displayed better results and can be used as a material for interior components in aerospace and automobile industries. [72]
303. The EST system – emission-free sewage transport is one of many methods used to counteract and limit the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage system. EST method is the environment and human friendly, and effective at the same time. This solution applies aeration and flushing of pressure pipelines using compressed air with closed vent valves. The paper presents the results of field tests of the EST system, which also verified previous laboratory tests carried out in a broader range.The tests were carried out on two different delivery pipelines (Object-1, Object-2), consisting of several kilometers long sections Pump Station – Expansion well with hydrogen sulfide concentration measurement. The results show that the EST system is an effective solution for controlling hydrogen sulfide in a pressure sewage system. The application of the EST system caused an immediate decrease in H2S concentration under 50 ppm. The measurements were taken in the expansion well, where short-term outbursts of large loads of hydrogen sulfide were observed during sewage pumping. Purges carried out 1-2 times a day, caused a decrease in instantaneous gas load (from the average level of 758 mg H2S/pump cycle at Object-1 to 15 mg H2S/cycle and from 3 914 to 322 mg H2S/cycle at Object-2).Results of field studies have also shown that individual optimization of the EST system operation for a selected section of the pressure sewage system (length of the aeration cycle and its frequency during the day), may control the concentration of H2S. The EST system, reducing the concentration of H2S by over 90%, ensures the safety of sewage system operation and decreases its impact on the surrounding environment. [72]
304. Hydrometeorological variables are tested by trend methods to be able to detect trends in river basins. Mann-Kendall, Spearman’s rho tests are widely used as traditional trend methods. Besides that, some new trend tests are applied to hydrometeorological variables as Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Sediment discharge observations are more difficult than other hydrometeorological variables. In general, sediment data are observed in monthly time scale. Therefore, there are very limited studies on sediment data, especially in Turkey. In this study, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann-Kendall trend analyses are applied to sediment discharges in Turkish river basins. According to Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann Kendall results, positive trends have detected only 8, 2 and 20 gauging stations, respectively. Then, 30 positive and 15 negative trends by ITA methodology. The trend slopes calculated from ITA methodology are categorized because some positive and negative of trends are weak. The applied trend methods are evaluated together considering climate properties of hydrological regions in Turkey. Increasing trends on sediment data are detected from the rivers from Mediterranean region of Turkey. The results of the study would help to manage water resources as well as sustainable development in the Turkish river basins. [72]
305. In the face of the current climate change, the increasing incidence of extreme weather events, prolonged periods of drought and water scarcity, attention should be paid to rational water management with particular emphasis on rainwater. Excessive development and sealing of urban catchments result in a faster outflow of water to the sewage system, which prevents it from reaching the soil and plants. This situation intensifies the drought effect and contributes to the occurrence of urban floods. In order to mitigate the negative impact of this process, solutions allowing for rainwater harvesting should be implemented. A wide variety of systems are currently available on the market to harvest and reuse rainwater. In the publication, the authors analysed four solutions: a green roof, drainage boxes, an underground storage tank, and an infiltration basin. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to select the best rainwater harvesting system, which is one of the methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making. The analyses considered two different variants in terms of land use: a detached house located in the suburbs of a large agglomeration and a block of flats placed in the city center. According to the analysis and the assumed factors, in both cases, the best solution was to use an underground storage tank. This system proved to be the most advantageous due to the possibility of reuse of water, low construction costs, and ease of exploitation. [71]
306. W rozprawie doktorskiej skupiono się na precyzyjnym opisie procesu filtracji grawitacyjnej. Założono, że proces filtracji grawitacyjnej, może być rozpatrywany na podstawie ogólnego równania bilansu, które w uproszczeniu zakłada, że masa fazy stałej z zawiesiny w nadawie w części została zatrzymana w wolnych przestrzeniach warstwy filtracyjnej, w części utworzyła osad na złożu, w części utworzyła przegrodę kolmatacyjną oraz w części przedostała się do filtratu. Jest to proces złożony, wielowariantowy i zależnie od typu filtracji powinien być odrębnie analizowany także od strony przyczynowo-skutkowej mechanizmu stwierdzonych zależności. W pracy przedstawiono i opisano typy rodzaju filtracji grawitacyjnej (filtracja w złożu porowatym, filtracja z przyrostem warstwy osadu na powierzchni złoża, filtracja w złożu porowatym z przyrostem warstwy osadu, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną oraz przyrostem warstwy osadu). [70]
307. This paper examines the evacuation of people in the event of an emergency caused at a nuclear facility. The study describes the emergency preparedness of the Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant. The paper describes the proposal of the logistics solution and the implementation of protective and emergency preparation, which is determined by the internal emergency plan, based on the information flow in the event of an emergency and the activities of individual emergency response units. The above results indicate that the fewer people there are in one evacuated group, the longer the evacuation time will be. However, the reason is not the length of time to get to the assembly point itself, but the number of groups that must be created and therefore the higher number of trips that firefighters have to take. The optimal way to carry out this process safely, in the shortest possible time, could be to set up more groups of escorting firefighters, who would accompany groups with smaller numbers of evacuees. Strict preparation and adherence to pre-prepared instructions, based on logistical principles in the event of an emergency at a nuclear facility, minimizes loss of life and harm to the health of persons, and also damage to property or the environment. [70]
308. The transport safety is a property of the transport process (movement of individuals and/or goods), characterized by absence of danger to life and health of individuals [1,2,10]. This process should represent a high reliability and safety. The measure of safety is certainty that components of the transport process will remain intact during operation, except for natural changes due to ageing and wear. To ensure a sufficient safety level, it is vital to employ the electronic transport systems which aim is to increase the safety of transferred individuals and goods. The electronic transport systems are designed to detect the threats that occur during the transport process (for both stationary and moving objects). This article presents influence of the electromagnetic interferences within vast railway area on the electronic transport systems with one transmission bus. These electromagnetic interferences are able to completely compromise the electronic system, induce the voltage in the transmission buses or in other components of the system and trigger the alarm (higher probability of false alarm). While operating the transport safety system, full spectrum of electromagnetic interferences should be taken into account. Due to complex behavior of the electromagnetic waves during penetration (propagation), influence of the electromagnetic interferences requires separate analyzes for different frequency bands. [70]
309. Niniejsza praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny. Dotyczy zagadnień z pogranicza dziedzin takich jak energetyka, informatyka techniczna, eksploatacja maszyn oraz automatyka. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wskazała, że w dalszej części prac badawczych skupić należy się na parametrach o największej zmienności, takich jak natężenie promieniowania słonecznego, które mogą wymagać szczególnego uwzględnienia w modelowaniu i kontroli proce-su sterowania w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Stabilność ciśnienia atmosferycznego i temperatury otoczenia wskazywała na możliwość ich łatwiejszego włączenia do modeli prognostycznych. Z kolei większa zmienność prędkości wiatru i wilgotności wymagała zastosowania zaawansowanych metod predykcyjnych w celu minimalizacji niepewności w przewidywaniach. Kolejnym ważnym elementem pracy było stworzenie matematycznego modelu procesu transportu energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Określono parametry pracy oraz przedstawiono założenia i uproszczenia modelu fizycznego. Przetestowane zostały dwie najpowszechniej wykorzystywane metody sterowania proporcjonalnego i sterowania ON-OFF oraz trzecia zaproponowana modyfikacja pod nazwą IPC. Uzyskane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i symulacyjnych pozwoliły ponadto na za-projektowanie i zaprogramowanie nowego słonecznego sterownika adaptacyjnego, który po-zwalał na automatyczne wybieranie spośród trzech określonych metody sterowania do aktualnych warunków pogodowych. Ostatnim etapem przedsięwzięcia były badania porównawcze nowego rozwiązania z komercyjnym klasycznym regulatorem. Uzyskano wzrost efektywności o 12,7% na korzyść zaprojektowanego sterownika co pozwoliło stwierdzić, że wykorzystanie sterowania adaptacyjnego przynosi znaczące korzyści w aspekcie poprawy efektywności gromadzenia energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych oraz potwierdzić hipotezę badawczą. Wyniki te mogą służyć ponadto do dalszego ulepszania samych algorytmów sterowania, poprawiając ogólną efektywność słonecznych systemów grzewczych. [70]
310. In the context of the investigations of multiphase flows, e.g. in cooperation with the local brewery, the convective transport phenomena during the fermentation are investigated. Due to the strong turbidity of the medium, the measurement of velocity profiles is complicated. The difficulties of an investigation with a biological fermentation fluid are the many complex interactions between the different three phases (solid, gas, fluid). Furthermore, natural convection processes are superimposed by rising gas bubbles and the high turbidity of the fluid only allow an acoustic velocity measurement. In previous investigation, ultrasonic transducers are used for the non-contact determination of velocity fields in fluids. The results of these past projects show that the measurement signals of the ultrasonic transducers used can be influenced by many factors. In order to verify the results of the transducers and to investigate the existing uncertainties, a flow configuration with a relatively stable reproducible flow pattern is required. In this study, a calibration system for ultrasonic transducers is developed, manufactured and validated by means of optical measurement technology such as the LDA. Finally, a measurement using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry in a model fluid will be compared with an optical measurement technique. [70]
311. The submitted article deals with issue of application PVD coating nACRo4 deposited on the High Contact Ratio gearing made of 16MnCr5 material in interaction with the conventional PP 90H lubricant and biological Biogear S150 lubricant. Experimental tests were carried out on FZG test rig with closed performance flow, followed by measuring of the surface roughness change. In experiment we followed STN 65 6280 norm for FZG scuffing tests, from which we gained load values for different load levels. Results of experimental tests were statistically processed and on basis on them were established relations between surface roughness and load level for both used lubricants. [69]
312. The lumped capacitance method is widely used in dynamic modelling of buildings. Models differ in complexity, solution methods and ability to simulate transient behaviour of described objects. The paper presents a mathematical description of a simple 1R1C thermal network model of a building zone. Four numerical methods were applied to solve differential equation describing its dynamics. For validation purposes two test cases (600 and 900) from the BESTEST procedure were used. In both cases detailed results were given. Better ability of the simulation model to reproduce transient behaviour of the modelled buildings was noticed in case of the lightweight object (case 600). Annual heating and cooling demand was within the reference range for heavyweight one (case 900). The kind of the computation method had no significant effect on simulation results. [69]
313. The aim of the conducted studies was made to develop a bottom sediment monitoring network for selected water reservoirs of the Silesian voivodeship (Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs). Based on the obtained spatial distributions, the location of points was selected, which should be considered in further studies. In the search for the solution, it was assumed that the network enabling collection of reliable results on the sludge quality, while minimising financial outlays, should not exceed 25% of measurement points from the base year. In order to define the quality and accuracy of the planned network, a visual assessment of the obtained spatial distributions was used. A comparison of the classification of measurement stations with respect to the quality assessment of the geochemical criterion in relation to the selected heavy metal real data, as well as the values obtained on the basis of the simulation was made. Comparative analysis showed a high range of changes in the classification of measuring positions (Ostrowy 0-5 positions, Poraj 0-19 positions, Dzierżno Duże 0-16 positions). This fact is associated with a significant range of base data resulting from high pollution of bottom sediments with individual heavy metals (Ostrowy – Cr, Ni, Poraj – Cd, Pb, Zn, Dzierżno Duży – Cd, Zn). Considering the conducted research, it was found that the sustainable management of the environment by determining the bottom sediment monitoring network of the Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs should be based on an individual research approach for each of the facilities. The research allowed to state that GIS has a significant impact on decision-making in the field of environmental management. [69]
314. Revitalisation of even small watercourses in urbanised areas improves water retention conditions, while at the same time reducing the risk of flooding. It also contributes to improved condition or ecological potential of waters. Measures implemented to revitalise small urban watercourses are hindered by many obstacles. When selecting an optimal solution we need to refer to multiple-criteria methods. Considering the number of barriers and the need to search for the optimal solution this paper analyses the applicability of multiple-criteria decision-making method involving analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential for revitalisation of watercourses in urbanised areas. The investigations were conducted on the Wierzbak watercourse flowing in the northern part of the city of Poznań, which has been channeled in over 60% of its course and is discharged into the Bogdanka River (a left-bank tributary of the Warta) in an ouflow sewer. In order to analyse the problem in detail various barriers were investigated, e.g. ecological, planning, social, economic and engineering. The analyses were conducted for 6 variants. Based on the collected information and data the AHP method was applied to select the most advantageous solution to potential revitalisation of the watercourse. Analysis of the results showed that for 4 out of the 6 tested variants complete exposure of the watercourse would be the most advantageous option. In turn, ecological and social barriers were deemed to be the most important. The study confirmed applicability of the AHP method to solve such complicated decision-making problems. [69]
315. Istnieją różne wersje oprogramowania do symulacji układów ferromagnetycznych, które są powszechnie dostępne w sieci i nie wymagają zakupu licencji. Jednakże symulatory te zazwyczaj potrafią symulować układy dla bardzo niskich temperatur zbliżonych do zera bezwzględnego. Komercyjna elektronika jednakże pracuje w zakresie temperatur zbliżonych do temperatury pokojowej, zatem istnieje konieczność badania układów ferromagnetycznych dla temperatur powyżej zera absolutnego, w tym zbliżonych do temperatur bliskich zaniku zjawisk ferromagnetycznych (temperatury Curie). Dlatego na potrzeby tej dysertacji, autor zdecydował się odpowiedzieć na zapotrzebowanie w postaci wysokotemperaturowego symulatora układów ferromagnetycznych i zrealizował własne oprogramowanie. Przy jego pomocy zbadał zaproponowany przez siebie model pamięci magnetycznej, która złożona jest z matrycy oddzielnych komórek i charakteryzuje się czasem przełączania rzędu setek pikosekund, a także nie wymaga stosowania układów głowic przełączających. Dzięki temu istnieje szansa na zapewnienie krótszego czasu dostępu do pamięci w stosunku do współczesnych rozwiązań n.p. w porównaniu z pamięciami wykonanymi z ciągłych warstw magnetycznych. Sporządzone oprogramowanie i zaproponowany model daje nadzieję na dalszy rozwój badań i znalezienie modelu pamięci o jak najniższym czasie przełączania i jak największej gęstości zapisu, co wyrażono w tezie pracy. Jako podstawę autorskiego systemu informatycznego wykorzystano oprogramowanie MAGPAR zrealizowane w Politechnice Wiedeńskiej i stosowane do obliczeń mikromagnetycznych dla temperatur bliskich zera bezwzględnego. Symulator ten posiadał pożądane cechy technologiczne takie jak możliwość przetwarzania rozproszonego i wykorzystywania wielu węzłów obliczeniowych do przyśpieszenia obliczeń (MPI). Zastosowanie wysokich temperatur w badaniu układów ferromagnetycznych wymagało uzyskania ich rozkładu dla całego badanego modelu więc należało odpowiednio rozwiązywać dodatkowe równie określające przepływy cieplne i zaimplementować je w metodyce elementów skończonych co pokazano w niniejszej pracy. Ze wzrostem temperatur uległo zmianie równanie opisujące czasowo-przestrzenną ewolucję zmian namagnesowania w układzie ferromagnetycznym, które zastąpiło równanie zaimplementowane dla opisu ewolucji namagnesowania dla niskich temperatur. Temperatury powyżej zera bezwzględnego wywierają wpływ na wyrazy pola efektywnego, co ma przełożenie na przebieg ewolucji namagnesowania. Zmienione równanie ewolucji namagnesowania i zmodyfikowane wyrazy pola efektywnego należało odpowiednio implementować w metodyce elementów skończonych co także zawarto w pracy. Uczyniono przegląd zagadnień badawczych będących domeną spintroniki, w tym nakreślono potencjalne jej zastosowania w architekturach komputerowych inspirowanych budową układu nerwowego istot żywych, co jak pokazano, może mieć istotny wpływ na polepszenie wydajności numerycznych obliczeń rozproszonych. [69]
316. Wastewater treatment plants are the source of odour and microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air. Bioaerosol emitted by treatment plants may contain pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic resistant microorganisms and cause allergies.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the newly created municipal wastewater treatment plant using the activated sludge method (approx. 20,000 PE, average daily flow of 2,300 m3) on the sanitary state of atmospheric air. Numerous field obstacles (e.g. trees) and natural sources of microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air (e.g. drainage channels) were located in the vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant.Bioaerosol samples (3 replicates) were taken in a wind trail at 10 test stands on the leeward side of the treatment plant and two control stands on the windward side of the treatment plant. Samples were taken by sedimentation on Petri dishes with microbiological mediums. Media was incubated at a temperature appropriate for the type of microorganisms (psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, mold fungi), and then colonies growing on media were counted. The number of microorganisms per unit volume of air was determined according to the Omelian formula in the Gogoberidze modification. Four series of tests were carried out during the transition months (spring and autumn).The concentration of microorganisms on the leeward side of the treatment plant in the following ranges amouted: psychrophilic bacteria: 156 ± 85 - 6578 ± 1286 cfu/m3, mesophilic bacteria: 87±24 - 6309 ± 1349 cfu/m3, actinomycetes: 0±0 - 719±12 cfu/m3, mold fungi: 52±42 - 4645±425 cfu/m3. These values were similar to those found in the area and in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants examined by other authors. The concentration of microorganisms in the vicinity of the tested wastewater treatment plant did not show a downward trend as a function of distance from the wastewater treatment plant. This could be due to the presence of other sources of bioaerosol emissions to atmospheric air in the vicinity of the treatment plant (e.g. drainage canals, uncovered soil in plowed fields) and field obstacles that could have affected the movement of air masses (e.g. in-field woodland, forest, embankment Railway).The obtained research results indicate that the emission of bioaerosol from a small wastewater treatment plant, may cause changes in the concentration of microorganisms in the atmospheric air at a level close to natural sources. However, the threats to human health caused by bioaerosol emitted from municipal wastewater may be higher. Therefore, it is justified to monitor the sanitary state of the air and the atmosphere at the wastewater treatment plant and in its vicinity, and conduct research to develop an optimal set of indicator microorganisms of this state. [68]
317. The article in the theoretical part draws attention to the phenomenon of climate change and two-way relations between these changes and agriculture. Agriculture as an economic sector is extremely sensitive to any climatic disturbances. However, as a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, it contributes to this process. In the era of significant reductions in GHG emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to obtain the highest economic effects with the smallest external effects (e.g. GHG). The purpose of the article is therefore to determine the level of GHG emissions in agriculture and the economic and climate efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and comparison to other sectors of the economy. The DEA method was used in the study. Calculations were made based on Eurostat data. It was found that the share of GHG emissions of agriculture in the EU represents 10-11% of all emissions in the European Union. Agriculture is the least economically and climatically effective sector of the EU economy. Comparing the agriculture of individual countries, the highest efficiency was achieved by Italy, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, the lowest – Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. [68]
318. Systemy komputerowe są w dzisiejszych czasach bardzo popularne. Niestety, wraz ze wzrostem ich popularności pojawili się aktorzy, którzy w różnych celach dążą często do nieuprawnionego dostępu do danych użytkowników. W celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na zagrożenia powstały IDS (ang. intrusion detection systems) - systemy wykrywania intruzji. W ostatnich latach naukowcy zainspirowani byli do znalezienia nowoczesnych rozwiązań pozwalających na wykrywanie intruzji. Badacze zauważyli pewne paralele między celami IDS i biologicznych systemów immunologicznych. Dzięki temu powstały sztuczne systemy immunologiczne (AIS - ang. artificial immune systems). Celem rozprawy była analiza istniejących i opracowanie własnego algorytmu detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych, inspirowanego mechanizmami obronnymi organizmów żywych. Rozprawa stawia tezę, że możliwa jest realizacja algorytmów detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych o właściwościach porównywalnych lub lepszych od znanych rozwiązań, w tym znanych z literatury rozwiązań wykorzystujących AIS. W niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej przeprowadzono kompleksowy przegląd literatury dotyczącej IDS i AIS, i w szczególności najpopularniejszego algorytmu AIS, jakim jest algorytm negatywnej selekcji (NSA - ang. negative selection algorithm). Zaproponowano następnie własny system wykrywania intruzji, który pozwala na wykrywanie infekcji w systemie operacyjnym. W systemie zaimplementowano metodę losową i metodę wzorców, a następnie przedstawiono autorskie ulepszenie tych metod przy pomocy dodatkowego zbioru receptorów międzykomórkowych. System dogłębnie przetestowano dla szerokiej gamy parametrów wejściowych generacji receptorów, a następnie porównano osiągi z innymi rozwiązaniami znanymi z literatury. Badania eksperymentalne pokazały, że system IDS osiąga wyniki porównywalne lub lepsze od wyników znanych z literatury. Na podstawie badań eksperymentalnych wyciągnięto wnioski, że cel pracy został osiągnięty, a teza dowiedziona. Dalsze badania mogą uwzględniać możliwości naprawy zainfekowanych plików w systemie operacyjnym. [68]
319. Many factors affect the quality of water in rivers, including: types of pollution sources, the shape of the catchment, the type of land use, the amount of pollution flowing in. The construction of a retention reservoir is one of the factors affecting changes in the river valley related to the landscape, the environment, and water flow hydraulics. Reducing the velocity of water flow on the section of the reservoir causes changes in the characteristics of the movement of pollutants, some of them are deposited in the reservoir. The article analyzes water quality parameters at intake points located below (Uniejów) and above (Biskupice) of the Jeziorsko dam on the Warta River. The variability of such parameters as BOD5, TOC, pH, temperature, Ntot, Ptot was analyzed. The research also analyzed the dynamics of water inflow and outflow from the reservoir. The actual water retention time in the reservoir, which makes interpretation of the results difficult. The most indicators were characterized by the significance of differences for research in 2014. [68]
320. In the context of investigations of real multiphase flows, the university has its own 350 litre fermentation tank with comprehensive acoustic flow and temperature measurement technology for the systematically investigation, of the influence of the fermentation activity, distribution of yeast and occurring convection phenomena. Due to the many problems with the optical (e.g. PIV) and acoustic (e.g. UDV) measurement in a real fermenting fluid the numerical simulation was already used in earlier publications. To validate the numerical models, extensive experimental investigations were carried out which show that the flow in the fermenter is caused only by the reaction products of the yeast and the cooling panels and controls the yeast distribution. In this paper, both the numerical (CFD) and the experimental investigations serve as a starting point to influence the yeast distribution. The described convection flow can only temporarily guarantee the uniform distribution of the yeast in the fermenter until the sedimentation of the yeast at the tank bottom (bottom-fermenting yeast) finally begins. [68]
321. For long time Germany had many atomic power plants and was important exporter of this nuclear technologies, but right now german government decided to close all their reactors upto 2020. In this presentation we will try to answer for one important question. “Why?”, and second one “is it a good idea?”. We will try to find out answer for first question and later prove that withdrawing from nuclear energetics is one of the greater mistakes that developed countries are making right now, and please take into consideration that despite the fact i always believed that right now atomic energy is second to none of what we have right now i carried my research with open mind looking for answers forcing myself to not be biased about subject. Right now I believe in what i believed before, but the change is that now this is not “i think so”, but “i know that”. [68]
322. This article analyses the recycling of secondary waste in Polish recycling companies. An innovative method of processing PCBs is presented and trends that should be followed by plants processing non-ferrous metal waste are indicated. In conclusion, it is emphasised that the Polish WEEE recycling market is still at the early development and growth stage and the most important goals that enterprises should set themselves include cost optimisation, improvement of waste management logistics and increases in the level of recycling. [67]
323. The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of corn hybrid P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were at 1.178°C and 2.38°C respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p ≤ 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit can be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings, and that water deficits greater than 30% result in considerable grain yield losses. In areas where water resources are limited, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100. [67]
324. Grinding is usually the last stage of the technological process and determines the quality of manufactured products. One of the varieties of grinding more and more often used in practice is deep grinding which is called Creep-Feed Grinding. It is characterized by a high value of grinding infeed and slow feed. Technological parameters such as the depth of grinding and the speed of feed have a significant impact on the quality of the workpiece. However, also the grinding speed has an influence on the grinding process and the result of machining. Therefore, experimental studies on the impact of grinding speed on the surface roughness and grinding force components were carried out. The tests were realized in the deep-grinding grinding process of Inconel 718 with a grinding wheel made of mixture of sintered alumina and ruby corundum. [67]
325. Contemporary systems for removing flue gases and used air should be selected so that there is no risk of accumulation of hazardous and harmful substances in human health. We spend a large part of our lives in our apartments and even relatively low concentrations of harmful substances, that arise during the operation of gas appliances can pose a serious threat to health. The efficiency of air exchange, and thus the concentration of harmful substances in rooms, largely depends on many variables, whose interaction generates a large number of variants. The author of the article set themselves the task of examining the impact of weather conditions on the operation of flue gas exhaust systems and ventilation in rooms with gas appliances. [67]
326. The following paper presents the processing of the piece on the machining centre. When the technological dimensional structures are optimal, they are similar to the dimensional structure of the piece. This similarity is ensured by using a marker of the machining centre – the axle of the revolving table. However, the piece has to be resized. It can be done in several variants with different machining accuracy required. [66]
327. The article deals with the problems of handling used motor oils on the railways of Ukraine. At the moment, this waste is transferred to other enterprises for disposal. But, based on international experience, it is advisable to be regenerated directly at the enterprise where it is formed. The purpose of this work is to develop a modern scheme for oil waste disposal. In this regard, various indicators were investigated, reflecting both the operational suitability of oils and their toxicological parameters. As a result, we proposed a scheme and selected special equipment for handling the used engine oils, which allows to reduce the technogenic load associated with their accumulation, handling and minimization, contributes to the return of oil to the technological process. The calculated value of the conditional environmental effect and the approximate payback period allowed us to draw conclusions about the undoubted environmental and economic effect of implementing the proposed scheme [66]
328. In this study we demonstrate an overview about possibilities in using additive manufacturing for tissue engineering and orthopedic prosthesis. We show the possibilities to produce scaffolds by using a low cost commercial stereolithography system under the use of biocompatible hydrogels like Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. We also demonstrate that it is possible to use a low cost selective laser sintering system to produce individual prostheses to support the healing process in many orthopedic issues. [66]
329. This paper presents a comparison of two approval tests for a passenger car, both the current procedure and its predecessor. The car that was the subject of the study received a roadworthiness certificate based on the NEDC test, however, the emission results were compared with the new test procedure. The analysis showed the significance of the “start-stop” system in the conducted tests, however, assuming the original equipment of the car (active “start-stop” system), the WLTP test showed higher CO2 emissions, which did not exceed the permissible emission standard for this model specified in the relevant regulation. [65]
330. The research reported in this paper focuses on the application of Local Binary Patterns (LBPs) for surface defects detection. The surface defection detection algorithm for Friction Stir Welded aluminum plates is the key part of the entire surface defect recognition system. Two different grades i.e AA 1200 and AA 6061 plates were similarly joined with the help of Friction Stir Welding process. Python codes for the proposed algorithm were executed on Google Colaboratory platform. The results obtained prove that the Local Binary Patterns method can be used for real-time surface defects detection in Friction Stir Welded joints. [65]
331. A structural beam is a common element in many mechanical structures such as ship propeller shaft, crane boom, and air craft wings. In the present paper experimental and numerical modal analysis are carried out for estimating the damage detection, geometric location of the damage, severity of damage and residual life of structural beam to prevent unexpected failures of the mechanical structures. Experimental and numerical modal analysis results for healthy and cracked beam are compared for validation of numerical methodology used in the present paper. Experimental modal analysis is performed on both healthy and cracked beam with the help of impact hammer, acceleration sensor and FFT analyzer associated with EDM (Engineering Data Management) software. Modal tests are conducted using impact method on selected locations of the entire healthy and cracked beam to find the first three natural frequencies, which are used to detect the presence of damage and geometric location of the damage. Three parametric studies are carried out to know the effect of crack depth, crack location and crack orientation on the natural frequencies of the cracked beam. Finally, residual life of a healthy and cracked beam was estimated using Basiquin’s equation and finite element analysis software called ANSYS 18.1. [65]
332. The main objective of the paper was to show the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture with economic development and agricultural production parameters in the European Union. All EU Member States were selected for research purposefully. The research period concerned the years 2004-2017. The sources of materials were EUROSTAT data, literature on the subject. For the analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular, graphic methods, dynamics based on a constant basis, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were used. Agriculture is one of the major economic sectors responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. In 2004-2017, emissions from this section slightly decreased in the EU. There was a wide variation between countries. Economically developing countries increased emissions, while developed countries maintained them at a similar level. Greenhouse gas emissions were highly concentrated in several EU countries. These were the countries with the most developed agriculture. In the years 2004-2017, there were no changes in the level of emission concentration. The level of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture depended on the economic and agricultural situation in the country. The regularities were in many cases straightforward, as for the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture with the value of animal production, cattle population, and the use of mineral fertilizers and manure production. This close relationship resulted from the fact that livestock production was the part of agriculture that generated the most greenhouse gases. [64]
333. This paper presents a statistical analysis of concentrations for selected metals in groundwater samples collected from 15 sites located in the Wielkopolska National Park in four periods of 2017. Concentrations of such metals as B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn were analysed. Statistical analysis identified two groups of metals in terms of similarity in their concentrations in groundwater. One group is composed of Ba, Ca, K, Mg and Na, while the other comprises B, Fe, Mn and Zn. The analyses showed also considerable variation of investigated elements between various well locations. Three types of location were distinguished: situated nearby open water bodies, situated in the lowest parts of relief and located in the upper and middle parts of slopes. [63]
334. The research carried out was aimed at determining the effectiveness of reclamation of the Rudnickie Wielkie lake. Samples were taken 7-fold in 3 places during the period from October to April. In the tested water was determined by the colorimetric method PO4-3ions, total P and N, nitrate(V), nitrite(III) and NH4 -N. Additionally, the pH and temperature.The temperature and pH of water analyzed in the course of the study were at the level characteristic for the seasons under study and did not have a significant impact on the content of the determined chemical indicators. The level of biogenic elements and their compounds, determined a few years after reclamation, is higher than the results obtained in 2001 (immediately after reclamation), which may indicate improper sewage and agricultural management in the lake's basin. [63]
335. The essence of the study is the analysis of managers' attitudes towards the concept of sustainable development carried out on the example of food industry enterprises. The first part of the article contains the purpose of the study and draws attention to the progressive degradation of the natural environment, in which the food industry enterprises also participate. The rest of the article presents the state of the literature on sustainable development issues. The empirical part of the study presents the research methods that have been used in the research, the characteristics of the research sample and the results of own research. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated that were presented in the final part of the study. The article ends with a summary. [63]
336. In the presented paper the determination of the design rainfall duration for which the outflow from the urban catchment reaches maximum intensity and the evaluation of the relation between determined design rainfall duration and selected catchment characteristics were discussed. The analysis based on the outflow simulation results in SWMM5 obtained for eight existing urban catchment located in Bydgoszcz (Poland) with area ca. 35-280 ha. The calculations were made for the Euler hyetographs with the rainfall durations from 15 min to 360 min and the rainfall frequency of occurrence c = 2 years. For each catchment the relations between the catchment characteristics (total area, impervious area, length of the flow path and the longest flow time through the sewers) and the rainfall duration were determined. It was shown, that the design rainfall duration, represented by the Euler hyetograph, should be at least three times longer than the flow time through the catchment. [63]
337. Gravitational filtration is a process of solid and liquid phase separation. Wastewater suspension conveyed to a porous bed makes a single-phase solution or is a mixture of solid impurities contained in liquid phase. Stopping of such impurities is based on mechanical action of a filtration bed mostly through wedging of the solid phase in its pores. However, the relationship between size of the solid phase fraction contained in wastewater and size of grains of the filtration bed is important because it determines the type of the process as gravitational filtration may proceed, among other things, on a porous bed, in the very porous bed, simultaneously on and in the porous bed, in the porous bed with a colmatation barrier and accumulated sediment layer etc. Gravitational filtration process is a complex phenomenon and to provide possibly accurate characteristic of such process it is necessary to perform experiments within possibly broad range of parameters variability. Mathematical description of the gravitational filtration process requires determination of values of a number of parameters. This pertains to the presentation of the filtration barrier through determination (based on the grain size analysis) of sizes of characteristic diameters as well as the characteristic of medium flow through the filtration bed computing e.g. filtration or permeability coefficient values. The filtration coefficient is a feature specific for given bed and it depends on its porosity, grain size and flowing medium temperature. In this paper an interesting combination of a direct laboratory method and computational indirect method based on Slichter’s analytical and empirical mathematical formula in order to determine variations in filtration bed porosity values has been presented using FILTRA application. [63]
338. Celem powstania tej pracy doktorskiej była ocena wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości i podatność kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych, zawierających w swoim składzie polietylen, polilaktyd oraz wióry drzewne, na degradację w środowisku wody morskiej. Do badań wybrane zostały dwa istotnie różniące się kompozyty polimerowo-drzewne. WPC1 zawierał: 70% polietylenu niskiej gęstości stanowiącego osnowę oraz 30% drobnych wiórów drzewnych, pełniących rolę napełniacza. WPC2 zawierał: 30% napełniacza drzewnego oraz 50% osnowy polietylenu niskiej gęstości i dodatek 20% poli(kwas mlekowego). WPC1 i WPC2 poddane zostały badaniom wytrzymałościowym, badaniom struktury oraz badaniom powierzchni. Próbki do badań degradacji umieszczone zostały na okres sześciu miesięcy w specjalnie do tego celu zbudowanych, komorach degradacyjnych a część próbek umieszczona została w komorze z dodatkowym oświetleniem UV w celu zbadania wpływu światła UVA i UVB na właściwości próbek. Zestaw wybranych próbek umieszczony został na narażonym na oddziaływanie naturalnego światła słonecznego oraz wody morskiej pokładzie promu kursującego po północno-zachodniej części morza bałtyckiego. Podstawowymi badaniami przeprowadzonymi na kompozytach były badania własności wytrzymałościowych (wytrzymałość podczas jednoosiowego rozciągania oraz badania udarności), ich celem było określenie zmian właściwości mechanicznych. Próbki poddane zostały także badaniom zmiany wewnętrznej struktury i chropowatości powierzchni oraz struktury geometrycznej powierzchni próbek w czasie degradacji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań przeprowadzono proces optymalizacji, aby określić parametry wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach. Pomiary realizowano zgodnie z opracowanym planem, w określonych odstępach czasowych. Próbki poddane zostały również oznaczeniu wodochłonności. Podczas każdego etapu badań wykonywano dokumentację fotograficzną (fotografie oraz zdjęcia mikroskopowe próbek). Po przeprowadzeniu analiz sporządzone zostały podsumowania. Całość zakończono wnioskami utylitarnymi i naukowymi. Złożony program badawczy umożliwił poszerzenie stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych i dodatku w ich składzie polilaktydu. Wnioski z analizy badań umożliwiają sterowanie procesem wytłaczania ślimakowotarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach, które mogą być wykorzystywane w infrastrukturze morskiej oraz na statkach i w portach. [63]
339. Among all the functions served by forest ecosystems an increasingly important role is played by their social function. These ecosystems have been traditionally associated with tourism and recreation and as a result also interest in the appraisal of non-productive functions of forests has been increasing. The value of the natural environment is not tangible and it may be assessed only based on subjective opinions and attitudes of the general public. A contingent valuation method based on the Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept has been applied to determine the nature value of a landscape dominated by forests within the boundaries of a national park in central Poland. The most important aim of this study was to determine the propensity of individuals actively using the environmental goods to pay fees charged by the Wielkopolska National Park. Dependencies between the inclination of local residents to pay fees for the possibility to use the Wielkopolska National Park and selected variables were determined using the logit model approach. It was observed that the willingness to incur costs for the use of the Wielkopolska National Park grows with an increase in the awareness of the respondents concerning financial requirements related to environmental protection, their knowledge on the Park and membership in environmental organisations. Based on the conducted studies it was found that environmental education provided to the general public is a necessary pre-requisite to making the public aware of the need to finance actions related to preservation of the natural environment and nature conservation. [63]
340. The paper discusses issues related to the recycling of electrochemical sources of electricity such as portable batteries and accumulators. Based on the reports of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, the collection rate of waste batteries and accumulators in Poland for the years 2010-2018 was subjected to analysis. Despite the increasing year-to-year percentage value of the collection rate, it has been demonstrated that a significant mass of batteries and accumulators is still not recycled. This article presents a method of reducing the amount of waste electrochemical energy storages, through the use of inductive power supplies. The idea of the operation of such circuits has been discussed and the Qi Wireless Charging standard, applicable since 2011, has been characterised. As an example of a device with wireless power supply, a computer indicator system has been provided. Tests have been carried out and the correctness of operation of this solution has been verified. It has been demonstrated that in some cases it is possible to resign from power supplies based on batteries or accumulators, and use wireless power supplies instead, without degrading the functional properties of devices. Solutions of this type may contribute to the protection of the natural environment. [62]
341. The article describes the role and types of cooling lubricants used in grinding processes. Conventional methods of coolants delivery into the grinding zone were described, such as: flood method, high-pressure jet method, centrifugal coolant provision method as well as methods method to minimize coolant flow rate: minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), minimum quantity cooling (MQC) and minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Against this background, a methods were presented to completely eliminate grinding fluid from the grinding process (dry grinding) like: impregnated grinding wheels and cold air guns (CAG). [62]
342. Praca dotyczy wykorzystania fal termicznych i plazmowych do wyznaczania parametrów rekombinacyjnych, optycznych i termicznych wybranych materiałów półprzewodnikowych. W ramach realizacji pracy doktorskiej został zaproponowany uproszczony model teoretyczny do analizy sygnału radiometrycznego w podczerwieni emitowany z materiałów półprzewodnikowych. [62]
343. Gravitational waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of gravitational waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of gravitational waves, propagation of gravitational waves, its effect on objects on earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faceses massive limitations. Detection of gravitational waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history. [62]
344. Water could be some-times a source of danger on people's lives and property. Although it is one of the most important elements of life on this planet. This article define the threat of water pollution in Tigris River in Iraq. by collecting a data that generated by sensors that installed in a water pollution sensing project in Baghdad city, also this article aimed to detect and analyze the behavior of water environment. It is an effort to predict the threat of pollution by using advanced scientific methods like the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine learning in order to avoid the threat and/or minimize the possible damages. This can be used as a proactive service provided by E-governments towards their own citizens. [61]
345. The purpose of the work was to perform experimental tests on a plate heat exchanger. For this purpose, a laboratory test stand located in the hall of the Koszalin University of Technology was used. The experiment concerned checking the isothermal face of a flat panel radiator. Temperature distributions were checked at three board heights and in twelve finite elements. Temperature distribution fields were obtained depending on the flow rates tested. [61]
346. The experiments conducted in a didactic laboratory of the Kielce University of Technology involved measurements of temperature distribution on the outer surface of a steel radiator by means of two methods: thermal imaging camera and thermocouples in order to compare both investigations methods. The research included the parameters registration for a specific period of time for each of four different medium flows. The results were presented by graphs with the division of the radiator into 8 thermal fields. The results present the differences in temperatures between 1.78°C to 3.65°C. The non-contact method with infrared camera seems to be more accurate, since it is precise for surface temperature measurement. [61]
347. The article presents the history of the development, and the reasons for the creation of the SEVESO Directive, with particular emphasis on the latest Directive 2012/18 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The SEVESO III directive imposes detailed requirements on the plant operators in terms of their control against major accident hazards related to dangerous substances. Individual countries of the European Union apply various requirements (in accordance with SEVESO III or more rigorous ones) for industrial plants. In Poland, the requirements of the SEVESO III Directive have been implemented in the Environmental Protection Act and its executive acts. The SEVESO III Directive requires that the citizens of a given country have access to information about high and increased-risk establishments. In Poland, this requirement is met through the website www.mapy.geoportal.gov.pl, where you can find information on establishments posing a risk of a serious industrial accident. The article presents how to use the portal and what information can be obtained there. [61]
348. Providing external sources of carbon to the treated wastewater often becomes necessary to achieve high efficiencies of wastewater treatment plants. The use of conventional sources of carbon brings high operating costs for wastewater treatment plants. This has become a prerequisite for the exploration of other, alternative, sources of organic carbon. The aim of the research was to confirm the effectiveness of the use of waste products, for example molasses, in the denitrification process, as well as to determine their influence on the rate of changes in pollutant concentrations during wastewater treatment. The studies were carried out during the process of municipal sewage treatment in two independent SBR-type activated sludge chambers on a laboratory scale. A single reactor operating cycle lasted 6 hours and included the following phases: wastewater supply (2 min), mixing (anaerobic) (60 min), aeration (210 min), sedimentation (60 min) and decantation (30 min). Molasses was added to one of the chambers in each cycle twenty minutes after filling the wastewater as a source of easily assimilable organic compounds. The use of a waste external carbon source during treatment of municipal wastewater resulted in a higher efficiency of removing nitrogen forms than in the control reactor while maintaining a high efficiency of removing organic compounds. The use of molasses during wastewater treatment resulted in an increased removal rate during waste water treatment. The rate of NUR denitrification in the molasses reactor increased by 2.48 mg N/dm3∙h compared to the control SBR. Molasses as a waste product can be successfully used as an external carbon source in the denitrification process. [61]
349. Preventive maintenance is beneficial to minimize unexpected breakdowns in industries with continuous production. Composite structures are used for naval applications like ship hulls and marine propellers. In most of the industries, composite structural health analysis using experimental and numerical model are available for damage detection and estimate the residual life of composite beams. The present work is focusses on identification of damage and estimate residual life of composite healthy and cracked beams. Free vibrational analysis is carried out on composite beam made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with a different crack orientation. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer associated with engineering data management (EDM) software utilized for experimental analysis to detect presence of damage in cracked composite beam. FEM software called Analysis of composite pre/post (ACP) available in ANSYS R3 is used to compare the natural frequency results of healthy composite beam with cracked composite beam with different ply orientations. For validation of numerical modal evaluation, the consequences acquired from ANSYS R3 FEA software are in comparison with experimental results received by impact hammer method. The fatigue life of a damaged composite beam is estimated the use of “Hwang and Han’s” fatigue life equation. [61]
350. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a key risk management tool used in detecting and eradicating potential failure for the purpose of improving the reliability and safety of a system. However, the traditional FMEA in spite of its popularity has inadequacies that have hindered the effectiveness of the tool in analysing risk of failure modes. Due to the shortcomings of the technique, different improved versions have been suggested in the literature in order for risk to be analysed more effectively but majority of these versions are computationally challenging. In this paper, a simple approach is introduced for improving the risk analysis capability of the FMEA. The approach utilizes Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) as an alternative to RPN of FMEA in analyzing risk of failure. A case study of the turbocharger system of a diesel engine is applied to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. The result obtained from the EDAS method were compared with approaches in the literature previously used to address risk analysis of a turbocharger. The result of the analysis indicated that the EDAS method is a feasible alternative technique for risk analysis. [61]
351. This paper describes the mixture design of lightweight concrete. The authors proposed lightweight concrete based solely on expanded clay aggregate. Commercially available expanded clay granules (used as coarse aggregate) were supplemented with crushed expanded clay granules (which played the role of fine aggregate). The created mixes were differentiated by particle size distribution of lightweight aggregate and the amount of used cement. Properties of both fresh concrete mixes and hardened composites were of interest. The tested properties were as follows: consistency, density, compression strength, splitting tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, shear strength and abrasion resistance. Experimental results have shown some satisfactory mechanical characteristics of concretes in question. [60]
352. The issue of sustainability, or corporate social responsibility (CSR), has become a widely discussed topic in all sectors of industrial production. The article focuses on the automobile industrial sector because it is not only the most dynamically developing industrial area, but also because it is one of the driving forces of local economies in many European countries. This paper aims to reveal possible differences and diversity of understanding of priorities in the CSR activities provided by automotive suppliers in European countries. Based on the meta-analysis, 73 activities were listed, and a questionnaire survey was performed. Cluster analysis and Fisher’s exact test were applied to find out whether the attitude towards sustainability differs dependent on the position in the supply chain or on the company size. [60]
353. The distribution of maximum rainfall level is not a homogeneous phenomenon and is often characterized by multimodality, and often the phenomenon of heavy right-hand tail. Modelling this phenomenon using classic probability distributions leads to ignoring multimodality, and thus underestimating or overestimating the predicted values in the tail tails – the most important from the point of view of safe dimensioning of drainage systems. To avoid the abovementioned difficulties, a non-parametric kernel estimator method of maximum precipitation density function was used (on the example of rainfall data from a selected station in Poland). The methodology proposed in the paper (for use on any rainfall data from other meteorological stations) will allow the development of more reliable local models of maximum precipitation. [60]
354. The catalyzed conversion of acetylene to higher hydrocarbons has been studied by many researchers. The importance of these processes is determined by the fact that a successful conversion of this type will create technologies for obtaining cheap alternative synthetic fuel. Acetylene can be obtained in large quantities from coal and methane, which opens up the possibility of obtaining the specified synthetic fuel. However, the lack of an effective catalyst for continuous conversion has not allowed the development of this alternative fuel route. Features of hydrocarbon synthesis during methane pyrolysis, based on modified catalysts, are presented in the paper. It is demonstrated that production of hydrocarbons from pyrolysis gas using modified catalysts can be intensified. [60]
355. Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg MMC) have been the focus of consideration by many researchers for the past few years. Many applications of Mg MMCs were evolved in less span of time in the automotive and aerospace sector to capture the benefit of high strength to weight ratio along with improved corrosion resistance. However, the performance of these materials in critical conditions is significantly influenced by several factors including the fabrication methods used for processing the composites. Most of the papers addressed all the manufacturing strategies of Mg MMC but no paper was recognized as a dedicated source for magnesium composites prepared through stir casting process. Since stir casting is the least expensive and most common process in the preparation of composites, this paper reviews particulate based Mg MMCs fabricated with stir casting technology. AZ91 series alloys are considered as the matrix material while the effect of different particle reinforcements, sizes , weight fractions on mechanical and tribological responses are elaborated in support with micro structural examinations. Technical difficulties and latest innovations happened during the last decade in making Mg MMCs as high performance material are also presented. [60]
356. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests aimed to analyse the opportunities for fuel production based on municipal sewage sludge, rubber waste from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and hazelnut and walnut shells in terms of their thermal transformation in the process of co-firing in the cement industry. The parameters of solid fuels used in the cement industry were determined for the fuels obtained in the study. The following parameters were determined in fuels: water content, ash content, sulphur content, and calorific value.The fuel composition and process of fuel preparation were designed so as not to use the energy-intensive process of pre-drying of municipal sewage sludge. However, it should be emphasized that the maximum percentage of municipal sewage sludge in fuel should not exceed 25% in order to maintain the parameters required by the cement industry. The analysis of the obtained parameters of OL and OW fuels demonstrated that the fuels obtained in the study meet the requirements for fuels used in the cement industry. [59]
357. The last decades brought about the environmental awareness of hotel customers and owners resulting in reflection on the need to introduce pro-ecological changes in practices and services offered by the hospitality sector. The idea of “green hotels” is generally accepted. To structure these positive changes and to help customers to select hotels supporting pro-ecological practices one needs to establish clear and easy to understand system communicating the level of particular hotel involvement in that concept. These is evaluated by certification institutions and organizations. Their activities involve certification and labelling and they are also part of practices related to the implementation of sustainable development in tourism. Wide range of criteria considered by certification organizations include these related to environmental protection, alternation of the negative effects of improper management of natural resources, as well as, the so-called corporate social responsibility. Unfortunately, there is no consistent system of ecological standards. The current paper provides an overview of the most important labels and certificates promoting the pro-ecological and sustainable development of the hotel sector. It also analyses selected, leading eco-certification systems in terms of their applicability in various hotel segments. [59]
358. The current market environment is affected by a number of fundamental changes. A large number of these affect manufacturing companies the most. They are forced to continuously reduce their costs, improve the quality of service to their customers and adapt to a highly competitive environment. However, environmental requirements for production processes have become increasingly important in recent years. These are underpinned by legislative changes that put enormous pressure on manufacturers. Often, environmental requirements can also determine the economic success of a manufacturer. The areas that have a significant environmental impact include metallurgical technologies. These are currently predominantly based on the use of coke, which is produced from high quality hard coal. The mining of raw materials also has major environmental impacts. The article deals with the analysis of downstream production processes in terms of their environmental impact. These are the areas of mining, ore processing and iron and steel production. These areas can be seen as downstream production stages. Iron ore processing and iron and steel production often take place within a single production organisation. Therefore, a possible overall optimisation in the handling of environmental impacts and the treatment of pollutants can be assumed. The secondary objective of the paper is to analytically assess the possible reuse of the produced waste in production processes. The article is based on the results of research carried out in a selected metallurgical enterprise in the Czech Republic. [59]
359. This article presents a novel, innovative, open multi-domain platform for early warning against adverse events in reservoirs and watercourses, which can measure temperature, pH, redox, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll and phycocyanin. These parameters are key indicators of cyanobacteria bloom. This platform allows remote and distributed monitoring of important locations on lakes and rivers. The station's design enables the use of both wired sensors directly connected to the station and wireless data collection from locally dispersed measurement points that communicate with the station-buoy. The data aggregation system is open, and the technological solution of the station is universal, which means it can use different sensors for chemical and biological parameters that are required by, for example, the Water Framework Directive, from the market and industry standards. The platform also has built-in machine learning and data analysis mechanisms that can optimise the number of stations needed to achieve the desired level of data acquisition. The sensor dispersion and station autonomy ensure the flexibility and scalability of the measurements. [58]
360. The paper presents the test results of pool boiling heat transfer on the rough surface and the surface covered with capillary – porous microstructure. The porous layer is made of copper fibers sintered in the reduction atmosphere. The volumetric porosity amounted to 68%, while its height 1 mm. Distilled water and ethyl alcohol were used as the working fluids. The experiments have been carried out under the atmospheric pressure. Enhancement of heat transfer in relation to the smooth reference surface has been recorded especially for the low range of superheats, which might be related to the density of active nucleation sites. Experimental results have been compared with selected models of boiling available in literature. [58]
361. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing municipal sewage sludge doses on Sida hermaphrodita Rusby (Virginia fanpetals) yielding and bioenergy feedstock characteristics. In a six-year-lasting field experiment two methods of plantation establishment (by roots cuttings and nurse-in-tray plantlets) and three dates of biomass harvesting (autumn, winter and spring one) were additionally tested in climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland. Virginia fanpetals dry yields increased each year and exceeded 20 Mg ha-1 in the second year of culture. Application of 40 Mg ha-1 sludge DM resulted in obtaining the highest yield. Similarly the content, uptake and index of bioaccumulation of macronutrients contained in the sludge increased along with increasing its dose. Biomass was characterized by a favorable parameters: net calorific values were in the range of 16.2-16.7 MJ kg-1. The highest energy value of biomass yield was obtained with root cuttings use for plantation establishment, especially in objects with high dose of sludge during autumn harvest. Both, winter and spring harvesting significantly reduced yields, while using root cuttings for plantation establishment gave better yields only during the first three years of plant vegetation, than biomass yields equalized with the ones obtained by plantlets planting. [58]
362. The paper presents an assessment of the volume and type of water consumption in Poznań using water footprint indicator (WFTP), consisting of such components as green, blue and grey water consumption. Average rainfall over many years, water retention within the city, pollution indicators found in sewage and the amount of sewage treated from the area of the city were assessed. Water Footprint obtained for Poznań was compared with the values of indicators for Wrocław. The presented analysis of the obtained results of WFTP calculations should constitute the basis for assessing direct and indirect water consumption by consumers and producers of the city of Poznań and serve better water management and maintenance in the urban area. [57]
363. The paper justifies the waterproofing technology for waste storage conservation. The paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring of the quality of surface and groundwater affected by the tailings of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant. The determined chemical composition of enrichment waste is described. The existing methods of waste storage waterproofing are reviewed. The studied residuals of copper ore enrichment can be insulated with a mixture of processed secondary polyethylene and polypropylene pellets. The physical and mechanical properties of recycled polymers are investigated. The proposed technology of covering with a waterproofing coating can be applied to preserve technogenic deposits aiming at their future secondary extraction, as well as to ensure the environmental safety of newly designed facilities. The implementation of this technique will improve the regional environmental situation and reduce the migration of potentially hazardous substances as a result of seepage, thus reducing the pollution of natural waters. [57]
364. The intensity of heat exchange between the boiling emulsion and the enclosing surfaces is associated with the physical phenomena of the formation, growth, and destruction of vapour bubbles of the low-boiling component in the liquid phase. This article presents a methodology to assess the intensity of heat exchange processes. Using this technique, it is possible to predict the energy parameters of heat exchange equipment and the degree of intensification of heat transfer processes. [57]
365. The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the European Green Deal and to identify its potential impact on the Community's regional development processes. The paper presents the objectives and assumptions of the doctrine and its global dimension. The theoretical foundations of the doctrine in economic and social dimension have been defined. An attempt was made to identify and analyse the impact of the European Green Deal on regional development processes in the European Community. Regional development has been defined as the process of development of economic potential, increase in the competitiveness of economic entities and the standard of living of the countries' inhabitants, in their regional decomposition, which takes place as a result of transforming factors and resources into goods and services, ensuring economic security. The influence of the European Green Deal on factors of economic growth and development, factors of competitive advantage of countries, system of both public and private value (natural resources, national assets), transformations in the structure of economies (emerging and declining industries), as well as costs necessary to make the doctrine a reality were indicated. [57]
366. Long evolution of solid timber structures has developed sufficiently reliable engineering solutions and methods of timber structures reinforcement. The experience of mass production and application of new glued timber structures has shown that the simple transfer of traditional methods of calculation and design to modern structures is not always correct. The design and reinforcement of modern are still being developed. Graphical representation of the fields of operating normal stresses and wood resistance fields show that even with simple uniaxial stretching along the fibers the limiting state initially arises not at the direction of the principal axes of symmetry but at an angle to the fibers. The current trends in management, diagnostics, design and reconstruction of buildings show that almost all problems of preserving wooden and other structures in ordinary reconstructed objects, as well as in architectural, historical and cultural monuments are based on the competence level of the personnel not only in the restoration industry, but in construction industry too. [57]
367. Hydraulic satellite machines are known and produced in many versions, recognizable by the number of humps on their inner rotor and external gear, and therefore by the number of cooperating gears (satellites). All known shapes were however designed on the base of preliminary assumption that rotor’s and external gear’s pitch lines are formed by merging arcs, tangent to each other in the. This assumption makes calculations easier, but the curvature radius of the pitch lines changes instantly in their merging points. Tests made in the Department of Hydraulics and Pneumatics of the Gdańsk University of Technology proved that satellite motors may work also as a pump. All known shapes were however designed for motor work - mainly for low-speed, high-torque motors. Sudden changes of the pitch line’s curvature strongly affect velocity and acceleration of pump’s moving parts and forces between them. Because of that, in the pump mode fast wear of teeth in the points of small curvature radius is visible. The obvious effect is reduced durability and high noise emission. To eliminate all those problems the new mechanism, designed for the pump is necessary. [57]
368. Three-year observations made it possible to assess the degree of pollution and variability in quality of rainwater collected in two reservoirs in the Lublin agglomeration (south-eastern Poland). The studied objects are characterised by different construction, size, hydraulics and type of drained surface. In particular, a large variation in water quality indicators was observed for suspended solids, NH4+, NO3- and K+. Higher conductivity, NH4+, SO4- and Cl- was found in the reservoir receiving rainwater from the national road, compared to the water from the housing estate. In the second reservoir, a higher load of NO2-, PO4-, Fe+ and K+ was observed. Among the analysed variables, the most disturbing values were recorded for conductivity, pH, suspended solids, oxygen indicators, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-. The liquid flowing into the reservoirs during snowmelt was characterised by high pollution. In the year with the highest sum of atmospheric precipitation, there was a reduction in medium concentrations of many quality variables (flushing effect, dilution of pollutants). An increase in oxygen demand and oxygen deficits were observed in warm seasons. An emission of inconvenient odors in the vicinity of the reservoir in the housing estate was also observed. These phenomena may be intensified in the case of improper use of the system (e.g. when bottom sediments are not removed) and further increase of air temperatures. Under such conditions, the possibility of using open rainwater reservoirs near human settlements becomes questionable. [56]
369. This article represents the results of experimental studies of the temperature regime during long-term operation of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. The average annual, total monthly and average daily specific amounts of heat extracted from the soil or released into the soil mass, respectively, depending on the cold or warm periods of the year, were determined. The analysis of the given data allowed to conduct a monthly assessment of the energy efficiency of the use of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. It is noted that the largest thermal contribution occurs in the middle of the warm and cold periods of the year, when the largest difference in temperature of the outside air and the soil massif is observed. The use of earth-to-air heat exchangers is one of the necessary tools in order to lowering the energy consumption for modern air-conditioning systems of buildings due to their energy efficiency. [56]
370. This article presents the methods of processing gold-plated pins from, among others, used computer equipment and discusses the results of own research on the recovered metal. Due to the relatively small structure of the pins and the fact that the gold layer is only a few microns thick, recovering gold from them constitutes a significant challenge. On the other hand, gold is a precious metal which enables the collective removal of other metals to obtain pure gold. The suggested method involves compacting the gold-plated pins into an anode form and carrying out the electro-refining process. Metals such as copper, tin and iron pass into the anode sludge from which they can be extracted or serve as a commercial intermediate to be sold to smelter plants. The anode sludge was melted in the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch in a graphite crucible by adding borax. As a result of the melting, several metallic precipitates were obtained, which were then hot-incorporated into a sample with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 12 mm. Eventually, a pure gold alloy sample was obtained containing Cu 40.69%, Sn 9.61% and Au 48.58%. [56]
371. This article presents a study of the aerodynamic characteristics of a small H-Darrieus wind turbine to optimize its design. The article proposes correlations between the geometric and aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, optimizes the profile of the blades and their dimensions for various values of wind speed, aerodynamic forces, and rotational moments. The data obtained can be useful for the design and study of low power wind turbines operating at low wind speeds with variable direction. [56]
372. The paper discusses the way of determining the noise level in railway traffic according to new EU recommendations, the introduction of which will result in new charges to be borne by the carriers who, during the provision of transport and handling services, use wagons of the old generation – i.e. such wagons that generate noise above the permitted level on a given section of railway road, determined on the basis of EU regulations. The analysis of technical condition of wagons used in transport in Poland was conducted. The method of determining the noise level in terms of exceedances and charges was discussed. The issue of an optional increase in the reloading of cargo units at railway terminals to transport cargo in silent wagons on designated silent sections of routes was raised – this may affect the development and operation of logistics centers. [56]
373. The paper contains a detailed assessment of three full-size football fields constructed in 2019-2022 to meet the basic conditions for proper operation and maintenance. As a result of field and laboratory tests on permeability and retention capacity of the fields' base and drainage layers, they were found to meet the requirements set out in the standard DIN 18035. It ensures that rainwater and snowmelt are quickly drained from the turf's surface. The grass turfs of the football fields under study meet the conditions for properly performing one of the basic care treatments – irrigation. The base layer can retain an average of 10.3 mm of water in comfortable water availability conditions, depending on the football field. It is the value of a single dose net, which should be used for sprinkler irrigation of grass turf of football fields. However, considering the drainage layer, this dose could be increased to 12.5 mm. Considering the percentage content of generally available water and assuming less comfortable water availability conditions, the appropriate doses net are 12.5 mm on average. In comparison, for both layers together, they are 15.4 mm on average. [56]
374. The paper presents Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) introducedthrough International Maritime Organization (IMO) which defined the carbon dioxideemission as a result of transport specific cargo mass on specific distance. The total fuelconsumption from all elements of vessel energetic system causes the carbon dioxide emis-sion. Ship-owners should inform the marine administration about the fuel consumptionfrom all vessels of 5000 tons of gross tonnage or more from 1st January 2018. In marinetransport about 85% of carbon dioxide emission comes from such vessels. The calculatingof EEOI is voluntary now but it is indicated to do it. It allows on an assessment the dif-ferences between the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) obligatory during designprocess of a vessel and its power plant and EEOI. Due to it may be estimated the correct-ness of vessel and power plant operation in exploitational conditions.The basic way of EEOI decreasing is slow steaming of a vessel. The power de-mand for propulsion (and fuel consumption) is proportional to the third power of vesselvelocity (according to the propeller characteristics) on the other hand the hull resistance(the demand for thrust by propeller) is proportional to the second power of vessel velocity.As a result it causes the decreasing of total fuel consumption for covering the same dis-tance but increasing the time of voyage. It is for acceptance during a bad economic situ-ation. Although it will be no acceptable during a good economic situation when it will berequired the increasing of vessel velocity (decreasing the time of voyage).The other effective methods are under research which allows to reach the sameaim. It is known such methods of vessel operation which leading to the decreasing of thatindex. The paper shows these methods with their characteristics. [55]
375. This publication is a presentation of the methodology to determine the degree of diversification and allocation of water resources in water supply systems; with a differentiated level of need based on the example of the municipality of Benissa Spain. The article shows a frequency of the changes and factors that affect the functioning of the water supply system. Moreover, its presents the calculation of the diversification indices for the selected water supply system while the methodology offers the possibility of evaluating the diversification of water resources in two parameters according to an adapted form of the Shannon-Weaver index. [54]
376. This paper contains results of measurements of the pore water pressures in a model flood embankment exposed to different water saturation levels. The pressure of air and water was measured, and the recorded values were referred to the atmospheric pressure value. Correlation of the variables corresponding to the recorded pressures was observed, with the appearance of discontinuous in the soil structure of the model. [54]
377. This article presents numerical investigation of isotropic dissimilar material joints. Dissimilar material joints are broadly used in in various structures, including offshore, nuclear, electronic packaging, IC chip and spacecraft various fields of science and technology. In bi-material joints two different material are bonded with common interface region. High stress concentration occur at the interface of the joint under thermo-mechanical loadings due to the difference in the elastic properties and the thermal expansion coefficients of dissimilar materials. The stresses acting along the interface of dissimilar material joints are very important to determine whether the structure is reliable or not for operation. The main purpose of this research is to provide finite element solutions to predict the stress distribution at the interface of the joint based on the theory of elasticity. [54]
378. The paper presents the influence of fine recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on selected physical and mechanical parameters of cement mortar. RCA was divided into three groups: fine (0/0.25 mm), medium (0.25/1 mm) and the thickest fraction 1/2 mm. The investigations confirmed a significant correlation between the total amount of RCA and the obtained flow for the mixtures and compressive strength. Results showed that the fine RCA should be separated into subgroups as not only total RCA amount but quantity of RCA in each subfraction can have varying influence on mortar properties. [54]
379. The indoor environment of buildings significantly affects the well-being and health of room users. Experiencing thermal discomfort reduces concentration and productivity during study or work, causing drowsiness, fatigue or deterioration in general well-being. The study focuses on presenting the results of the questionnaire study on the symptoms of sick building syndromes (SBS), namely: dizziness, nausea, eye pain and nasal mucosa, experienced by 69 students during a lecture in a large and modern auditorium of Kielce University of Technology. The results show that many students experienced SBS symptoms, which seem to have affected their concentration during the class. The article also discusses the thermal sensations of the students with a focus on comparing the obtained results with the Fanger model of thermal comfort. The discrepancy between the model calculation results and the experimental data has been observed and discussed. [54]
380. Municipal WWTP are exposed to the inflow of toxic substances, which may impede their proper functioning, especially of the biological part. In the case of combined or hybrid sewer systems, additionally, in wet weather, there may appear a rapid inflow of a mixture of domestic and industrial sewage, and stormwater in an amount exceeding the capacity of the devices, causing the need to discharge parts of not fully treated wastewater through the bypass channel. In such situations, the receivers are exposed to an inflow of increased amounts of pollutants. The article presents the concept of a monitoring, early warning and sustainable management system for the Lodz wastewater treatment plant, which will allow minimizing pollutant emissions to the aquatic environment. [54]
381. Life Cycle Assessment, included in company environmental management methods, has particular importance in marketing management. Analysis of dangers to the environment through tools such as the LCA method allows for comparisons of alternative company management strategies. LCA is characterised as a technique for environmental management that enables environmental impact assessment of the product, process, industry, and even the comprehensive economic sector. LCA also influences decisions regarding environmental policy modification, but most importantly, it influences a company's marketing activities. The LCA technique is applied the world over with great effectiveness in studying specific phases of a product's life cycles – from 'birth to death'; however, Poland's experience in this domain constitutes continuously developing research areas. The experience of foreign research centres confirms the possibility of applying LCA techniques in supporting environmental risk assessment of innovative technologies where LCA is used to study the environmental impact of a new generation product, i.e. flocculants from polymer wastes. This article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of applying a new generation of polyelectrolyte (gained from polystyrene waste) in treating industrial wastewater and the LCA environmental impact assessment, which was carried out using SimaPro software. Based on the analysis of the results of the application of sodium salts of sulfone derivatives of polystyrene in the treatment of mine water, it was found that these products significantly reduced the pollution indicators of mine water from KWK1. Accordingly, they provided the basis for the development of technical-scale technology. [54]
382. Environmental protection as rational shaping of the environment, management of environmental resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, counteracting pollution, is integrally related to the urban area. It is in the cities, which are the living environment for half of the world's population, that most activities and initiatives aimed at environmental protection are undertaken. An important action is to reduce the impact of urban transport on the environment. In particular, increased road traffic in urban areas is a constant increase in pollutants introduced into the environment in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, harmful to people, the environment and spatial structures. One of such negative impacts of transport is the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. In the process of limiting it, actions are taken in the area of shaping urban transport systems and mobility of city residents. For the purpose of identifying individual processes that are components of these activities, literature research was carried out, the results of which are presented in the article. [54]
383. Many old public buildings in Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by low energy efficiency and often lack of mechanical ventilation. The general trends are aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building sector and to provide comfort conditions. The indoor air quality can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations.In the article, a complex approach to the definition and analysis of data on the indoor CO2 concentration and the air exchange rate in educational institutions at natural air exchange and in the absence of mechanical air circulation was implemented. Educational institutions in Kyiv have been considered. The study of the CO2 concentration of indoor and outdoor air of three typical schools of mass development in the 80 s, as well as the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI, was carried out. Experimental determination of the background CO2 concentration during the day next to the considered objects showed that the background concentration of CO2 is in the range of 400-420 ppm. Measurements of the CO2 concentration distribution were carried out after classes throughout the classroom area, according to which the difference between the values at the level of the working area was 30...180 ppm. It was found that the concentration of CO2 varies during classes between 700-1100 ppm. During the break, the CO2 concentration decreases to 500-1000 ppm, depending on the type of ventilation.Experimental data on the dynamics of changes in the indoor CO2 concentration are used to determine the air exchange rate based on balances of air flows and CO2. It is shown that the number of present persons influences the indoor CO2 concentration more significantly than the air exchange rate. On the example of an experimental study of the CO2 concentration in the classrooms for high school students it was found that the air exchange rate during the classes is in the range of 0.4...0.75 h-1. During breaks the air exchange rate increases to 2.9-3.5 h-1. For the range considered, the weighted average air exchange rate is 0.8 h-1, and even with forced airing, the air exchange rate is insufficient to ensure acceptable CO2 concentration.For the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI a field experiment was carried out to determine the dynamics of changes in CO2 concentration in time and on the basis of it the air exchange rates for representative classrooms were determined. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm and increases by 350-850 ppm depending on the use and location of classrooms. Based on experimental data, the air exchange rate for the training building of the education institution is in the range of 0.35-0.7 h-1. During the periods of airing the air exchange may increase by 0.45 h-1, but this does not allow reaching the standard value. When analyzing the obtained results, simulation models of natural air exchange of the examined classrooms were used on the basis of the improved ASHRAE method. The natural air exchange rate based on simulations is in the -0.8…0.5 h-1 range. Negative values are explained by exfiltration, which is typical for the upper floors.Not only the comfort and condition of the building envelope, but also the total energy consumption of the building depend on the actual level of air exchange rate. In the total energy balance the ventilation component is 30-60%. Further use of the obtained results can be connected with monitoring of the actual level of air exchange rate and its consideration during complex modernization or implementation of the ventilation systems with heat recovery in the premises of educational institutions. [53]
384. Cargo damage in drastic situations may threaten the safety of people participating in the further stages of the transport task in the distribution chain. Regardless of this, the damage also affects the unplanned extension of the delivery time or even prevents its further execution. The final and inevitable consequence is unplanned additional costs that will be charged to the shipper preparing the cargo for shipment. Additional costs will be incurred, both direct (materials for repackaging and load securing, fuel, tolls, insurance) and indirect costs (carbon footprint of the materials produced and fuel used by vehicles, increased traffic congestion, safety of road users). Their consequence will be an unnecessary increase in the pollution of the human natural environment. The article presents the classification of damage to palletized loads. The correctness of the proposed classification was to be carried out by analyzing the results of surveys and broadly understood consultations with business entities dealing with the phenomenon of damage to palletized loads on a daily basis. The small number of completed questionnaires indicates the need to develop a new, less detailed questionnaire and a possible simplification of the proposed classification of damage to palletized loads. Based on the numerous discussions and meetings held during the consultations regarding the quantity and quality of cargo damage, it can be concluded that this is a very complex sensitive topic. This can also be confirmed by studies of the literature review, available industry studies and published statistical data. It is practically difficult to determine the size of damage to palletized loads in road transport. The proposed classification of damage to palletized loads allows for the definition of dangers, difficulties and, consequently, direct and indirect costs of transport, which can be remedied, and certainly significantly reduced. Minimizing damaged and destroyed loads results in both a reduction of the direct costs of damaged products and a secondary reduction in the consumption of natural resources of the environment, necessary to re-manufacture damaged or destroyed products. It also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint, an issue that is so important especially nowadays. [53]
385. The objective of the study reported here was to compare voivodships in terms of forest area, forest regeneration area, afforested area, thinned forest area and natural forest regeneration area Main Statistical Office data for Polish voivodships was analysed. It included forest area, natural forest regeneration and silviculture activities (forest regeneration, afforestations and thinning) in all forests, state-owned forests and privately-owned forests. Voivodships were compared using the arithmetic mean, the indicator of structure, the average rate of change, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Principal Component Analysis, revealed that state-owned forest area, forest regeneration in state forests, total forest regeneration, and thinning in state-owned forests had the greatest share in the multivariate variation among voivodships analysed in terms of forestry. Cluster analysis yielded two groups of voivodships. The voivodships in the first group had a higher average total forest area, area of state-owned forests, total area of forest regeneration and forest regeneration in state-owned forests, area of natural forest regeneration and thinning in state-owned forests. On average, forests of voivodships which formed group 2 included less privately-owned forests in which fewer forest regeneration and afforestation activities had been conducted. Opolskie and Śląskie Voivodships as well as Łódzkie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships were the most similar in terms of all the analysed characteristics. [52]
386. The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (ZDI-I and ZDI-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency. [52]
387. The article aims to analyse the impact of military operations on the hydro-ecological state of water bodies in Ukraine, analyse potential military risks and assess the prospects for recovery in the water sector. The war leads to the destruction of water supply infrastructure and, secondly, to the pollution of natural waters with sewage and ammunition. Thus, Ukraine's hydro-ecological condition of natural watercourses and reservoirs is deteriorating during a full-scale war. First, we analysed the literature and modern scientific publications and studied the current state of the water bodies of Ukraine under martial law. The article analyses the key consequences of military operations on water bodies, including the destruction of water infrastructure and hydraulic structures, contamination by explosives and destroyed military equipment, flooding by mine water, and leaks from tailing ponds. Special attention is paid to the results of water quality monitoring in wartime. The authors systematised and reviewed the key incidents of destruction and damage to hydraulic structures since the beginning of the war. Potential risks to water bodies in the context of Russian aggression are studied. Finally, the author analyses the directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and proposes a list of practical steps necessary to restore water resources. The author's view on post-war reconstruction measures in water resources is offered. In addition, environmental organisations and local authorities can use the results of this scientific research. [52]
388. Hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems are currently performed using computer programs. In addition to the basic calculation procedure, modules responsible for evaluating the obtained calculation results are introduced more and more often into the programs. This article presents the results of research on artificial neural networks with a radial base function (RBF) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), aimed at determining whether they can be used to model the relationship between the variables describing the computational section of the water distribution system and the diameter of the water pipe. The classification capabilities of the RBF and MLP networks were analyzed according to the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the network. A comparative analysis of RBF networks with multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks was performed. The results showed that the MLP networks have much better classification properties and are better suited for the task of assessing the selected diameters of the water pipes. [52]
389. Widely understood protection of water, and in particular surface waters, most exposed to direct pollution, requires many operations carried out both in the catchment area and in sewage systems as well as WWTPs. Due to its character and working conditions, it should be monitored not only in terms of hydraulics, but also in terms of the quality of transported wastewater. During atmospheric precipitation, large volumes of domestic and industrial wastewater as well as rainwater in various proportions flow through the canals, changing not only their quantity but also their composition. In such cases, the issue of monitoring becomes particularly vital. The article presents an analysis of the needs and tasks resulting from the application of quantitative and qualitative monitoring in the assessment of the functioning of sewage systems. Methods and tools used in Lodz that may be useful in water protection are presented. The benefits of using this type of solutions as well as the limitations and difficulties are discussed. [51]
390. The article discusses selected ways of saving energy. It is a review material on the problems of humanity and industry in terms of energy consumption of machines, devices as well as principles and actions aimed at improving and protecting the environment and the Earth – as our planet. Energy efficiency, which should go hand in hand with energy saving, was also mentioned. Prognosis for the coming years, new ways of labeling devices were presented. In addition, the issue of greenhouse gases and their emissions into the atmosphere was also raised. [50]
391. Iron production is one of the production processes that create a large number of negative externalities towards their surroundings. Iron production is based on the use of a wide range of production operations, which include not only the blast furnace process but also the treatment and processing of ores, sintering, pelletizing and processing of metallurgical waste and its possible storage. All parts of the blast furnace process can have a negative impact on the environment. Within the individual parts of the blast furnace plant, a number of pollutants are produced which negatively affect the environment. They can have both solid and gaseous states. In the case of solid emissions, it is airborne dust, and the gaseous form represents pollutants in the form of sulphur, nitrogen or carbon oxides. From the point of view of the blast furnace plant structure itself, blast furnace, agglomeration processes, palletization processes or the processing of waste from production can be classified as emission points. The article deals with the classification of basic impacts of blast furnace production on the environment. It analyses in detail the negative externalities in ore sintering. It also deals with the analysis of research, which was focused on the degree of reduction of iron oxides ore. The efficiency of the reduction process is crucial in terms of resource use, but also the overall amount of negative externalities. The research was carried out in the environment of a selected iron producer in the Czech Republic. [50]
392. This work presents the characteristics of humic substances, with particular emphasis on the properties of agricultural importance, i.e., the improvement of soil structure, soil properties and the availability of nutrients. Attention was also paid to the methods of introducing given substances into the soil and the possibility of direct application to the plant surface. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulating and protective effect of humic substances on plant development were explained in detail, including phytohormonal regulation, the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses, antioxidant properties and the influence on seed germination and the development of the plant root system. The economic and environmental importance of the application of the substances in question was also emphasized, consisting of maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of plants, while reducing the share of chemical fertilizers and reducing the amount of water used. It should be noted that humic substances, like any agricultural product, should be appropriately selected for the type of cultivation conducted, i.e., the optimal dose and method of application should be determined. [49]
393. This article analysed the state of air quality in Poland on the basis of data from the main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. The emission limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter were analysed along with the number of days in which their emission was exceeded. In addition to particulate emissions, target levels for benzo(a)pyrene, which is highly carcinogenic, have been assessed. [49]
394. The main purpose of the work is to show the level of air pollution emitted by road transport and its relationship with economic development and transport infrastructure in European Union countries. The study presents the diversity in emissions of road transport by countries, shows the dynamics of changes in this area, determines the relationships between the level of economic development, equipping with road infrastructure and emissions of air pollution in EU countries. The research period concerned the years 2006-2017. The sources of data was EUROSTAT database. The ranking built by means of multidimensional data analysis tools indicated Portugal and Luxembourg as countries with relatively high emissions of air pollutants (group 3), countries with moderate emissions are Bulgaria, Malta, Cyprus and Sweden (group 2).Analysis of data on the rate of change in emissions and the volume of GDP in EU countries also indicates compliance with the Kuznets environmental curve. [49]
395. The gradual deterioration in the quality of raw material base of natural aggregates combined with the simultaneous increase in the demand of the construction industry for the best quality coarse fractions with grain sizes of 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm, etc., has a major impact on the growing volume of hard to sell and non-transferable (waste) fractions of aggregates produced in Poland. This applies especially to gravel and sand aggregates since in their resources the share of very fine fractions (below 2 mm) is systematically increasing, while the demand for such fractions in construction is limited and they are often treated as useless (waste) material. Problems with selling fine (waste) sands can be observed, among others, in the north-western region of the country. Since it is practically unknown what the volume of mining, production and consumption of these aggregates is, an attempt was made to assess the quantity of extracted and produced sand fractions of aggregates on a national and regional scale (provinces, regional zones). What constitutes a measurable indicator of the deterioration in the quality of resources is the tendency towards change in the average sand point (the percentage content of fine fraction of 0-2 mm) in the documented resources. For example in 2018, the average sand point in the balance resources was 67.8% and it increased by 5% over the period of 12 years (2007-2018). In the economic resources in Poland in 2018, the average SP was higher in comparison with the balance resources, namely 70.6%, and – what is characteristic – it increased by as much as 11.5% during the period of 12 years, i.e. the average annual growth of SP in industrial resources is ca. 1%. The highest growth was recorded in the southern region (by 16.4%); thus, the region with the best deposits in terms of quality (grain size) experiences the fastest deterioration. Estimated calculations show that in 2016, it was actually possible to obtain approximately 51.8 million Mg of gravel aggregates and 84.6 million Mg of sand assortments (0-2 mm); thus, the estimated total production of gravel and sand aggregates probably amounted to approx. 136.4 million Mg, i.e. about 78.7% of the annual production of gravel and sand according to PGI. The remaining part (21.3%) represents losses (useless fractions). The zone division of extraction and production of gravel and sands shows that the positive balance of sand production occurs mainly in the northern region (+19.4 million Mg), while the southern region (+3.2 million Mg) is in balance with the deficit in the central region (-3.0 million Mg). Relatively large positive balance of sand production is recorded in two provinces: Pomeranian (+5.3 million Mg) and West Pomeranian (+3.0 million Mg). The lack of periodic demand for such sands should be the basis for their classification as a by-product and their storage in separate storage sites. The analysis and calculations should contribute to the development of more accurate market forecasts of demand for and production of natural aggregates, especially of gravel and sand, both in Poland and in individual regions. [49]
396. The paper presents and discusses the 6-year effects of the operation of a biogas-fired cogeneration system which operates at the Rybnik Orzepowice sewage treatment plant. The qualitative composition of biogas, average daily amount of biogas produced, total demand of the sewage treatment plant for electricity and the amount of electricity obtained from biogas were presented. Regarding the average daily biogas production for the years 2013–2018, it can be stated that it remains at the level of 2,809 m3/d (±33%). The average daily total electricity consumption for 2013-2018 remains at 8,846 kWh/d (-13.8%; +20.6%). The average daily amount of electricity produced from biogas for the years 2013-2018 remains at the level of 3,892 kWh/d (-38.7%; +10.1%). Electricity generated from biogas allows us to cover the demand of the treatment plant at 44% (minimum 39%, maximum 50%). In the analysed period, biogas consumption by individual facilities was: cogeneration unit approx. 65%, boilers: 10%, flare: 25%. Based on the operational data, it was calculated that: the unit indicator for biogas extraction from sewage, on average is 0.1584 mn3/m3 (min. 0.0937 mn3/m3, max .: 0.2291 mn3/m3), the unit indicator for biogas extraction in relation to for COD load an average of 0.22 m3 of biogas/kg COD (min. 0.09 m3 of biogas/kg COD, max. 0.47 m3 of biogas/kg COD), the unit ratio of biogas extraction in relation to the BZT5 load was on average 0.61 m3 biogas/kg BZT5 (min. 0.28 m3 biogas/kg BZT5, max. 1.20 m3biogas/kg BZT5). [48]
397. Calculations of water distribution systems are most often performed many times because the correct solution from a technical point of view is rarely obtained after the first calculation run; hence, we can talk about a multistage calculation process. In connection with this, the calculation process of computer water distribution systems can be additionally supplemented with elements of process diagnostics. Diagnostic activities should be carried out using numerical algorithms, which can be a complement to classical hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems. The condition for reliable functioning of the diagnostic system formulated in this way is the efficient detection of computational irregularities. For this purpose, diagnostic problems were defined for the water pipes and the connection nodes in the water distribution system. The proposed diagnostic tests analyze the calculation results and indicate whether the solution is correct or, if irregularities are detected, suggest a way to solve the problem. Diagnostic tests are carried out using artificial neural networks. [48]
398. Bacteria immobilized in carrageenan are widely used in industry to facilitate bacterial handling and storage. Carrageenan is derived from seaweed and its nature is influenced by the condition of the origin of the sea where seaweed grows, one of the Indonesia sea territories that has seaweed that contains caraganen with good properties is Maluku. This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage time of bacteria immobilized in Maluku sea’s carrageenan on proteolytic activity, the bacteria used were Bacillus megaterium. Bacterial immobilization of carrageenan was made at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, storage in cold conditions for up to 9 months. Protease activity was tested using Kunitz method by adding casein as a substrate. The optimal concentration of carrageenan for immobilization of Bacillus megaterium was obtained at a concentration of 1.5%. Protease isolated from immobilized Bacillus megaterium showed increased activity value from storage for 4 months (0.0489 Ug-1) to 7 months (0.1372 Ug-1), and decreased activity after being stored for 9 months (0.0501 Ug-1). [48]
399. The following paper presents the problem of classification (identification) elements in the internal structure of a technical object. This problem is directly linked with diagnostics and compilation of an expert data base. The basis of a process of grouping elements into classes is to make a diagnostic model of a given object in a form of a structure or set of basic elements of an object. In order to conduct the grouping of elements into subsets of s-th classes, the following paper compiles and presents analytical formulas and classification rules. Theoretical considerations presented in this paper are also verified using an engine control system as an example of a complex technical object. [47]
400. The paper presents the results of the experimental study of thermal comfort in the smart building of Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The experiments were conducted throughout four seasons of the year and focused on developing a modified thermal comfort correlation that could determine the thermal sensations of room users more accurately than the standard methodology. Twelve groups of volunteers participated in the study, and thermal sensations were analysed for both genders separately. Even though the thermal environment was not considered overwhelmingly favourable (with 75% of men and 60% of women providing positive assessment), thermal acceptability was high. It amounted to 90% (the same for both genders). The air temperature of 22°C proved to be most preferable. The BMI index and CO2 concentration were found to influence thermal sensations and were incorporated into a modified correlation, which provided more accurate results than the original Fanger model of thermal comfort. [46]
401. Analysis of the results of the hydraulic calculations of a slotted separator, allowed for changes in the separator design taking into account the reduction of flow turbulence, ensuring the continuity of water flow and sediments as well as optimal location of the slots. The separator is an important element of the installation for hydromechanical removal of sediments from the bottom of a water reservoir. Tests were carried out on the physical and mathematical model.Hydraulic calculations and numerical simulations were carried out using the SSIIM (Simulation of sediment movements in water intakes with multiblock option) program. The program enables three-dimensional analysis of flows and transport of sediments in rivers and canals by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent model k-e. A number of numerical experiments of the separator work were carried out for various design solutions regarding the geometry of the inlet and outlet channels and their connection with the chambers as well as slots system. The numerical simulations and conducted research on a physical model, allowed to develop an optimal solution. [45]
402. The work concerns determining the energy performance of the heat storage device based on the phase change material for the solar dish Stirling unit. Experimental studies were performed with the heat storage material, made of the eutectic metal alloy Mg-51%Zn. The energy characteristics are determined by mathematical analysis of the experimental data and simulation of the process of cooling the heat storage. [44]
403. The optical properties of polymer barriers used as machine covers and eye protection are extremely important for both vision quality and user safety. The article presents the influence of room-temperature liquid chemical substances on the transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate) shields. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to assess the impact of liquid chemical substances on the polymer's permeability to visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiations. The tests showed that the contact of the poly(methyl methacrylate) sheath with liquid chemicals influences the transmittance of the PMMA surface to a limited extent, without thereby reducing the harmful effects of radiation on humans. [44]
404. In order to explore methods for comprehensive assessment of the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sewage sludge from China's industrial parks, we studied the wastewater treatment plant of Nanjing MV Industrial Park as an example. Eight common heavy metals in sewage sludge – Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) were studied. The treatment effect of these containments was comprehensively assessed using the absolute niche fitness model, the relative niche model and the spatial niche fitness model. All three models showed that Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg > Cd > Cr > Zn > As in the samples. But they produced – different numerical values – the absolute niche suitability model < the spatial niche suitability model < the relative niche suitability model. Therefore, we concluded that special attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk of As and Cr heavy metals to the personnel who exposed to the sewage sludge. [44]
405. Heat pumps are known as zero-emission heating and cooling devices at the point of energy production. In order to exploit their advantages, they are combined with low-temperature heating systems. Using the example of a residential building, in five climatic zones in Poland and one in Ukraine, systems analyses were carried out, in which heat into rooms is supplied by two different ways: low-temperature radiators and thermally active ceilings. The energy demand for heating, cooling and domestic hot water preparation was calculated. The seasonal coefficient of performance of the ground source heat pump was estimated to compare the systems. The results of the analysis confirmed that thermo active ceiling (with flow temperature of 35°C) ensures a lower final energy demand when it works throughout the year in the heating and natural cooling mode compared to the low-temperature radiators (with flow temperature of 45°C) which facilitates only the heating mode in the heating season. Performance analysis demonstrated differences in final electric energy demand from 8% in the I climatic zone to 9% in the V climatic zone in Poland, and 10% in Ukraine. [44]
406. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu technologii wytwarzania na właściwości użytkowe kompozytów kolagenowych modyfikowanymi strukturami węglowymi (nanoproszki diamentowe). W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytwarzania i opracowanie parametrów procesowych pozwalających na otrzymanie nanowłókien kompozytowych o pożądanych cechach jakościowych za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia, określenie zarówno wpływu parametrów procesowych, jak i wpływu zastosowanych materiałów na jakość i właściwości użytkowe wytworzonych nanowłókien kompozytowych. Praca została podzielona na dwie części: analizę literatury (na podstawie przeglądu krajowej i światowej) oraz część eksperymentalną. Jej treść natomiast podzielono na 10 rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym zawarto w nich informacje dotyczące polimerów naturalnych, ich przetwarzaniu, zastosowaniu i degradacji. Następnie (rozdział II) scharakteryzowano polilaktyd (PLA), skupiając się na jego budowie, syntezie oraz właściwościach. Kolejno przedstawiono charakterystykę kolagenu (rozdział III), oraz diamentu (rozdział IV). W ostatnim rozdziale części teoretycznej (rozdział V) skupiono się na nanowłóknach. Opisano metodę elektroprzędzenia, scharakteryzowano parametry wpływające na właściwości otrzymywanych włókien oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano pozostałe metody ich wytwarzania. Rozdział VI poświęcony jest problematyce rozprawy i zawiera wnioski z literatury, cel, hipotezy oraz zakres i problem badań. W kolejnym rozdziale (VII) przedstawiono warunki i program badań. Dokonano charakterystyki materiału badawczego, opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz przedstawiono metodykę badań własnych. Rozdział VIII to opis zastosowanego procesu wytworzenia docelowych nanowłókien kompozytowych. W rozdziale IX przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań na nanowłóknach kompozytowych. Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami (rozdział X). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie kompozytów kolagenowych w postaci nanowłókien z dodatkiem struktur węglowych (nanoproszki diamentowe) za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia z emulsji. Badania eksperymentalne pozwoliły na wskazanie parametrów procesu elektroprzędzenia przy których można osiągnąć najlepszą jakość otrzymywanych materiałów. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwoliły również na określenie wpływu dodatków na właściwości wytworzonych włókien kompozytowych. Uzyskane nanowłókna kompozytowe, ze względu na swoje właściwości, mogą być potencjalnie wykorzystywane w różnych branżach przemysłu i medycynie. [43]
407. Airborne pathogens are the most important factor causing environmental issues on pig farms. Research on airborne swine-derived microbes has mainly concentrated on several specific microbes or pathogens. The present work was conducted to detect and identify the entire microbial community in piggery air and their dispersion by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fifteen faeces and eighty-four air samples were collected in swine barns and from different distances away from the barns, respectively. The results showed that the faeces and air share the most dominant bacteria. The top 10 genera belonged to Fimicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and accounted for 54% and 76-84% of the total sequences. Moreover, great higher (P < 0.01) microbial diversity was detected in the faeces. This study indicated that a hygienic interval of 50 m should be set on swine farms to prevent the spreading infectious disease caused by airborne pathogens. [43]
408. Academics have been curious about what motivates pro-environmental behavior. However, a few research studies have been conducted to analyze and comprehend the pro-environmental behavior of those in charge of service and production (employees). The COVID-19 outbreak brought this topic to light, emphasizing the significance of employees' pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in promoting and maintaining business sustainability.Therefore, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by investigating employees' PEBs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person and online surveys were used to reach the staff of hotels and travel agencies in Egypt's most popular tourist areas.The quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 25. The results revealed that employees of the tourism and hospitality industry are exceptionally engaged in PEBs in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the findings indicate that the structure of tourism and hospitality employees' PEB is constituted of six factors; namely, operation activities, habits, organization rules, health, energy-saving, and environment-related activities. However, their behavior must be guided and improved in three key areas (personal health, organizational rules, and operation activities). According to this study, employees may follow certain practises without understanding their justification or significance. In practice, the study presents recommendations that might increase the industry's resistance to challenges in terms of improving the pro-environmental behavior of industry employees. [43]
409. The paper focuses on reducing the energy intensity of ladle metallurgy as part of steel production and the associated reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved by optimising the thermal work of metallurgical aggregates in terms of the impact on energy consumption and the environmental burden of steel production. It is about minimising the heat loss of liquid steel in the casting ladle throughout the entire process from the melting equipment, through the extra-furnace processing, to the continuous casting of the steel. [42]
410. Environmental concern and awareness have led to the development of different sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental impact of waste plastics. A brief literature review was conducted to evaluate recent challenges and emerging ideas on this topic. The two most noticeable approaches identified here are the introduction of biodegradable polymers as replacements for conventional plastics and recycling post-consumer waste plastics. The sustainable approach protects the environment, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. [42]
411. A steam explosion is the result of intense heat transfer when a thermolabile liquid phase comes into contact with a hot liquid. As a result of such contact, microdispersed fragmentation of a high-boiling liquid occurs. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the process of thermomechanical crushing process, taking into account the formation of a vapour layer at the interface between two phases and the force interaction with respect to several simultaneously boiling particles of the dispersed phase. [42]
412. Wyd. 2 popr. [41]
413. The geothermal potential is challenging to assess, as on the one hand it requires subsurface parametric description; on another – the variable surface influences the potential and geological conditions. In the article, the author presents a novel method for assessing geothermal potential and its environmental impact. The procedure is implemented to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Lublin trough. Geological modelling and GIS analyses are used to determine prospective areas where geothermal water accessibility and sufficient head demand occur in the direct vicinity. Maximal geothermal heat production is estimated, and upon that – possible avoided emissions of air pollutants. The study results indicate that this region's geothermal resources are of low temperature (<50°C), so the only opportunity for exploitation is the direct use of geothermal water in objects or the operation of ultra-low-temperature district heating systems. The main geothermal energy production potential of the Lublin trough is in its northern part, close to the Warszawa trough and nearby main fracture zones. In total, up to 300 GWh of geothermal heat per year might be produced and consumed in the study area if residential and commercial objects could take advantage of ultra-low-temperature district heating system. It would lead to locally significant limitation of air pollutant emissions and decreased fossil fuel consumption. [41]
414. The paper analyses thermal sensations, preferences and acceptability as well as humidity sensations of students in the intelligent building "Energis" of the Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The tests were performed in 8 lecture rooms, during which the volunteers filled in the anonymous questionnaires (with 3 to 7 possible answers for each question) and – simultaneously – physical air parameters were measured with Testo 400 microclimate meter. The study aimed to determine if the intelligent building provides proper indoor environment conditions during the heating season and to assess the accuracy of the standard methodology for thermal comfort determination. Experimental analysis of thermal and humidity sensations revealed that a share of the respondents critically assessed the indoor environment: 17% regarding temperature and 30% regarding humidity. Moreover, the standard methodology for thermal comfort calculations proved overwhelmingly inaccurate compared to the experimental data (with the results for 6 rooms being beyond the 50% error range). Since smart buildings are still not very common in Central Europe, the experimental data obtained in the study can be valuable both from the scientific but also practical point of view – providing useful data for building engineers and designers. [39]
415. The influence of SAS of different chemical nature on aggregate stability and bactericidal action of nano silver colloidal solutions is investigated. Colloidal solutions of silver were obtained by restoring the argentum nitrate agent in a neutral medium. With the help of spectrophotometric method, it has been proved that such solutions are characterized by high aggregate stability compared with the use of other traditional reducing agents. Anionic SAS (sodium dodecylsulfate and sulfanol) and nonionic SAS (OS-20) increase aggregate stability of nano silver solutions, while cationogenic SAS − alcamone promotes rapid coagulation and aggregation of nano silver particles. The study of bactericidal action of the solutions to the E.coli are showed that the nano silve colloidal solution with or without presence of OS-20 and alcamone completely inhibit the growth of colonies of E.coli, that is, it’s have high bactericidal properties. [39]
416. The authors analyse the standardisation of risk management as an effective tool for the safety of design solutions in residential construction. The analysed regulatory documentation answers the question of achieving an acceptable level of risk. Within the framework of improving environmental management, the use of specific penalties looks quite natural. However, the primary purpose of ISO 14001 is to form a responsible attitude toward the environment and natural resources as the most crucial assets of economic activity. The article raises the issue that domestic standards cannot thoroughly guide risk analysts due to their lack of development and inconsistency with ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 14001:2016. It is necessary to develop a unique approach to risk assessment, de facto describing the interaction of different scenarios, which will ensure an increase in the environmental and economic effects in the field of housing safety. [39]
417. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant, VRE) strains in meat plants and evaluate their biofilm-forming potential. In two Polish meat plants, 75 samples of raw pork meat, swabs from work surfaces (floors, tables, machine parts and tools) and from employees' hands were collected. The analyses indicated that enterococci were present in more than 72% of the tested samples. VRE isolates were found in more than 25% of the tested samples (especially in cutting and processing rooms). VRE strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Moreover, 77% of E. faecium and 43% of E. faecalis isolates showed biofilm-forming ability. The observed high biofilm-forming potential among the analyzed VRE strains indicates that these agents may play an important role in the spread of drug resistance in the food chain through contaminated surfaces, meat, and workers' hands. [39]
418. Polymeric building materials and equipment for indoor use in spaces intended for people may, in an essential way, contribute to deterioration of wholesome quality of life. Phthalates, present in many products, constitute an omnipresent group of compounds used widely as plasticizers. The research results show that these substances may have a negative impact on human health, and thus European Union has implemented a number of regulatory measures restricting their use. Manufacturers and suppliers must comply with these regulations. As a result, it is necessary to investigate and determine the contents of phthalates in these materials. This paper presents the analytic profile of method of marking phthalates extracted from polyvinyl chloride with use of HPLC chromatography with UV-VIS detection, and selected results obtained in examinations of materials used in interior design. The results of described examinations of phthalates content indicate that not all materials recommended by manufacturers may be used indoors in spaces intended for people. The method was verified for its suitability for routine analyses of materials made of PVC and submitted for attestation. The elaborated method can be used for determination of banned phthalates presence in PVC. The method allows for detection of these phthalates at the level required by the REACH regulation, and its validation parameters are highly satisfactory considering a very complex matrix. [39]
419. Improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is ensured by improving the thermal protection characteristics and the wider introduction of control tools. In order to take into account the influence of individualisation of operating conditions, the study of the regulation of heating distribution of a single-pipe system with bypassed heating devices of a 5-storey typical for Ukraine mass building of the 80s after thermos-modernisation for conditions in Kyiv and Warsaw (Poland) was carried out. On the basis of the simulation model created in the Mathcad software environment for design/rated and average climatic conditions, the influence of internal heat flows into adjacent rooms on the distribution of energy consumption, changes in internal air temperature under the influence of local changes in the heating device flow coefficients were studied. The developed approaches, and the results obtained on the influence of local regulation of devices of vertical single-pipe heating systems can be used to clarify the distribution of energy consumption for heating between individual zones of apartment buildings. [39]
420. Ensuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into 3 parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor. [39]
421. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the PVD coating on the cutting tool on the surface roughness and energy consumption in the cast iron turning process. It was shown that the use of coated tools leads to obtaining a surface qualitatively corresponding to the ground surface and to the reduction in the power consumption of the machine tool. In addition, the process itself, carried out without the use of a cooling and lubricating liquid, is more eco-friendly, as it excludes its use, disposal and negative environmental impact. [38]
422. This article focuses on factors limiting the development possibilities of Poland's photovoltaic and wind power plants. Technical, environmental and legal conditions were found and indicated as a result of research based on legal acts and literature on location possibilities of renewable energy installations under discussion. Also, formulas that can show limiting factors in absolute value are proposed. These formulas consider all limiting factors and allow for comparison between different regions of Poland concerning location impossibilities. [37]
423. The purpose of this investigation was to indicate the most effective method of revitalizing degraded forest area. The different modifications of wood chips were used as a substitute for humus layer. The mites (Acari), and moss mites (Oribatida) as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes were used. The study began 2 years after planting of Scots pine seedlings on the land devastated by military activity, at the former military training ground (GPS: 53.156943N, 17.986440E). The soil on this area was in the type of rusty soils and subtype of the rusty algae soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted in spring 2011, in a distance 1.5×0.8 m. In one-factor experiment four soil mulching treatments were tested: 1. uncovered soil – control (C), 2. soil mulched with wood chips (W), 3. W + mycorrhizal preparation (WM), 4. W + forest litter (WL). Three replicates of microplots arrangement was applied. Each microplot was 5 m long with 3 rows of Scots pine. Each replication covers 10 rows. Mulching with wood chips was carried out on April 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, the wood chips on the WM microplots were inoculated with the mycorrhizal biopreparation, and on the WL microplots, a 10% addition of fresh forest litter from the ripe fresh coniferous forest was applied. After the end of the growing season of 2012, 2013 and 2014, the measurement of the plants was carried out (the height, the root neck diameter, the length of one-year increments in the last whorl, the number of one-year increments of the last whorl and the lengths of one-year increments of the last whorl). The samples for acarological tests were collected four times. In total, 40 substrate samples with a volume of 50 cm3 each were collected from each treatment. Mites extraction was carried out for 7 days in Tullgren apparatus. Mites were identified to the order, and moss mites to the species or genus, including juvenile stages. Calculated: the average density of mites, the dominance index, the species richness, the diversity of moss mites, the average number of species, and the Shannon general species diversity index. The use of soil mulching with the Scots pine wood chips did not significantly affect the growth and developmental characteristics of the Scots pine plants. After mulching with wood chips, the total number of mites increased many times, and moss mites began to dominate among micro-arthropods. Mulching treatments increased the number and the species diversity of moss mites in the substrate. The number of moss mites increased the most in wood chips without additives. The highest species diversity was observed in the wood chips with the addition of forest litter. Among moss mites Tectocepheus velatus visibly dominated in all study treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus also constituted numerous mites populations. The study shows that the wood chips are very useful for use in the regeneration of the devastated and degraded forest soils. [37]
424. The article's authors analysed the most perspective and widely known methods of neutralising the acidic condensate, which is a by-product of natural gas combustion. Among them, the hydrodynamic cavitation method was the most effective. In this regard, it was proposed to improve this method by using the method of discrete-pulsed energy input, which involves neutralisation due to the degassing process. Based on the mathematical model of the bubble ensemble dynamics, a numerical simulation of the formation and growth of vapour-gas bubbles in the process of cavitation boiling of condensate was carried out. Also, an analytical study of the evolution of the vapour-gas bubble population and changes in the current vapour content of the condensate during its boiling was investigated under different values of the initial size of gas micronuclei. The results of the experimental study also confirmed the effectiveness of this method and showed that almost complete removal of carbonic acid from condensate occurs during the first two minutes of processing. That is evidenced by the increased pH values of condensate, which corresponds to the range of permissible pH values of distilled water. Therefore, the carbonic acid in the condensate is absent. Using this method will significantly reduce the environmental effect and the amount of harmful emissions. [37]
425. Renewable energy sources are increasingly common in Poland, and a growing number of single-family houses are now equipped with such systems. The article presents the study of the performance of the heat pump and the photovoltaic system installed in a house in the Swietokrzyskie Province near the city of Kielce. The data related to thermal and electrical energy generation throughout three years has been analysed with a focus on the advantages offered by such systems in the climate conditions of Central Poland. It turned out that 2022 was the best year for electricity production because it exceeded the value of 8000 kWh, and in the winter period from November to February, energy production balances at 200-300 kWh, which proves the high efficiency of panels for electricity production even in unfavourable climatic conditions. The heat pump generates the smallest energy production to heat the house in the summer, while in the winter, this production increases intensively due to the heating season in Poland. These are values from 1500 kWh to values above 3000 kWh. Similarly, in the case of domestic hot water, these values are higher in winter than in summer. Additionally, the work includes electricity consumption before and after the installation of renewable energy sources. Simplified economic analysis has also been presented in the paper. The simple payback period is estimated at approximately 9 years. [37]
426. The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed, since in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed and based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is of special interest as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the wider area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains. [36]
427. Low-emissivity coatings on glass surfaces, inert gas instead of air between glasses, and double-glazed windows are usually used to reduce heat loss from a room through windows. This effect can also be achieved by installing two double-chamber windows in one window opening at a certain distance from each other. This work uses numerical modelling to study the characteristics of heat transfer through a system of two two-chamber windows. The distributions of temperature and airflow velocity due to natural convection in the chambers of double-chamber windows and the space between the windows are analyzed. The distributions of temperatures and heat fluxes over the surfaces of windows are determined depending on the distance between the windows. The dependences on the distance between the windows of radiation, convective, and total heat flow through a system of two double-chamber windows are studied. It is shown that two double-chamber windows located at a certain distance from each other make it possible to increase the heat transfer resistance compared to one two-chamber window without a low-emission coating by 2.6...2.8 times. As the distance between windows increases, a given system's overall heat transfer resistance increases. However, this increase becomes insignificant if this distance is greater than 80 mm. [34]
428. This report presents the results and analysis of long-term properties of fiber-reinforced cement composite based on waste aggregate. The long-term tests were carried out on the stand proposed by the authors for simultaneously testing three beams with dimensions of 100x200x2900 mm. A total of 8 mixtures of cement composites with aggregate from ceramic waste and waste sand were tested. Three beams were made for each mixture. One without dispersed reinforcement and two with 0.5% and 1.0% fiber reinforcement ratios. As dispersed reinforcement, steel cord and hooked steel fibers were used. The beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The research was carried out for 1000 days. An optical system was used as an innovative solution in long-term research. Based on the measurements, the creep coefficient in the mid-span of the beams was determined, and the crackings of the beams were analysed. The results obtained using manual measuring devices and the optical system were compared. A good convergence of measurement methods was observed. During the analysis of the results, the coefficients modifying the method for calculating the crack width included in Eurocode 2 were determined. [33]
429. Municipal waste management in Poland has continuously changed over the past years regarding collection systems and disposal processes. After joining the EU, the approach to waste management changed dramatically, intensifying selective collection and implementing recovery and treatment processes. Recent years have shown that a further fundamental overhaul in the waste sector is needed to convert the sector to a closed-loop economy. These challenges are appearing in Poland, forcing actions in which the efficiency of the waste stream management system should generate added value in the form of sourced raw materials, materials and products. The waste generated should be managed following the waste hierarchy, in which disposal is the least desirable process. The work aims to analyse the current state of municipal waste management in Poland concerning applicable legal requirements, waste management hierarchy and the use of the best available technologies. The data from the analysis was used to determine where Poland is currently, heading towards transforming to a circular economy in the technological, social, environmental and economic areas. The research results showed the need to reduce the waste generated, including a significant reduction in the amount of waste stored in landfills and a significant increase in the recycling rates of municipal waste. In this context, supporting the transition to a closed-loop economy is essential in creating a low-carbon, recycling and innovative waste management, implementing EU strategies. [33]
430. Wyd. 2 uzup. [32]
431. The economic, technical, technological, social and economic development of the world, carried out at an increasingly faster pace, aims to increase the quality and standards of life. Attempting to meet market stakeholders' changing expectations and requirements significantly affects the overexploitation of natural resources and the degradation of the natural environment, often leading to irreversible consequences. The publication aims to analyse selected changes in the natural surroundings that influence the implementation decisions of the environmental management system. Research conducted over the last 10 years shows that the pro-environmental activities undertaken bring results not only in the number of management systems implemented but also in the number of ecological farms created, reduction of air pollution and reduction in the extraction of natural resources (coal). [32]
432. Passive area sources, such as primary settling tanks, located in the area of wastewater treatment plants can significantly impact odour air quality. This paper presents the variability of odour emissions from the primary settling tank at the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP) during a one-year study of odour concentrations determined by dynamic olfactometry. The investigations indicated that the highest monthly average value of the specified odour emission rate was for July (49.89 ouE/m2/s). Preliminary statistical analysis results using a multiple regression model showed the statistical significance of the independent variables in the form of wastewater temperature and retention time concerning the specific odour emission rate values. [32]
433. The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design. [31]
434. The RE band of electromagnetic radiation has recently become the subject of interest in remote sensing due to its greater penetration into the plant structure than the commonly used NIR band. It is particularly important in cultivating corn, which is characterised by considerable thick foliage during the growth period. While sensors equipped with this channel are used in satellite remote sensing and onboard drones, they are not implemented in airborne imaging systems. An airborne remote sensing station was constructed, including, in addition to the traditional R, G, B and NIR image components, also the RE channel and a laser scanner (ALS). Data processing involves geometric calibration and the creation of a multi-channel orthophoto map. The data processed in this way was tested by analysing several series of aerial recordings of a corn field, which involved developing interpretation keys based on selected vegetation indices and assigning individual groups of pixels with five plant health classes. This study focused on the comparative assessment of the effects of using the NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE and SAVI indices, comparing their results to yield measurements (CHM) and the results of field measurements of plants at the end of the growing season. Promising results with a high degree of correlation were obtained. [31]
435. Wydanie II poprawione [30]
436. Thermal comfort and lighting conditions are essential aspects of indoor environmental quality. They are considered to influence the productivity of room users. The paper presents the experimental test results of research conducted in the university educational building of Kielce University of Technology (Central Poland) using anonymous questionnaires and physical measurements of indoor air parameters with a high-precision microclimate meter. It covers the analysis of the subjective assessment of thermal sensations, acceptability and preference, as well as productivity, lighting and air quality in eleven rooms (both lecture rooms and classrooms). The study analyses the impact of the indoor environment (mostly air temperature and illuminance) on the subjective sensations of the respondents they expressed in the questionnaires. The experiments have enabled us to provide valuable insights into developing the proper indoor environmental conditions to maximise room users' comfort and productivity. [30]
437. Transport policy has always presented many dilemmas. Currently, its pro-ecological aspect, relating to the need to limit the negative impact of transport on the natural environment, causes the need to reconsider many issues related to the sustainable development of transport. The new approach should optimize activities in the areas of respect for the environment, technical progress and economic growth. According to the European Commission, this concept is gaining fuller understanding at the level of political discourse and, at the same time, becoming a horizontal principle – the foundation of EU transport policy. However, this requires the responsible creation of transport policy and its consistent and effective implementation. Therefore, it has become the subject of consideration at the Olsztyn Functional Urban Area level. The study aims to identify documents declared as transport policies or strategies and evaluate them in the context of formal authorization, content, coherence and applicability in the Olsztyn MOF. [29]
438. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu zastosowania uchwytu aktywnego, który wprowadza dodatkowy ruch obrotowy oraz wibracyjny na kształtowanie chropowatości powierzchni przedmiotu obrabianego. W pierwszej części pracy została omówiona charakterystyka procesu obróbki w wygładzarkach rotacyjno-kaskadowych oraz stosowane dotychczas rozwiązania uchwytów aktywnych. Kolejna część pracy opisuje kinematykę ruchu wsadu roboczego oraz jego energię w poszczególnych częściach komory roboczej wygładzarki rotacyjno-kaskadowej. Następnie przedstawiono projekt uchwytu aktywnego oraz jego realizację. W ostatniej części pracy zostały zaprezentowane badania potwierdzające skuteczność opracowanego urządzenia. Badania zostały podzielone na trzy części. W części pierwszej zbadano wpływ rodzaju ruchu przedmiotu obrabianego na efektywność obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego. Kolejna część obejmuje propozycję trzy etapowej obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego i przemieszczaniem przedmiotu obrabianego w kierunku promieniowym komory wygładzarki. W ostatniej części przedstawiono wpływ dziedzictwa technologicznego na końcowy efekt obróbki powierzchni. Na zakończenie przedstawiono podsumowanie i wnioski o charakterze poznawczym, utylitarnym oraz wyznaczające kierunki dalszych badań. [29]
439. By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined. [29]
440. The paper presents research results into the influence of motor fuels on the shear strength of coarse-grained soil. The soil was classified following the unified soil classification system PN-EN ISO 14668-1 as saGr. The soil samples were artificially contaminated with three percentage ratios of motor fuels 5, 7.5 and 10% in relation to the dry mass of the soil skeleton. The test results have shown that motor fuel contamination significantly impacts the tested soil's mechanical properties. Increasing the content of impurities causes a significant decrease in shear strength parameters. For soil contaminated with 5%, 7.5% and 10% of motor fuel, i.e. gasoline or diesel, the angle of internal friction decreased by 8%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Along with the impurities increase, the soil's ultimate bearing capacity, calculated following EC-7, showed a dramatic decrease. The decrease was 40%, 57% and 66% respectively. [28]
441. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), all new buildings must be constructed using technologies that will ensure almost zero energy consumption by the building through renewable energy sources and an energy-efficient thermal envelope. To assess the possibilities of reconstructing an existing building following the requirements of the EPBD in Ukraine, we have presented possible ways to modernise an office in Kyiv using renewable energy sources (biomass, heat pump) at different levels of thermal protection. Based on dynamic modelling results in the DesignBuilder software environment, the technical, environmental and economic aspects of building modernisation using near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) technologies have been investigated. In particular, the authors have analysed the possibilities of using different modes of heat pump operation to provide heat to a building of different levels of thermal protection in the GeoTSOL software environment. The results obtained can be used to assess the benefits of improving the energy efficiency of a building using different types of renewable energy sources. [28]
442. Wyd. 2. rozsz. [27]
443. The paper presents ways to use advanced infrared imaging techniques to study and analyze the thermal losses of a flat plate solar collector. The techniques allowed us to precisely locate and measure areas where unwanted thermal losses occurred on the surface of the collectors studied. The study showed that these losses have a key impact on the energy efficiency of these devices. It was found that using the proposed methodology allows not only the detection of defects in existing structures but also the optimization of the design process of new technical solutions. The temperature of the working medium has a significant effect on heat losses on all analyzed surfaces. However, the influence of the medium flow varies depending on the specific surface. The conclusions of the research suggest that infrared imaging is a valuable tool in developing solar thermal systems, contributing to the reliability and efficiency of these systems. The technique is an important step toward sustainable and economical use of solar energy. Increasing the efficiency of the equipment used to carry out the photothermal conversion process will allow more efficient use of available renewable energy sources. It will have a positive impact on environmental protection. [27]
444. The aim of the study was to conduct the process of bioethanol obtaining from biomass using chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5 and 10%) were used for the delignification process, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using three commercial cellulolytic preparations (Cellic® CTec2, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and cellulase from Aspergillus species). The final step involved an alcoholic fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYPE II yeast. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of reducing sugars was determined in the samples, and the fermentation yield was controlled by determining the ethanol content by pycnometry. The use of chemical pretreatment increased the yield of the whole process by at least 50%. The content of reducing sugars after hydrolysis depended on the type of enzyme preparation used for hydrolysis and the use of NaOH in pretreatment. The highest content of reducing sugars (45.8 g/dm3) was achieved in a sample of material that was purified with 5% NaOH, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using Cellic® CTec2. This means an efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process equal to 94.69%. The concentration of bioethanol after alcoholic fermentation in this sample was 0.509 g/l. [27]
445. The article discusses issues related to modifying existing buildings to improve their condition in terms of lower energy consumption and reducing heat loss. The study takes the form of a review. Current systems and data are described according to relevant standards. The issue of the energy efficiency of the building is explored. A list of the most common ways of thermal modernization has been presented. Financial support programs were discussed. The merits and drawbacks of the solutions are delineated. [26]
446. A concept of producing reinforcing bars for concrete elements from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is presented in the paper. The proposed technology of production harnesses strips of PET cut from bottles and thermal treatment. Finally, a sand-resin coating is applied to the composite bars. Produced bars can be differentiated by utilising different numbers of strips influencing the diameter of a bar. The key mechanical properties of the bars containing 3 to 8 strips were tested during the research program. Maximum loadings and displacements were established. Problems regarding the future application of the bars in question were discussed. Areas of need for further research were pointed out. [26]
447. The current article uses a two-dimensional numerical model to represent the results of theoretical studies of the heat exchange in the soil massif during the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. The analysis of literature sources showed that one of the important conditions for the effective operation of a shallow-soil heat exchange is its rational design parameters, such as the total length of the pipeline, the diameter of the pipe, the distance between the axis of the adjacent pipes, the depth of the heat exchanger placement, etc. A two-dimensional heat exchange model in the soil mass was developed, which made it possible to investigate the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. It was found that the step between the axis of the adjacent pipes of the multi-loop heat exchanger, which is 0.95 m, is optimal when creating a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger in the soil conditions of Kyiv. [24]
448. The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible. [23]
449. It is well documented that nicotine causes low birth weight, preterm birth, pregnancy difficulties, lower fertility, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and decreased steroidogenesis and potassium channels conductance of Xenopus oocytes. Lung cancer is the most well-known adverse impact of nicotine. This work used a 96-hour FETAX test to examine how concurrent administration of glucose monohydrate modifies the effects of exposure to nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and/or glucose on ion channels and membrane potential in Xenopus leavis embryos at an early stage of development. In-vitro fertilised embryos were treated with nicotine and glucose alone or in combination for this aim, and the effects of those treatments were then assessed for potential teratogenic effects. At the conclusion of the FETAX technique, the ratios of healthy, abnormal, and dead embryos were calculated, and the length of embryos in each treatment group was assessed. The ratios of abnormal and dead embryos were considerably higher with nicotine treatment alone compared to controls. Compared to the results of the nicotine-alone treatment group, the ratio of aberrant embryos was marginally reduced by concurrent glucose and nicotine therapy. In contrast, the ratio of normal embryos was raised. Additionally, treatments with glucose, nicotine, and Nic+Glu significantly altered the resting membrane potentials of fertilised oocytes (p < 0.001). Our findings indicated that the simultaneous treatment groups that also received glucose had a protective impact on embryos. Such structured, more sophisticated research is required to confirm these findings. [22]
450. The paper discusses applying the laser technique to modify the copper heater surface. The interaction of the laser beam with the base material leads to its melting, and various shapes can be obtained during the process. The study is focused on the boiling heat transfer analyses of the specimen in the form of a disc with longitudinal microfins of a height of 0.5 mm. The optical microscope was used to determine the morphology of the surface. The laser beam generated significant roughness, which benefitted the overall thermal performance. Considerable heat transfer augmentation was recorded for the laser–made surface in relation to the untreated sample, which served as a reference. The heat flux was several times higher, while the laser–treated sample's boiling curves were shifted to the area of smaller temperature differences. Two boiling models proved unsuccessful in predicting the heat exchange process occurring during pool boiling of distilled water and ethyl alcohol. According to the Smirnov, Xin and Chao models, the average differences between the experimental data and calculation results were ca. 93 kW/m2 and 116 kW/m2 for water, 78 kW/m2 and 68 kW/m2 for ethanol. [21]
451. Includes the identification and analysis of the vehicle recycling system using the example of buses in consideration of economic and business issues in Poland, specialising in the collection of cars/buses, their dismantling, segregation of materials and secondary use (recycling), given the regulatory changes proposed by the EU. The operations listed are interrelated. Reusing materials identical to their original purpose (including reuse of steel for car bodies) and assemblies from end-of-life vehicles (after possible reconditioning) can be applied as spare parts for repairs, subject to the observance of certain rules and the law. Life extension activities contribute to reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. The paper presents a case for dismantling a bus. [21]
452. Maritime transport contributes to stimulating the development of civilisation. According to the European Environment Agency, around 1/4 of the total CO2 emissions in the EU in 2019 came from the transport sector, of which 71.7% were from road transport. The share of CO2 emissions from maritime transport is estimated to be about 3% of the world's. In terms of energy demand for moving a specific load over a specific distance, it is currently the cheapest form of transport. The International Maritime Organization's activities aim to reduce the environmental impact of this form of transport. The article discusses the expected effects of the regulations introduced until 2023. Regulations have a significant impact on the increase in transport costs. There may be far-reaching changes in the shipping market that have an indirect (rather unintended) effect due to the introduced regulations. "Side effects" can be very severe, especially for shipowners with a small number of ships. The article attempts to draw attention to such threats. [20]
453. Wydanie 3., zaktualizowane, uwzględniające stan prawny na dzień 30.09.2017 r. [19]
454. Wydanie I, stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 2019 roku [18]
455. The article considers the possibility of efficient energy and environmental use of vortex devices for the granulation of solids. The factors influencing the energy consumption for generating a vortex flow with dispersed solid inclusions are analysed. A mathematical model for calculating the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus in a clean gas flow, which was used in computer modelling, is presented. The main dependencies for determining the influence of the geometric dimensions of the vortex on its aerodynamic drag are also given. An analytical solution to the problem of minimising the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus during the movement of a dispersed medium is considered. The forces acting on the particles in the cyclone chamber during interaction with the gas are analysed. In this paper, a general method for calculating the parameters of cyclone-vortex devices for dispersed media using the basic equations of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics is developed. The solution approach used in this paper can be extended to other vortex devices not considered in this work. [18]
456. Motywacja do podjęcia tematyki badawczej dotyczącej intensyfikacji zjawiska wymiany ciepła w powietrznym kolektorze słonecznym było dostrzeżenie rosnącej potrzeby opracowywania nowatorskich rozwiązań w obszarze energetyki słonecznej. Rozwijająca się dziedzina wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, wymaga poszukiwania sposobów na zwiększanie sprawności cieplnej urządzeń do konwersji energii. Celem pracy było poszukiwanie na drodze eksperymentalnej i numerycznej nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych pasywnych powietrznych kolektorów słonecznych. Oczekiwano, że możliwe jest zaproponowanie takiej konstrukcji, przy której uzyska się zwiększenie intensywności procesu wymiany ciepła między powierzchnią grzejną a czynnikiem roboczym, co zwiększy sprawność cieplną urządzenia. [18]
457. A well-known way to increase the thermal insulation properties of windows in buildings is to increase the number of glasses in a window or, what is the same, to increase the number of glass chambers in a glass unit. This method, in combination with low-emissivity coatings on the inner surfaces of glass, can provide a significant increase in the heat transfer resistance of window structures. The use of such windows in construction can significantly reduce heat loss from the premises in the winter, which leads to a reduction in energy costs for heating and increases the energy efficiency of the building. In this work, the characteristics of heat transfer through a three-chamber glass unit are studied using numerical modeling and experimental study. Options for the absence and presence of low-emissivity coatings on glass are considered. Changes in air velocity and temperature in the chambers are studied. Heat transfer resistance for three-chamber windows are calculated depending on the number of low-emissivity coatings on the glass. [18]
458. Wyd. 2 uzup. i popr. [17]
459. The paper presents the test results of the shear strength of composite materials, in which the base material was peat. The materials modifying the mineral part of the peat ground skeleton were fly ash and hydrated lime. The research was carried out for two groups. In group 1, the ratio of the mass of the peat skeleton to the mass of fly ash was equal to one, and in group 2, it was two. Hydrated lime content in the unit mass of the composite in group 1 was 2.4, 4.8 and 9.2%. In the second group, it was 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4%. The test results showed that the materials from group 1. (P/FA = 1) are characterised by the highest shear strength compared to materials from group 2. (P/FA = 2), regardless of the content of hydrated lime. It should also be noted that the shear strength of the materials of group 1 was significantly higher than the shear strength of the base material, which was peat. [17]
460. The massive emergence of plastics has contributed to their widespread use in everyday life. Unfortunately, the lack of appropriate technologies for processing these materials has contributed to environmental pollution by plastic particles. This study investigated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles from selected plastics such as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene was obtained from plastic bag waste, and polyethylene terephthalate was from crushed plastic bottles of mineral water. The first stage of nanoparticle production was to grind the collected used plastic waste, i.e., plastic bags and plastic bottles, to the smallest possible size using a cutting mill. Next, the waste was ground in a planetary-ball mill and then homogenised in a homogeniser. The particle size distribution of the obtained particles for selected waste plastics was examined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. The objective of the work was achieved – as a result of the performed procedures, nanoparticles of waste plastics were obtained. The following average sizes for particular materials were obtained: plastic bottles (PET) 212.81 nm, plastic bags (PE) 208.14 nm, and smaller particles, e.g. 27.74 nm. [17]
461. The article contains answers to three "why" questions: - why the waste management system still does not bring the expected results, and the Polish state is one of the lowest-ranking in the European score regarding the amount of segregated waste; - why the sale of selected secondary raw materials and their material reuse in production processes do not cover the costs related to waste management; - why it does not bring additional profits. The article is based on research conducted in Wroclaw from 1998 to 2018. There is a cost model that can be adapted to similar cases. The article deals with removing organisational and/or technical reasons causing the stagnation of selective waste collection. [17]
462. Osady ściekowe, są odpadem powstającym w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Ich unieszkodliwianie i zagospodarowanie stanowi problem światowy. Rozprawa dotyczy zmniejszonej suplementacji węgla na proces transformacji form chemicznych trzech pierwiastków (Zn, Cu i Ni) podczas kompostowania komunalnych osadów ściekowych. Zrealizowane badania dowiodły, że niska, początkowa wartość ilorazu C/N mieszaniny osadów ściekowych, przeznaczonych do kompostowania, nie wpływa negatywnie na jakość i dojrzałość kompostu. Otrzymane wyniki wykazują, że zmniejszenie dodatku metalu, o dużej zawartości węgla organicznego, powoduje, że w miarę trwania kompostowania metale ciężkie przechodzą w formy trudno dostępne dla środowiska. [15]
463. Wydanie 2 poprawione [14]
464. Stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 1996 r. [14]
465. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska poświęcona jest opracowaniu oraz zastosowaniu zminiaturyzowanych metod analitycznych, umożliwiających szybkie i tanie oznaczanie różnych biomarkerów, a także mikrozanieczyszczeń w złożonych próbkach środowiskowych. Ponadto, poddano dyskusji przegląd najnowszych publikacji naukowych, dotyczących niskocząsteczkowych, organicznych mikrozanieczyszczeń ekosystemów wodnych oraz ścieków. [14]
466. Landfills are widely utilised for waste disposal due to their economic advantages and ease of implementation compared to alternative methods. However, landfills exert significant environmental and health impacts on adjacent agricultural land. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil is a risk to ecological and food safety. Methodological approaches to assess and mitigate the impact of landfills on agricultural land are essential for ensuring sustainable land use practices and safeguarding human health. In this study, landfills were assessed at the local level, and the hazard level was classified according to it. A set of priority measures for restoring technogenic disturbed areas and minimising their impact on agricultural land was determined. The need to select a set of innovative, ecologically oriented methods for remediation of landfills, depending on the type and degree of soil contamination, was identified in context of ensuring environmental and food security. [14]
467. The community is an important part of the city. With the city's development, it is faced with the problem of renewal and reconstruction of the old community. It is necessary to explore the sustainable development of the community. In this paper, evaluation and analysis of the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy of the community are studied. The indicators were selected appropriately to reflect the SE and EE development status comprehensively. The results show that Nanjing, Wuhan and Xi'an take the top spot in terms of CCD, meaning it has the most harmonious relationship between the social-economic subsystem and eco-environment subsystem; Xi'an has the highest SE value, while Lianyungang has the lowest evaluation result. Nanjing has the highest EE value, indicating it has the best eco-environment development, while Suqian has the worst. This study provides a scientific basis and effective measures for sustainable development in China. [13]
468. Heat demand calculation procedures for buildings are currently being conducted based on the Polish Standard grounded on the European Standard for heat losses methodology. Poland was divided into several climatic zones with given calculations and annual average external air temperature values. In each zone, the technical committee gives the temperature that must be considered. The data included in the Polish Standard preparation concern several years backwards. However, throughout the previous years, we have observed the tendency of the temperature to increase throughout the year, not only in Poland. The phenomenon provides scientists with the conclusion that the temperatures will continue to increase yearly. The low temperatures in the winter season will no longer occur. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the possibility of lowering the heat demand calculation, including the actual prevailing temperature values. The study was conducted regarding possible economic benefits for the building users due to the lower temperature difference between the internal and external temperatures. Three types of heating systems were analysed. The calculations were conducted for air to water heat pump, pellet boiler and gas condensing boiler, proving that regarding the actual meteorological data, the average annual cost reduction will be in the range of 858 PLN to 1,035 PLN. [13]
469. Wyd. 2 popr. i rozsz. [12]
470. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono stan wiedzy i techniki w zakresie wykonywania połączeń spawanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą spawania elektrodą topliwą w osłonie gazowej oraz metody badań i oceny złączy spawanych (rozdział 2.). Analiza ta była podstawą do zdefiniowania hipotezy, celów, problemów badawczych i zakresu pracy (zamieszczonych w rozdziale 3.). W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono teoretyczno-doświadczalne metody określania ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza spawanego. Hipotezy niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej zostały sformułowane w następujący sposób: 1. Należy przypuszczać, że w celu zwiększenia dokładności przewidywania wpływu wartości energii liniowej spawania na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych, takich jak makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość, należy przy opracowywaniu zależności funkcyjnych uwzględnić nie tylko wartość energii liniowej, ale również związki pomiędzy wartościami parametrów wchodzących w jej skład, tj. wartościami natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku i prędkości spawania. 2. Należy przypuszczać, że standardowe wyznaczanie ilości wprowadzonego ciepła w procesie spawania metodą GMAW na podstawie nastawionych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu (napięcia łuku, natężenia prądu i prędkości spawania), według wzoru normowego, nie odpowiada rzeczywistej ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza, co nie pozwala precyzyjnie przewidywać właściwości,połączeń spawanych. Wyznaczając wartość energii liniowej na podstawie wartości rzeczywistych parametrów procesu spawania (zmierzonych w trakcie trwania procesu), można z wyższą dokładnością przewidywać właściwości połączeń spawanych. Głównym celem poznawczym dysertacji było określenie wpływu zmian wartości energii liniowej spawania, będącej uogólnionym parametrem zadawanym w procesie spawania (obliczanym na podstawie zmierzonych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu, tj. natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku, i prędkości spawania), na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych tzn. makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość w złączach wykonanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą GMAW. Cele rozprawy doktorskiej osiągnięto na drodze badań doświadczalnych procesu spawania przedstawionych w rozdziale 5. Uzyskane wyniki badań i analiz stanowiły podstawę do sformułowania wniosków końcowych, a także do określenia kierunków dalszych badań, zawartych w rozdziale 6. niniejszej pracy. [12]
471. [Wydanie 2 poprawione] [11]
472. Wydanie 3 poprawione [11]
473. This research explores strategies for effectively preparing for and mitigating the impact of seismic natural disasters on individuals and their health. The study underscores the potential for sustainable furniture solutions to play a pivotal role, emphasising the critical need for proactive disaster risk reduction. Drawing on descriptive analysis of case studies from events such as the Tokyo and Paris Olympics, the research employs an analytical framework to examine the application of recycled cardboard furniture in addressing the needs of disaster-prone regions. The study advocates for locally sourced solutions to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts by optimising the utilisation of sustainable furniture, particularly in developing countries like Palestine. The findings suggest that leveraging locally recycled cardboard furniture can offer a scalable, cost-effective approach to furnishing disaster-affected areas, facilitating ease of transportation, storage, and assembly without requiring specialised skills. [11]
474. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system of the ecological environment and the economy, and the coupling degrees and coordination degrees from 2015 to 2019 are calculated. The results show that (1) There is a relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Discharging industrial pollutants is an important factor affecting the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economic coupling. (2) The comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment and economic development systems is increasing yearly, and the quality of the ecological environment and the level of economic development are constantly improving. (3) The value of the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between ecological environment and economic development is increasing yearly, and the development trend is good. The coupling degree gradually shifts from low-level coupling to high-level coupling stage. [11]
475. W początkowej fazie rozwoju wytwarzanie przyrostowe było narzędziem wspierającym produkcję masową oraz redukującym koszt lub czasochłonność etapu prototypowania. Obecnie dzięki możliwość precyzyjnego wytwarzania elementów o skomplikowanej geometrii, w jednym etapie, bez ograniczeń konwencjonalnych metod obróbki lub zdeterminowanych kształtów, elementy wytworzone przyrostowo znajdują zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach życia, w tym inżynierii biomedycznej. Jednym z problemów inżynierii biomedycznej, który może zostać rozwiązany dzięki zastosowaniu technik wytwarzania przyrostowego jest tzw. zjawisko ekranowania naprężeń (ang. stress shielding) występujące na styku tkanka kostna – implant metalowy w wyniku znacznych różnic właściwości mechanicznych obu materiałów. Zjawisko to znacząco wpływa na procesy osteointegracji i prowadzi do aseptycznego luzowania implantu. Niniejsza praca swoimi założeniami wpisuje się w obecny trend polegający na wytwarzaniu spersonalizowanych implantów o porowatej otwartokomórkowej strukturze i module sprężystości zbliżonym do zastępowanej kości. Mimo, iż tematyka ta jest szeroko opisywana w literaturze światowej nadal zauważyć można zagadnienia, które wymagają dalszych rozważań. Praca składa się z części teoretycznej (Rozdziały 2-3) i części eksperymentalnej (Rozdziały 4-6). Każdy rozdział części eksperymentalnej związany jest z jednym głównym problemem badawczym, którego rozwiązanie było celem niniejszej pracy. Rozdział 4 przedstawia wyniki analizy wybranych właściwości materiałowych i mechanicznych oraz cech powierzchni elementów wytworzonych ze stali nierdzewnej 316L z wykorzystaniem dwóch technologii wytwarzania przyrostowego: selektywnego stapiania laserowego i binder jetting. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na poznanie mechanizmu powstawania defektów strukturalnych i powierzchniowych w danej technologii i ich wpływu na właściwości wytwarzanych elementów. Rozdział 5 dotyczy oceny możliwości zastosowania technologii SLM i binder jetting do wytwarzania struktur porowatych do zastosowań w inżynierii biomedycznej. W przeprowadzonych badaniach skupiono się głównie na zmienności właściwości mechanicznych struktur porowatych w zależności od ich geometrii przestrzennej, jak i technologii, w której zostały wytworzone. Istotne w ocenie okazały się również cechy powierzchni mające wpływ na ryzyko przeniknięcia cząstek metalu do organizmu. W obu przypadkach stwierdzono przewagę struktur wytworzonych w technologii binder jetting. Rozdział 6 przedstawia ocenę efektywności osadzania powłok DLC na elementach wytworzonych w wybranej technologii w celu modyfikacji ich właściwości korozyjnych. Dokonując wyboru technologii wzięto pod uwagę wnioski sformułowane po zakończeniu wcześniejszych etapów badań. W związku z tym podłoża zostały wytworzone w technologii binder jetting. Ze względu na ich skomplikowany kształt do osadzenia warstwy DLC zastosowano technologię chemicznego osadzania z fazy gazowej wspomaganego plazmą o częstotliwości radiowej. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że morfologia i chropowatość powierzchni były czynnikami mającymi największy wpływ na proces osadzania powłoki DLC. Grubość powłoki zależała od promienia krzywizny powierzchni. Uzyskane wyniki badań korozji elektrochemicznej pokazały, jak ważne dla dalszych prac nad modyfikacją powierzchni elementów i struktur porowatych wytwarzanych w technologiach AM są zagadnienia związane z wcześniejszym przygotowaniem powierzchni. Podsumowując, przeprowadzone w ramach niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej badania i analizy potwierdziły wysoką przydatność elementów wytwarzanych przyrostowo do zastosowań biomedycznych ze względu na możliwość sterowania ich właściwościami mechanicznymi oraz cechami powierzchni [10]
476. Physical and geometric factors are generally regarded as the main cause of evaporation characteristics of the Leidenfrost droplets levitating above the hot surface. It is well-known and generally accepted that similar research is conducted under different conditions and on individual measurement set-ups. This is one of the potential reasons for the differences in the results of thermal fluxes and computational models in scientific papers. This paper discusses the influence of the heating surface geometry on the heat transfer coefficient h during water drops evaporation under film boiling regime. The variable geometry parameters are the curvature radius of the heating bowl of R = 64 and 254 mm. Individually compiled test stands made it possible to measure the instantaneous drop mass for each R radius and to determine the coefficient h. The methodology was validated by calculating the relative error. It changes with the curvature radius and the droplet size, and for droplet mass from about 2 g to 0.3 g does not exceed ±10%. The heat transfer coefficient h is about 15% higher for a drop located on a surface with a larger radius of curvature. Moreover, the method that was devised allows us to estimate the h value for asymmetric droplet shapes. The advantage of the adopted method of measuring the drop mass over time is the possibility of analyzing heat transfer processes in any drop shape range, even in the case of asymmetric ones. Previous research methods were mainly based on determining the mass of the drop by calculating its volume. [10]
477. A XII 23/21, A XII 23/31, A XII 23/50a, A XII 23/50d, A XII 23/50f, A XII 23/50h, A XII 24/6c/1, A XII 24/6c/4, A XII 24/6c/2, A XII 24/6c/7, A XII 24/6c/8, A XII 24/6c/9, A XII 24/6a, A XII 24/6a/1, A XII 24/6a/2 [10]
478. Wyd. 2, uzup. i popr. [9]
479. Wydanie 3 [9]
480. W zakresie niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej przeprowadzono i przedstawiono badania porowatych powłok wytworzonych w procesie plazmowego utleniania elektrolitycznego z zastosowaniem procesów DC-PEO z kontrolą napięciową w elektrolitach opartych o stężony kwas fosforowy(V) oraz wodę destylowaną z dodatkiem azotanów(V) wapnia. Odnotowano, że zarówno zmiana napięcia procesu, czasu jego prowadzenia, rodzaju wymuszenia napięciowego, a także zastosowanie elektrolitów o różnym składzie chemicznym pozwala wytworzyć powłoki o zróżnicowanych właściwościach stereometrycznych. Rozpatrzono wpływ wartości napięcia procesu PEO, czasu trwania obróbki oraz skład elektrolitów na wybrane parametry statystyczne wyznaczone z natężenia prądu zarejestrowanego podczas procesu PEO oraz wybrane parametry chropowatości 3D użyte do opisu stereometrii powierzchni wytworzonych powłok. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaproponowanie modeli matematycznych uwzględniających wpływ warunków prowadzenia procesu PEO, w tym składu chemicznego stosowanych elektrolitów oraz napięcia międzyelektrodowego, na wartości wybranych parametrów składowej losowej natężenia prądu rejestrowanego w trakcie procesu PEO. Do analizy statystycznej sygnałów prądowych PEO po odcięciu składowej stałej zastosowano wartość oczekiwaną, odchylenie standardowe, rozstęp oraz skośność. Odnotowano, że w elektrolitach na bazie stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego wartość parametru Sdr (średnia wskaźnika względnego przyrostu powierzchni) dla wytworzonych powierzchni porowatych powłok mieściła się w zakresie od 5,2% (5% H3PO4) do 92,3% (85% H3PO4). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym zarejestrowanym podczas procesu PEO mieściła się w zakresie od 0,06 mA (5% H3PO4) do 60,71 mA (85% H3PO4). Zauważono także, że dodanie azotanu(V) wapnia zarówno do stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego (85%), jak i wody spowodowało wytwarzanie porowatych powłok, których parametr Sdr mieści się w zakresie od 0,04% do 163,7% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 4,9% do 125,9% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym mieściła się w zakresie od 2,34 mA do 44,97 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 0,98 mA do 49,42 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). W pracy wykazano również, że zwiększenie napięcia w procesie PEO powoduje wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni powłok oraz pojawienie się pików wysokoprądowych w sygnale prądowym PEO. [9]
481. Thermochemical processes are among the most effective methods of obtaining hydrogen-rich gases from biomass. These technologies mainly include pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction. Thermochemical conversion of dry biomass is similar to the conversion of fossil fuels using gasification and pyrolysis methods. Products obtained through thermochemical processes (CO and CH4) can be processed into other biofuels, e.g. syngas, a raw material for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, methanol and alcohols. In recent years, advanced research has been carried out using biomass to produce liquid fuels. The biomass pyrolysis process in the presence of a catalyst is based on the rapid heating of the biomass to a temperature of approximately 500°C in the so-called inert atmosphere in which there are no reactive gases. This process produces a liquid product: pyrolysis oil, gas and charcoal. The bio-oil produced in this process constitutes 60-75% of the mass of the biofuel and is thermally unstable because it contains up to 300 different chemical compounds. However, the bio-oil obtained in this way is incompatible with conventional liquid transport fuels (gasoline, diesel) due to its high oxygen content. Pyrolysis in the presence of a zeolite catalyst is a process that allows for the effective conversion of biomass in economic and ecological terms. A zeolite catalyst makes it possible to remove oxidized compounds in situ and modify the properties of the biofuel to ensure its compatibility with conventional transport fuels. The catalyst plays a crucial role in this process because it removes oxygen from oxygenates and, consequently, creates stable reaction products that can then be treated to obtain renewable transport fuels or other useful chemicals. The article presents methods of biomass conversion via pyrolisis, microorganisms usage, zeolite-based catalysis, biocatalysis and photo-fermentation, which poses a big possibility of diversification of renewable energy sources. [9]
482. Niniejsza praca doktorska przedstawia problematykę transportu osadów niespoistych, niejednorodnych granulometrycznie z zawartością bardzo drobnych frakcji w ruchu falowym nad płaskim i nachylonym dnem. Zagadnienia związane z transportem rumowiska w ruchu falowym i związanych z nim zmian morfologicznych dna z punktu widzenia praktyki inżynierskiej dotyczą między innymi erozji wybrzeża, zapiaszczania torów wodnych, projektowania i eksploatacji morskich budowli hydrotechnicznych oraz konstrukcji ochrony brzegu. Modelowanie natężenia transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym to ważny, ale trudny temat w inżynierii przybrzeżnej, gdyż osad jest intensywnie transportowany głównie w bardzo cienkiej warstwie, o wysokiej koncentracji tuż ponad dnem. Celem pracy było udowodnienie tez pracy poprzez rozpoznanie eksperymentalne i teoretyczne strumieni 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − z uwzględnieniem wpływu strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑓 − frakcji najdrobniejszych 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚 , w ruchu falowym nad dnem nienachylonym i nachylonym w kierunku przeciwnym do kierunku ruchu fali. Następnie zaproponowano modyfikację modelu trójwarstwowego transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym (Kaczmarek i inni 2022) do opisu wyżej wymienionych strumieni w obu wymienionych przypadkach, a także przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą strumieni osadów z udziałem frakcji drobnych i bardzo drobnych w ruchu falowym i przepływie jednokierunkowym. Celem prac eksperymentalnych rozprawy doktorskiej było przeprowadzenie pomiarów i zebranie danych eksperymentalnych, dokumentujących pionową strukturę całkowitego transportu osadów 𝑞+/−, odpowiednio w fazie grzbietu i doliny fali, a także wielkości zarówno natężenia strumienia 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− osadów wychodzących w obu kierunkach z obszaru obliczeniowego do sąsiednich obszarów kontrolnych (i atrzymywanych w łapaczkach), jak i składu granulometrycznego osadów w obszarach kontrolnych po obu stronach obszaru obliczeniowego w warunkach płaskiego oraz nachylonego dna. Znajomość tych wielkości jest niezbędna dla prawidłowej oceny zmian batymetrii w obszarze obliczeniowym. Realizację celu, przeprowadzono na drodze eksperymentalnej, zarówno nad dnem płaskim jak i nachylonym, w dwóch etapach. Pierwszy z nich obejmował rozpoznanie eksperymentalne strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓1 +/−, 𝑞𝑓2 +/− i 𝑞𝑓3 +/− przy wykorzystaniu techniki pomiarowej, stosowanej od niedawna do analizy ruchu osadów w wodzie, tj. PIV (ang. Particle Image Velocimetry). Drugi etap prac eksperymentalnych obejmował pomiary strumieni zatrzymywanych w łapaczkach 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + i 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − wraz z określeniem składu ranulometrycznego transportowanych osadów. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono w Gdańsku w 2020 i 2021 roku w laboratorium hydraulicznym Instytutu Budownictwa Wodnego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, wyposażonym w kanał falowy oraz pomiarowe i wspomagające urządzenia niezbędne do przeprowadzenia badań. Rezultaty badań eksperymentalnych zostały skonfrontowane z wynikami analizy teoretycznej, przeprowadzonej w oparciu o trójwarstwowy model transportu niejednorodnych osadów (Kaczmarek i inni 2022). Z uwagi na fakt, że model ten nie uwzględnia efektów pionowego sortowania osadów z zawartością 𝑖 −tych bardzo drobnych frakcji z zakresu średnic 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚, pomija efekty opóźnień fazowych frakcji drobnych z tego zakresu i nie opisuje wpływu tych frakcji na wielkość transportu 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− oraz nie uwzględnia efektów związanych z nachyleniem dna, takich jak wpływ sił grawitacji na ziarna osadu oraz dodatkowy efekt zmniejszonego lub zwiększonego ciśnienia przy zmianie przekroju przepływu, zaproponowano modyfikację tego modelu o współczynniki korygujące. Przeprowadzono obliczenia transportu strumieni frakcji bardzo drobnych i drobnych, frakcji grubych oraz sumarycznych wychodzących w fazie grzbietu oraz doliny z obszaru wyjściowego i osadzanych w sąsiednich obszarach kontrolnych oraz porównano z wynikami pomiarów. [9]
483. Wyd. 2 poszerz. [8]
484. Rozprawa składa się z siedmiu rozdziałów. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono wprowadzenie do rozpatrywanej tematyki, genezę pracy i krótką charakterystykę procesów cięcia materiałów metalowych. Rozdział drugi zawiera analizę stanu wiedzy, w którym opisano charakterystyczne cechy blach elektrotechnicznych, sposoby ich obróbki za pomocą technik cięcia, opis zjawisk zachodzących podczas procesu i charakterystycznych parametrów technologicznych, aktualne problemy badawcze analizowane przez innych autorów zajmujących się procesami cięcia oraz aktualne sposoby modelowania tego procesu. Przedstawiono w nim również cel, hipotezę i zakres pracy. Rozdział trzeci zawiera opis stanowisk badawczych i wyniki badań charakterystyk materiałowych analizowanego gatunku stali elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono opis modelu matematycznego i symulacyjnego procesu cięcia. Do opisu zjawisk na typowym kroku przyrostowym wykorzystano uaktualniony opis Lagrange'a, przyjmując skokowo- spółobrotowy układ współrzędnych. Proces cięcia analizowano jako geometrycznie i fizycznie nieliniowy problem brzegowo-początkowy z warunkami brzegowymi, które są nieznane w obszarze kontaktu narzędzie-przedmiot obrabiany. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań symulacyjnych z założeniem występowania w materiale przestrzennych stanów naprężeń zarówno dla płaskich stanów odkształceń jak i stanów przestrzennych. Za pomocą opracowanych modeli MES określono wpływ głównych parametrów technologicznych i warunków realizacji procesu cięcia na wartości naprężeń zastępczych w strefie cięcia, szerokość strefy odkształconej, rozkład współczynnika trójosiowości stanu naprężeń oraz formowanie się defektów ciętej krawędzi. W rozdziale szóstym zawarto opis stanowisk do badań eksperymentalnych procesu cięcia, plan badań właściwych oraz wyniki wraz z walidacją modeli numerycznych. Dokonano analizy wyników badań za pomocą mikroskopów w celu szczegółowej obserwacji charakterystycznych cech powierzchni przecięcia takich jak: wysokość zadziorów, szerokość przełomu poślizgowego, stan powłoki izolacyjnej. Wyniki opracowano statystycznie, otrzymując modele w postaci funkcji regresji. Przeprowadzono badania wybranych właściwości magnetycznych blachy po procesie cięcia dla przyjętych parametrów obróbki. W etapie końcowym rozdziału sformułowano zadanie optymalizacji wielokryterialnej oraz przedstawiono jego rozwiązanie dla procesu cięcia analizowanej blachy elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale siódmym przedstawiono wnioski stwierdzające prawdziwość postawionej hipotezy, wnioski poznawcze, utylitarne i dotyczące kierunków dalszych prac naukowo-badawczych. Przedstawione w rozprawie wyniki badań własnych mają zarówno charakter aplikacyjny jak i poznawczy. Pozwalają one prawidłowo dobierać wielkości decydujące o jakości wyrobu w zależności od warunków technologicznych cięcia lub określać optymalne warunki procesu. [8]
485. River erosion is a complex process due to multiple factors, such as climate changes, discharge quantity, the type of transported sediments, and variations in the hydrological regime. This paper aims to analyse river erosion's impact on transport elements' stability (especially on bridges). To do so, a Geomorphic Change Detection analysis was used, which involves calculating the altitude differences between two successive digital models, as a basis for calculating surfaces and volumes of sediments displaced through the erosion process. This analysis was doubled by a series of cross-sections in the proximity of bridges to observe the current river bed configuration and identify the active processes. The variation of these processes is directly dependent on human interventions undertaken to reduce the erosion process and to protect the infrastructure elements. The bridges located in the studied area are in different stages of damage by lateral and depth erosion processes, depending on their intensity and the human interventions made to protect these bridges. The least affected are the bridges where complex measures have been taken (construction of bed sills) or the dynamic processes have a low intensity. [8]
486. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem równoważenia hydraulicznego i termodynamicznego w kotłowni hybrydowej z obiegami grzewczymi o zróżnicowanym i zmiennym w czasie zapotrzebowaniu na ciepło, prezentację istniejących dostępnych sprzęgieł hydraulicznych oraz nowatorskie opracowanie szeregowego sprzęgła termo-hydraulicznego wraz z przypisanym do niego modelem matematycznym. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą wyników badań w warunkach rzeczywistych i modelowych. Zastosowano analizę różnic średnich oraz ocenę moderacji [8]
487. Human activity has been impacting the environment for thousands of years. Progressing environmental pollution caused by human economic activity is associated with an increase in the concentration of trace elements and the formation of an excess of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have always been present in the environment, but the development of civilisation and technology has resulted in their increase. PAHs easily penetrate plants, animals and the human body, which makes them a serious threat to human health and agriculture. Reducing the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil is possible by introducing a microbiological preparation in the form of Effective Microorganisms (EM) into the soil. Some strains of microorganisms in EM can decompose chemical compounds, including PAHs. Through biodegradation, EM transforms harmful substances into less toxic forms. EM stimulates the activity of soil microflora, which naturally participates in the decomposition processes of organic substances, which contributes to improving soil quality and environmental protection. The following work presents the results of own research on analysing the impact of Effective Microorganisms on changes in the content of PAHs in the soil. It was observed that 75% of test samples in the form of soils after wheat cultivation in which EM was added had lower contents of 3,4,5-ring PAHs than their control samples. The work aims to analyse the potential of EM as a preparation that supports the natural capabilities of the ecosystem to reduce the amount of pollutants in the form of PAHs in the soil. [8]
488. Wydanie II poprawione i uzupełnione [7]
489. Wyd. 3. rozsz. [7]
490. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem pojawiającej się wody w układach sieci gazowych średniego i niskiego ciśnienia niedający się wytłumaczyć wprost nieszczelnościami przewodów. Nie są powszechnie znane fakty, że w gazociągach rozprowadzających gaz ziemny bezpośrednio do konsumentów może pojawić się woda. Natomiast specjaliści od eksploatacji sieci gazowych na co dzień mają do czynienia z tym zjawiskiem. Skąd bierze się ta woda? Na pewno nie przez nieszczelności powstające na sieci wskutek uszkodzenia mechanicznego lub korozji, ponieważ gazociągi znajdują się zawsze pod nadciśnieniem. Gaz ziemny wydobywany z ziemi jest zazwyczaj zanieczyszczony frakcjami stałymi i obciążony wilgocią, posiada właściwości żrące. Wcześniej osuszony gaz pobierany z podziemnych magazynów gazu jest również nasycony wodą. Obecność wody w gazie ziemnym jest niepożądana, ponieważ potęguje korozje rur i sprzętu, zwłaszcza w obecności H2S i CO2, a w warunkach zimowych tworzy korki lodowe. Może przyczyniać się także do powstania hydratów blokujących przepływ gazu, szczególnie w przypadku procesów odzysku węglowodorów ciekłych, takich jak wymrażanie czy procesy kriogeniczne. [7]
491. The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses. [6]
492. The consequence of landfilling is biogas production in the waste bed, the main parameter of which is methane. The capture of biogas and its energetic use in a cogeneration system is the optimal solution for both environmental and energetic aspects. Nevertheless, the emission of gases and dust into the air from the cogeneration plant as a result of the combustion of biogas poses a potential threat not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also poses a serious risk to human health, especially to the respiratory system, leading to a variety of diseases. The gas and dust emission tests performed in the study showed significant values for CO2 173.08 [kg ∙ h-1] and for CO 0.7545 [kg ∙ h-1], NO2 0.7129 [kg ∙ h-1], SO2 0.3958 [kg ∙ h-1] and total dust 0.0013 [kg ∙ h-1] respectively. The work aims to demonstrate the actual emissions of gases and dust into the air as a result of the combustion of landfill gas and to use them to calculate fees for the use of the environment. Since no emission standards have been defined for this type of installation and there is no need to use reducing devices, it is crucial to regularly monitor pollutant emissions by installation operators to optimize the biogas combustion process and reduce emissions. Replacing the reference values with measurement data regarding air emissions will make the actual impact of the cogeneration installation on the environment more realistic. [6]
493. Obserwowana w ostatnich latach zmiana sposobu zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych jest efektem realizacji strategii gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w Unii Europejskiej, zakładającej przejście gospodarki z modelu liniowego na cyrkularny, w którym zasoby są zużywane w sposób bardziej zrównoważony, a odpady stają się surowcem. Celem rozprawy doktorskiej było wyznaczenie związku pomiędzy ilością dodawanego suplementu i intensywnością procesu kompostowania, wyrażoną zmianą wartości określonych parametrów fizykochemicznych. Głównym składnikiem modyfikującym skład mieszaniny poszczególnych komponentów tworzących wsad do procesu kompostowania, była słoma jęczmienna. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie przedsiębiorstwa Goleniowskie Wodociągi i Kanalizacja. Wyniki badań, uzyskane w trakcie realizacji pracy potwierdziły hipotezę badawczą, która zakładała możliwość przebiegu procesu kompostowania w warunkach zwiększonej koncentracji azotu. [5]
494. Motywacją do podjęcia badań mających na celu podwyższenie właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych ceramiki szklanej jest rosnące zainteresowanie modyfikacją właściwości tych materiałów, stosowanych w kompozytach ściernych na bazie tlenku glinu i azotku boru. Pełniąca funkcję spoiwa ceramika szklana, której zadaniem jest związanie ziaren, określa wytrzymałość mechaniczną całego kompozytu. Jest to o tyle ważne, gdyż z opublikowanych w ostatnich latach propozycji rozwiązań technologicznych dotyczących doskonalenia właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych ceramicznych kompozytów ściernych wynika, że jednym z głównych problemów jest spełnienie jednocześnie, wzajemnie się wykluczających, dwóch głównych właściwości tych kompozytów, tj. wysokiej porowatości i odporności na zużycie. Oprócz poprawy wytrzymałości mechanicznej i odporności na zużycie kompozytów ściernych, zauważa się także problem ich niewystarczającej przewodności cieplnej. Przekłada się to również na liczne problemy w procesie obróbki materiałów, szczególnie trudnoskrawalnych, związanych z nadmierną ilością ciepła powstającego podczas procesu szlifowania. Kluczowym czynnikiem ograniczającym efektywność szlifowania jest wysoka temperatura, dlatego opublikowane w ostatnich latach wyniki badań koncentrują się nad wprowadzeniem rozwiązań umożliwiających jej obniżenie. Nowoczesne systemy chłodzenia są jednak niewystarczające, bowiem odprowadzanie ciepła ze strefy kontaktu materiału obrabianego i materiału ściernego następuje różnymi sposobami, nie tylko poprzez takie czynniki jak chłodziwo, wióry czy konwekcję, ale w znaczącym stopniu przez ściernicę. To, w jaki sposób i z jaką szybkością nadmiar ciepła będzie odprowadzony, zależy głównie od rodzaju ziarna ściernego. Poza ziarnami ściernymi, część energii cieplnej w procesie szlifowania przekazywana jest także na spoiwo pokrywające ziarna ścierne i stanowiące ciągłą sieć mostków. Jest to o tyle ważne, że zapewniona ciągłość struktury spoiwa pozwala na zwiększenie szybkości odprowadzenia ciepła ze strefy kontaktu narzędzia i materiału ściernego. Rozdział pierwszy dotyczy wprowadzenia do problematyki podjętej w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej. Z obszernej analizy stanu wiedzy przedstawionej w rozdziale drugim wynika, że zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości modyfikacji struktury ceramiki szklanej w celu podwyższenia jej właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych nie zostały wyczerpująco zbadane. Wybrana ceramika szklana z układu ZABS (ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2), która została przedstawiona w rozdziale trzecim, jest szczególnie interesująca ze względu na możliwość generowania w tym układzie fazy krystalicznej willemitu. Skutkiem krystalizacji powierzchniowej tej fazy jest znaczne i trwałe zwiększenie wytrzymałości mechanicznej, z uwagi na powstanie naprężeń ściskających na powierzchni szkła, z jednoczesną zmianą struktury pozostałości amorficznej w spoiwie będącej efektem wprowadzenia modyfikatora sieci szklanej. Wprowadzenie do tego układu tlenku metalu przejściowego (tlenku miedzi) może znacząco wpływać na proces krystalizacji ceramiki szklanej, a tym samym pośrednio na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne takich materiałów. Warto wspomnieć w tym miejscu o tym, że większość aktualnych badań dotyczy wpływu miedzi jedynie na wybrane właściwości, głównie optyczne i fotoniczne, natomiast wpływ miedzi na właściwości mechaniczne układów krzemianowych wciąż jest mało znany. Wnioski wyciągnięte z analizy literatury pozwoliły na sprecyzowanie hipotezy, celu i problemów badawczych, które przedstawiono w rozdziale czwartym. [5]
495. Wyd. 1 [4]
496. AXII 20/I, Kol. 553/1, Kol.728/9, Kol.553/3, A IIE, A II E/834, Kol. 434/284, Kol. 434/288, Kol. 434/289 [4]
497. A XII 24/6A/3, A XII 24/6A/5, A XII 24/6A/9, A XII 24/6A/10, A XII 24/6A/11, A XII 24/6A/12, A XII 24/6A/13, A XII 24/6A/16, A XII 24/6C/5, A XII 24/6C/6, A XII 11/10, Kol. 11(KGA)/652, Kol. 11(KGA)/650, Kol. 292/4, Kol. 292/3, A XII 11/18 cz. IV, KGA 696, A XII 11/18 cz. III, KGA 690, KGA 694, KGA 11/697, A XII 11/18 cz. V, KGA 675, A XII 21/7, A XII 22/154 A, A XII 22/107, A XII 22/108 cz.II [3]
498. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu procesu klasycznego wytłaczania na właściwości cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu. W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytłaczania i opracowanie parametrów technologiczny pozwalających na uzyskanie cienkich folii kompozytowych o osnowie polimerowej (polietylen niskiej gęstości) oraz dodatku nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na klasycznej wytłaczarce z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionowo w górę, analiza wpływu udziału dodatku w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na właściwości użytkowe i antybakteryjne folii kompozytowych. Prace podzielono na dwie części: analiza literatury i część eksperymentalną. Treść pracy podzielono na 8 rozdziałów. W których zawarto następujące treści: przegląd literatury krajowej i światowej, na podstawie, której scharakteryzowano materiały kompozytowe oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano powszechnie stosowane rodzaje wzmocnienia, jakie są dodawane do kompozytów o osnowie polimerowej (rozdział 1), scharakteryzowano proces wytłaczania, ocenę efektywności i kinematykę procesu wytłaczania (rozdział 2), scharakteryzowano technologie wytwarzania folii z tworzyw polimerowych (rozdział 3), charakterystykę materiałów węglowych (rozdział 4), problematykę rozprawy – cel, hipotezy i zakres pracy – (rozdział 5), metodykę badań własnych – opis badanego obiektu, badane materiały, plan badań doświadczalnych, charakterystykę metod badawczych – (rozdział 6), wyznaczenie parametrów wytłaczania cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu, oraz analizę wyników badań polimerowych folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu (rozdział 7). Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami – (rozdział 8). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie cienkich folii kompozytowych (do 30 μm) z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu za pomocą klasycznego wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionową w górę, o polepszonych właściwościach użytkowych i mikrobiologiczne. Uzyskane dobre właściwości polimerowych folii kompozytowych dają szansę na zastosowanie ich w różnych branżach przemysłu. [2]
499. D/II/6, D/I//6, Kol.133/76, Kol. 133/75, Kol. 133/74, Kol. 133/90, Kol. 133/216, Kol. 603 59, Kol. 133/203 [2]
500. Wydanie II uzupełnione [1]
501. Wydanie I [1]
502. Wyd. 3. uzup. [1]
503. W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne i doświadczalne podstawy analizy efektywności procesu szlifowania stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ściernicami o budowie warstwowej. Wykazano, że badane narzędzia warstwowe pozwoliły na uzyskanie większej efektywności szlifowania w zakresie zmniejszenia chropowatości powierzchni obrabianych, zmniejszenia wartości stycznej składowej siły szlifowania (proporcjonalnej do energii właściwej) oraz zwiększenia trwałości narzędzia. Głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywność procesu był dodatek agregatów do warstwy środkowej ściernicy. W efekcie uzyskano większą skuteczność usuwania materiału oraz zmniejszenie wartości składowej stycznej siły szlifowania. Przyczyną powyższych efektów jest budowa agregatu, który składa się z wielu mniejszych ziaren, posiadających zdolność do stopniowego wykruszania z narzędzia. Daje to możliwość formowania długich krawędzi skrawających, zorientowanych pod dużym kątem względem kierunku obróbki oraz pozwala na mikroostrzenie przy mniejszej utracie objętości. [1]
504. Kol. 419/45, Kol. 419/35, Kol. 419/36, Kol. 419/46, Kol. 419/47, Kol. 419/48, Kol. 419/49, Kol. 419/50, Kol. 419/55, Kol. 419/57, Kol. 419/82, Kol. 419/87, Kol. 419/77, Kol. 419/73, Kol. 419/74, Kol. 419/71 [1]
505. A VIII 3/3, A VIII 5/2, A IV-I/5b, A IV-1/4a, A VIII 5/3, Kol. 138/164A, A VIII 5a/5, A VIII 5a/2, Kol. 698/6, A VIII 5a/1, A VIII-5/6 [1]
506. Pol/SKR STY 327, AAA/3656/4 [0]
507. Kol.419/2, Kol.419/3, Kol.419/5, Kol.419/6, KGA 295, Kol. 11/295, Kol. 11/505, KGA 683 [0]
508. Kol. 419/9, Kol. 419/10, Kor. 419/16, B 2992, B 3124, B 3126, B 3201, KGA 389, Kol. II/509, B 3425, B 3221, Kol. 419/18, Kol. 419/28, Kol. 419/32, Kol. 419/34, Kol. 419/30, Kol. 419/33 [0]
509. Kol. 138/26, Kol. 138/47, Kol. 138/46, Kol. 138/11, Kol. 138/13, Kol. 138/12, Kol. 138/161, Kol. 138/161/B, Kol. 138/27, Kol. 138/162, Kol. 138/50, Kol. 138/29, Kol. 138/59, Kol. 138/64-66, Kol. 138/60, A VIII 5/16, A VIII 5/8 [0]
510. HW 12/295, HW 12/296, KOL 242/63, IPMS KOL 242/7, KOL 242/7, IPMS KOL 242/55, IPMS A XII 36, WO 315/18, IPMS KOL 242/49, KOL 242/55, KOL 242/69, IPMS KOL 242/69, KOL 242/54, A XII 24/63, K 242/92, KOL 242/92, KOL 242/16, IPMS KOL 242/48, KOL 242/37, IPMS KOL 242/69, FO 371/24381, CAB.120.746, HS 4/322, HW 14/15, HS.4.280, HS 4/142, WO 208/3437, HS.8.766, HS.1.3410, KOL 133-134, KOL 134, AVIIIa 1/29, KOL III/2, A VIII 31/2, HS 8/895, FO 372/6325, KOL III/I, KOL III/5, A VIII 7/2, A VIII 7/1 [0]

Number in brackets is a sum of all reads of objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Koszalin [213641]
2. Warszawa [1671]
3. Szczecin [511]
4. Kołobrzeg [479]
5. Wrocław [418]
6. Poznań [301]
7. Trzebiatów [180]
8. Lublin [158]
9. Moskva [138]
10. Gdańsk [137]
11. Katowice [132]
12. Olsztyn [56]
13. Częstochowa [30]
14. Białystok [28]
15. Kraków [24]
16. Koszalin-Mielno [24]
17. Łódź [21]
18. Torgelow [20]
19. Gliwice [13]
20. Dedelov [2]
21. Chorzów [1]
22. Bydgoszcz [1]

No data to display

Ranking by total number of objects

Attribute: Temporal coverage Description Place of publishing Degree name

Number in brackets is a number of all objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. grudzień 2014 [2]
2. wrzesień - październik 2000 [1]
3. wrzesień - październik 1997 [1]
4. styczeń - luty 2001 [1]
5. styczeń - luty 2000 [1]
6. styczeń - luty 1999 [1]
7. styczeń - luty 1998 [1]
8. sierpień - wrzesień 2005 [1]
9. październik 2004 [1]
10. październik 2002 [1]
11. październik 2001 [1]
12. październik - listopad 1998 [1]
13. październik - grudzień 1999 [1]
14. marzec 2003 [1]
15. marzec 1997 [1]
16. marzec - maj 2000 [1]
17. marzec - kwiecień 2001 [1]
18. marzec - kwiecień 1999 [1]
19. marzec - kwiecień 1998 [1]
20. maj - czerwiec 2001 [1]
21. maj - czerwiec 1999 [1]
22. maj - czerwiec 1998 [1]
23. maj - czerwiec 1997 [1]
24. luty 2004 [1]
25. luty 2002 [1]
26. listopad 2003 [1]
27. listopad - grudzień 2001 [1]
28. listopad - grudzień 2000 [1]
29. listopad - grudzień 1997 [1]
30. lipiec 2002 [1]
31. lipiec - wrzesień 1999 [1]
32. lipiec - wrzesień 1998 [1]
33. lipiec - sierpień 1997 [1]
34. kwiecień 2005 [1]
35. kwiecień 2002 [1]
36. kwiecień 1997 [1]
37. grudzień 2024 [1]
38. grudzień 2023 [1]
39. grudzień 2022 [1]
40. grudzień 2021 [1]
41. grudzień 2020 [1]
42. grudzień 2019 [1]
43. grudzień 2018 [1]
44. grudzień 2017 [1]
45. grudzień 2016 [1]
46. grudzień 2015 [1]
47. grudzień 2013 [1]
48. grudzień 2012 [1]
49. grudzień 2009 [1]
50. grudzień 2008 [1]
51. grudzień 2007 [1]
52. grudzień 2006 [1]
53. grudzień 2005 [1]
54. grudzień 2004 [1]
55. grudzień 2002 [1]
56. grudzień 1998 [1]
57. czerwiec 2013 [1]
58. czerwiec 2012 [1]
59. czerwiec 2005 [1]
60. czerwiec 2004 [1]
61. czerwiec 2003 [1]
62. czerwiec - sierpień 2000 [1]
63. 2024 [1]
64. 2023 [1]
65. 2022 [1]
66. 2021 [1]
67. 2020 [1]
68. (2021-2023) [1]

Number in brackets is a number of all objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Wyd. 2 [11]
2. Wyd. 2. [4]
3. Wyd. 2 uzup. [4]
4. Wydanie 2 [3]
5. Wyd. 3 popr. i uzup. [3]
6. Wydanie 2 poprawione [2]
7. Wyd. 2, uzup. i popr. [2]
8. Wyd. 2 popr. [2]
9. Recreational houses (WH) of a recreational nature may constitute an offer for the development of non-standard forms of recreation proposed by the domestic tourist industry. The paper presents some selected design problems of heating an exemplary WH house. For central heating (central heating) and domestic hot water (domestic hot water), it is proposed to use a compressor heat pump. It works with the central heating installation (water underfloor heating) and hot water, and with a lower source in the form of surface water in the lake. The heat exchanger for the brine is immersed in the lake water. The methodology for calculating the dimensions of the lower heat exchanger was presented. It was proposed that it will be made in the form of two coils made of polyethylene pipes and WH float sides placed on both sides. The design solution presented in the paper meets the conditions for qualifying as using renewable energy sources (RES).It should be noted that covering the demand for electricity for the WH house, including to drive the heat pump motor and for other living purposes in a residential superstructure, is also made using a hybrid system in the form of cooperation between wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. Problems regarding the WH hybrid electricity supply system will be the subject of a separate study. [2]
10. [Wydanie 2 poprawione] [1]
11. Zakres pracy obejmował badanie właściwości słomy żytniej, opracowanie obróbki wstępnej słomy żytniej z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej, optymalizację procesu obróbki wstępnej i hydrolizy enzymatycznej słomy żytniej, porównanie nowego sposobu otrzymywania bioetanolu z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej z konwencjonalnym otrzymywaniem bioetanolu z zastosowaniem metody siarczanowej. Opracowanie recyklingu cieczy jonowej z wykorzystaniem procesu liofilizacji. [1]
12. Zagospodarowanie odpadów stanowi istotny problem podejmowany przez naukowców. Zmieniające się przepisy wymuszają na firmach produkcyjnych szukania możliwości zagospodarowania odpadów powstających w fabrykach. W niniejszej dysertacji przeprowadzono szeroką analizę możliwości wykorzystania wybranych materiałów odpadowych w celu stworzenia kompozytów cementowych o właściwościach odpowiadającym tradycyjnym betonom. Analizie poddano odpady pochodzące z produkcji pustaków ceramicznych, odpady pochodzące z produkcji wyrobów porcelanowych, piasek odpadowy uzyskiwany w procesie hydroklasyfikacji kruszywa, w kopalniach odkrywkowych usytuowanych w północno-zachodniej Polsce. Odpady te zastosowano jako zamienniki kruszywa naturalnego. Ponadto jako zbrojenie rozproszone kompozytów zastosowano kord stalowy uzyskiwany w procesie recyklingu zużytych opon samochodowych. W celach porównawczych zastosowano również komercyjne haczykowate włókna stalowe. Badania podzielono na cztery zadania badawcze. W pierwszym zadaniu określono podstawowe właściwości wybranych materiałów odpadowych. M. in. określono gęstość pozorną, jamistość i nasiąkliwość kruszyw przygotowanych z odpadów fabrycznych, określono wytrzymałość na rozciąganie kordu stalowego oraz wpływ dwukierunkowego przeginania na wytrzymałość włókien. W drugim zadaniu określono możliwość zastosowania kordu stalowego jako zbrojenia rozproszonego. Analizie poddano elementy z zawartością włókien 0,25%; 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%, 1,25%, 1,50%. Badania przeprowadzono na beleczkach z zaprawy cementowej o wy-miarach 40x40x160 mm. Do określenia właściwości zapraw zbrojonych kordem stalowym wykonano badanie trzypunktowego zginania w oparciu o normę PN-EN 196-1 dodatkowo mierząc ugięcie beleczek w funkcji obciążenia w trakcie testów wytrzymałościowych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na określenie receptur kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Przygotowano łącznie 24 mieszanki, w których zastosowano różne ilości kruszyw odpadowych. Dla każdej mieszanki przygotowano próbki z ilością włókien 0,0%, 0,5% oraz 1,0%. W trzecim zadaniu przeprowadzono szereg badań w celu określenia doraźnych i reologicznych cech wytrzymałościowych wybranych kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Określono wytrzymałość na ściskanie, moduł sprężystości, wytrzymałości resztkowe oraz dla wybranych kompozytów określono skurcz oraz pełzanie. Wyżej wymienione badania przeprowadzono na podstawie wytycznych normowych. Zadanie czwarte pole-gało na określeniu właściwości reologicznych wybranych kompozytów na podstawie długotrwałych badań belek o wymiarach 100x200x2900mm. Na potrzeby badań zaprojektowano stanowisko badawcze umożliwiające jednoczesne badania trzech belek. Do pomiaru odkształceń powierzchni belek oraz rys zastosowano, poza tradycyjnymi metodami pomiarowymi, system optyczny. Badania wykonano na ośmiu stanowiskach. Pojedyncze stanowisko składało się z trzech belek wykonanych z tego samego kompozytu, z różną ilością zbrojenia rozproszonego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że z badanych materiałów odpadowych można wytworzyć kompozyty o właściwościach zbliżonych do betonów tradycyjnych. Ponadto po przeanalizowaniu rezultatów badań długotrwałych zaproponowano modyfikację metody obliczania szerokości rozwarcia rys zawartej w normie PN EN 1992-1-1. [1]
13. Wydanie II uzupełnione [1]
14. Wydanie II poprawione i uzupełnione [1]
15. Wydanie II poprawione [1]
16. Wydanie I, stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 2019 roku [1]
17. Wydanie I [1]
18. Wydanie 3., zaktualizowane, uwzględniające stan prawny na dzień 30.09.2017 r. [1]
19. Wydanie 3 poprawione [1]
20. Wydanie 3 [1]
21. Wydanie 2 rozszerzone [1]
22. Wydanie 2 poszerzone [1]
23. Wyd. 5 [1]
24. Wyd. 4 popr. [1]
25. Wyd. 3. uzup. [1]
26. Wyd. 3. rozsz. [1]
27. Wyd. 3 popr. [1]
28. Wyd. 3 [1]
29. Wyd. 2. rozsz. [1]
30. Wyd. 2 uzup. i popr. [1]
31. Wyd. 2 poszerz. [1]
32. Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. [1]
33. Wyd. 2 popr. i rozsz. [1]
34. Wyd. 1 [1]
35. With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided. [1]
36. Widely understood protection of water, and in particular surface waters, most exposed to direct pollution, requires many operations carried out both in the catchment area and in sewage systems as well as WWTPs. Due to its character and working conditions, it should be monitored not only in terms of hydraulics, but also in terms of the quality of transported wastewater. During atmospheric precipitation, large volumes of domestic and industrial wastewater as well as rainwater in various proportions flow through the canals, changing not only their quantity but also their composition. In such cases, the issue of monitoring becomes particularly vital. The article presents an analysis of the needs and tasks resulting from the application of quantitative and qualitative monitoring in the assessment of the functioning of sewage systems. Methods and tools used in Lodz that may be useful in water protection are presented. The benefits of using this type of solutions as well as the limitations and difficulties are discussed. [1]
37. When establishing a plantation of energy crops, a number of decisions regarding planned technology and plant selection should be made. Using the complex calculation algorithms, it is possible to determine the amount of energy needed to establish, run and liquidate the plantation. An analysis of the technological process and the specifics of the examined plants allows to determine the set of the most important features determining the yield size, and ultimately the energy efficiency of the planned production. When conducting field production, the influence of climatic conditions should also be taken into account, for example using a hydrothermal coefficient. The most difficult element of the planned project is to determine the size of the expected yield. Using the above relationships, a mathematical model can be used which, while maintaining the range of the system variables, allows to determine the amount of the expected energy value of the crop. [1]
38. Water could be some-times a source of danger on people's lives and property. Although it is one of the most important elements of life on this planet. This article define the threat of water pollution in Tigris River in Iraq. by collecting a data that generated by sensors that installed in a water pollution sensing project in Baghdad city, also this article aimed to detect and analyze the behavior of water environment. It is an effort to predict the threat of pollution by using advanced scientific methods like the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine learning in order to avoid the threat and/or minimize the possible damages. This can be used as a proactive service provided by E-governments towards their own citizens. [1]
39. Wastewater treatment plants are the source of odour and microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air. Bioaerosol emitted by treatment plants may contain pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic resistant microorganisms and cause allergies.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the newly created municipal wastewater treatment plant using the activated sludge method (approx. 20,000 PE, average daily flow of 2,300 m3) on the sanitary state of atmospheric air. Numerous field obstacles (e.g. trees) and natural sources of microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air (e.g. drainage channels) were located in the vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant.Bioaerosol samples (3 replicates) were taken in a wind trail at 10 test stands on the leeward side of the treatment plant and two control stands on the windward side of the treatment plant. Samples were taken by sedimentation on Petri dishes with microbiological mediums. Media was incubated at a temperature appropriate for the type of microorganisms (psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, mold fungi), and then colonies growing on media were counted. The number of microorganisms per unit volume of air was determined according to the Omelian formula in the Gogoberidze modification. Four series of tests were carried out during the transition months (spring and autumn).The concentration of microorganisms on the leeward side of the treatment plant in the following ranges amouted: psychrophilic bacteria: 156 ± 85 - 6578 ± 1286 cfu/m3, mesophilic bacteria: 87±24 - 6309 ± 1349 cfu/m3, actinomycetes: 0±0 - 719±12 cfu/m3, mold fungi: 52±42 - 4645±425 cfu/m3. These values were similar to those found in the area and in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants examined by other authors. The concentration of microorganisms in the vicinity of the tested wastewater treatment plant did not show a downward trend as a function of distance from the wastewater treatment plant. This could be due to the presence of other sources of bioaerosol emissions to atmospheric air in the vicinity of the treatment plant (e.g. drainage canals, uncovered soil in plowed fields) and field obstacles that could have affected the movement of air masses (e.g. in-field woodland, forest, embankment Railway).The obtained research results indicate that the emission of bioaerosol from a small wastewater treatment plant, may cause changes in the concentration of microorganisms in the atmospheric air at a level close to natural sources. However, the threats to human health caused by bioaerosol emitted from municipal wastewater may be higher. Therefore, it is justified to monitor the sanitary state of the air and the atmosphere at the wastewater treatment plant and in its vicinity, and conduct research to develop an optimal set of indicator microorganisms of this state. [1]
40. Waste and associated risks are becoming an increasingly noticeable problem in environmental protection in our time. The management of especially industrial waste is a difficult and at the same time a significant problem. Incineration is the basic process of thermal utilization. The combustion process is not neutral for the environment, and is associated with the emission of dust, sulfur and nitrogen compounds as well as dioxins and furans. Therefore, combustion installations must be equipped with a number of devices for cleaning the exhaust gases. The most primary process of obtaining useful energy from biomass, i.e. combustion, is characterized by specific dynamics. Regardless of the technique, it is affected by physical and chemical processes. The condition of economic and technical correctness of co-firing is maintaining the optimal share of biomass in the fuel mixture and its appropriate quality. Effective co-firing of the prepared mixture can be carried out in existing grate, fluid and dust boilers. Pyrolysis is a stage in both the combustion and gasification process. In this process, as a result of the thermal decomposition of the structure of the organic fuel, we obtain carbonizate as well as tar and gas products. [1]
41. W zakresie niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej przeprowadzono i przedstawiono badania porowatych powłok wytworzonych w procesie plazmowego utleniania elektrolitycznego z zastosowaniem procesów DC-PEO z kontrolą napięciową w elektrolitach opartych o stężony kwas fosforowy(V) oraz wodę destylowaną z dodatkiem azotanów(V) wapnia. Odnotowano, że zarówno zmiana napięcia procesu, czasu jego prowadzenia, rodzaju wymuszenia napięciowego, a także zastosowanie elektrolitów o różnym składzie chemicznym pozwala wytworzyć powłoki o zróżnicowanych właściwościach stereometrycznych. Rozpatrzono wpływ wartości napięcia procesu PEO, czasu trwania obróbki oraz skład elektrolitów na wybrane parametry statystyczne wyznaczone z natężenia prądu zarejestrowanego podczas procesu PEO oraz wybrane parametry chropowatości 3D użyte do opisu stereometrii powierzchni wytworzonych powłok. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaproponowanie modeli matematycznych uwzględniających wpływ warunków prowadzenia procesu PEO, w tym składu chemicznego stosowanych elektrolitów oraz napięcia międzyelektrodowego, na wartości wybranych parametrów składowej losowej natężenia prądu rejestrowanego w trakcie procesu PEO. Do analizy statystycznej sygnałów prądowych PEO po odcięciu składowej stałej zastosowano wartość oczekiwaną, odchylenie standardowe, rozstęp oraz skośność. Odnotowano, że w elektrolitach na bazie stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego wartość parametru Sdr (średnia wskaźnika względnego przyrostu powierzchni) dla wytworzonych powierzchni porowatych powłok mieściła się w zakresie od 5,2% (5% H3PO4) do 92,3% (85% H3PO4). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym zarejestrowanym podczas procesu PEO mieściła się w zakresie od 0,06 mA (5% H3PO4) do 60,71 mA (85% H3PO4). Zauważono także, że dodanie azotanu(V) wapnia zarówno do stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego (85%), jak i wody spowodowało wytwarzanie porowatych powłok, których parametr Sdr mieści się w zakresie od 0,04% do 163,7% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 4,9% do 125,9% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym mieściła się w zakresie od 2,34 mA do 44,97 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 0,98 mA do 49,42 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). W pracy wykazano również, że zwiększenie napięcia w procesie PEO powoduje wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni powłok oraz pojawienie się pików wysokoprądowych w sygnale prądowym PEO. [1]
42. W trakcie gotowania brzeczki z chmielem powstaje osad gorący, który jest oddzielany w kadzi wirowej. W pracy proponuje się modyfikacje dennicy kadzi wirowej, które mają na celu poprawę warunków klarowania brzeczki piwnej po jej gotowaniu z chmielem. Przeprowadzono pomiary rozkładu prędkości przepływu pierwotnego za pomocą metody PIV oraz symulacji komputerowych. Wyznaczono także charakterystykę reologiczna brzeczki i osadu, które wykorzystano przy budowie modelu komputerowego. [1]
43. W rozprawie przedstawiono badania nad umocnieniem wybranego spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi, łączącego ziarna ścierne z tlenku glinu. Rozdział pierwszy zawiera wprowadzenie w tematykę podjętą w niniejszej pracy. W rozdziale drugim zamieszczono analizę literatury dotyczącą stanu wiedzy z zakresu budowy i właściwości ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu i spoiw ceramicznych stosowanych do ich wiązania w narzędzie ścierne, podstaw dotyczących mechaniki kruchego pękania oraz modułu Younga porowatych kompozytów ceramicznych, a także opis mechanizmów zużycia ziaren ściernych i spoiw ceramicznych. Z obszernej analizy tekstów źródłowych wynika, że mechanizm zużycia ceramicznych narzędzi ściernych zdeterminowany jest wieloma czynnikami, m.in. rodzajem ziarna ściernego, właściwościami spoiwa oraz siłą mocowania ziaren ściernych w ściernicy przez spoiwo. Najmniej pożądanym typem zużycia ściernicy jest zużycie wytrzymałościowe (pękanie) mostków wiążących, gdyż zjawisko to prowadzi do szybkiego zużycia objętościowego narzędzia i tym samym nie pozwala na pełne wykorzystanie potencjału skrawnego ziaren czynnej powierzchni ściernicy. Z tego powodu podejmowane są prace badawcze mające na celu podwyższenie właściwości mechanicznych spoiw, które skupione są m.in. na celowej modyfikacji mikrostruktury mostków wytrzymałymi fazami krystalicznymi z jednoczesną kontrolą budowy granicy międzyfazowej. Interesującym lecz dotychczas niewystarczająco zbadanym rozwiązaniem jest wykorzystanie wiskerów ceramicznych jako fazy zbrojącej spoiwo. Na podstawie wniosków z analizy tekstów źródłowych, sprecyzowano cele, hipotezy, problemy badawcze oraz zakres pracy, które zamieszczono w rozdziale 3. W kolejnym rozdziale (rozdział 4.) opisano metodykę przeprowadzonych badań. Rozdział ten zawiera charakterystykę materiałów wykorzystanych do wytworzenia badanych ściernic oraz opis metod badawczych zastosowanych do realizacji założonych celów pracy. Podjęte prace badawcze dotyczyły badań z zakresu zwilżalności ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu przez wytypowane spoiwo szklanokrystaliczne, określenie wpływu modyfikacji spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi na ewolucję mikrostruktury strefy złącza, wytrzymałość mechaniczną na rozciąganie oraz moduł Younga ściernic z tlenku glinu, badań właściwości eksploatacyjnych ściernic z podstawowym spoiwem szklanokrystalicznym i spoiwem modyfikowanym wiskerami oraz badania morfologii czynnej powierzchni ściernic po procesie szlifowania. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań oraz ich dyskusję. Wytypowane parametry obróbki cieplnej badanych narzędzi ściernych pozwoliły na krystalizację projektowanych inkluzji, zarówno o charakterze drobnodyspersyjnym (gahnit) jak i wiskerów glinoborowych. Wykazano również, że dla określonych udziałów prekursora wiskerów dodawanego do mas ściernych możliwe jest uzyskanie efektu umocnienia mostków wiążących, co przekłada się na zróżnicowane właściwości mechaniczne ściernic, badane w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych. Wzrost wytrzymałości na rozciąganie narzędzi z udziałem wiskerów w spoiwie wiążącym jest efektem uruchomienia dodatkowych mechanizmów podwyższających energię pękania, m.in. związanych z wyciąganiem wiskerów z matrycy amorficznej, odchylaniem lub rozgałęzianiem pęknięć. Jednocześnie potwierdzono efekt wzrostu wartości modułu Younga E ściernic wynikający z obecności fazy wiskerowej o wysokim module E (ok. 400 GPa). Osiągnięcie takich efektów pozwoliło na uzyskanie narzędzia ściernego o znacznie zredukowanym udziale spoiwa (Vs = 5,5%), którego charakter zużycia jest odmienny od charakteru zużycia ściernicy bez udziału wiskerów. [1]
44. W rozprawie przedstawiono autorską koncepcję syntezy struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na wybrany zbiór zakłóceń w organizacji realizującej portfel projektów. Zbudowano model referencyjny dla problemu planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na dwa rodzaje zakłóceń: absencje pracownicze i zlecanie dodatkowych operacji. W szczególności zdefiniowano miarę ilościową odporności struktury kompetencji, której wartość określa zdolność zatrudnionego zespołu pracowników do przyjmowania dodatkowych obowiązków (zastępstw) w przypadku absencji określonej liczby pracowników i zlecania dodatkowych czynności. Rozważany problem należy do klasy problemów NP-zupełnych, w których nakłady czasowe ponoszone na ich rozwiązanie rosną wykładniczo wraz z ich rozmiarem. Spotykane w praktyce instancje problemów planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na zakłócenia, zakładają dziesiątki/setki pracowników oraz setki czynności, których rozwiązanie może wymagać znacznej ilość czasu (kilku godzin/dni/tygodni). W wielu przypadkach zbiór rozwiązań dopuszczalnych, tzn. spełniających zadane ograniczenia zasobowe, jest zbiorem pustym. W związku z tym wykorzystano metodykę programowania deklaratywnego tzn. programowanie z ograniczeniami. Modele deklaratywne można łatwo modyfikować i rozbudowywać tzn. uwzględniać specyfikę aktualnie rozważanych problemów (danych, ograniczeń i pytań) m.in. poprzez wyznaczenie nadmiarowych ograniczeń (warunków wystarczających) pozwalających na dedykowane (dla danego problemu), a zatem efektywne/szybkie przeszukiwanie przestrzeni potencjalnych rozwiązań. Z uwagi na fakt, że rozwiązania dopuszczalne nie zawsze występują w problemach dużej skali i związanym z tym długim czasem oczekiwania na rozwiązanie, opracowano warunek wystarczający (nadmiarowe ograniczenie), którego spełnienie gwarantuje istnienie rozwiązań dopuszczalnych a tym samym uzasadnia ponoszone nakłady czasowe. Bazując na opracowanym modelu przedstawiono autorską metodę planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia oraz wskazano na możliwość jej wykorzystania w systemach zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (HRMS/CMS). Efektywność opracowanej metody zweryfikowano w serii eksperymentów wykorzystujących rzeczywiste dane pozyskane z dwóch organizacji: uczelni wyższej (Wydział Elektroniki i Informatyki Politechniki Koszalińskiej) i przedsiębiorstwa realizującego projekty IT (Kaliop Poland Sp. z o.o.). Opracowana metoda stanowi podstawę do opracowania interakcyjnego systemu planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia, wykorzystywanego m.in. w controllingu zasobów ludzkich. Ponadto dzięki przedstawionym w rozprawie badaniom możliwe staje się opracowanie innych pochodnych metod zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, jak np. metod wspomagania planowania zespołów projektowych uwzględniających efekt uczenia i zapominania. [1]
45. W rozprawie podjęto działania mające na celu ustalenie wpływu mocy prądu, kąta pochylenia uchwytu względem kierunku spawania, odległości końcówki prądowej od powierzchni blachy oraz oscylacji uchwytu w postaci wychylenia w stosunku do osi rowka spawalniczego na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni przy zachowaniu określonej energii liniowej procesu spawania. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano wpływ kąta ukosowania, odstępu i progu przy zachowaniu określonym polu przekroju jego powierzchni na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni po procesie spawania. Analizę rozpatrywanych parametrów uzupełniono o ustalenie wpływu kierunku walcowania blach na odchyłkę płaskości. W pracy wyznaczono rozkład zmiennej losowej odchyłki płaskości powierzchni na podstawie którego dobrano metodykę oceny wpływu badanych parametrów technologicznych. Spawanie przeprowadzono na zrobotyzowanym stanowisku firmy Panasonic oraz na zaprojektowanym przyrządzie do spawania spoin wzdłużnych. Akwizycje danych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody stykowej oraz bezstykowej z wykorzystaniem skanera 3D. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że rozkład zmiennej losowej jest rozkładem logarytmo-normalnym. Kierunek walcowania blachy wpływa istotnie na średnią geometryczną i odchylenie standardowe logarytmu odchyłki płaskości oraz rozkład odchyłek wzdłuż osi spoiny. Najistotniejszy wpływ na minimalizację odchyłki płaskości po procesie spawania miał kąt pochylenia uchwytu w stosunku do kierunku spawania mimo określonego poziomu energii liniowej. Kryterium określonego przekroju poprzecznego rowka spawalniczego w tolerancji 5% było niewystarczające w celu minimalizacji wpływu zmian geometrii rowka spawalniczego. Wyniki rozprawy oraz analizy literatury wdrożono w firmie TEPRO S.A.. [1]
46. W rozprawie doktorskiej skupiono się na precyzyjnym opisie procesu filtracji grawitacyjnej. Założono, że proces filtracji grawitacyjnej, może być rozpatrywany na podstawie ogólnego równania bilansu, które w uproszczeniu zakłada, że masa fazy stałej z zawiesiny w nadawie w części została zatrzymana w wolnych przestrzeniach warstwy filtracyjnej, w części utworzyła osad na złożu, w części utworzyła przegrodę kolmatacyjną oraz w części przedostała się do filtratu. Jest to proces złożony, wielowariantowy i zależnie od typu filtracji powinien być odrębnie analizowany także od strony przyczynowo-skutkowej mechanizmu stwierdzonych zależności. W pracy przedstawiono i opisano typy rodzaju filtracji grawitacyjnej (filtracja w złożu porowatym, filtracja z przyrostem warstwy osadu na powierzchni złoża, filtracja w złożu porowatym z przyrostem warstwy osadu, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną oraz przyrostem warstwy osadu). [1]
47. W rozprawie doktorskiej skoncentrowano się na laboratoryjnym ustalaniu rodzaju i ilości stabilizatora do skutecznego ulepszania gruntów organicznych. Badania laboratoryjne umożliwiające wykazanie, iż w wyniku mieszania wybranych gruntów organicznych, pochodzących z rejonu Koszalina z ograniczoną ilością spoiwa w postaci różnych relacji cementu, i produktu odpadowego, jakim jest popiół lotny zachodzi proces wiązania, w konsekwencji którego, uzyskuje się postulowaną miękką lub półtwardą kolumnę zapewniającą współpracę kolumny z otaczającym gruntem. [1]
48. W rozprawie doktorskiej opisano zastosowanie czterowartościowej oceny stanu w procesie diagnozowania cech eksploatacyjnych złożonych obiektów technicznych. Celem tego typu diagnozy jest rozpoznanie stanu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego wystąpienie stanu niezdatności oraz zlokalizowanie elementu generującego taki stan. Ze względu na postępujący wzrost złożoności i wykonywanych zadań powszechnie stosowana logika trójwartościowa nie rozwiązuje w pełni problemów współczesnych obiektów technicznych. Zapewnienie użytkownikowi szybkiej i rzetelnej informacji o stanie technicznym obiektów uzyskuje się poprzez wprowadzenie wielowartościowej diagnostyki z większą liczbą rozpoznanych stanów (k>3). Przedstawione zasady i reguły diagnozy oraz ich praktyczna weryfikacja umożliwiły uzyskanie w procesie wnioskowania istotnego wzrostu informacji diagnostycznej oceny czterowartościowej w stosunku do oceny dwu i trójwartościowej.. W części teoretycznej wyznaczono zakresy zmian wartości cech i ich granic dla poszczególnych stanów obiektu technicznego w logice czterowartościowej. Określono schemat klas i kierunki zmian stanów obiektu oraz kryteria zasad rozpoznawania poszczególnych stanów w procesie klasyfikacji. W celu oceny stanu obiektu wyróżniono wskaźniki oceny w postaci ilościowej miary pozyskiwania informacji diagnostycznej, funkcji zysku informacji dodatkowej oraz efektywności obsługi technicznej. W części praktycznej zaprojektowano i wdrożono komputerowy system diagnostyki złożonych obiektów technicznych, który realizuje proces wnioskowania w dwu, trzy i czterowartościowych ocenach stanu. W systemie zaimplementowano pełny proces diagnostyczny, na który składają się takie czynności jak: modelowanie obiektu, analiza funkcjonalna i techniczna badanego obiektu, pomiar i analiza charakterystyk sygnału oraz wnioskowanie o stanie obiektu. Dodatkowo stworzono dwa stanowiska pomiarowe do diagnostyki układu sterowania silnikiem benzynowym o zapłonie iskrowym typu „Motronic” oraz elektrowni słonecznej małej mocy. Przedstawiona w pracy metoda wraz z wynikami eksperymentów jednoznacznie potwierdza tezę rozprawy, udowadniając, że możliwe jest diagnozowanie złożonych obiektów technicznych za pomocą czterowartościowej oceny stanu. [1]
49. W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania metody interferencyjnej do oceny wybranych właściwości metrologicznych profilometrów stykowych. Celem szczegółowym było zbadanie przydatności dwuwiązkowego interferometru laserowego, z cyfrowym przetwarzaniem sygnału pomiarowego, do pomiaru parametrów drgań harmonicznych wibratora, stosowanego do sprawdzania profilometrów stykowych. [1]
50. W pracy przeprowadzona została próba wskazania kilku wspólnych dla układów napięciowych i prądowych kryteriów, które mogą służyć porównaniu. Poszukiwania kryteriów porównawczych przeprowadzono w oparciu o analizę specyfiki przetwarzania sygnałów. W projektowaniu układów elektronicznych zachodzi potrzeba wyboru pomiędzy sprzecznymi wymaganiami, dlatego przyjęto porównywanie układów ze względu na wiele kryteriów. Metody wielokryterialnego wyboru, z których jedną przystosowano do celu pracy umożliwiają szeregowanie układów wg ich jakości. [1]
51. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia analizy masztów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprężysto-plastycznych właściwości odciągów. Głównym celem przedstawionych analiz było wykazanie różnic w pracy statycznej masztów o odciągach z lin po wstępnym przeciągnięciu (E = const), w stosunku do masztów podpartych za pomocą lin bez wstępnego przeciągnięcia (E ≠ const). W pierwszym przypadku, stała wartość współczynnika sprężystości E liny sprawia, że trzon masztu po obciążeniu i odciążeniu powraca do pierwotnej konfiguracji. Natomiast maszt z odciągami o charakterystyce sprężysto-plastycznej (E ≠ const), po ustaniu obciążenia nie powraca do początkowej pozycji pionowej, lecz pozostaje lekko odchylony od pionu. Takie zachowanie wynika z powstania trwałych odkształceń lin po odciążeniu, co prowadzi do spadku sił wstępnego napięcia w odciągach i zmniejszenia sztywności masztu. Wymagana jest więc tu okresowa rektyfikacja i korekta sił wstępnego naciągu lin, szczególnie w początkowym okresie eksploatacji. Uwzględnienie tego rodzaju nieliniowości w analizie statycznej przyczynia się do wzrostu dokładności obliczeń masztu. Do przeprowadzenia analiz numerycznych w stanie niesprężystym wykorzystano nieliniowe zależności σ – ε dwóch lin o różnej konstrukcji, uzyskane z badań doświadczalnych. [1]
52. W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne i doświadczalne podstawy analizy efektywności procesu szlifowania stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ściernicami o budowie warstwowej. Wykazano, że badane narzędzia warstwowe pozwoliły na uzyskanie większej efektywności szlifowania w zakresie zmniejszenia chropowatości powierzchni obrabianych, zmniejszenia wartości stycznej składowej siły szlifowania (proporcjonalnej do energii właściwej) oraz zwiększenia trwałości narzędzia. Głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywność procesu był dodatek agregatów do warstwy środkowej ściernicy. W efekcie uzyskano większą skuteczność usuwania materiału oraz zmniejszenie wartości składowej stycznej siły szlifowania. Przyczyną powyższych efektów jest budowa agregatu, który składa się z wielu mniejszych ziaren, posiadających zdolność do stopniowego wykruszania z narzędzia. Daje to możliwość formowania długich krawędzi skrawających, zorientowanych pod dużym kątem względem kierunku obróbki oraz pozwala na mikroostrzenie przy mniejszej utracie objętości. [1]
53. W pracy przedstawiono technologię unieszkodliwiania ścieków zakładu przetwórstwa drewna Polspan-Kronospan metodami fizykochemicznymi. Wykorzystano głównie procesy: koagulacji, sorpcji, sedymentacji odśrodkowej oraz filtracji ciśnieniowej. Sformułowania równania modelowe i opracowano metodykę ich rozwiązywania. Wykonano obliczenia modelowe dla szerokiego zakresu zmienności parametrów procesowych w celu określenia zakresu zmienności i efektywności proponowanej technologii w różnych warunkach rzeczywistych. Następnie przeprowadzono losowe próby sprawdzające dokładność stosowania otrzymanych równań, przez porównanie wyników doświadczenia z wynikami obliczeń równaniami metodą analizy statystycznej. [1]
54. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu technologii wytwarzania na właściwości użytkowe kompozytów kolagenowych modyfikowanymi strukturami węglowymi (nanoproszki diamentowe). W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytwarzania i opracowanie parametrów procesowych pozwalających na otrzymanie nanowłókien kompozytowych o pożądanych cechach jakościowych za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia, określenie zarówno wpływu parametrów procesowych, jak i wpływu zastosowanych materiałów na jakość i właściwości użytkowe wytworzonych nanowłókien kompozytowych. Praca została podzielona na dwie części: analizę literatury (na podstawie przeglądu krajowej i światowej) oraz część eksperymentalną. Jej treść natomiast podzielono na 10 rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym zawarto w nich informacje dotyczące polimerów naturalnych, ich przetwarzaniu, zastosowaniu i degradacji. Następnie (rozdział II) scharakteryzowano polilaktyd (PLA), skupiając się na jego budowie, syntezie oraz właściwościach. Kolejno przedstawiono charakterystykę kolagenu (rozdział III), oraz diamentu (rozdział IV). W ostatnim rozdziale części teoretycznej (rozdział V) skupiono się na nanowłóknach. Opisano metodę elektroprzędzenia, scharakteryzowano parametry wpływające na właściwości otrzymywanych włókien oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano pozostałe metody ich wytwarzania. Rozdział VI poświęcony jest problematyce rozprawy i zawiera wnioski z literatury, cel, hipotezy oraz zakres i problem badań. W kolejnym rozdziale (VII) przedstawiono warunki i program badań. Dokonano charakterystyki materiału badawczego, opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz przedstawiono metodykę badań własnych. Rozdział VIII to opis zastosowanego procesu wytworzenia docelowych nanowłókien kompozytowych. W rozdziale IX przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań na nanowłóknach kompozytowych. Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami (rozdział X). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie kompozytów kolagenowych w postaci nanowłókien z dodatkiem struktur węglowych (nanoproszki diamentowe) za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia z emulsji. Badania eksperymentalne pozwoliły na wskazanie parametrów procesu elektroprzędzenia przy których można osiągnąć najlepszą jakość otrzymywanych materiałów. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwoliły również na określenie wpływu dodatków na właściwości wytworzonych włókien kompozytowych. Uzyskane nanowłókna kompozytowe, ze względu na swoje właściwości, mogą być potencjalnie wykorzystywane w różnych branżach przemysłu i medycynie. [1]
55. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu procesu klasycznego wytłaczania na właściwości cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu. W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytłaczania i opracowanie parametrów technologiczny pozwalających na uzyskanie cienkich folii kompozytowych o osnowie polimerowej (polietylen niskiej gęstości) oraz dodatku nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na klasycznej wytłaczarce z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionowo w górę, analiza wpływu udziału dodatku w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na właściwości użytkowe i antybakteryjne folii kompozytowych. Prace podzielono na dwie części: analiza literatury i część eksperymentalną. Treść pracy podzielono na 8 rozdziałów. W których zawarto następujące treści: przegląd literatury krajowej i światowej, na podstawie, której scharakteryzowano materiały kompozytowe oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano powszechnie stosowane rodzaje wzmocnienia, jakie są dodawane do kompozytów o osnowie polimerowej (rozdział 1), scharakteryzowano proces wytłaczania, ocenę efektywności i kinematykę procesu wytłaczania (rozdział 2), scharakteryzowano technologie wytwarzania folii z tworzyw polimerowych (rozdział 3), charakterystykę materiałów węglowych (rozdział 4), problematykę rozprawy – cel, hipotezy i zakres pracy – (rozdział 5), metodykę badań własnych – opis badanego obiektu, badane materiały, plan badań doświadczalnych, charakterystykę metod badawczych – (rozdział 6), wyznaczenie parametrów wytłaczania cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu, oraz analizę wyników badań polimerowych folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu (rozdział 7). Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami – (rozdział 8). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie cienkich folii kompozytowych (do 30 μm) z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu za pomocą klasycznego wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionową w górę, o polepszonych właściwościach użytkowych i mikrobiologiczne. Uzyskane dobre właściwości polimerowych folii kompozytowych dają szansę na zastosowanie ich w różnych branżach przemysłu. [1]
56. W pracy pracochłonność jest rozpatrywana jako liczba godzin potrzebna na usunięcie jednej lub większej liczby awarii. Rozprawa powstała w związku z potrzebą wypełnienia luki metodycznej istniejącej w naukowym warsztacie badawczym, dotyczącym identyfikacji stanu i prognozowania pracochłonności usuwania awarii urządzeń mechanicznych - statków powietrznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na sformułowanie tezy, że istnieją modele prognostyczne, które z określoną dokładnością są w stanie przewidzieć przyszłe wielkości pracochłonności usuwania awarii na podstawie zgromadzonych danych. [1]
57. W pracy postawiono tezy: 1/ Dla silników spalinowych zasilanych benzyną lub ciekłym gazem propan-butan istnieje wspólny zakres wartości parametrów zasilania zapewniających wymaganą efektywność energetyczną pracy silnika. 2/ Dobór wartości parametrów pracy silnika uzależniony jest od rodzaju i udziału danego paliwa podczas jego eksploatacji. Praca zawiera m.in.:analizę literatury; opis badań eksperymentalnych; analizę danych uzyskanych wyników; opracowanie wniosków i zaleceń. [1]
58. W pracy poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące problematyki projektowania zadaniowo zorientowanych, interakcyjnych systemów wspomagania decyzji. Opracowana metoda dotyczy projektowania systemów wspomagania decyzji, przeznaczonych dla obiektów opisywanych przez zmienne dyskretne, w których wspomagania decyzji polega na rozwiązywaniu problemów kombinatorycznych (planowanie, harmonogramowanie, marszrutowanie, składowanie itp.) spotykanych powszechnie w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych. Zakres pracy obejmuje analizę wybranego problemu wspomagania decyzji w podsystemach transportowych elastycznych systemów produkcyjnych (ESP), tzn., wspomagania procesu harmonogramowania pracy wózków samojezdnych [1]
59. W pracy podjęto próbę kompleksowej analizy statycznej przestrzennych ustrojów cięgnowych z uwzględnieniem obciążeń skupionych (prostoliniowe elementy cięgien), jak i obciążeń ciągłych (krzywoliniowe elementy cięgien) przy założeniu, że ustrój cięgnowy cechuje nieliniowość geometryczna lub - dodatkowo - nieliniowość fizyczna. Do obliczeń numerycznych autorka wykorzystuje napisane przez siebie programy komputerowe uwzględniające różne rodzaje obciążenia i geometryczną oraz fizyczną nieliniowość konstrukcji. [1]
60. W pracy podjęto badania, w celu analizy przemieszczania materiału szklanego w procesie micro- i nanoskrawania pojedynczymi ziarnami diamentu oraz procesu szlifowania z zastosowaniem ściernic zbudowanych na bazie tego typu ziaren. Celem badań, było opracowanie podstaw do identyfikacji warunków, przy których zachodzi niepożądany mechanizm kruchego pękania materiałów szklanych. [1]
61. W początkowej fazie rozwoju wytwarzanie przyrostowe było narzędziem wspierającym produkcję masową oraz redukującym koszt lub czasochłonność etapu prototypowania. Obecnie dzięki możliwość precyzyjnego wytwarzania elementów o skomplikowanej geometrii, w jednym etapie, bez ograniczeń konwencjonalnych metod obróbki lub zdeterminowanych kształtów, elementy wytworzone przyrostowo znajdują zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach życia, w tym inżynierii biomedycznej. Jednym z problemów inżynierii biomedycznej, który może zostać rozwiązany dzięki zastosowaniu technik wytwarzania przyrostowego jest tzw. zjawisko ekranowania naprężeń (ang. stress shielding) występujące na styku tkanka kostna – implant metalowy w wyniku znacznych różnic właściwości mechanicznych obu materiałów. Zjawisko to znacząco wpływa na procesy osteointegracji i prowadzi do aseptycznego luzowania implantu. Niniejsza praca swoimi założeniami wpisuje się w obecny trend polegający na wytwarzaniu spersonalizowanych implantów o porowatej otwartokomórkowej strukturze i module sprężystości zbliżonym do zastępowanej kości. Mimo, iż tematyka ta jest szeroko opisywana w literaturze światowej nadal zauważyć można zagadnienia, które wymagają dalszych rozważań. Praca składa się z części teoretycznej (Rozdziały 2-3) i części eksperymentalnej (Rozdziały 4-6). Każdy rozdział części eksperymentalnej związany jest z jednym głównym problemem badawczym, którego rozwiązanie było celem niniejszej pracy. Rozdział 4 przedstawia wyniki analizy wybranych właściwości materiałowych i mechanicznych oraz cech powierzchni elementów wytworzonych ze stali nierdzewnej 316L z wykorzystaniem dwóch technologii wytwarzania przyrostowego: selektywnego stapiania laserowego i binder jetting. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na poznanie mechanizmu powstawania defektów strukturalnych i powierzchniowych w danej technologii i ich wpływu na właściwości wytwarzanych elementów. Rozdział 5 dotyczy oceny możliwości zastosowania technologii SLM i binder jetting do wytwarzania struktur porowatych do zastosowań w inżynierii biomedycznej. W przeprowadzonych badaniach skupiono się głównie na zmienności właściwości mechanicznych struktur porowatych w zależności od ich geometrii przestrzennej, jak i technologii, w której zostały wytworzone. Istotne w ocenie okazały się również cechy powierzchni mające wpływ na ryzyko przeniknięcia cząstek metalu do organizmu. W obu przypadkach stwierdzono przewagę struktur wytworzonych w technologii binder jetting. Rozdział 6 przedstawia ocenę efektywności osadzania powłok DLC na elementach wytworzonych w wybranej technologii w celu modyfikacji ich właściwości korozyjnych. Dokonując wyboru technologii wzięto pod uwagę wnioski sformułowane po zakończeniu wcześniejszych etapów badań. W związku z tym podłoża zostały wytworzone w technologii binder jetting. Ze względu na ich skomplikowany kształt do osadzenia warstwy DLC zastosowano technologię chemicznego osadzania z fazy gazowej wspomaganego plazmą o częstotliwości radiowej. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że morfologia i chropowatość powierzchni były czynnikami mającymi największy wpływ na proces osadzania powłoki DLC. Grubość powłoki zależała od promienia krzywizny powierzchni. Uzyskane wyniki badań korozji elektrochemicznej pokazały, jak ważne dla dalszych prac nad modyfikacją powierzchni elementów i struktur porowatych wytwarzanych w technologiach AM są zagadnienia związane z wcześniejszym przygotowaniem powierzchni. Podsumowując, przeprowadzone w ramach niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej badania i analizy potwierdziły wysoką przydatność elementów wytwarzanych przyrostowo do zastosowań biomedycznych ze względu na możliwość sterowania ich właściwościami mechanicznymi oraz cechami powierzchni [1]
62. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono stan wiedzy i techniki w zakresie wykonywania połączeń spawanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą spawania elektrodą topliwą w osłonie gazowej oraz metody badań i oceny złączy spawanych (rozdział 2.). Analiza ta była podstawą do zdefiniowania hipotezy, celów, problemów badawczych i zakresu pracy (zamieszczonych w rozdziale 3.). W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono teoretyczno-doświadczalne metody określania ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza spawanego. Hipotezy niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej zostały sformułowane w następujący sposób: 1. Należy przypuszczać, że w celu zwiększenia dokładności przewidywania wpływu wartości energii liniowej spawania na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych, takich jak makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość, należy przy opracowywaniu zależności funkcyjnych uwzględnić nie tylko wartość energii liniowej, ale również związki pomiędzy wartościami parametrów wchodzących w jej skład, tj. wartościami natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku i prędkości spawania. 2. Należy przypuszczać, że standardowe wyznaczanie ilości wprowadzonego ciepła w procesie spawania metodą GMAW na podstawie nastawionych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu (napięcia łuku, natężenia prądu i prędkości spawania), według wzoru normowego, nie odpowiada rzeczywistej ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza, co nie pozwala precyzyjnie przewidywać właściwości,połączeń spawanych. Wyznaczając wartość energii liniowej na podstawie wartości rzeczywistych parametrów procesu spawania (zmierzonych w trakcie trwania procesu), można z wyższą dokładnością przewidywać właściwości połączeń spawanych. Głównym celem poznawczym dysertacji było określenie wpływu zmian wartości energii liniowej spawania, będącej uogólnionym parametrem zadawanym w procesie spawania (obliczanym na podstawie zmierzonych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu, tj. natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku, i prędkości spawania), na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych tzn. makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość w złączach wykonanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą GMAW. Cele rozprawy doktorskiej osiągnięto na drodze badań doświadczalnych procesu spawania przedstawionych w rozdziale 5. Uzyskane wyniki badań i analiz stanowiły podstawę do sformułowania wniosków końcowych, a także do określenia kierunków dalszych badań, zawartych w rozdziale 6. niniejszej pracy. [1]
63. W dysertacji przedstawiono problem lokalizacji błędów w aplikacjach wielowątkowych. Przegląd literatury tematu pozwolił doprecyzować założenia, składające się na podstawy modelu kodu źródłowego i warunki wykrywania błędów. Umożliwiło to opracowanie metody, jej zaimplementowanie w prototypowym narzędziu i przeprowadzenie eksperymentów w celu weryfikacji opracowanej metody. [1]
64. Transport policy has always presented many dilemmas. Currently, its pro-ecological aspect, relating to the need to limit the negative impact of transport on the natural environment, causes the need to reconsider many issues related to the sustainable development of transport. The new approach should optimize activities in the areas of respect for the environment, technical progress and economic growth. According to the European Commission, this concept is gaining fuller understanding at the level of political discourse and, at the same time, becoming a horizontal principle – the foundation of EU transport policy. However, this requires the responsible creation of transport policy and its consistent and effective implementation. Therefore, it has become the subject of consideration at the Olsztyn Functional Urban Area level. The study aims to identify documents declared as transport policies or strategies and evaluate them in the context of formal authorization, content, coherence and applicability in the Olsztyn MOF. [1]
65. To improve gas hydrates dissociation technology, studies of heat transfer processes on the interfacial surface are significant. In the work, experimental and theoretical studies of the gas hydrates dissociation are presented.The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented.The practical significance of the research results is in determining quantitative indicators of the heat transfer processes intensity under the conditions of propane hydrate dissociation. The results of the work can be applied to designing equipment for gas hydrates storage and dissociation. [1]
66. To create a mechatron model of vacuum tube vibration system for rock cutting by flat auger tools based on physical and mechanical properties of processed array and kinematic characteristics of the instrument. The analytical model of the fracture process of rock cutting by tool vibration with considering of plastic properties of the massif were developed. The main technological parameters of massif vibrating cutting with normal variations were modeled: dependences of normal and tangential pressure in the zone of working body interaction with the medium, normal and shear stresses in the zone of destruction, rock characteristics of the medium, vibration parameters dependences on the characteristics of mechatronic system geometry of the contact area of flat incisors treated with medium. The choice of the computational model of the vibration rock cutting with the normal to the direction of movement of the working body fluctuations with considering arising from processes at once or disorders: the occurrence of compressive and tensile stresses were backgrounded. Main stages and interconnection options in the simulation of vibration cutting were established. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a method of analysis of contact interaction of roller working body molding machine with an array taking into account the changes in the stabilization process of physical and mechanical properties of the treated medium, the aim of which is to predict the required voltage and depth of the formed layer. The theoretical basis of rock cutting by flat auger tool taking into account the normal component of the vibration with respect to the movement direction allowing for the deformation of the rock mass and the contact interaction with the working body were established, that allows to improve the technology of drilling wells by reducing the power consumption of the cutting process. The results enable us to determine the parameters of power and kinematic conditions for the occurrence of the vibration cutting. [1]
67. Three-year observations made it possible to assess the degree of pollution and variability in quality of rainwater collected in two reservoirs in the Lublin agglomeration (south-eastern Poland). The studied objects are characterised by different construction, size, hydraulics and type of drained surface. In particular, a large variation in water quality indicators was observed for suspended solids, NH4+, NO3- and K+. Higher conductivity, NH4+, SO4- and Cl- was found in the reservoir receiving rainwater from the national road, compared to the water from the housing estate. In the second reservoir, a higher load of NO2-, PO4-, Fe+ and K+ was observed. Among the analysed variables, the most disturbing values were recorded for conductivity, pH, suspended solids, oxygen indicators, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-. The liquid flowing into the reservoirs during snowmelt was characterised by high pollution. In the year with the highest sum of atmospheric precipitation, there was a reduction in medium concentrations of many quality variables (flushing effect, dilution of pollutants). An increase in oxygen demand and oxygen deficits were observed in warm seasons. An emission of inconvenient odors in the vicinity of the reservoir in the housing estate was also observed. These phenomena may be intensified in the case of improper use of the system (e.g. when bottom sediments are not removed) and further increase of air temperatures. Under such conditions, the possibility of using open rainwater reservoirs near human settlements becomes questionable. [1]
68. This work was performed to improve the storage and transportation technology of gas hydrates in nonequilibrium conditions. At atmospheric pressure and positive ambient temperature, they gradually dissociate into gas and water. Simulation of the gas hydrate dissociation will determine optimal conditions for their transportation and storage, as well as minimize gas loss. Thermodynamic parameters of adiabatic processes of forced preservation of pre-cooled gas hydrate blocks with ice layer were determined theoretically and experimentally. Physical and mathematical models of these processes were proposed. The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented. [1]
69. This work presents the characteristics of humic substances, with particular emphasis on the properties of agricultural importance, i.e., the improvement of soil structure, soil properties and the availability of nutrients. Attention was also paid to the methods of introducing given substances into the soil and the possibility of direct application to the plant surface. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulating and protective effect of humic substances on plant development were explained in detail, including phytohormonal regulation, the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses, antioxidant properties and the influence on seed germination and the development of the plant root system. The economic and environmental importance of the application of the substances in question was also emphasized, consisting of maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of plants, while reducing the share of chemical fertilizers and reducing the amount of water used. It should be noted that humic substances, like any agricultural product, should be appropriately selected for the type of cultivation conducted, i.e., the optimal dose and method of application should be determined. [1]
70. This work presents an experimental study of thermal energy storage by use of PCM. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of different inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and different Reynolds number of HTF on intensity of charging process. The PCM used in this study was stearic acid and water was used as HTF. A copper helical coil mounted in cylindrical container served as a heat transfer surface. [1]
71. This study presents the results of investigations conducted in the hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 in the immediate catchment of the Przebędowo reservoir, located in the Wielkopolskie province 25 km north of Poznań in the Murowana Goślina commune. The immediate catchment of the reservoir is approx. 95 km2 in area, while the direct recharge area of the lake (immediate catchment) covers 1.31 km2. The areas adjacent to the reservoir are arable lands composed of fluvial Quaternary (Pleistocene) deposits, while the analysis of layers covered by piezometers showed a predominance of medium sands deposited to a depth of approx. 3 m. The analysed reservoir was constructed in the valley of the Trojanki river (from 6+915 km to 8+371 km of its course) by the Wielkopolska Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Structure Authority in Poznań and it was commissioned in November 2014. The embankment dam of the reservoir is class IV, it is 334 m in length and 3.30 m in height. The reservoir of 1450 m in length and maximum width of 120 m, at the normal pool elevation of 72.50 m a.s.l. has a mean depth of 0.94 m and the pool area of 12.03 ha. The shoreline length of the reservoir is 2980 m, shoreline density is 248 m×ha-1 and the elongation index is 12. In turn, the flood control capacity derived from the difference between normal and maximum pool level is around 67 000 m3.The conducted analyses confirmed that apart from the weather conditions such as precipitation, air temperatures and evaporation from the reservoir a considerable role for the fluctuations in water levels in the reservoir was played by the anthropogenic factor. It was particularly related with the manner of reservoir operation frequently characteristic to dammed reservoirs and with the artificial control of water circulation.Analysis of the water balance for the Przebędowo reservoir showed that in the winter half-years of the analysed hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 the dominant factor in the case of increments was connected with inflow to the reservoir in the Trojanka water­course, amounting to 12.9 hm3 and 5.16 hm3, respectively. To a much lesser extent the increments of water in those half-years were determined by the inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas and by precipitation. In the case of losses the greatest share in the water balance was observed in the discussed half-years for outflow from the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.0 hm3 and 3.75 hm3. To a lesser extent losses were determined by the uncontrolled underground outflow and subsurface inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas. In turn, evaporation from the reservoir surface and water storage losses determined losses only slightly. Whereas in the summer half-years the increments in the water balance to the greatest extent were determined by inflows to the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.7 hm3 (2017) and 3.59 hm3 (2018), while in the case of losses it was outflows from the reservoir amounting to 9.06 hm3 and 2.7 hm3. In turn, a lesser role was played in the case of losses by outflow from the reservoir to adjacent areas, which in the discussed half-years was comparable and amounted to a mean 0.66 hm3. [1]
72. This study employed viable methods for the selection of a preeminent mooring line amongst other alternatives for the mooring of a floating wave energy converter (WEC) in shallow water. Conventional mooring lines for mooring WEC are identified for optimal selection exercise. A combination of Entropy Weight and Visekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods is utilized in the aforementioned exercise. The two methods are effectively used in assessment of the attributes and performance of the various mooring lines in practical application. The result obtained, demonstrated that steel wire rope is the best mooring line suitable for a WEC system operations. It is good references to the marine and offshore engineering industries in decision making for optimal mooring line suitable for the mooring of a WEC system in shallow waters. [1]
73. This research paper investigates the application of neural network models for forecasting in energy. The results of forecasting the weekly energy consumption of the enterprise according to the model of a multilayer perceptron at different values of neurons and training algorithms are given. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. [1]
74. This research focuses on the effect of nanomaterials on the physical properties of a local Iraqi lubricant oil (20W-50), which is widely used in diesel engines. The concentrations of 0.001, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% of Al2O3 NPs and CNT are dispersed in the oil with the help of a suitable surfactant using a magnetic stirrer and a sonication process. The density, surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, pour point, thermal conductivity, thermal images, wear and the coefficient of friction of the oil with and without nanomaterials are tested. The results were shown that the higher concentrations of NPs, the better properties for the engine oil. The density for Al2O3 nanooil indicates a small change at 0.001 and 0.2 wt%, and a decrease at 0.5 wt% ratio. Also, the density of CNT oil shows a slight change at 0.001and then decreasing at 0.2 and 0.5 ratios. In addition, the surface tension of both nanooils are increased. The dynamic viscosity slightly change with an addition of the NPs especially at 20°C and 30°C. Also, there is a convergence in the viscosity values between base and nanooils at 40°C and 50°C. [1]
75. This research explores strategies for effectively preparing for and mitigating the impact of seismic natural disasters on individuals and their health. The study underscores the potential for sustainable furniture solutions to play a pivotal role, emphasising the critical need for proactive disaster risk reduction. Drawing on descriptive analysis of case studies from events such as the Tokyo and Paris Olympics, the research employs an analytical framework to examine the application of recycled cardboard furniture in addressing the needs of disaster-prone regions. The study advocates for locally sourced solutions to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts by optimising the utilisation of sustainable furniture, particularly in developing countries like Palestine. The findings suggest that leveraging locally recycled cardboard furniture can offer a scalable, cost-effective approach to furnishing disaster-affected areas, facilitating ease of transportation, storage, and assembly without requiring specialised skills. [1]
76. This report presents the results and analysis of long-term properties of fiber-reinforced cement composite based on waste aggregate. The long-term tests were carried out on the stand proposed by the authors for simultaneously testing three beams with dimensions of 100x200x2900 mm. A total of 8 mixtures of cement composites with aggregate from ceramic waste and waste sand were tested. Three beams were made for each mixture. One without dispersed reinforcement and two with 0.5% and 1.0% fiber reinforcement ratios. As dispersed reinforcement, steel cord and hooked steel fibers were used. The beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The research was carried out for 1000 days. An optical system was used as an innovative solution in long-term research. Based on the measurements, the creep coefficient in the mid-span of the beams was determined, and the crackings of the beams were analysed. The results obtained using manual measuring devices and the optical system were compared. A good convergence of measurement methods was observed. During the analysis of the results, the coefficients modifying the method for calculating the crack width included in Eurocode 2 were determined. [1]
77. This publication presents the test results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from ground composite materials. The components of the obtained composites are peat and stabilizing binders in the form of fly ash and hydrated lime. The composites were designed to be used to stabilize low-bearing organic soil in the Lake Druzno basin in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. The results of the leachability studies show that as the lime hydrated in the composition of the composite increases, the leachability of heavy metals and metalloids decreases. The decrease in the leachability of these elements is also influenced by the increase in the pH value. The results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from composites as well as the obtained pH values make it possible to conclude that they are neutral to the ground environment and can be used in engineering practice under specific conditions in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. [1]
78. This publication presents a case study of responsible environmental management on the example of a Polish organization having the objective of municipal waste management. The results of the conducted analyses allow to conclude that the organization is well prepared to implement an environmental management system compliant with the requirements of ISO 14001:2015 standard. This publication presents and characterises environmental programmes which are implemented by the organization.The purpose of this publication is to present, on the example of a selected organization, the adaptation to the implementation of the environmental management system compliant with ISO 14001:2015 standard and to analyse the benefits obtained by the organization as a result of implementing the environmental management system. The carried-out surveys suggest that pro-environmental activities undertaken by the organization will bring numerous benefits. The benefits can include, inter alia, increased customer confidence, improved image of the organization and thus an increase in the number of services provided by the company. Environmental performance indicators will be carried out for the assessment of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system. This will allow an effective identification of the areas that require improvement. [1]
79. This publication is a presentation of the methodology to determine the degree of diversification and allocation of water resources in water supply systems; with a differentiated level of need based on the example of the municipality of Benissa Spain. The article shows a frequency of the changes and factors that affect the functioning of the water supply system. Moreover, its presents the calculation of the diversification indices for the selected water supply system while the methodology offers the possibility of evaluating the diversification of water resources in two parameters according to an adapted form of the Shannon-Weaver index. [1]
80. This paper shows that imaging and analysis of morphological features of the surface of modern structured abrasives in the pre-machining state can be carried out by means of electron microscopy supported by image processing and analysis techniques. The acquisition of SEM micrographs for active surfaces of the four (A6, A30, A65, A160 grades) monolayer abrasive discs 237AA (3M) with Trizact™ abrasive grains was carried out by the use of Quanta 200 Mark II (FEI Company) high-resolution scanning electron microscope. Visual analysis allowed for the observation of abrasive grains mainly in terms of the occurrence on their surface of various defects resulting from the technology of their production. For a parametric analysis, the authors used the Fiji 1.51s software (J. Schindelin et al.) which, in turn, made it possible to determine the values of the basic geometrical parameters characterizing the abrasive grains in the selected area of the active surface of assessed abrasive tool. The observation and measurement instruments used in the experimental studies described in this work and the proposed methodology may present an interesting alternative approach to the assessment of the surface morphology of advanced structured abrasives. [1]
81. This paper reports an experimental comparative thermal analysis of a flat plate heat exchanger and corrugated plate heat exchanger (CPHE) of different corrugation angles using ethylene glycol as test fluid. The experiments were carried out counter current mode using water as hot fluid at 75°C. Design of each plate provided with eleven thermocouple sensors to determine the temperatures, in which seven were used to measure the surface temperature of plate and four were used to measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperature of cold and hot fluids. The mass flow rate of test fluid, varied between 0.5 to 4 liters per minute and corresponding steady state temperatures is measured. Using experimental readings, temperature difference between the inlet and outlet streams (DT), logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are determined. The obtained DT and U values of corrugation angles (300, 500) of CPHE were compared with those of flat plate heat exchangers. For corrugation angle of 30° and 50°, the DT and U values increases with increase of mass flow rate of the fluid. [1]
82. This paper presents the possibilities of waste management originating frommunicipal wastewater treatment through the production of mineral-organic fertilizersbased on sewage sludge. The original method created for this purpose was used in thestudy together with the environmental assessment of this method. Therefore, the pur-pose of this publication is twofold. On the one hand, the first goal of the paper is todraw attention to the need to choose the appropriate method of utilization of sewagesludge, taking into account its characteristics and potentially harmful effects on theenvironment. The second goal of the paper is to assess the environmental impact ofthe selected method and demonstrate its eco-innovation.The first part of the paper is a theoretical introduction to the issues of sewagesludge management, as well as theoretical considerations on the essence of eco-inno-vation. The second part of the paper presents practical issues of production and appli-cation of the organo-mineral granulated fertilizer subjected to research, while the thirdpart – the methodology of the applied Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), including in par-ticular the application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis (MEFA) at the Life Cy-cle Inventory stage. The fourth section presents the assumptions and results of theconducted research for four alternative solutions for the production of organic-mineralfertilizers. The fifth and final part summarizes the results and contains a number ofconclusions and recommendations that should be considered in the context of the pos-sibilities of further product optimization. [1]
83. This paper presents the characteristics of the subsystems of the modular, didactic production system of single-stage gearboxes. The presented system is equipped with miniatures of devices commonly used in industry. The modular construction of the stand gives the possibility of free modelling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system development and its use. The paper presents the characteristics of the manufacturing, storage, transport and assembly subsystem and quality control. In the characteristics, the market recognition was presented and selected solutions and devices were described. [1]
84. This paper presents the FEM analysis of V-die bending process of the zinc plated DC01 steel. The process is analyzed in terms of maximal plastic strain, and the reaction force on the punch. An analysis of the spring-back phenomenon has also been conducted. This paper shows the model preparation process as well as the achieved results and their interpretation. [1]
85. This paper presents issues related to the subject of prototyping. It discusses the essence of creating prototypes in historical times and in contemporary times. The paper presents the process of car development in the times of Henry Ford and in modern times. Briefly contemporary methods of prototyping, so-called fast prototyping methods, are discussed. In short, the issues of researching prototypes in historical and contemporary times are also discussed. This article perfectly allows to see the progress in technology that has been made over the centuries from XIX to XXI. [1]
86. This paper presents a statistical analysis of concentrations for selected metals in groundwater samples collected from 15 sites located in the Wielkopolska National Park in four periods of 2017. Concentrations of such metals as B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn were analysed. Statistical analysis identified two groups of metals in terms of similarity in their concentrations in groundwater. One group is composed of Ba, Ca, K, Mg and Na, while the other comprises B, Fe, Mn and Zn. The analyses showed also considerable variation of investigated elements between various well locations. Three types of location were distinguished: situated nearby open water bodies, situated in the lowest parts of relief and located in the upper and middle parts of slopes. [1]
87. This paper presents a prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor for a hybrid boiler station supplying a small hotel in Koszalin. The task of the device was to balance the hybrid system with four circuits with different operating parameters, also changing in an extremely irregular manner. A prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor with improved internal structure was developed, ensuring the operation of the device in accordance with the temperature logic. Dimensions of the device have been calculated in accordance with the existing design principles of hydraulic distributors. [1]
88. This paper presents a method of lowering the processor’s voltage and temperature in which the computer operates by performing an operation called undervolting. By using undervolting it is possible to reduce electricity consumption and the amount of heat generated by computer workstations by up to 30%. This problem is particularly relevant for institutions that use a large number of computers. The more the computers are subjected to the higher computational load, the more effective the mechanism of undervolting is. Undervolting the processor does not reduce its performance, but lowers its operating temperature, has a positive impact on its life span and power consumption. Maintaining a low temperature of operation for computer hardware is essential to reduce operating and repair costs. The paper also presents the results of environmental research aimed at assessing the validity and effectiveness of undervolting. [1]
89. This paper presents a comparison of two approval tests for a passenger car, both the current procedure and its predecessor. The car that was the subject of the study received a roadworthiness certificate based on the NEDC test, however, the emission results were compared with the new test procedure. The analysis showed the significance of the “start-stop” system in the conducted tests, however, assuming the original equipment of the car (active “start-stop” system), the WLTP test showed higher CO2 emissions, which did not exceed the permissible emission standard for this model specified in the relevant regulation. [1]
90. This paper portrays the benefits of introducing an ultracapacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature is, the higher the hybrid system efficiency becomes. Data from real world is is covered by this study. Simulations are done considering a modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. Owing to this system, the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10%. Finally, hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system but it also increases the power train efficiency and the battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers in further development of this topic. [1]
91. This paper pertains to the influence of decreasing supplementation to transformation of chemical forms of Ni. Zn and Cu during composting of sewage sludge. A universally used supplementing material constituting a rich source of organic carbon is straw. Addition of straw to sewage sludge is aimed at increasing C/N proportion up to at least 15 due to the risk of formation of toxic forms of nitrogen, concentration of which in sewage sludge is exceptionally high. We have presented in this paper the results of speciation research of three elements applying Tessier’s sequential extraction. It’s been proven that decreasing of straw share in the composted mixture with sewage sludge down to the level of C/N value below the admissible value, has a beneficial effect on the allocation of tested heavy metals towards the forms that are permanently bound in compost matrix. A systematic increase of organic (IV) and residual (V) fractions share and decrease of mobile forms of heavy metals content in bioavailable fractions i.e. ion-exchange (I) and carbonate (II) has been ascertained. [1]
92. This paper introduce the transient model of the propane heat pump cycle. Heat pump cycle model includes:- compressor model- condenser model in lumped parameters- evaporator model in lumped parameters- expansion valve model- heat source model (cooling chamber)- PID control system for heat recovery from superheated refrigerant vapour.Model allows estimate inertia of the heat pump cycle with system of the heat recovery from superheated propane vapor [1]
93. This paper focuses on the assessment of the degree of risk in all phases of extraction activities in a selected quarry in the Slovak Republic. The research part of the paper assesses the degree of risk resulting from the assessment of the threat, the probability of the threat and the consequence of an adverse event in extraction activities. The paper offers an important basis for decision-making in quarry management in order to eliminate the negative consequences of andesite mining on the environment, equipment and people. The extraction activity in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry is assessed by this paper as low risk for two phases of extraction, specifically the preparation phase, and the extraction itself. The paper also highlights the importance of taking measures. Regarding the safety criteria in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry, it is possible, based on the results of the analysis and evaluation, to consider the quarry to be safe. However, a condition for this is the necessary expert training of workers in all activities performed while working in the quarry. Here, the need for personnel to strictly adhere to the set standards for extraction activities is of prime importance. This finding confirms the above that the aim of diagnosing and naming the potential for adverse events in the extraction process must be to minimize risks, as their absolute exclusion is not possible due to the human factor and unforeseeable circumstances. [1]
94. This paper examines the evacuation of people in the event of an emergency caused at a nuclear facility. The study describes the emergency preparedness of the Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant. The paper describes the proposal of the logistics solution and the implementation of protective and emergency preparation, which is determined by the internal emergency plan, based on the information flow in the event of an emergency and the activities of individual emergency response units. The above results indicate that the fewer people there are in one evacuated group, the longer the evacuation time will be. However, the reason is not the length of time to get to the assembly point itself, but the number of groups that must be created and therefore the higher number of trips that firefighters have to take. The optimal way to carry out this process safely, in the shortest possible time, could be to set up more groups of escorting firefighters, who would accompany groups with smaller numbers of evacuees. Strict preparation and adherence to pre-prepared instructions, based on logistical principles in the event of an emergency at a nuclear facility, minimizes loss of life and harm to the health of persons, and also damage to property or the environment. [1]
95. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system of the ecological environment and the economy, and the coupling degrees and coordination degrees from 2015 to 2019 are calculated. The results show that (1) There is a relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Discharging industrial pollutants is an important factor affecting the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economic coupling. (2) The comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment and economic development systems is increasing yearly, and the quality of the ecological environment and the level of economic development are constantly improving. (3) The value of the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between ecological environment and economic development is increasing yearly, and the development trend is good. The coupling degree gradually shifts from low-level coupling to high-level coupling stage. [1]
96. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of using biophilic installations to improve the indoor air quality in residential and commercial spaces. Modular plant systems can provide the support or, in smaller facilities, even an alternative to the conventional indoor air purification techniques, such as filtration. The unquestionable advantage of green walls is their comprehensive influence on the indoor air quality by shaping both appropriate thermal and humidity conditions as well as the chemical air composition. However, these constructions are not mechanical systems and therefore, the effectiveness of these specific types of living air purifiers in removing gaseous pollutants and particulate matter cannot be expected to match the level of traditional systems. [1]
97. This paper discusses the current directions of vehicle developments, as well as the barriers and opportunities for using electric vehicles instead of conventional vehicles. There is also mentioned a problem of the battery charging system. Compared to refueling gasoline powered vehicles, charging of battery electric vehicles takes considerably more time, which renders a single-purpose charging infrastructure inconvenient. However, an objective of this article is also to investigate the future market prospects of various types of EVs, with the economics of EVs in comparison to conventional cars. Only if the final driving costs can be considerably reduced will EVs gain significant market shares. [1]
98. This paper describes the optimization studies aime dat analysing the impact of the parameter described by the discount factor on the cost of the system and its structure. The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of medical waste management system in north-eastern Poland, in the Podlaskie Province. The scope of operational research carried out under the optimization study was divided into two stages of optimization calculations with assumed technical and economic parameters of the system. In the first stage, the lowest cost of functioning of the analysed system was generated, whereas in the second one the influence of the input parameter of the system, i.e. the discount factor on the economic efficiency index (E) and the spatial structure of the medical waste management system was determined. With the assumed discount factor in the range of 0.980 to 0.909, the highest cost of the system was achieved at the level of 2332.60 PLN/Mg (increase of economic efficiency index E by ca. 46% in comparison with course 1, with discount factor = 0.980); furthermore, discount factor = 0.909 produced the lowest value of the economic efficiency index, i.e. E = 1164.20 PLN/Mg (a decrease of E by ca. 27% in comparison with course 1). [1]
99. This paper describes the mixture design of lightweight concrete. The authors proposed lightweight concrete based solely on expanded clay aggregate. Commercially available expanded clay granules (used as coarse aggregate) were supplemented with crushed expanded clay granules (which played the role of fine aggregate). The created mixes were differentiated by particle size distribution of lightweight aggregate and the amount of used cement. Properties of both fresh concrete mixes and hardened composites were of interest. The tested properties were as follows: consistency, density, compression strength, splitting tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, shear strength and abrasion resistance. Experimental results have shown some satisfactory mechanical characteristics of concretes in question. [1]
100. This paper describes a stability study in plastic injection molding process. There is a need - underpinned by economic considerations - to continuously improve and lead to a maximum reduction in the level of deficiencies in production processes. One of the methods that can help to improve the process is SPC (Statistical Process Control). One of the SPC tools are process capability indicators (Cp, Cpk) or performance indicators such as Pp, Ppk. In this paper, on a mass measuring station, a study was conducted on three types of products manufactured in a company, and the measurements concerned each piece of product manufactured during one work shift. The collected data were used to calculate the process capability and evaluate these processes. [1]
101. This paper contains results of measurements of the pore water pressures in a model flood embankment exposed to different water saturation levels. The pressure of air and water was measured, and the recorded values were referred to the atmospheric pressure value. Correlation of the variables corresponding to the recorded pressures was observed, with the appearance of discontinuous in the soil structure of the model. [1]
102. This paper addresses the protection of the environment and provides a design forthe use of the deposit after the cessation of mining in the Novoveská Huta region. The areaof interest of this case study describes the practical transformation of a functioning miningoperation into a mining museum in order to reduce the pressures on the environment aftermining. The resulting model of the functioning of the mining museum also deals in detailwith the safety of a mining operation which is no longer used for mining, taking intoaccount its further use. The article describes the proposed 1700-metre route which visitorswill pass along, and also gives a detailed description of the proposed measures necessaryfor safety and long-term sustainable operation.The aim was to design a use of the mining space, that would offer visitors theopportunity to see the handling space and mining methods of the deposit. An interestingelement will also be the possibility of inspecting the explosives store, wall linings, steeland wooden reinforcements. The tour will also include a demonstration of storage facili-ties as well as a Karlik's wheel mining equipment with a rope loop. The open-air museumalso offers the opportunity to get acquainted with transport around the entire deposit understrict safety conditions. It is assumed that devices such as a mining telephone or a sirenplaced on the walls of the tunnel will also arouse interest. An important element of theentire tour would also be a constant reminder of the safety rules during the tour.The impacts of this solution on the environment are very acceptable and incom-parably more beneficial than in the case of the termination of mining and subsequent non-use of the Novoveská Huta deposit. [1]
103. This experimental study investigated the effects of a conventional cutting fluid during drilling cylindrical holes on workpiece materials made of the AISI 1040 steel. Drilling responses were compared between dry and wet (in presence of the cutting fluid) cutting conditions with respect to drilling force, roundness deviation and taper of the hole, and chip morphology. High production machining and drilling with high cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut were found to be inherently associated with the generation of a large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. In a dry condition such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the roundness deviation and taper of the hole. The use of a conventional cutting fluid, in such a situation, was very effective to reduce the cutting temperature. In a dry cutting condition, numerous tool-wears were found on the drill bits. Drilling in such a dry condition seriously affects roundness of the hole, and chip shape and color. Contrastingly, use of a traditional cutting fluid reduced temperature as well as improved roundness and taper of the hole. It also acted as a lubricate at the tool tip–work surface interface. [1]
104. This article represents the results of experimental studies of the temperature regime during long-term operation of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. The average annual, total monthly and average daily specific amounts of heat extracted from the soil or released into the soil mass, respectively, depending on the cold or warm periods of the year, were determined. The analysis of the given data allowed to conduct a monthly assessment of the energy efficiency of the use of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. It is noted that the largest thermal contribution occurs in the middle of the warm and cold periods of the year, when the largest difference in temperature of the outside air and the soil massif is observed. The use of earth-to-air heat exchangers is one of the necessary tools in order to lowering the energy consumption for modern air-conditioning systems of buildings due to their energy efficiency. [1]
105. This article presents the results of experimental research on the effect of enhancing the heating surface on the heat transfer coefficient for boiling in a closed volume of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the research was determination of impact heat surfaces enhancements by applying circular cavities on heat transfer coefficient and on vapor structures formation during boiling. The study involved three brass samples with diameters equal to 50 mm, with different enhancements of the heating surface by drilled blind cavities. The research include investigation of sample without cavities, sample with 133 circular cavities of diameter of 2 mm and sample with 61 circular cavities of diameter of 3 mm. On the basis of the research, the influence of the investigated heat exchange surface enhancement on the intensity of heat exchange was determined. Own interface in the LabView environment for controlling and acquiring measurement data was developed. The boiling process was recorded with a high-speed camera, and based on the obtained video images, the recorded images were analyzed to determine the void fraction. The heat flux density, heat transfer coefficient were calculated and comparative diagrams of the obtained measurement results were made [1]
106. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d below 2,5 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter d was obtained. [1]
107. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe microchannels with an internal diameter dw below 1 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter dw was obtained. [1]
108. This article presents the results for flow past a square cylinder and two square cylinders of the same and different sizes with corner modifications by varying the spacing ratio. Here, experimental work is conducted in a recirculatory channel filled with water. A set of aluminum discs made to rotate to create the flow in the test section. The motor is used to vary the speed of the water. Fine aluminum powder is used as a tracer medium. It is observed that vortex shedding frequency decreases by placing the second cylinder in the downstream of the first cylinder. For similar size cylinders, the width of the eddy in the middle of the cylinders increases with an increase in spacing ratio. With the increase of spacing ratio to 6, the flow past each cylinder behaves like a single square cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is smaller than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is reduced in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is bigger than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is larger in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. [1]
109. This article presents the methods of processing gold-plated pins from, among others, used computer equipment and discusses the results of own research on the recovered metal. Due to the relatively small structure of the pins and the fact that the gold layer is only a few microns thick, recovering gold from them constitutes a significant challenge. On the other hand, gold is a precious metal which enables the collective removal of other metals to obtain pure gold. The suggested method involves compacting the gold-plated pins into an anode form and carrying out the electro-refining process. Metals such as copper, tin and iron pass into the anode sludge from which they can be extracted or serve as a commercial intermediate to be sold to smelter plants. The anode sludge was melted in the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch in a graphite crucible by adding borax. As a result of the melting, several metallic precipitates were obtained, which were then hot-incorporated into a sample with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 12 mm. Eventually, a pure gold alloy sample was obtained containing Cu 40.69%, Sn 9.61% and Au 48.58%. [1]
110. This article presents results of experimental tests of internal cylindrical traverse grinding in which the total machining allowance is removed in a single pass. Grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure made on basis of abrasive grains from Al2O3 were used in the process. Such tools are characterized by different construction of rough and finish grinding zones. Moreover, conic chamfer is shaped on their active surface that allows for even distribution of machining allowance on the grinding wheel surface. What is described in the hereby work is a device for precise shaping of conic chamfer on the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS). The work also presents results of tests whose aim was to determine the influence of grinding wheel macrogeometry on the process of internal cylindrical traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces made from steel 100Cr6. Changes of selected parameters of the machined surface geometric structure (Ra, Rz, RSm, Rdq and RTp) and values of the grinding power P were analyzed. It was proved that the greater the conic chamfer width, the better the results. [1]
111. This article presents numerical investigation of isotropic dissimilar material joints. Dissimilar material joints are broadly used in in various structures, including offshore, nuclear, electronic packaging, IC chip and spacecraft various fields of science and technology. In bi-material joints two different material are bonded with common interface region. High stress concentration occur at the interface of the joint under thermo-mechanical loadings due to the difference in the elastic properties and the thermal expansion coefficients of dissimilar materials. The stresses acting along the interface of dissimilar material joints are very important to determine whether the structure is reliable or not for operation. The main purpose of this research is to provide finite element solutions to predict the stress distribution at the interface of the joint based on the theory of elasticity. [1]
112. This article presents issues related to the search for new products. The process of innovation implementation in a production company is characterized. Issues related to the process of innovation implementation are presented, as well as processes closely related to it. There are presented the analyses which are necessary to carry out, before starting the process of innovation implementation in a company. The process of economic analyses and risk assessment of FMEA implementation was discussed. The analyses presented refer to a specific example which is the implementation of innovative impregnated wheels in the company Andre Abrasive Articles. [1]
113. This article presents five methods of centrifugal provision the grinding fluid to the grinding zone such as centrifugal grinding fluid supplying through the grinding spindle and through the grinding wheel, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the grinding wheel body and grinding wheel pores, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the body and space between abrasive segments, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the grinding wheel divider radial channels, centrifugal grinding fluid supply method with use of zonal centrifugal grinding fluid provision system. The described characteristics were referred primarily to the conventional flood cooling method as a reference. In summary the conclusions drawn after mentioned characteristics analysis were presented. [1]
114. This article presents a study of the aerodynamic characteristics of a small H-Darrieus wind turbine to optimize its design. The article proposes correlations between the geometric and aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, optimizes the profile of the blades and their dimensions for various values of wind speed, aerodynamic forces, and rotational moments. The data obtained can be useful for the design and study of low power wind turbines operating at low wind speeds with variable direction. [1]
115. This article presents a novel, innovative, open multi-domain platform for early warning against adverse events in reservoirs and watercourses, which can measure temperature, pH, redox, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll and phycocyanin. These parameters are key indicators of cyanobacteria bloom. This platform allows remote and distributed monitoring of important locations on lakes and rivers. The station's design enables the use of both wired sensors directly connected to the station and wireless data collection from locally dispersed measurement points that communicate with the station-buoy. The data aggregation system is open, and the technological solution of the station is universal, which means it can use different sensors for chemical and biological parameters that are required by, for example, the Water Framework Directive, from the market and industry standards. The platform also has built-in machine learning and data analysis mechanisms that can optimise the number of stations needed to achieve the desired level of data acquisition. The sensor dispersion and station autonomy ensure the flexibility and scalability of the measurements. [1]
116. This article is devoted to the analysis of the heat engineering characteristics of the operation of an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, EAHE, with a circular cross-sectional shape, which is a component of the geothermal ventilation system. The authors analyzed literature sources devoted to the research of heat exchangers of the soil-air type of various designs and for working conditions in various soils. Much attention is paid to the issues of modeling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of an EAHE under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine. [1]
117. This article investigates the application of neural network models to create automated control systems for industrial processes. We reviewed and analysed works on dispatch control and evaluation of equipment operating modes, and the use of artificial neural networks to solve problems of this type. It is shown that the main requirements for identification models are the accuracy of estimation and ease of algorithm implementation. It is shown that artificial neural networks meet the requirements for accuracy of classification problems, ease of execution and speed. We considered the structures of neural networks that can be used to recognize the modes of operation of technological equipment. Application of the model and structure of networks with radial basis functions and multilayer perceptrons for the tasks of identifying the mode of operation of equipment under given conditions is substantiated. The input conditions for the construction of neural network models of two types with a given three-layer structure are offered. The results of training neural models on the model of a multilayer perceptron and a network with radial basis functions are presented. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. It is shown that networks with radial basis functions offer greater accuracy in solving identification problems. The structural scheme of the automated process control system with mode identification on the basis of artificial neural networks is offered. [1]
118. This article focuses on factors limiting the development possibilities of Poland's photovoltaic and wind power plants. Technical, environmental and legal conditions were found and indicated as a result of research based on legal acts and literature on location possibilities of renewable energy installations under discussion. Also, formulas that can show limiting factors in absolute value are proposed. These formulas consider all limiting factors and allow for comparison between different regions of Poland concerning location impossibilities. [1]
119. This article discusses the processes of current re-engineering of the Georgian Railway. Georgian Railway was founded in 1865 and its operations started in 1871. It sits on the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia. When we analyze the re-engineering issues of a particular country, we conclude that there is no general recipe on the process of re-engineering in the railway of any country. Decisions which were made in different countries, despite the fact that the approaches to the process of re-engineering were different, the world experience has demonstrated some similar actions that are common for these processes. I would like to present the recommendations and approaches which show the common actions that are useful for all railway administration. The article is built on theoretical and practical issues that will help us to learn about the project management of re-engineering and give an idea how to use it in our future career. [1]
120. This article describes functional and diagnostic structure of the equipment of a Wind Power Station. Considering particular operational conditions of a technical object, that is a set of Wind Power Station equipment, this is a significant issue. A structural model of Wind Power Station equipment is developed. Based on that, a functional – diagnostic model of Wind Power Station equipment is elaborated. That model is a basis for determining primary elements of the object structure, as well as for interpreting a set of diagnostic signals and their reference signals. [1]
121. This article describes a case study of an application of the method of creating innovations called SCAMPER for the development of new abrasive tools designed for machining of hard-to-cut materials. The SCAMPER method is used for innovative transformations of existing products, aimed at a modernization of their design, a construction and an extension of functions. This method was used in the procedure of modifying abrasive tools and it permitted a generation of a set of innovative solutions in this field. The methodology made it also possible to logically organize individual creative activities supported by the previously accumulated theoretical and experimental knowledge. [1]
122. This article deals with the optimization of friction stir welding process parameters with filler ratios on dissimilar Aluminium alloy groups. For this purpose, 6 series Aluminium alloy 6082 and 5 series Aluminium alloy 5052 were taken. Microhardness property was conducted under various rotational speeds, welding speed, plunge depth, Center distance between the holes and filler mixing ratio. The Central Composite Design (CCD), the most commonly used Response Surface Methodology (RSM), is considered to develop the prediction equation. A validation analysis is carried out, and the results were compared with the relative impact of input parameters on weld nugget microhardness. It is observed that the increase in welding speed with plunge depth and filler ratio result in the increase of weld nugget microhardness up to a maximum value. The maximum weld nugget hardness of fabricated joint was obtained with the welding process parameters combination of 1000 rpm rotational speed, 125 mm/min welding speed, 0.15 mm plunge depth, 2 mm centre distance between the holes, and filler ratio of 95% Mg and 5% Cr. [1]
123. This article analyses the recycling of secondary waste in Polish recycling companies. An innovative method of processing PCBs is presented and trends that should be followed by plants processing non-ferrous metal waste are indicated. In conclusion, it is emphasised that the Polish WEEE recycling market is still at the early development and growth stage and the most important goals that enterprises should set themselves include cost optimisation, improvement of waste management logistics and increases in the level of recycling. [1]
124. This article analysed the state of air quality in Poland on the basis of data from the main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. The emission limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter were analysed along with the number of days in which their emission was exceeded. In addition to particulate emissions, target levels for benzo(a)pyrene, which is highly carcinogenic, have been assessed. [1]
125. This PhD manuscript contains new concepts focusing on experimental protocols and a proposal of new materials/nanomaterials for hybrid methodologies allowing for the elimination of low-molecular-mass organic micropollutants from the water phase. The introduction to the manuscript consists of a problem overview and extensive discussion of current literature in the field of micropollutants and technological processes for their removal. As target micropollutants, four common dyes were selected and investigated: Brilliant Blue, Malachite Green, Sunset Yellow and Ponceau 4R. Various experiments involving these chemicals were proposed including separation science and biological investigations (activated sludge, duckweed organisms). As active matrices, a number of both simple and complex substances were investigated, namely: active carbon, lyophilized graphene oxide, β-cyclodextrin, raw dandelion pappus, microcrystalline cellulose, raw pine pollen, and Egyptian Blue mineral pigments (1.1.1. and 1.1.1a.). A new approach for the synthesis of the selected nanomaterials were described in the details concerning lyophilised Graphene Oxide and Egyptian Blue dye. These materials were extensively characterized using a number of different physicochemical methods such as SEM, EDS, Raman and FTIR. [1]
126. Thermophysical characteristics of porous thermal insulation materials (PTM) aregenerally determined by the structure, size, type and shape of pores, as well as by theirmutual arrangement in the material. Thermal conductivity is one of the most importantamong these characteristics, is caused by different physical processes and can be reducedto three types: conduction, convection and radiation. Literature sources imply that thermalconductivity dependence is represented as an exponential function. These dependencies failto have a sufficiently clear and pronounced nature and do not allow developing an analyticalexpression to describe this function, especially at high values of material density. In our548 Hanna Koshlak, Anna Kaczanexperiments, the thermal conductivity coefficient was determined in the dry and sorptionhumidity states, not exceeding 20%. The thermal conductivity of porous thermal insulationmaterials was studied using an IT-λ-400 device. Cylindrical test specimens, 5 mm thick and15 mm in diameter, were placed in the device and heated to 800°C. Within this temperaturerange, the material thermal conductivity was determined according to the standard proce-dure described in the device operating instructions. The observed data were processed usingthe designed experiment approach. Thermal conductivity is considered as the target function(Y, W/(m K)). The experiment was conducted according to the program of the central com-posite rotatable second-order design by Box-Hunter. The factors, studied in the previousseries of experiments, are considered as controllable ones. Variable factors shall meet thesecriteria during experiment design process. 16 experiments were conducted at basic levelsand supplemented by another 10 experiments at star points. [1]
127. Thermochemical processes are among the most effective methods of obtaining hydrogen-rich gases from biomass. These technologies mainly include pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction. Thermochemical conversion of dry biomass is similar to the conversion of fossil fuels using gasification and pyrolysis methods. Products obtained through thermochemical processes (CO and CH4) can be processed into other biofuels, e.g. syngas, a raw material for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, methanol and alcohols. In recent years, advanced research has been carried out using biomass to produce liquid fuels. The biomass pyrolysis process in the presence of a catalyst is based on the rapid heating of the biomass to a temperature of approximately 500°C in the so-called inert atmosphere in which there are no reactive gases. This process produces a liquid product: pyrolysis oil, gas and charcoal. The bio-oil produced in this process constitutes 60-75% of the mass of the biofuel and is thermally unstable because it contains up to 300 different chemical compounds. However, the bio-oil obtained in this way is incompatible with conventional liquid transport fuels (gasoline, diesel) due to its high oxygen content. Pyrolysis in the presence of a zeolite catalyst is a process that allows for the effective conversion of biomass in economic and ecological terms. A zeolite catalyst makes it possible to remove oxidized compounds in situ and modify the properties of the biofuel to ensure its compatibility with conventional transport fuels. The catalyst plays a crucial role in this process because it removes oxygen from oxygenates and, consequently, creates stable reaction products that can then be treated to obtain renewable transport fuels or other useful chemicals. The article presents methods of biomass conversion via pyrolisis, microorganisms usage, zeolite-based catalysis, biocatalysis and photo-fermentation, which poses a big possibility of diversification of renewable energy sources. [1]
128. Thermoacoustics has become a promising technology to use heat from low temperature sources to drive engines. This study proposes a single-stage thermoacoustic travelling-wave engine for waste-heat recovery at 150°C. All the construction details of such a system are provided. A recently developed configuration of a looped tube with an impedance matching side-branch stub is proposed. A numerical model of the engine is built in DeltaEC software to conduct the simulations. Furthermore, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the engine is presented, including an energy balance, a description of the basic acoustic parameters in a steady state, as well as a study of a variable load influence on the performance of the engine. The Authors pointed out the necessity of the engine optimization and a proper choice of load related acoustic impedance, which would consider a trade-off between high power and high efficiency. Eventually, a possibility of achieving 40% exergy efficiency of the proposed engine is confirmed. [1]
129. Thermal comfort and lighting conditions are essential aspects of indoor environmental quality. They are considered to influence the productivity of room users. The paper presents the experimental test results of research conducted in the university educational building of Kielce University of Technology (Central Poland) using anonymous questionnaires and physical measurements of indoor air parameters with a high-precision microclimate meter. It covers the analysis of the subjective assessment of thermal sensations, acceptability and preference, as well as productivity, lighting and air quality in eleven rooms (both lecture rooms and classrooms). The study analyses the impact of the indoor environment (mostly air temperature and illuminance) on the subjective sensations of the respondents they expressed in the questionnaires. The experiments have enabled us to provide valuable insights into developing the proper indoor environmental conditions to maximise room users' comfort and productivity. [1]
130. The work concerns determining the energy performance of the heat storage device based on the phase change material for the solar dish Stirling unit. Experimental studies were performed with the heat storage material, made of the eutectic metal alloy Mg-51%Zn. The energy characteristics are determined by mathematical analysis of the experimental data and simulation of the process of cooling the heat storage. [1]
131. The work concerns a detailed analysis of the possibilities of increasing environmental protection by increasing the efficiency of selective collection of municipal waste in the city of Wroclaw and the economic conditions of this activity. The study includes a short introduction and an overview of waste morphology indicators. Then, a research model for the study of the morphology of municipal waste is discussed, based on the example of Wroclaw (Poland). Finally, 3 variant cost models of measures supporting the segregation of municipal waste were described and discussed. The article ends with a numerical example for Wroclaw along with a verification of the applicable rates for municipal waste collection fees, whether sorted or not. [1]
132. The word greenhouse dryer is used for a building which is highly glazed with thermal conditioning for desired range and it is used for cultivating crops, plants, vegetables, etc. The actual working of a greenhouse is that the short-wave radiations falling on the greenhouse are absorbed by the outer glazing material thereby heating the interior area of greenhouse and providing ambient heat for plants, vegetables growth respectively. The heated space is retained within the enclosure of greenhouse. This phenomenon is called as greenhouse effect. The important role played during the greenhouse effect phenomenon are atmosphere, insulating roofs, walls, etc.The current study focuses on the numerical and experimental validation of Solar Greenhouse which is utilized for drying phenomenon. The numerical simulation is performed using Finite Element Analysis method. The various roof shapes have been incorporated to have emphasis on maximum solar gain to drying phenomenon. [1]
133. The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design. [1]
134. The tribological performance of 5xxx series aluminum alloys with ternary zirconium is evaluated at ambient conditions under dry, wet and saline environment. The experiment has been done using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under an applied load of 20N. The sliding distances varies ranging from 116m-2772m at a sliding velocity of 0.385 ms-1. The results show that presence of Mg and Zr into this alloy helps to increase their strength and wear resistance under dry sliding condition. But they significantly suffer under wet and corrosive environment due to formation of β-phase Al3Mg2, to slip bands and grain boundaries which may lead to and stress-corrosion cracking. The variation of friction coefficient is observed in wet and corrosive environment due to the formation of oxidation film, lubrication, and corrosion action in solution. The SEM fracture surface shows that brittle Al3Mg2 phase initiate the brittle fracture surface for Al-Mg alloy and Zr addition accelerate the brittleness of the alloy owing the fine precipitates of Al3Zr. [1]
135. The transport sector in Poland heavily pollutes the environment, and together with individual heating systems, it contributes to bad air quality in Polish cities. One of solutions to this problem, among others, is electric transport. It should lead to reduced emissions, but 80% of electricity in Poland is generated from coal and lignite, the “dirty” fuels. This paper is meant to compare the emission of pollutants from power plants per kilometre covered by electric vehicles and by conventional cars. For this purpose, statistical data was used. Additional information concerning possible electromobility evolution, other low emission transport solutions, Polish energy mix evolution, external costs of electricity and differences between EURO limits and real driving emission are also included. [1]
136. The transport safety is a property of the transport process (movement of individuals and/or goods), characterized by absence of danger to life and health of individuals [1,2,10]. This process should represent a high reliability and safety. The measure of safety is certainty that components of the transport process will remain intact during operation, except for natural changes due to ageing and wear. To ensure a sufficient safety level, it is vital to employ the electronic transport systems which aim is to increase the safety of transferred individuals and goods. The electronic transport systems are designed to detect the threats that occur during the transport process (for both stationary and moving objects). This article presents influence of the electromagnetic interferences within vast railway area on the electronic transport systems with one transmission bus. These electromagnetic interferences are able to completely compromise the electronic system, induce the voltage in the transmission buses or in other components of the system and trigger the alarm (higher probability of false alarm). While operating the transport safety system, full spectrum of electromagnetic interferences should be taken into account. Due to complex behavior of the electromagnetic waves during penetration (propagation), influence of the electromagnetic interferences requires separate analyzes for different frequency bands. [1]
137. The term optical profilometry is used in relation to group of methods used in a rapid, non-destructive, and non-contact assessment of surface topography. Those methods playing a signifi-cant role in the area of a modern advanced laboratory and industrial 3D measurements. With the development of profilometric methods, a large progress in the construction of optical profilometric instruments and measuring sensors used in them, including confocal sensors based on the chromatic light aberration phenomenon (CLA) has been observed since several years. In the paper shows that the Talysurf CLI 2000 multisensory optical profilometer equipped with a CLA sensor can be used in high-accuracy 3D measurements of the uncirculated and circulated coins. The assessment of such type objects characterized by a high variability of altitude can be extremely helpful in analyzing the actual metrological properties of measuring equipment used in their measurements. [1]
138. The sustainable implementation of highway projects requires a sensitivity analysis of the terrain and all of its components that have a direct influence on road design, construction and operation. The result of this inquiry involving GIS techniques and methods regarding environmental and economic factors helps in choosing the optimal road route, in order to meet the real-world connectivity requirements. The sensitivity analysis can be applied to road and rail infrastructure projects, aiming to develop a decision-making tool that can be employed by their potential beneficiaries, according to their purposes and interests. This paper aims to create an objective decision-making tool for transport infrastructure development in correlation with the current needs of society regarding the development of transport infrastructure in an economic sustainable manner with low environmental impact. Furthermore, the study tries to identify the best highway corridor in an area with environmental constraints (especially geomorphological), that is in balance with both environment and financial resources. [1]
139. The submitted article deals with issue of application PVD coating nACRo4 deposited on the High Contact Ratio gearing made of 16MnCr5 material in interaction with the conventional PP 90H lubricant and biological Biogear S150 lubricant. Experimental tests were carried out on FZG test rig with closed performance flow, followed by measuring of the surface roughness change. In experiment we followed STN 65 6280 norm for FZG scuffing tests, from which we gained load values for different load levels. Results of experimental tests were statistically processed and on basis on them were established relations between surface roughness and load level for both used lubricants. [1]
140. The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata). [1]
141. The study of environmental loads resulting from manufacturing technology is of great importance for environmental protection. Applying the principles of sustainable development means "a way of farming in which meeting the needs of the present generation will not reduce the chances of meeting the needs of future generations." Faced with such a challenge, the product must be assessed throughout its entire life cycle (LCA). From the available technologies and materials, one should choose those that are least harmful to the environment. In order to make a correct choice, it is necessary to know and understand the technological processes and phenomena that take place in them. Using off-the-shelf LCA applications, without knowing basic knowledge of manufacturing technology, can bias the results. The aim of the article is to present benefits resulting from the environmental assessment of manufacturing processes. [1]
142. The study involves the development of multi-objective optimization model for turning machining process. This model was developed using a GA - based weighted-sum of minimum production cost and time criteria of multipass turning machining process subject to relevant technological/practical constraints. The results of the single-objective machining process optimization models for the multipass turning machining process when compared with those of multi-objective machining process model yielded the minimum production cost and minimum production time as $5.775 and 8.320 min respectively (and the corresponding production time and production cost as 12.996min and $6.992, respectively), while those of the multi-objective machining process optimization model were $5.841and 9.097 min. Thus, the multi-objective machining process optimization model performed better than each of the single-objective model for the two criteria of minimum production cost and minimum production time respectively. The results also show that minimum production time model performs better than the minimum production cost model. For the example considered, the multi-objective model gave a lower production time of 30.0% than the corresponding production time obtained from the minimum production cost model, while it gave a lower production cost of 16.46% than the corresponding cost obtained by the minimum production time model. [1]
143. The stability of a vehicle depends on many parameters.The Centre of Gravity is one of the most important in them. If the height of center of gravity from the ground decreases the stability of the vehicle increases. But when the ground clearance is too low it has a chance of collision vehicle and the ground while going on an uneven road or with speed brakes. So, to avoid the collision of a vehicle to ground and increase the stability a mechanism to adjust the ground clearance is to be attached. Also, the lift and drag forces can also be altered using this adjustable ground clearance mechanism. The designers usually fix ground clearance and they try to acquire this by the suspension system. The suspension system has tires, tire air, springs, shock absorber, and other parts to connect the vehicle with the wheels. The present paper describes the significance of using hydraulic oil as a working fluid in an adjustable ground clearance mechanism. Also describes the design and analysis of piston and cylinder rod. [1]
144. The sector of transport, on the one hand, contributes to the socio-economic development; on the other hand, it is the source of multiple external effects with a significant and adverse impact on the society and economy. In spite of many years' experiences in the study of external costs of transport, there are still large discrepancies in research approaches and methods. This article reviewed available studies in the scope of the estimation of external costs in transport and presented own estimations of the level of costs of climate change and air pollution generated by road freight transport in Poland. The estimation of external costs was conducted based on a method developed by Martinio et al. The obtained results of the study confirm the significant adverse effect of road freight transport on the environment. The results may be useful in the selection of appropriate transport policy instruments. [1]
145. The response of zoobenthos and ichthyofauna to different levels of habitat degradation was estimated on a small lowland river. The level of fragmentation, the hydromorphological modifications of the watercourse bed, and the water quality of different river stretches were assessed as proxies of the degree of anthropogenic transformation of habitats. The degree of fauna similarity between the study sites, as well as the relationships between habitat quality and biotic indexes were estimated. A strong response of both assemblages to changes in environmental conditions was demonstrated, however, reaction to individual pressures differs. This confirms that these organisms are excellent, universal bioindicators and both groups should be used together. The key role of a well developed riparian zone in shaping the diversity of freshwater biota has also been demonstrated. [1]
146. The research reported in this paper focuses on the application of Local Binary Patterns (LBPs) for surface defects detection. The surface defection detection algorithm for Friction Stir Welded aluminum plates is the key part of the entire surface defect recognition system. Two different grades i.e AA 1200 and AA 6061 plates were similarly joined with the help of Friction Stir Welding process. Python codes for the proposed algorithm were executed on Google Colaboratory platform. The results obtained prove that the Local Binary Patterns method can be used for real-time surface defects detection in Friction Stir Welded joints. [1]
147. The research carried out was aimed at determining the effectiveness of reclamation of the Rudnickie Wielkie lake. Samples were taken 7-fold in 3 places during the period from October to April. In the tested water was determined by the colorimetric method PO4-3ions, total P and N, nitrate(V), nitrite(III) and NH4 -N. Additionally, the pH and temperature.The temperature and pH of water analyzed in the course of the study were at the level characteristic for the seasons under study and did not have a significant impact on the content of the determined chemical indicators. The level of biogenic elements and their compounds, determined a few years after reclamation, is higher than the results obtained in 2001 (immediately after reclamation), which may indicate improper sewage and agricultural management in the lake's basin. [1]
148. The pyrochlores are the promising low-thermal conductive materials for Thermal Barrier Coatings applications. In present work the concept of pyrochlore formation during APS spraying of ZrO2 and ReO was analyzed. The specially prepared agglomerated mixtures of ZrO2 with Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3 and Gd2O3 oxides were plasma sprayed using A60 plasma torch on NiCoCrAlY-type bond coat. The influence of plasma gasses composition on coatings’ microstructure was investigated. The results of XRD phase analysis proved formation of pyrochlores from Gd2O3 +ZrO2 and Nd2O3+ZrO2 mixtures. The formation of Er4O12Zr3 from Er2O3+ ZrO2 mixture as well as Zr3Yb4 from Yb2O3+ ZrO2 powder was detected. The presence of pure rare earth oxides (REO) and zirconia oxides was observed in all types of sprayed coatings. The microstructural assessment showed differences in porosity and thickness of obtained ceramic coatings depending of type of REO oxides. The analysis of results showed that it is possible to obtain pyrochlore ceramic coatings from pure oxides mixture. The plasma energy was not efficient for full formation of pyrochlores, therefore the presence of pure oxides was observed. [1]
149. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland in 1981-2010. Water needs were calculated by the plant coefficients, which were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney-Criddle’s equation, modified for Polish conditions. Rainfall deficit with the occurrence probability of normal, medium dry and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the growing season was 434 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the periods May-October and June-August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for most of the provinces. The rainfall deficit was recorded with the occurrence probability of normal as well as medium or very dry years in the entire study area. Due to climate changes, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. This research significantly broadens and refines the knowledge about the water needs of grapevines in central Poland, which will allow the design of resource-efficient irrigation programs for grapevines in the studied region of Poland. [1]
150. The purpose of this study was to assess progress in the implementation of rules for the control and handling of ballast water and sediments, regulated by the International Convention on the Control and Handling of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). The survey was conducted in 2018-2019 among seafarers responsible for handling ballast tanks. Analysis of the survey data revealed that despite the introduction of water treatments, ballast water continues to be a vector for the transfer of non-native organisms. This is due to the low effectiveness of the methods used, and the fact that 8% of the respondents answered that no BWT systems were used on the ships they manage. Despite this, some seafarers (4.7%) indicated that increasing environmental awareness and adherence to BWM principles should result in improved protection of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the global problem concerning the transport of non-native organisms via ballast water has still not been solved effectively. In the near future, improved BWT systems should be introduced, which after proper training of the crew will act as a barrier to the transfer of non-native organisms in ballast water. [1]
151. The purpose of this research is to effectively schedule jobs in a production company using heuristic johnson’s algorithm. A popular pure water production factory, Iterlene industrial services limited (IISL) located at Effurun, Nigeria was investigated and it was noticed that different sizes of jobs (bottled water) are produced ranging from 25cl, 50cl, 60cl, 75cl, and 150cl respectively, which are processed through the filling machine (FM1) and capping machine (CM2). In the order FM1CM2. Each job has to pass through the same sequence of operations. Jobs are assigned in such a way that a job is assigned on FM1 first and once processing is completed on FM1, it is assigned to CM2 and passing is not allowed. The idle time for the production of 500 bottles of water was estimated to be 1020seconds (17.00mins.). Johnson’s algorithm was applied to minimize the idle time for both FM1 and CM2 by determining the optimal sequence of the processed jobs. This was achieved within 780seconds (13.00mins.). Conclusively, the minimization of total elapsed time between the completion of first and last job was achieved. This would greatly improve productivity, effectiveness, and profitability at iterlene factory. [1]
152. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature change on the Lamb wave-based SHM method. This study evaluates the Lamb wave method’s ability to detect damage to an AL2024-T3 sheet, assessed by a near-surface hole. Lamb waves are created via numerical simulation with the commercial Finite Element (FE) package ABAQUS. In this study, the Lamb wave-based SHM method using displacement responses is used. The results indicate that this method is able to detect a near-surface hole in the AL2024-T3 sheet as well as its location, with close approximation. Subsequently, the AL1100 sheet was investigated for changes in temperature from this method, which was evaluated over a temperature range of –200(°C) to 204(°C). The results show that temperature change in the range of –200(°C) to 93(°C) has no effect on the displacement responses. However, the graphs related to temperature change of more than 149(°C) do not overlap with the reference temperature. Hence, it has been concluded that Lamb waves can be used as an SHM method in the temperature range of –200(°C) to 93 (°C) without having to worry about the effects of temperature change on the results. [1]
153. The purpose of this investigation was to indicate the most effective method of revitalizing degraded forest area. The different modifications of wood chips were used as a substitute for humus layer. The mites (Acari), and moss mites (Oribatida) as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes were used. The study began 2 years after planting of Scots pine seedlings on the land devastated by military activity, at the former military training ground (GPS: 53.156943N, 17.986440E). The soil on this area was in the type of rusty soils and subtype of the rusty algae soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted in spring 2011, in a distance 1.5×0.8 m. In one-factor experiment four soil mulching treatments were tested: 1. uncovered soil – control (C), 2. soil mulched with wood chips (W), 3. W + mycorrhizal preparation (WM), 4. W + forest litter (WL). Three replicates of microplots arrangement was applied. Each microplot was 5 m long with 3 rows of Scots pine. Each replication covers 10 rows. Mulching with wood chips was carried out on April 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, the wood chips on the WM microplots were inoculated with the mycorrhizal biopreparation, and on the WL microplots, a 10% addition of fresh forest litter from the ripe fresh coniferous forest was applied. After the end of the growing season of 2012, 2013 and 2014, the measurement of the plants was carried out (the height, the root neck diameter, the length of one-year increments in the last whorl, the number of one-year increments of the last whorl and the lengths of one-year increments of the last whorl). The samples for acarological tests were collected four times. In total, 40 substrate samples with a volume of 50 cm3 each were collected from each treatment. Mites extraction was carried out for 7 days in Tullgren apparatus. Mites were identified to the order, and moss mites to the species or genus, including juvenile stages. Calculated: the average density of mites, the dominance index, the species richness, the diversity of moss mites, the average number of species, and the Shannon general species diversity index. The use of soil mulching with the Scots pine wood chips did not significantly affect the growth and developmental characteristics of the Scots pine plants. After mulching with wood chips, the total number of mites increased many times, and moss mites began to dominate among micro-arthropods. Mulching treatments increased the number and the species diversity of moss mites in the substrate. The number of moss mites increased the most in wood chips without additives. The highest species diversity was observed in the wood chips with the addition of forest litter. Among moss mites Tectocepheus velatus visibly dominated in all study treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus also constituted numerous mites populations. The study shows that the wood chips are very useful for use in the regeneration of the devastated and degraded forest soils. [1]
154. The purpose of thesis was to comprehensively develop the construction project of a long reach compact excavator. Optimal solution was selected and its frames were determined by carrying out classic structural calculations. Then, based on them, a preliminary three-dimensional model was designed in the CAD environment. The prototype was subjected to a series of verification calculations and simulation tests using the finite element method under typical, but also non-standard operating conditions. Then, the structure was optimized and then tested again. Next, technical documentation of the final version was created. In the final part of work, technical and operational parameters of designed compact excavator were summarized and the direction of further actions was determined. The thesis ended with a summary of the observations arose during its implementation. [1]
155. The purpose of the work was to perform experimental tests on a plate heat exchanger. For this purpose, a laboratory test stand located in the hall of the Koszalin University of Technology was used. The experiment concerned checking the isothermal face of a flat panel radiator. Temperature distributions were checked at three board heights and in twelve finite elements. Temperature distribution fields were obtained depending on the flow rates tested. [1]
156. The purpose of the paper is: to analyze and assess assumptions that determine the functioning of the category of environmental quality management, to present criteria and assumptions for integrated environmental quality management.Hypothesis: Integrated environmental quality management requires: a necessary condition – the verification of institutional solutions functioning between the alternative concepts of development and between the concepts of management, a sufficient condition – the decision-making will which accepts the verification, its assumptions and criteria presented in the text.A final conclusion: Limitations of the consent paradigm, based on the paradigm of deregulation (breaking the civilization code) [1]
157. The publication presents the results of an analysis concerning the impact of the method of an effective impervious area (EIA) mapping in the simulation model on the runoff from urban catchment. The runoff volumes and flood volumes generated by heavy rainfall, causing the runoff from pervious area, were compared. Two EIA mapping variants were taken into account – first one, concerning reduction in imperviousness degree and, second one, directing the runoff from impervious to pervious area. The runoff calculations were made on basis of simulation results in SWMM5. For building the catchment model data of existing catchment with the area of nearly 80 hectares in Bydgoszcz was used. The value of the EIA was estimated on the basis of empirical formulas. The reduction in impervious area connected directly to the storm water sewer system from 40% to 10% of the total impervious area were considered. It has been shown that using the reduction in imperviousness degree for EIA mapping can lead to underestimation of runoff volume. The difference in runoff calculated for analyzed EIA mapping variants increases with the decrease in infiltration capacity of pervious area and is in large part transformed into a flood volume. [1]
158. The project presents the design of production systems equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect real-world systems. In addition, system designs provide for the possibility of scientific and research work in the design of production systems with a high level of automation. [1]
159. The problem of wastewater treatment from craft breweries emerged in Poland about 10 years ago when an increase in the number of small breweries was observed. Plants located in small towns are forced to solve the problem on their own. One of the possibilities is to use low-cost technology of constructed wetlands with subsurface and surface flow. The purpose of the research was to test the possibility of effective treatment of sewage from a craft brewery in a lab-scale research installation and to determine the parameters for designing a real scale plant. Wastewater from the Waszczukowe brewery was used in the study. The research system consisted of a retention and aeration tank, SS-VF subsurface flow and FWS surface flow beds. An innovative Certyd filling produced by LSA company was used. The high efficiency of SS-VF bed and the entire research system was found. The removal efficiency in SS VF was on average 89.7% for BOD5, 90.5% for COD, 54.6% for TN and 52.1% for TP. For whole treatment it was respectively 97.1%, 96.7%, 72.6% and 61.3%. A high organic matter removal effect was found for the SS-VF bed (87.1 g BOD5 m-2 d-1) and a relatively low for the FWS (3.0 BOD5 g m-2 d-1). The study confirmed the need for plant design based on hydraulic load and required load removed per unit area. [1]
160. The problem of municipal waste management is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Its solution requires the integrated involvement of central and local authorities as well as the public. For their actions to be fully effective, they must be accompanied by an increase in environmental awareness. The aim of the study was to assess the environmental awareness and knowledge of inhabitants of eastern Mazovia regarding municipal waste management. A survey study was carried out on a group of 262 individuals using a questionnaire. Analysis of the results showed that the surveyed inhabitants of eastern Mazovia were aware of problems associated with municipal waste management, but some of them were critical of the actions taken by central and municipal authorities to solve them. Their high level of environmental awareness and knowledge was evidenced by the fact that most of those surveyed were familiar with the principles of selective collection of municipal waste, including green and hazardous waste. [1]
161. The problem of heat treatment of wet materials contains the question of the heat and mass inside the body transfer (an internal problem) and in the boundary layer at the interface between phases (an external problem). The amount of removable moisture depends on the degree of each of these processes development. When heated, the moisture content on the surface decreases, creating a concentration difference across the body. Therefore, a flow of moisture occurs in the body from deep layers to the surface, towards which the flow of heat is directed. Thus, when wet materials are heated, complex processes of moisture and heat exchange occur, mutually affecting the enthalpy and moisture content of both the heated material and the environment.The features of mathematical model construction of heating and drying of wet materials process are considered in the article. The drying process is defined as a thermal process with effective heat transfer coefficients with consideration of mass transfer. It makes it possible to obtain analytical dependencies that are convenient for engineering calculations, with which you can determine the temperature field and evaluate the kinetics of wet materials drying. [1]
162. The primary objective of the study was to analyze the way in which railroad infrastructure affects residential property prices on the example of the municipality of Kórnik. The analysis carried out includes 737 transactions, which were concluded in the years 2019-2021. Input data forming the basis of the study were obtained from the District Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Poznań. The most important part of the analyses conducted was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. The analysis helped to identify the attributes that had the most significant impact on price. The statistical tools used showed that the presence of a railroad line in the vicinity of residential properties negatively affected transaction prices. A special role in the study is also played by spatial analyses, whose priority is to increase transparency in the process of describing phenomena occurring within the real estate market. [1]
163. The present work is a numerical modeling of the flow of a viscous fluid provided with convective heat transfer in a rectangular channel. We focus on the influence of the shape of corrugations which are present on the channel walls. Three shapes of corrugations are studied and which are: the rectangular, triangular and semi-circular shape. Also, effects of the height and number of corrugations on the fluid dynamics and thermal characteristics of the exchanger are highlighted. The working fluid is non-Newtonian (having a shear thinning behavior modeled by the Otswald law). The obtained results reveal that the presence of corrugations yields a major change in the heat exchange execution. In terms of superiority of heat transfer ratio, the cases under investigation can be classified as follows: rectangular > triangular > semi-circular. However and in terms of low pressure drop, this ranking is reversed. Furthermore, the triangular and semi-circular shapes were found to have almost similar effects. [1]
164. The present paper is on the physical and mechanical characterization of machined chips of commercially available highly conductive metallic materials, namely aluminium and copper under different machining environments. More specifically, geometry and hardness of chips as well as the chips removal effect on the machined surfaces are investigated in a quantitative fashion as a function of machining fluid and cutting parameter. The machining is carried out by using a horizontal shaper machine with a V-shaped HSS tool under three different machining fluids, where the feed rate is kept constant, while the cutting speed and depth of cut are varied. The geometry and hardness of the machined chips as well as the quality of machined surfaces are found to be affected quite significantly by the change of machining condition, particularly by the machining fluids. [1]
165. The paper presents ways to use advanced infrared imaging techniques to study and analyze the thermal losses of a flat plate solar collector. The techniques allowed us to precisely locate and measure areas where unwanted thermal losses occurred on the surface of the collectors studied. The study showed that these losses have a key impact on the energy efficiency of these devices. It was found that using the proposed methodology allows not only the detection of defects in existing structures but also the optimization of the design process of new technical solutions. The temperature of the working medium has a significant effect on heat losses on all analyzed surfaces. However, the influence of the medium flow varies depending on the specific surface. The conclusions of the research suggest that infrared imaging is a valuable tool in developing solar thermal systems, contributing to the reliability and efficiency of these systems. The technique is an important step toward sustainable and economical use of solar energy. Increasing the efficiency of the equipment used to carry out the photothermal conversion process will allow more efficient use of available renewable energy sources. It will have a positive impact on environmental protection. [1]
166. The paper presents the use of the PIV method in experimental studies on the speed distribution of oil particles contained in oil mist delivered into a cutting zone with minimum quantity (MQL). During investigations an orthogonal sample was of an aluminum alloy PA7N was machined using HS18-0-1 high-speed steel cutter. The oil mist was delivered into the cutting zone by a single spray nozzle directed at the tool rake surface. Two angular settings of the spray nozzle were applied in relation to the surface of the machined sample. Based on the images obtained by the PIV method, the distribution of the oil particles in the cutting area was determined according to the setting the spray nozzle. Studies have indicated more favorable conditions for the delivery of oil mist at the angle of spray nozzle at 85°. These conclusions were confirmed by measuring the cutting force in tangential direction to the machined surface. [1]
167. The paper presents the test results of the shear strength of composite materials, in which the base material was peat. The materials modifying the mineral part of the peat ground skeleton were fly ash and hydrated lime. The research was carried out for two groups. In group 1, the ratio of the mass of the peat skeleton to the mass of fly ash was equal to one, and in group 2, it was two. Hydrated lime content in the unit mass of the composite in group 1 was 2.4, 4.8 and 9.2%. In the second group, it was 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4%. The test results showed that the materials from group 1. (P/FA = 1) are characterised by the highest shear strength compared to materials from group 2. (P/FA = 2), regardless of the content of hydrated lime. It should also be noted that the shear strength of the materials of group 1 was significantly higher than the shear strength of the base material, which was peat. [1]
168. The paper presents the test results of pool boiling heat transfer on the rough surface and the surface covered with capillary – porous microstructure. The porous layer is made of copper fibers sintered in the reduction atmosphere. The volumetric porosity amounted to 68%, while its height 1 mm. Distilled water and ethyl alcohol were used as the working fluids. The experiments have been carried out under the atmospheric pressure. Enhancement of heat transfer in relation to the smooth reference surface has been recorded especially for the low range of superheats, which might be related to the density of active nucleation sites. Experimental results have been compared with selected models of boiling available in literature. [1]
169. The paper presents the specification of research methods commonly encountered in the studies of heat transfer processes in minichannels. In particular the following methods have been emphasized: electrochemical limiting current method as well as the thermal balance method. In thermal balance method the mean heat transfer coefficient is determined by the set of experimental thermal measurements of the investigated heat exchanger. In turn, limiting current method is based on heat and mass transfer analogy. The discussed research methods have been implemented on two specially designed and constructed test facilities with compact minichannel heat exchangers, which have been presented and described in details. In order to validate the designed setup, the preliminary experimental measurements of two minichannel heat exchangers with hydraulic diameter of 2 mm and rectangular cross sections during single-phase liquid flows have been carried out. In further perspective it is planned to extend the experimental studies of minichannel heat exchangers and to compare the results obtained by both methods described. [1]
170. The paper presents the results of the research on the use of eco-friendly impregnation materials to reduce cracking in load-bearing timber elements. The behavior of pine elements was studied when impregnation materials based on linseed oil were used. Statistical data are given on the reduction in the growth rate of the length and width of cracks, in dependence on the number of protective layers of the finishing material. The effect of the absence of cracks on timber elements during atmospheric drying is described, taking the use of a three-layer paint and varnish coating into account. The effect of increase of timber structures durability and corresponding cost and material consumption reduction in timber structures have been proven. [1]
171. The paper presents the results of the experimental study of thermal comfort in the smart building of Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The experiments were conducted throughout four seasons of the year and focused on developing a modified thermal comfort correlation that could determine the thermal sensations of room users more accurately than the standard methodology. Twelve groups of volunteers participated in the study, and thermal sensations were analysed for both genders separately. Even though the thermal environment was not considered overwhelmingly favourable (with 75% of men and 60% of women providing positive assessment), thermal acceptability was high. It amounted to 90% (the same for both genders). The air temperature of 22°C proved to be most preferable. The BMI index and CO2 concentration were found to influence thermal sensations and were incorporated into a modified correlation, which provided more accurate results than the original Fanger model of thermal comfort. [1]
172. The paper presents the results of research on the vertical falling flow and their analysis. Methods for calculating the gas volume fraction, which are characterized by high accuracy, and are often proposed in the literature. Their accuracy was presented, as well as the methods with the highest computational usefulness when designing devices in which two-phase gas - liquid flow is used. [1]
173. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests aimed to analyse the opportunities for fuel production based on municipal sewage sludge, rubber waste from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and hazelnut and walnut shells in terms of their thermal transformation in the process of co-firing in the cement industry. The parameters of solid fuels used in the cement industry were determined for the fuels obtained in the study. The following parameters were determined in fuels: water content, ash content, sulphur content, and calorific value.The fuel composition and process of fuel preparation were designed so as not to use the energy-intensive process of pre-drying of municipal sewage sludge. However, it should be emphasized that the maximum percentage of municipal sewage sludge in fuel should not exceed 25% in order to maintain the parameters required by the cement industry. The analysis of the obtained parameters of OL and OW fuels demonstrated that the fuels obtained in the study meet the requirements for fuels used in the cement industry. [1]
174. The paper presents the modeling and analysis algorithm as well as the results of simulation tests with the use of FEM of the process of punching aluminum sheets used for casings. The first part presents the results enabling the correct selection of the die clearance on production lines depending on the thickness of the sheet metal. The second shows how to prepare the punch geometry in the FEM environment, taking into account the typical defects that occur as the work cycles increase. Thanks to this, it was possible to determine their influence on the state of stresses and deformations as well as the quality of the cut edge. The developed numerical applications and the obtained test results can be used to design tools and optimize the punching process. [1]
175. The paper presents the influence of fine recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on selected physical and mechanical parameters of cement mortar. RCA was divided into three groups: fine (0/0.25 mm), medium (0.25/1 mm) and the thickest fraction 1/2 mm. The investigations confirmed a significant correlation between the total amount of RCA and the obtained flow for the mixtures and compressive strength. Results showed that the fine RCA should be separated into subgroups as not only total RCA amount but quantity of RCA in each subfraction can have varying influence on mortar properties. [1]
176. The paper presents the analysis of results of investigations concerning an influence of applied constructive solutions on hydraulic operating conditions of a water-pumping air lift pump. The scope of the investigations encompassed the determination of flow rate and efficiency characteristics of an air lift pump having the discharge pipe with the internal diameter d = 0.04 m. The PM 50 mixer with a perforated rubber membrane, available on the market, as well as a mixer of own design, called circumferential mixer, were tested (the name origins from the fact that the mixer has the shape of a ring which encloses the discharge pipe on its whole circumference). The investigations were performed for three air-water mix delivery heads H: 0.40, 0.80, 1.20 m, for the specified pressure pipe submergence length h = 0.80 m. It has been stated that for both types of the applied mixers the water flow rate Qw increased along with the increase of the air flow rate Qa, reaching maximum, then decreased. However, in both of the applied mixers, the water flow rate Qw permanently decreased as the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The air lift pump achieved higher water flow rate Qw if the circumferential mixer was applied instead of that with perforated rubber membrane. It has been proved that for both of the applied types of mixers the air flow rate Qa in the air lift pump cannot be lower during water pumping than 5.0 m3×h-1 and should not exceed 15.0 m3×h-1 in case of the circumferential mixer and 16.0 m3×h-1 for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. The efficiency h of the tested air lift pump for both of the applied types of mixers decreased when the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The higher efficiency h, however, was obtained for the air lift pump with the circumferential mixer than for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. [1]
177. The paper presents research results into the influence of motor fuels on the shear strength of coarse-grained soil. The soil was classified following the unified soil classification system PN-EN ISO 14668-1 as saGr. The soil samples were artificially contaminated with three percentage ratios of motor fuels 5, 7.5 and 10% in relation to the dry mass of the soil skeleton. The test results have shown that motor fuel contamination significantly impacts the tested soil's mechanical properties. Increasing the content of impurities causes a significant decrease in shear strength parameters. For soil contaminated with 5%, 7.5% and 10% of motor fuel, i.e. gasoline or diesel, the angle of internal friction decreased by 8%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Along with the impurities increase, the soil's ultimate bearing capacity, calculated following EC-7, showed a dramatic decrease. The decrease was 40%, 57% and 66% respectively. [1]
178. The paper presents and discusses the 6-year effects of the operation of a biogas-fired cogeneration system which operates at the Rybnik Orzepowice sewage treatment plant. The qualitative composition of biogas, average daily amount of biogas produced, total demand of the sewage treatment plant for electricity and the amount of electricity obtained from biogas were presented. Regarding the average daily biogas production for the years 2013–2018, it can be stated that it remains at the level of 2,809 m3/d (±33%). The average daily total electricity consumption for 2013-2018 remains at 8,846 kWh/d (-13.8%; +20.6%). The average daily amount of electricity produced from biogas for the years 2013-2018 remains at the level of 3,892 kWh/d (-38.7%; +10.1%). Electricity generated from biogas allows us to cover the demand of the treatment plant at 44% (minimum 39%, maximum 50%). In the analysed period, biogas consumption by individual facilities was: cogeneration unit approx. 65%, boilers: 10%, flare: 25%. Based on the operational data, it was calculated that: the unit indicator for biogas extraction from sewage, on average is 0.1584 mn3/m3 (min. 0.0937 mn3/m3, max .: 0.2291 mn3/m3), the unit indicator for biogas extraction in relation to for COD load an average of 0.22 m3 of biogas/kg COD (min. 0.09 m3 of biogas/kg COD, max. 0.47 m3 of biogas/kg COD), the unit ratio of biogas extraction in relation to the BZT5 load was on average 0.61 m3 biogas/kg BZT5 (min. 0.28 m3 biogas/kg BZT5, max. 1.20 m3biogas/kg BZT5). [1]
179. The paper presents an assessment of the volume and type of water consumption in Poznań using water footprint indicator (WFTP), consisting of such components as green, blue and grey water consumption. Average rainfall over many years, water retention within the city, pollution indicators found in sewage and the amount of sewage treated from the area of the city were assessed. Water Footprint obtained for Poznań was compared with the values of indicators for Wrocław. The presented analysis of the obtained results of WFTP calculations should constitute the basis for assessing direct and indirect water consumption by consumers and producers of the city of Poznań and serve better water management and maintenance in the urban area. [1]
180. The paper presents a feasibility analysis of changes in the manner of development a former sports facility, Edmund Szyc Stadium in Poznań. The terrain and adjacent areas were inventoried, including the assessment of inter-area relationships. Based on the inventory and authors' surveys, three developmental variants were selected for further analysis. Particular attention was paid to the purpose of the area in the local zoning plan (local spatial development plan) and the preferences of its local community. A multi-criteria analysis carried out with three different methods – AHP, MAUT and PROMETHEE II indicated the second variant as optimal. Additionally, the authors performed a sensitivity analysis of the AHP method to determine the weight of adopted criteria. This allowed for observing what impact these changes had on the final result. The sensitivity analysis was performed only for 3 main groups of criteria. The implementation of activities planned in the concept will allow for optimal land development, improvement in functionality as well as improvement in visual and landscape characteristics of the city. [1]
181. The paper presents Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) introducedthrough International Maritime Organization (IMO) which defined the carbon dioxideemission as a result of transport specific cargo mass on specific distance. The total fuelconsumption from all elements of vessel energetic system causes the carbon dioxide emis-sion. Ship-owners should inform the marine administration about the fuel consumptionfrom all vessels of 5000 tons of gross tonnage or more from 1st January 2018. In marinetransport about 85% of carbon dioxide emission comes from such vessels. The calculatingof EEOI is voluntary now but it is indicated to do it. It allows on an assessment the dif-ferences between the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) obligatory during designprocess of a vessel and its power plant and EEOI. Due to it may be estimated the correct-ness of vessel and power plant operation in exploitational conditions.The basic way of EEOI decreasing is slow steaming of a vessel. The power de-mand for propulsion (and fuel consumption) is proportional to the third power of vesselvelocity (according to the propeller characteristics) on the other hand the hull resistance(the demand for thrust by propeller) is proportional to the second power of vessel velocity.As a result it causes the decreasing of total fuel consumption for covering the same dis-tance but increasing the time of voyage. It is for acceptance during a bad economic situ-ation. Although it will be no acceptable during a good economic situation when it will berequired the increasing of vessel velocity (decreasing the time of voyage).The other effective methods are under research which allows to reach the sameaim. It is known such methods of vessel operation which leading to the decreasing of thatindex. The paper shows these methods with their characteristics. [1]
182. The paper justifies the waterproofing technology for waste storage conservation. The paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring of the quality of surface and groundwater affected by the tailings of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant. The determined chemical composition of enrichment waste is described. The existing methods of waste storage waterproofing are reviewed. The studied residuals of copper ore enrichment can be insulated with a mixture of processed secondary polyethylene and polypropylene pellets. The physical and mechanical properties of recycled polymers are investigated. The proposed technology of covering with a waterproofing coating can be applied to preserve technogenic deposits aiming at their future secondary extraction, as well as to ensure the environmental safety of newly designed facilities. The implementation of this technique will improve the regional environmental situation and reduce the migration of potentially hazardous substances as a result of seepage, thus reducing the pollution of natural waters. [1]
183. The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses. [1]
184. The paper has been presented the methods of nitrogen oxides emission reduction to fulfill the Tier 2 and Tier 3 requirements of the Annex VI of MARPOL Convention. It has been shown the development of marine two-stroke diesel engines and the change of nitrogen oxides emission from 1960 to 2000 and later up to 2020 after the implementation of NOx emission reduction methods. Specific fuel consumption before 2000, and as a prediction and given data in the manufacturers manuals for Tier 3 engines up to 2020, and as only a prediction up to 2030 has been analyzed and elaborated. Impact of nitrogen oxides reduction methods on the specific fuel consumption of the marine diesel engine has been evaluated. Additional emission of some gases to the atmosphere due to the implementation of reduction methods has been determined. EGR and SCR systems have got a lot of imperfections: required to install additional reduction systems (investment cost, required volume in the engine room), need maintenance and operation costs, produced wastes during treatment process. The estimated additional cost is about 0.8 USD/MWh of produced energy, taking into account only the cost of excessive used fuel. The whole increased cost may reach the level two-three times more due to cleaning systems investment costs, their operational cost and waste disposal. It has been the one of the reasons of worsening the transport effectiveness and competitiveness. [1]
185. The paper focuses on reducing the energy intensity of ladle metallurgy as part of steel production and the associated reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved by optimising the thermal work of metallurgical aggregates in terms of the impact on energy consumption and the environmental burden of steel production. It is about minimising the heat loss of liquid steel in the casting ladle throughout the entire process from the melting equipment, through the extra-furnace processing, to the continuous casting of the steel. [1]
186. The paper discusses the way of determining the noise level in railway traffic according to new EU recommendations, the introduction of which will result in new charges to be borne by the carriers who, during the provision of transport and handling services, use wagons of the old generation – i.e. such wagons that generate noise above the permitted level on a given section of railway road, determined on the basis of EU regulations. The analysis of technical condition of wagons used in transport in Poland was conducted. The method of determining the noise level in terms of exceedances and charges was discussed. The issue of an optional increase in the reloading of cargo units at railway terminals to transport cargo in silent wagons on designated silent sections of routes was raised – this may affect the development and operation of logistics centers. [1]
187. The paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources for the LPG vaporizer systems in a moderate climate. The presented alternative solutions based on modern gas devices and renewable energy show great potential for energy savings in liquid gas evaporation systems in comparison to classical and currently commonly used systems. It has been demonstrated that the proposed solutions can significantly reduce the consumption of energy used to evaporate LPG in an environmentally friendly manner. The use of gas heat pumps in relation to a traditional energy source enables gas consumption to be reduced to 36%. The extension of the heat pump system with ground air heat exchanger or with vertical or horizontal heat exchangers, allows savings in gas consumption up to 42%. Moreover, the application of such systems enables more effective use of low emission and efficient heating medium in gas systems. In addition, in summer, when there is no need to evaporate the liquefied gas, these devices can be used to cold-production for, social and living needs. [1]
188. The paper discusses issues related to the recycling of electrochemical sources of electricity such as portable batteries and accumulators. Based on the reports of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, the collection rate of waste batteries and accumulators in Poland for the years 2010-2018 was subjected to analysis. Despite the increasing year-to-year percentage value of the collection rate, it has been demonstrated that a significant mass of batteries and accumulators is still not recycled. This article presents a method of reducing the amount of waste electrochemical energy storages, through the use of inductive power supplies. The idea of the operation of such circuits has been discussed and the Qi Wireless Charging standard, applicable since 2011, has been characterised. As an example of a device with wireless power supply, a computer indicator system has been provided. Tests have been carried out and the correctness of operation of this solution has been verified. It has been demonstrated that in some cases it is possible to resign from power supplies based on batteries or accumulators, and use wireless power supplies instead, without degrading the functional properties of devices. Solutions of this type may contribute to the protection of the natural environment. [1]
189. The paper discusses applying the laser technique to modify the copper heater surface. The interaction of the laser beam with the base material leads to its melting, and various shapes can be obtained during the process. The study is focused on the boiling heat transfer analyses of the specimen in the form of a disc with longitudinal microfins of a height of 0.5 mm. The optical microscope was used to determine the morphology of the surface. The laser beam generated significant roughness, which benefitted the overall thermal performance. Considerable heat transfer augmentation was recorded for the laser–made surface in relation to the untreated sample, which served as a reference. The heat flux was several times higher, while the laser–treated sample's boiling curves were shifted to the area of smaller temperature differences. Two boiling models proved unsuccessful in predicting the heat exchange process occurring during pool boiling of distilled water and ethyl alcohol. According to the Smirnov, Xin and Chao models, the average differences between the experimental data and calculation results were ca. 93 kW/m2 and 116 kW/m2 for water, 78 kW/m2 and 68 kW/m2 for ethanol. [1]
190. The paper describes results of investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop during bubbly boiling of refrigerating media. In this article were presented of authors own experimental studies and were proposed new simple calculation model describing bubble boiling in the tubular channel. The author attempts to put forward a simplified description of the process of bubble boiling in a straight pipe. The two-phase one-component (liquid-vapour) system is treated as a continuum governed by the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and mass. The continuum is characterised by parameters that describe the two-phase system, such as density of the two-phase mixture, static void fraction or static equilibrium dryness fraction. In view of engineering applications, a one-dimensional model is used where physical quantities are cross-section averaged. This way the average velocity, pressure, temperature, and so on, are introduced. The results of the proposed model have been compared with the results of the experimental research with satisfactory compliance. [1]
191. The paper deals with the development of high-performance composite heat exchangers made of different metals. The samples made of meshes and fine fibers have been sintered to the copper base in the reduction atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The test of boiling heat transfer performance have been carried out under ambient pressure with distilled water and ethyl alcohol as working agents. The obtained data indicates significant enhancement of heat flux of such composite heat exchangers in comparison to the smooth surface without any coating. The maximum heat flux for the microstructure covered heater has been several times higher than for the smooth surface. The enhancement has been observed to decrease as the temperature difference become higher. [1]
192. The paper contains a detailed assessment of three full-size football fields constructed in 2019-2022 to meet the basic conditions for proper operation and maintenance. As a result of field and laboratory tests on permeability and retention capacity of the fields' base and drainage layers, they were found to meet the requirements set out in the standard DIN 18035. It ensures that rainwater and snowmelt are quickly drained from the turf's surface. The grass turfs of the football fields under study meet the conditions for properly performing one of the basic care treatments – irrigation. The base layer can retain an average of 10.3 mm of water in comfortable water availability conditions, depending on the football field. It is the value of a single dose net, which should be used for sprinkler irrigation of grass turf of football fields. However, considering the drainage layer, this dose could be increased to 12.5 mm. Considering the percentage content of generally available water and assuming less comfortable water availability conditions, the appropriate doses net are 12.5 mm on average. In comparison, for both layers together, they are 15.4 mm on average. [1]
193. The paper consists the results from the conducted experiment and the mathematical model of it. The presented process is biomass gasification and the modelling is based on complex parameter that is maximum thermodynamic efficiency and use the Gibbs free energy function and Lagrange multiplier. Referring to European Union strategy in terms of energy use it is highly recommended to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy production. The biomass is one of the most important sources of energy. Listed above methods of mathematical calculations let as define the composition of the gas produced and the efficiency that was reached. Also the precision of the model was evaluated. The effect of the work done is the possibility to use it to state the best condition for the process of biomass gasification technology. [1]
194. The paper analyzes the reasons for the interest in natural gas as a potential marine fuel to replace the existing fuels derived from crude oil. The increase of environmental awareness and the effects of human activity caused the process of searching for more environmental friendly fuels. Naturally, interest has been shifted to a well-known energy source commonly found on Earth, in quantities much larger than crude oil. This fuel in the form of liquefied natural gas seems to be an attractive substitute for the currently dominant types of marine fuels. The technologies of its extraction, liquefaction, storage and transport were mastered and marine engines were adopted to its combustion as dual-fuel engines. The regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization and the European Parliament, forcing the reduction of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere from the combustion of marine fuels, require taking action to meet them. The proposals in individual next 30 years are given. Due to introduction of regulations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to switch to fuels with a lower or zero carbon content or the use of biofuels recognized to be more environmental friendly. Due to only 25% lower carbon content in methane with its higher lower heating value, it is possible to reduce the direct emission from this gas by about 30%. However, in the processes from natural gas extraction to energy effect in engines as a fuel, methane leaks occur, significantly worsening its image as an ecological fuel. Researches indicate that with current technologies, natural gas should not be recognized as an ecological fuel until gas leaks are significantly reduced. The article justifies why LNG should be considered as a transient marine fuel, with the need to switch to other synthetic fuels, ammonia, and finally hydrogen. [1]
195. The paper analyses thermal sensations, preferences and acceptability as well as humidity sensations of students in the intelligent building "Energis" of the Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The tests were performed in 8 lecture rooms, during which the volunteers filled in the anonymous questionnaires (with 3 to 7 possible answers for each question) and – simultaneously – physical air parameters were measured with Testo 400 microclimate meter. The study aimed to determine if the intelligent building provides proper indoor environment conditions during the heating season and to assess the accuracy of the standard methodology for thermal comfort determination. Experimental analysis of thermal and humidity sensations revealed that a share of the respondents critically assessed the indoor environment: 17% regarding temperature and 30% regarding humidity. Moreover, the standard methodology for thermal comfort calculations proved overwhelmingly inaccurate compared to the experimental data (with the results for 6 rooms being beyond the 50% error range). Since smart buildings are still not very common in Central Europe, the experimental data obtained in the study can be valuable both from the scientific but also practical point of view – providing useful data for building engineers and designers. [1]
196. The optical properties of polymer barriers used as machine covers and eye protection are extremely important for both vision quality and user safety. The article presents the influence of room-temperature liquid chemical substances on the transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate) shields. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to assess the impact of liquid chemical substances on the polymer's permeability to visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiations. The tests showed that the contact of the poly(methyl methacrylate) sheath with liquid chemicals influences the transmittance of the PMMA surface to a limited extent, without thereby reducing the harmful effects of radiation on humans. [1]
197. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing municipal sewage sludge doses on Sida hermaphrodita Rusby (Virginia fanpetals) yielding and bioenergy feedstock characteristics. In a six-year-lasting field experiment two methods of plantation establishment (by roots cuttings and nurse-in-tray plantlets) and three dates of biomass harvesting (autumn, winter and spring one) were additionally tested in climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland. Virginia fanpetals dry yields increased each year and exceeded 20 Mg ha-1 in the second year of culture. Application of 40 Mg ha-1 sludge DM resulted in obtaining the highest yield. Similarly the content, uptake and index of bioaccumulation of macronutrients contained in the sludge increased along with increasing its dose. Biomass was characterized by a favorable parameters: net calorific values were in the range of 16.2-16.7 MJ kg-1. The highest energy value of biomass yield was obtained with root cuttings use for plantation establishment, especially in objects with high dose of sludge during autumn harvest. Both, winter and spring harvesting significantly reduced yields, while using root cuttings for plantation establishment gave better yields only during the first three years of plant vegetation, than biomass yields equalized with the ones obtained by plantlets planting. [1]
198. The objective of the study was to characterize the mycological quality of air at animal veterinary practice in Krakow. Bioaerosol measurements were performed during the summer season of 2017. The samples of outdoor and indoor air at animal veterinary practice were collected using a 6-stage Andersen`s air sampler. The highest concentration of fungal aerosol was observed in the treatment room. The analysis showed various fungal contamination in different measuring points at different measuring times of the day. Based on the analysis of bioaerosol particle size distribution it was found that the largest "load" of fungi, isolated form the air, can reach (in the human respiratory tract) to the region of the throat, trachei and primary bronchi. The predominant fungi in indoor air was Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Fungi that can cause dermatophytoses have also been isolated from indoor air: Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum. The study confirmed that the animal veterinary practice can be a workplace related to exposure to microbial agents. [1]
199. The objective of the study reported here was to compare voivodships in terms of forest area, forest regeneration area, afforested area, thinned forest area and natural forest regeneration area Main Statistical Office data for Polish voivodships was analysed. It included forest area, natural forest regeneration and silviculture activities (forest regeneration, afforestations and thinning) in all forests, state-owned forests and privately-owned forests. Voivodships were compared using the arithmetic mean, the indicator of structure, the average rate of change, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Principal Component Analysis, revealed that state-owned forest area, forest regeneration in state forests, total forest regeneration, and thinning in state-owned forests had the greatest share in the multivariate variation among voivodships analysed in terms of forestry. Cluster analysis yielded two groups of voivodships. The voivodships in the first group had a higher average total forest area, area of state-owned forests, total area of forest regeneration and forest regeneration in state-owned forests, area of natural forest regeneration and thinning in state-owned forests. On average, forests of voivodships which formed group 2 included less privately-owned forests in which fewer forest regeneration and afforestation activities had been conducted. Opolskie and Śląskie Voivodships as well as Łódzkie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships were the most similar in terms of all the analysed characteristics. [1]
200. The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (ZDI-I and ZDI-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency. [1]
201. The need for alternative fuel instead of conventional fossil fuels (diesel or gasoline) has recently increased for several reasons, including the expected shortage of petroleum fossil fuels and the production of pollution by transportation. Consequently, researchers are interested in finding new alternative fuels. At present, the number of studies on biodiesel as a compression ignition engine fuel has increased. Current studies are mainly concerned with studying the use of exhaust gas temperature to preheat biodiesel fuel before it enters the combustion chamber. A heat exchanger is designed to increase the temperature of the biodiesel fuel prior to the combustion process. The performance characteristics of diesel engines and the emission of pollutants resulting from this modification were investigated under different operating conditions, including different engine loads and speeds. The results showed clear improvements in engine performance, including improved output power, specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The engine power and specific fuel consumption improvements as a result of preheating reached up to 1.3 % and 8.27 %, respectively. Pollutant emission also decreased obviously, with carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission decreases of 12.95 % and 12.85 %, respectively. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides increased by 4.39 %. [1]
202. The massive emergence of plastics has contributed to their widespread use in everyday life. Unfortunately, the lack of appropriate technologies for processing these materials has contributed to environmental pollution by plastic particles. This study investigated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles from selected plastics such as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene was obtained from plastic bag waste, and polyethylene terephthalate was from crushed plastic bottles of mineral water. The first stage of nanoparticle production was to grind the collected used plastic waste, i.e., plastic bags and plastic bottles, to the smallest possible size using a cutting mill. Next, the waste was ground in a planetary-ball mill and then homogenised in a homogeniser. The particle size distribution of the obtained particles for selected waste plastics was examined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. The objective of the work was achieved – as a result of the performed procedures, nanoparticles of waste plastics were obtained. The following average sizes for particular materials were obtained: plastic bottles (PET) 212.81 nm, plastic bags (PE) 208.14 nm, and smaller particles, e.g. 27.74 nm. [1]
203. The manuscript focuses on an author’s original methods of ceramic grinding wheels impregnation. The authors developed 3 original methods of impregnation ceramic grinding wheels with sulphur, amorphous carbon and solid lubricants like molybdenum disulfide, graphite or hexagonal boron nitride. At the end the issue of evaluation of the application potential of developed grinding wheel impregnation methods were raised. [1]
204. The major effects of cylindrical and row trenched cooling holes with angles of alpha=30, beta=0, alpha=40, beta=0 and alpha=50, beta=0 at BR=3.18 on the effectiveness of film cooling near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in detail. In the current study, researchers used a FLUENT package 16/11 to simulate a 3-D model of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine. In this research, RNG turbulence model K-ε model was used to analyze the flow behavior on the passage ways of internal cooling. In the combustor simulator, the dilution jets and cooling flow staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction as well. In comparison with the baseline case of cooling holes, the application of trenched hole near the end wall surface increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 100% for different trench cases. [1]
205. The main purpose of the work is to show the level of air pollution emitted by road transport and its relationship with economic development and transport infrastructure in European Union countries. The study presents the diversity in emissions of road transport by countries, shows the dynamics of changes in this area, determines the relationships between the level of economic development, equipping with road infrastructure and emissions of air pollution in EU countries. The research period concerned the years 2006-2017. The sources of data was EUROSTAT database. The ranking built by means of multidimensional data analysis tools indicated Portugal and Luxembourg as countries with relatively high emissions of air pollutants (group 3), countries with moderate emissions are Bulgaria, Malta, Cyprus and Sweden (group 2).Analysis of data on the rate of change in emissions and the volume of GDP in EU countries also indicates compliance with the Kuznets environmental curve. [1]
206. The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed, since in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed and based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is of special interest as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the wider area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains. [1]
207. The main objective of the paper was to show the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture with economic development and agricultural production parameters in the European Union. All EU Member States were selected for research purposefully. The research period concerned the years 2004-2017. The sources of materials were EUROSTAT data, literature on the subject. For the analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular, graphic methods, dynamics based on a constant basis, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were used. Agriculture is one of the major economic sectors responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. In 2004-2017, emissions from this section slightly decreased in the EU. There was a wide variation between countries. Economically developing countries increased emissions, while developed countries maintained them at a similar level. Greenhouse gas emissions were highly concentrated in several EU countries. These were the countries with the most developed agriculture. In the years 2004-2017, there were no changes in the level of emission concentration. The level of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture depended on the economic and agricultural situation in the country. The regularities were in many cases straightforward, as for the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture with the value of animal production, cattle population, and the use of mineral fertilizers and manure production. This close relationship resulted from the fact that livestock production was the part of agriculture that generated the most greenhouse gases. [1]
208. The main goal of the work was to create a project to implement an object recognition system into a modular didactic gear production system. The project shows how, thanks to the modular structure of the gear system, it is possible to easily add new elements to it, at the same time increasing its capabilities. At the beginning, the characteristics of the system were presented before the implementation, including a description of the production process that takes place in this system and all modules of the system were exchanged. Then the vision system for object recognition and all its components were described. The technical-organizational project of the implementation presented the concept of the deployment of the system modules and the principle of system operation after the implementation. A 3D model of all system components was also presented. [1]
209. The main goal of the paper is to provide a condition for which a maximum entropy generation occurs in a heat exchanger at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). Knowing this condition is essential during the design of the heat exchanger as it allows designers to avoid one of its most unfavourable operating conditions in terms of thermodynamics. Entropy generation resulting from the resistance of heat-transferring fluids to flow was not taken into account. Entropy generation was analysed as a function of a heat flow rate at constant parameters at the inlet of a condenser and a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger. The analysis showed that for the condenser the entropy generation rate increases with the increase in the heat flow rate. The maximum entropy generation rate occurs for the maximum flow rate of the heat that can be transferred according to the definition of heat transfer effectiveness. For the counterflow heat exchanger, the entropy generation as a function of the heat flow rate reaches maximum at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). It appeared that the peak entropy generation, or the largest exergy loss, occurs when the outlet temperatures of the fluids are equal. This assertion was verified against data obtained from a simulator of the counter-flow heat exchanger for two different relations between heat capacity rates. [1]
210. The main aim of the article is to present a theoretical model of a sustainable urban transport system and to indicate the need for changes in the approach to it. The issues of sustainable development and functioning of the municipal transport system in Olsztyn discussed in the article evoke vivid social and political interests of the city's inhabitants. This is mainly due to the impact of transport operation on quality of life, the correlation of its development with the economic development of the city, and the strong impact of transport on the natural environment. Today, it is already known that a coherent and modern transport system is an indispensable element of a competitive city. Connecting the city into a functional system, it presents it as a system of interdependencies between its elements. [1]
211. The lumped capacitance method is widely used in dynamic modelling of buildings. Models differ in complexity, solution methods and ability to simulate transient behaviour of described objects. The paper presents a mathematical description of a simple 1R1C thermal network model of a building zone. Four numerical methods were applied to solve differential equation describing its dynamics. For validation purposes two test cases (600 and 900) from the BESTEST procedure were used. In both cases detailed results were given. Better ability of the simulation model to reproduce transient behaviour of the modelled buildings was noticed in case of the lightweight object (case 600). Annual heating and cooling demand was within the reference range for heavyweight one (case 900). The kind of the computation method had no significant effect on simulation results. [1]
212. The level of environmental safety culture depends on many factors, including the influence of parents and the education system, the media and the quality of life. In the current Economy 4.0, globalization, increasing greenhouse effect, etc., it is the information and education system and the pro-environmental strategic actions undertaken by organizations that are beginning to play a significant role in building awareness and care for the environment. It is precisely the environmental corporate social responsibility, both of state institutions, the legislator, business entities and society (every citizen) that can significantly change the phenomenon of environmental degradation. The aim of the article is to present the essence of ecological corporate social responsibility and the activities undertaken by selected market stakeholders. The analysis carried out implies that ECSR is built through the implementation of pro-environmental stakeholder's actions, e.g. legislative changes, implementation of management systems according to ISO standards, use of renewable energy sources, etc. that aim at ensuring safety or improving the current state of the environment. [1]
213. The last decades brought about the environmental awareness of hotel customers and owners resulting in reflection on the need to introduce pro-ecological changes in practices and services offered by the hospitality sector. The idea of “green hotels” is generally accepted. To structure these positive changes and to help customers to select hotels supporting pro-ecological practices one needs to establish clear and easy to understand system communicating the level of particular hotel involvement in that concept. These is evaluated by certification institutions and organizations. Their activities involve certification and labelling and they are also part of practices related to the implementation of sustainable development in tourism. Wide range of criteria considered by certification organizations include these related to environmental protection, alternation of the negative effects of improper management of natural resources, as well as, the so-called corporate social responsibility. Unfortunately, there is no consistent system of ecological standards. The current paper provides an overview of the most important labels and certificates promoting the pro-ecological and sustainable development of the hotel sector. It also analyses selected, leading eco-certification systems in terms of their applicability in various hotel segments. [1]
214. The issues related to the emission of atmospheric pollutants during the provision of energy supply services and the circulation of household waste in settlements are considered. The ways of air pollution by toxic compounds and the formation of greenhouse gases with existing methods of waste heat treatment are analyzed. The issues of reducing the content of toxic emissions in combustion products are studied on the basis of a numerical experiment by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The combustion processes in the power boiler TP-14A (E 220/100) are considered and adequate boundary conditions for the processes of aerodynamics, heat transfer and combustion of gas fuel are determined. The temperature, velocity and concentration fields in the furnace of the investigated boiler have been determined. According to the results of the calculations performed, the formation of chemical underburning and nitrogen oxides is predicted. [1]
215. The issue of sustainability, or corporate social responsibility (CSR), has become a widely discussed topic in all sectors of industrial production. The article focuses on the automobile industrial sector because it is not only the most dynamically developing industrial area, but also because it is one of the driving forces of local economies in many European countries. This paper aims to reveal possible differences and diversity of understanding of priorities in the CSR activities provided by automotive suppliers in European countries. Based on the meta-analysis, 73 activities were listed, and a questionnaire survey was performed. Cluster analysis and Fisher’s exact test were applied to find out whether the attitude towards sustainability differs dependent on the position in the supply chain or on the company size. [1]
216. The intensity of heat exchange between the boiling emulsion and the enclosing surfaces is associated with the physical phenomena of the formation, growth, and destruction of vapour bubbles of the low-boiling component in the liquid phase. This article presents a methodology to assess the intensity of heat exchange processes. Using this technique, it is possible to predict the energy parameters of heat exchange equipment and the degree of intensification of heat transfer processes. [1]
217. The influence of sun rays, wind speed, and different type of subsoil on the evaporation process was analyzed. A dedicated experimental set-up for investigation of evaporation process of three liquids (ethanol, petrol and tap water) deposited on glass and sand was created. Results indicated that for porous surfaces wind decreased the amount of evaporated liquids. After substitution of wind with sun rays for porous surface evaporation process increased for ethanol and petrol, respectively. Finally, the influence of both wind and sun rays indicated a 1% and 5% decrease of evaporation intensity for tap water and petrol, respectively. While, a 2% increase of evaporated liquid was observed for ethanol. It was noticed that application of porous surface caused the highest improvement of evaporation process for petrol and tap water, while the lowest for ethanol. Moreover, application of wind together with porous surface increased the intensity of evaporation for all analyzed liquids. [1]
218. The influence of SAS of different chemical nature on aggregate stability and bactericidal action of nano silver colloidal solutions is investigated. Colloidal solutions of silver were obtained by restoring the argentum nitrate agent in a neutral medium. With the help of spectrophotometric method, it has been proved that such solutions are characterized by high aggregate stability compared with the use of other traditional reducing agents. Anionic SAS (sodium dodecylsulfate and sulfanol) and nonionic SAS (OS-20) increase aggregate stability of nano silver solutions, while cationogenic SAS − alcamone promotes rapid coagulation and aggregation of nano silver particles. The study of bactericidal action of the solutions to the E.coli are showed that the nano silve colloidal solution with or without presence of OS-20 and alcamone completely inhibit the growth of colonies of E.coli, that is, it’s have high bactericidal properties. [1]
219. The indoor environment of buildings significantly affects the well-being and health of room users. Experiencing thermal discomfort reduces concentration and productivity during study or work, causing drowsiness, fatigue or deterioration in general well-being. The study focuses on presenting the results of the questionnaire study on the symptoms of sick building syndromes (SBS), namely: dizziness, nausea, eye pain and nasal mucosa, experienced by 69 students during a lecture in a large and modern auditorium of Kielce University of Technology. The results show that many students experienced SBS symptoms, which seem to have affected their concentration during the class. The article also discusses the thermal sensations of the students with a focus on comparing the obtained results with the Fanger model of thermal comfort. The discrepancy between the model calculation results and the experimental data has been observed and discussed. [1]
220. The hydrofoil is one of the typical factors that affect the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, parallel grooves are proposed and applied to the hydrofoil. Following that, a numerical analysis is performed using the SST k- turbulence model, and the effects of hydrofoil profile, angle of attack, and flow are investigated. The profiles of NACA 0066, NACA 8412, NACA M2, and RAE 104 are considered for the study. The performance is analyzed based on the lift to drag ratio. The best model from this is given with surface modification and the flow study is carried out at different angles of attack. The modified profile of NACA 8412 with parallel groves has shown the highest lift to drag ratio at a 12-degree angle of attack. [1]
221. The gradual deterioration in the quality of raw material base of natural aggregates combined with the simultaneous increase in the demand of the construction industry for the best quality coarse fractions with grain sizes of 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm, etc., has a major impact on the growing volume of hard to sell and non-transferable (waste) fractions of aggregates produced in Poland. This applies especially to gravel and sand aggregates since in their resources the share of very fine fractions (below 2 mm) is systematically increasing, while the demand for such fractions in construction is limited and they are often treated as useless (waste) material. Problems with selling fine (waste) sands can be observed, among others, in the north-western region of the country. Since it is practically unknown what the volume of mining, production and consumption of these aggregates is, an attempt was made to assess the quantity of extracted and produced sand fractions of aggregates on a national and regional scale (provinces, regional zones). What constitutes a measurable indicator of the deterioration in the quality of resources is the tendency towards change in the average sand point (the percentage content of fine fraction of 0-2 mm) in the documented resources. For example in 2018, the average sand point in the balance resources was 67.8% and it increased by 5% over the period of 12 years (2007-2018). In the economic resources in Poland in 2018, the average SP was higher in comparison with the balance resources, namely 70.6%, and – what is characteristic – it increased by as much as 11.5% during the period of 12 years, i.e. the average annual growth of SP in industrial resources is ca. 1%. The highest growth was recorded in the southern region (by 16.4%); thus, the region with the best deposits in terms of quality (grain size) experiences the fastest deterioration. Estimated calculations show that in 2016, it was actually possible to obtain approximately 51.8 million Mg of gravel aggregates and 84.6 million Mg of sand assortments (0-2 mm); thus, the estimated total production of gravel and sand aggregates probably amounted to approx. 136.4 million Mg, i.e. about 78.7% of the annual production of gravel and sand according to PGI. The remaining part (21.3%) represents losses (useless fractions). The zone division of extraction and production of gravel and sands shows that the positive balance of sand production occurs mainly in the northern region (+19.4 million Mg), while the southern region (+3.2 million Mg) is in balance with the deficit in the central region (-3.0 million Mg). Relatively large positive balance of sand production is recorded in two provinces: Pomeranian (+5.3 million Mg) and West Pomeranian (+3.0 million Mg). The lack of periodic demand for such sands should be the basis for their classification as a by-product and their storage in separate storage sites. The analysis and calculations should contribute to the development of more accurate market forecasts of demand for and production of natural aggregates, especially of gravel and sand, both in Poland and in individual regions. [1]
222. The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of corn hybrid P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were at 1.178°C and 2.38°C respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p ≤ 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit can be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings, and that water deficits greater than 30% result in considerable grain yield losses. In areas where water resources are limited, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100. [1]
223. The goal of the article is to assess risk for substantiating the economic and organizational efficiency of the construction in the context of ecologic safety. A quantitative risk estimation was made by means of the Monte Carlo way for negative and positive choices to avoid the ecological harm. The simulation algorithm imitated the distribution obtained from the evidence-based fit. The outcomes of a sensitivity investigation are also prepared to verify the suggestion. This risk analysis technique has a computer digital implementation. The simulation data outputs plainly demonstrate the alternative of the general norm of validation and the acceptance of the solution which is not harmful to the environment. In situations of uncertainty, the decision to select the optimistic flavor with high spending (to retain the reliableness of the technics) but less risk pretends to be a decisive factor in the eco-friendly protection strategies of the construction project. [1]
224. The geothermal potential is challenging to assess, as on the one hand it requires subsurface parametric description; on another – the variable surface influences the potential and geological conditions. In the article, the author presents a novel method for assessing geothermal potential and its environmental impact. The procedure is implemented to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Lublin trough. Geological modelling and GIS analyses are used to determine prospective areas where geothermal water accessibility and sufficient head demand occur in the direct vicinity. Maximal geothermal heat production is estimated, and upon that – possible avoided emissions of air pollutants. The study results indicate that this region's geothermal resources are of low temperature (<50°C), so the only opportunity for exploitation is the direct use of geothermal water in objects or the operation of ultra-low-temperature district heating systems. The main geothermal energy production potential of the Lublin trough is in its northern part, close to the Warszawa trough and nearby main fracture zones. In total, up to 300 GWh of geothermal heat per year might be produced and consumed in the study area if residential and commercial objects could take advantage of ultra-low-temperature district heating system. It would lead to locally significant limitation of air pollutant emissions and decreased fossil fuel consumption. [1]
225. The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon. [1]
226. The future of automotive industry is to design and devlelop electrical vehicles to control the emissions released from gaseous fuels and not to release any harmful gases in to atmosphere. In this work, an attempt was made to analyze the behavior of two wheeler E bike with alternative materials of frame such as aluminum alloy (Al-A), Titanium alloy (Ti-A), grey cast iron (G-CI), carbon fiber epoxy (CF-E), and structural steel (ST-S) and compared with AISI-1020 material. The frame of Yamaha R15 is initially modeled by using solid work and imported to Ansys. Static analysis was performed by applying a load of 1500 N on the frame and Impact analysis was performed by applying velocity of 27.7 m/s along X direction. The values of vonmises stress and deformation for all the materials are observed. After performing static analysis, it was observed that, CF- Epoxy material exhibited higher value of vonmises stress (7.659E+07 Pa) and lower deformation of (0.000304m) compared to remaining materials. Based on impact analysis , it was observed that, CF-E exhibited better vonmises stress of (3994.9MPa) closer to AISI 1020 and structural steel materials and deformation is observed to be lower (0.1106 mm) compared to remaining materials. [1]
227. The following paper presents the processing of the piece on the machining centre. When the technological dimensional structures are optimal, they are similar to the dimensional structure of the piece. This similarity is ensured by using a marker of the machining centre – the axle of the revolving table. However, the piece has to be resized. It can be done in several variants with different machining accuracy required. [1]
228. The following paper presents the problem of classification (identification) elements in the internal structure of a technical object. This problem is directly linked with diagnostics and compilation of an expert data base. The basis of a process of grouping elements into classes is to make a diagnostic model of a given object in a form of a structure or set of basic elements of an object. In order to conduct the grouping of elements into subsets of s-th classes, the following paper compiles and presents analytical formulas and classification rules. Theoretical considerations presented in this paper are also verified using an engine control system as an example of a complex technical object. [1]
229. The following paper presents the analysis and synthesis of technological schemes, processes, tools and equipment for processing of conical gears and precession gears with medium module. As a result, a new method which allows to intensify the process of treatment, is proposed. It ensures a required accuracy of processing. The theoretical considerations are based on the theory of gear drives, theory of involute profiles generation and precession gears, generating machine, tool design theory and machine building technology. Methods of mathematical analysis, analytic geometry, mathematical model and 3D computer model are used. The experimental research was conducted in laboratories of the Departments of Machine Building Technology and the Department of Fundamentals of Machines Design at the Technical University of Moldova, by using machines and technological equipment for machining and testing. Experimental data processing was accomplished using approximation methods and mathematical statistics. [1]
230. The following paper presents issues concerning a power supply for the alarm systems used in transport facilities. It describes the guidelines included in the polish standard PN-EN 50131-1:2009 „Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Wymagania systemowe” (Alarm systems – intrusion and hold-up systems – system requirements), a power supply in particular. Then the operational-reliability assessment of a system consisting of a main power supply (230V AC power grid), redundant UPS and diesel generator was made. The aim of that was to obtain formulas for particular state probability values in a symbolic form (Laplace’s). The further assessments taking other types of power supply into account will be presented in the forthcoming papers. [1]
231. The following paper presents an ORC installation including an evaporator with recirculation (heat carrying water exiting the evaporator is redirected to its inlet). It covers the calculations of inlet/outlet temperature of the evaporator taking into account a variant recirculation coefficient. Formulas for heat transfer between heat carrying water and working fluid inside evaporator are also included in this paper. The calculations are based on properly defined average specific heat. The analysis shows that the system performance depends on heat carrying water inlet temperature, on heat carrying water flow rate and the recirculation coefficient. [1]
232. The following paper presents a methodology of wind turbines selection with a axis of rotation based on measurements of wind conditions specific for the wind power sector. Basic properties and characteristics used in the wind power sector, as well as a proper measurement campaign along with determining the necessary instrumentation and the methodology of its use, are the basic parameters that determine the decision of wind farm investment. The main goal of those activities is to gather the accurate meteorological data in sufficient amount using a measurement tower situated at a possible future location of a wind farm. This method is used to identify the direction, speed, gust and energy of the wind. Measurements were made in northern Poland using a measurement system based on a 80-meter-high telescopic mast. The system was equipped with instrumentation necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters, and was made by the Windhunter Serwis Ltd. Company headquartered in Koszalin. The reliability of measurements was verified using the statistical methods based on the Weitbull’s distribution and the windrose. Thus, the energy potential of the raw air stream was determined with a possible future use in a wind farm sitting. [1]
233. The following paper covers a method for wind turbine selection with a horizontal axis of rotation basing on real in-field measurements of wind conditions. The basic meteorological properties and characteristics obtained during measurement campaigns using necessary equipment as well as the used methodology are vital for successful investment in wind farm. The main goal of in-field investigation is to collect meteorological data using a measurement mast installed at the possible future wind farm location. The conducted measurement campaign provided wind directions, velocities and wind blast parameters. The measurements were conducted in the northern Poland using measuring system installed on 100 meter high mast. The system was equipped with all devices necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters. The reliability of measurements was verified using statistical data for the Weitbull distribution and the wind rose. In this way, the energy potential of raw air stream that could possibly drive a wind turbine was determined. Among 6 pre-selected wind turbine types, the optimal one for a given location was proposed. [1]
234. The following article presents an analysis of the influence of the irradiance and ambient temperature on the roof coating temperature. The roof coating temperature depends mainly on the optical properties of the coating material. Those properties are the reflectivity and emissivity. The roof surface temperature determines the heat flux through the roof into the interior of the building. Proper material selection for the coating of the roof can significantly decrease the surface temperature, and as a result, decrease the heat flux into the space just below the roof. During the calculations, the model of the heat exchange derived by the author for the flat roof was used. The paper includes results of heat calculations for two coating materials with different reflectivity coefficients. The calculations were made for the specific weather conditions. [1]
235. The flat tubes are necessary apparatus to design the modern heat exchangers. In this context, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study has been achieved to explore the influence of the flat tube size on the heat transfer characteristics in cross-flow over flat tube banks. The calculations are performed with the help of the computer code (Fluent) which is based on the finite volume method to solve the continuity, momentum and energy equations. The numerical investigations are achieved for laminar flow (Reynolds numbers changing from 50 to 800), two dimensional and incompressible fluids. Some predicted results are compared with available experimental data of the literature and a satisfactory agreement is observed. The obtained results show a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient with increased flat tube size. A new valuable empirical correlation is suggested for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients over a flat tube bank. The proposed correlation may be useful for engineers to predict the heat transfer rates in such devices without requirements of experimental measurements. [1]
236. The experiments conducted in a didactic laboratory of the Kielce University of Technology involved measurements of temperature distribution on the outer surface of a steel radiator by means of two methods: thermal imaging camera and thermocouples in order to compare both investigations methods. The research included the parameters registration for a specific period of time for each of four different medium flows. The results were presented by graphs with the division of the radiator into 8 thermal fields. The results present the differences in temperatures between 1.78°C to 3.65°C. The non-contact method with infrared camera seems to be more accurate, since it is precise for surface temperature measurement. [1]
237. The evaluation of physical and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties was carried out using developed CHA Reinforced Polymer Composite. Sieve analysis of pretreated CHA was done to obtain 75 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm particles sizes. These particles were used at varying compositions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as reinforcements for polyester composites. The catalyst and accelerator used were Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Cobalt Naphthenate respectively. The densities of the evaluated composites made with 150 μm particles were found to be less dense with values ranging from 0.9792 g/cm3 to 1.2561 g/cm3 than those made with 75μm and 300μm. The results also show that the percentage water absorbed by samples increased, ranging from 0 to over 2000 E’/MPa for all percentage reinforcements of CHA, with an increase in the duration of immersion of the samples in distilled water. However, 25% reinforcement had better results for all particle sizes. There were obvious variations of storage modulus, loss modulus and mechanical loss factor with percentage weight of reinforcement, temperature and frequency. The composite with 15 % reinforcement displayed better results and can be used as a material for interior components in aerospace and automobile industries. [1]
238. The essence of the study is the analysis of managers' attitudes towards the concept of sustainable development carried out on the example of food industry enterprises. The first part of the article contains the purpose of the study and draws attention to the progressive degradation of the natural environment, in which the food industry enterprises also participate. The rest of the article presents the state of the literature on sustainable development issues. The empirical part of the study presents the research methods that have been used in the research, the characteristics of the research sample and the results of own research. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated that were presented in the final part of the study. The article ends with a summary. [1]
239. The environment is considered as an ideal machine, a system in which nothing happens without a reason. Every transformation, every action and stimulus has its own consequences, which are not always immediately plain to see. It is due to the fact that the environment is like a communicating vessels, or a complex organism, in which everything is interdependent and the organs work together. Despite the complexity of the processes, the intricate yet logical correlations between the elements, it is not a perfect system. Examples are weather anomalies and, in extreme cases, cataclysms. The problem arises when man interferes with the environment. By polluting almost every possible place, he initiates irreversible changes, degrading the environment. This paper presents an analysis of atmospheric air pollution in the town of Supraśl, as well as analysis of surface water from the Supraśl river and soil samples from a selected area. [1]
240. The electrolysis process of water produces oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas that can be used as an energy source to solve the shortage problem of fossil fuel and reduces the exhaust emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicles engines. In this study, HHO dry cell generator was designed, fabricated and tested experimentally to investigate its performance. The hybrid internal combustion engines using HHO gas is considered one of the most important studied applications. The vehicle engines performance and gas emissions are investigated for two different engines; 150CC with carburetor and 1300CC with Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The results recorded the consumption of the fuel is reduced by 14.8% for 150CC engine and 16.3% for 1300CC engine. HHO gas reduced the emission gases by 33% and 24.5% reduction in CO and 27.4% and 21% reduction in HC for 150CC and 1300CC engines respectively. HHO gas can be efficient used as a secondary fuel for vehicle engines. [1]
241. The economic, technical, technological, social and economic development of the world, carried out at an increasingly faster pace, aims to increase the quality and standards of life. Attempting to meet market stakeholders' changing expectations and requirements significantly affects the overexploitation of natural resources and the degradation of the natural environment, often leading to irreversible consequences. The publication aims to analyse selected changes in the natural surroundings that influence the implementation decisions of the environmental management system. Research conducted over the last 10 years shows that the pro-environmental activities undertaken bring results not only in the number of management systems implemented but also in the number of ecological farms created, reduction of air pollution and reduction in the extraction of natural resources (coal). [1]
242. The driving comfort of the vehicle is primarily determined by the design of the suspension system, which transmits the force between the vehicle and the ground. There are different types of vehicle suspension systems, including active suspension systems that provide significant benefits for ride comfort while driving. However, the existing active suspension systems have limited functions such as power, and also complex structure. To overcome the problem, the proper design of the active suspension system by considering its present limitations is essential. A well-designed active suspension system controls the load on the wheels under the resonance of the body structure and ensures driving comfort. It reduces the vibrational energy of the vehicle body caused by the excitation of the road while keeping the stability of the vehicle within an acceptable limit. For a proper design of the active suspension system, the road surface, the seat suspension, and the wheel load are the most important elements to consider. In this study, different types of vehicle suspension systems with their limitations have been thoroughly investigated. Many aspects of control and some of the essential practical considerations are also explored. [1]
243. The domestic gas industry has been set an ambitious goal in the form of a state programme for extensive gasification of Polish cities and towns. This provides for transition of the municipal thermal energy and of the municipal economy to natural gas. Ensuring of reliable and safe transport of the gaseous fuel is also a part of this programme.The article discusses the problems of transporting of the nitrogen-rich natural gas from the local mines, related to water of unknown origin appearing in it. The events that can confirm that there is a possibility of moisture condensation from the gas and its migration deep into the distribution network have been analysed.The actual level of moisture in the natural gas, which is already directly supplied to the consumers, has been experimentally tested.It has been proved by the computer calculations that in the conditions of high pressure in the network, there is a possibility of such condensation, depending on the external atmospheric conditions and physicochemical parameters of the gas.It has been proposed to change the existing designing & construction legal provisions in order to protect the gas networks against water accumulating in them in a better way. [1]
244. The distribution of maximum rainfall level is not a homogeneous phenomenon and is often characterized by multimodality, and often the phenomenon of heavy right-hand tail. Modelling this phenomenon using classic probability distributions leads to ignoring multimodality, and thus underestimating or overestimating the predicted values in the tail tails – the most important from the point of view of safe dimensioning of drainage systems. To avoid the abovementioned difficulties, a non-parametric kernel estimator method of maximum precipitation density function was used (on the example of rainfall data from a selected station in Poland). The methodology proposed in the paper (for use on any rainfall data from other meteorological stations) will allow the development of more reliable local models of maximum precipitation. [1]
245. The design of the water distribution system is inherently linked to the execution of calculations, which aim, among other things, to determine the flow rate through individual pipes and the selection of diameters at the appropriate speed. Each step in the calculations is followed by an evaluation of the results and, if necessary, a correction of the data and further calculations. It is up to the designer to analyse the accuracy of the calculation results and is time-consuming for large systems. In this article, a diagnostic method for the results of hydraulic calculations, based on Kohonen Network, which classifies nominal diameters [DN] on the basis of data, in the form of flows, has been proposed. After calculating the new variant of the water distribution system, the individual calculation sections are assigned to the neurons of the topological map of Kohonen Network drawn up for nominal diameters. By comparing the diameter used for the calculation, with the diameter obtained on the topological map, the accuracy of the chosen diameter can be assessed. The topological map, created as a result of labelling the neurons of the output layer of the Kohonen Network, graphically shows the position of the classified diameter, relative to those diameters with similar input values. The position of a given diameter, relative to other diameters, may suggest the need to change the diameter of the pipe. [1]
246. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of potato chips in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The potato chips is a value added product, that can be effectively used during throughout year as snacks, side dish or appetizer. It can be either deep dried or backed for consumption. The potato contains high fiber, it helps to lower the cholesterol level in blood reducing the risk of blood pressure if consumed backed. The potato chips can be effectively stored for one year to six months and consumed as snacks.The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The Moisture Removal Rate (MRR) for drying of potato chips in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open sun drying is 83% and 78% respectively. The drying rate observed during the experiment has a better resemblance with simulated Response Surface Modelling. [1]
247. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of grapes for raisin making in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The Maharashtra state ranks first in the production of grapes, probably Western Maharashtra produces nearly 800 thousand tons of grapes every year. The major wastage of grapes is due to low sugar content, glossy appearance, shrinkage, excess water in berry, scorching and size variation. Therefore, there is a need to preserve the grapes by drying and making raisins for a non-seasonal requirement. The experiment was conducted for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open Sun condition from 1st of April to 4th of April for 48 hours. The initial weight of the grapes to be dried was 500 grams for both Solar Greenhouse Dryer and open sun drying conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The main aim of using DOE i.e., Response Surface Modelling is to get an optimum region for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer, from the Surface plot; the region of maxima and minima was obtained. [1]
248. The current study focuses on the life cycle assessment and an economic valuation of a natural convection solar greenhouse dryer in Western Maharashtra, India. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is an active device that gains solar radiation incident on to the surface of the dryer and along with wind energy, it removes moisture from agricultural yield. The combination of solar energy and wind energy removes moisture from agricultural yield. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is primarily used in rural settings; hence, it is very important to analyse the environmental and economic aspects associated with the dryer to obtain the maximum benefit from the dryer with less investment possible. The experiment involving a natural convection solar dryer was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The environmental parameters taken into considerations during the analysis covered energy, energy payback time and CO2 emissions, mitigation and carbon credits earned by the dryer. The economic analysis of the solar dryer consists of the annual cost of the dryer, the salvage value, the annual saving obtained and the payback period respectively. [1]
249. The current market environment is affected by a number of fundamental changes. A large number of these affect manufacturing companies the most. They are forced to continuously reduce their costs, improve the quality of service to their customers and adapt to a highly competitive environment. However, environmental requirements for production processes have become increasingly important in recent years. These are underpinned by legislative changes that put enormous pressure on manufacturers. Often, environmental requirements can also determine the economic success of a manufacturer. The areas that have a significant environmental impact include metallurgical technologies. These are currently predominantly based on the use of coke, which is produced from high quality hard coal. The mining of raw materials also has major environmental impacts. The article deals with the analysis of downstream production processes in terms of their environmental impact. These are the areas of mining, ore processing and iron and steel production. These areas can be seen as downstream production stages. Iron ore processing and iron and steel production often take place within a single production organisation. Therefore, a possible overall optimisation in the handling of environmental impacts and the treatment of pollutants can be assumed. The secondary objective of the paper is to analytically assess the possible reuse of the produced waste in production processes. The article is based on the results of research carried out in a selected metallurgical enterprise in the Czech Republic. [1]
250. The current article uses a two-dimensional numerical model to represent the results of theoretical studies of the heat exchange in the soil massif during the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. The analysis of literature sources showed that one of the important conditions for the effective operation of a shallow-soil heat exchange is its rational design parameters, such as the total length of the pipeline, the diameter of the pipe, the distance between the axis of the adjacent pipes, the depth of the heat exchanger placement, etc. A two-dimensional heat exchange model in the soil mass was developed, which made it possible to investigate the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. It was found that the step between the axis of the adjacent pipes of the multi-loop heat exchanger, which is 0.95 m, is optimal when creating a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger in the soil conditions of Kyiv. [1]
251. The contemporary problems and issues of environmental protection refer to a large extent to problems related – generally speaking – with energy. Currently, the production processes mainly concern the combustion of energy fuels, transport – over long distances – by means of transport, their use for utility purposes, e.g. engine drive or heating. All these processes have a significant negative impact on the environment and are magnified by their enormous intensity and enormous size. While the processes of energy production and transport have been studied for many years, and their result are widely published, the issues related to the application and operation of heating devices are little known and require much observation and research. The operating indicators of heating devices are generally characterized by low values (natural convection) and their artificial increase (intensity) cannot be used due to the acoustic effects and additional (significant) investment costs. The article presents some results of research on the intensification of heat flow – i.e. the thermal efficiency of flat heaters placed in a room with a specific temperature. Physical phenomena were investigated numerically by shaping the heat exchange space. The tested systems concerned a room with a free-standing heater, a heater with a vertical panel mounted in parallel, and a system with a curved bottom plate forming the so-called de Laval nozzle. Interesting results of air velocity and temperature fields as well as values of the heat transfer coefficient along the height of the heater were obtained. Based on the presented research, it can be concluded that the creation of convection surfaces around the heater is advisable because it affects the intensity of heat exchange, which can be increased without energy-intensive energy expenditure, i.e. in a non-mechanical way. Undoubtedly contributes positively to investment and operating costs, which is so important in issues related to environmental protection. [1]
252. The consequence of landfilling is biogas production in the waste bed, the main parameter of which is methane. The capture of biogas and its energetic use in a cogeneration system is the optimal solution for both environmental and energetic aspects. Nevertheless, the emission of gases and dust into the air from the cogeneration plant as a result of the combustion of biogas poses a potential threat not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also poses a serious risk to human health, especially to the respiratory system, leading to a variety of diseases. The gas and dust emission tests performed in the study showed significant values for CO2 173.08 [kg ∙ h-1] and for CO 0.7545 [kg ∙ h-1], NO2 0.7129 [kg ∙ h-1], SO2 0.3958 [kg ∙ h-1] and total dust 0.0013 [kg ∙ h-1] respectively. The work aims to demonstrate the actual emissions of gases and dust into the air as a result of the combustion of landfill gas and to use them to calculate fees for the use of the environment. Since no emission standards have been defined for this type of installation and there is no need to use reducing devices, it is crucial to regularly monitor pollutant emissions by installation operators to optimize the biogas combustion process and reduce emissions. Replacing the reference values with measurement data regarding air emissions will make the actual impact of the cogeneration installation on the environment more realistic. [1]
253. The community is an important part of the city. With the city's development, it is faced with the problem of renewal and reconstruction of the old community. It is necessary to explore the sustainable development of the community. In this paper, evaluation and analysis of the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy of the community are studied. The indicators were selected appropriately to reflect the SE and EE development status comprehensively. The results show that Nanjing, Wuhan and Xi'an take the top spot in terms of CCD, meaning it has the most harmonious relationship between the social-economic subsystem and eco-environment subsystem; Xi'an has the highest SE value, while Lianyungang has the lowest evaluation result. Nanjing has the highest EE value, indicating it has the best eco-environment development, while Suqian has the worst. This study provides a scientific basis and effective measures for sustainable development in China. [1]
254. The catalyzed conversion of acetylene to higher hydrocarbons has been studied by many researchers. The importance of these processes is determined by the fact that a successful conversion of this type will create technologies for obtaining cheap alternative synthetic fuel. Acetylene can be obtained in large quantities from coal and methane, which opens up the possibility of obtaining the specified synthetic fuel. However, the lack of an effective catalyst for continuous conversion has not allowed the development of this alternative fuel route. Features of hydrocarbon synthesis during methane pyrolysis, based on modified catalysts, are presented in the paper. It is demonstrated that production of hydrocarbons from pyrolysis gas using modified catalysts can be intensified. [1]
255. The caloric value of the crops is one of the fundamental parameters to be determined during the process of biomass production for the energy purposes. The variety of biomass and its reaction to the environmental and agrotechnical conditions forces the utilization of particularly accurate algorithms during the determination of the caloric value of the crops. While determining the caloric value of the directly combusted crops, the coefficients for the raw state caloric value should be used. Violation of this rule causes significant overestimation of the end-results. Using the biomass for the biogas production, the energy balance should take the methane into account. The literature data shows quite a big difference in gas production from various substrates (from 368 up 722 Ndm3 per kg of dry mass) as well as a significant difference in the methane content (from 53 up to 76%). While planning the substrates selection for a biogas production plant, special attention should be put on proper estimation of the overmentioned coefficients. [1]
256. The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible. [1]
257. The authors analyse the standardisation of risk management as an effective tool for the safety of design solutions in residential construction. The analysed regulatory documentation answers the question of achieving an acceptable level of risk. Within the framework of improving environmental management, the use of specific penalties looks quite natural. However, the primary purpose of ISO 14001 is to form a responsible attitude toward the environment and natural resources as the most crucial assets of economic activity. The article raises the issue that domestic standards cannot thoroughly guide risk analysts due to their lack of development and inconsistency with ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 14001:2016. It is necessary to develop a unique approach to risk assessment, de facto describing the interaction of different scenarios, which will ensure an increase in the environmental and economic effects in the field of housing safety. [1]
258. The article's authors analysed the most perspective and widely known methods of neutralising the acidic condensate, which is a by-product of natural gas combustion. Among them, the hydrodynamic cavitation method was the most effective. In this regard, it was proposed to improve this method by using the method of discrete-pulsed energy input, which involves neutralisation due to the degassing process. Based on the mathematical model of the bubble ensemble dynamics, a numerical simulation of the formation and growth of vapour-gas bubbles in the process of cavitation boiling of condensate was carried out. Also, an analytical study of the evolution of the vapour-gas bubble population and changes in the current vapour content of the condensate during its boiling was investigated under different values of the initial size of gas micronuclei. The results of the experimental study also confirmed the effectiveness of this method and showed that almost complete removal of carbonic acid from condensate occurs during the first two minutes of processing. That is evidenced by the increased pH values of condensate, which corresponds to the range of permissible pH values of distilled water. Therefore, the carbonic acid in the condensate is absent. Using this method will significantly reduce the environmental effect and the amount of harmful emissions. [1]
259. The article seeks to review the standards (emission and immission) and legal solutions relating to odour-active compounds, as well asanalyse the variability in the number of farmed animals and the emission of ammonia in Poland and Ukraine. Furthermore, the article characterizesodour emission factors, methods of health risk assessment, ways of limiting emission of odorous compounds from animal farming facilities. The analysis indicated the necessity of applying good practices available in reference documents – including those drawn up by environmental agencies – and scientific works, as such practices may significantly contribute to minimising the impact of animal farming facilities on people and the environment. The introduction of, inter alia, immission standards (reference values) expressed in ouE/m3 in the legal regimes of the EU and Ukraine would also render it possible to carry out an assessment of odours treated as a mixture present in ambient air and optimise the assessment of odour nuisance and thus the discomfort directly affecting the well-being and health of inhabitants of areas in the vicinity of farming facilities. [1]
260. The article presents the review of mostly used methods of graphical analysis of production processes. In the text were briefly characterised all main type of methods of analysis of production processes including: traditional methods (time research and traffic research), comprehensive research, modelling and simulation-based methods and graphical methods. Graphical analysis methods such as: process mapping, value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams, schedules, Gantt's charts, Pareto-Lorenz’s diagrams, spaghetti diagrams, production variety funnels, analysis of the decision-making point, and examples of their application were described. [1]
261. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the PVD coating on the cutting tool on the surface roughness and energy consumption in the cast iron turning process. It was shown that the use of coated tools leads to obtaining a surface qualitatively corresponding to the ground surface and to the reduction in the power consumption of the machine tool. In addition, the process itself, carried out without the use of a cooling and lubricating liquid, is more eco-friendly, as it excludes its use, disposal and negative environmental impact. [1]
262. The article presents the problem of reactive power compensation in an electric network, which powers a charging station for electric vehicles. The reactive power is present because the converters have a reactance character. Mobile inverters are single-phase receivers, so they cause a lack of symmetry in a three-phase system. Lack of symmetry causes an unbalance component to appear. The power compensation discussed here results in an improvement in the power factor. The reduction of the reactive and unbalance power is the result of this compensation. The article takes into account a non-sinusoidal method of power supply. [1]
263. The article presents the most important information concerning the methods, techniques and indicators of I measures, which are used in the evaluation of production processes. The theory of limitations, process mapping, benchmarking and diagnostic test method have been described. Sample indicators for the evaluation of production processes are presented and the measures for the evaluation of production processes are discussed, as well as methods of obtaining information about the process. The modelling and computer simulations were described and the algorithm of proceeding during the development of a simulation model was presented. The article discusses system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. [1]
264. The article presents the most important information concerning computer modelling and simulation, system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. An exemplary model of the production process of windscreen wipers, which was created on the basis of assumptions, discussed the individual components of the model. An example of using JAVA code in AnyLogic program is presented and examples of indicators that can be calculated and presented in the form of a graph in the program are shown. Computer simulations enable tracking and analysis of the production process. They help to verify assumptions and detect irregularities in the modeled process. Simulation programs have a wide range of possibilities, allow you to create reports, charts, comparisons, allow you to optimize processes. [1]
265. The article presents the history of the development, and the reasons for the creation of the SEVESO Directive, with particular emphasis on the latest Directive 2012/18 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The SEVESO III directive imposes detailed requirements on the plant operators in terms of their control against major accident hazards related to dangerous substances. Individual countries of the European Union apply various requirements (in accordance with SEVESO III or more rigorous ones) for industrial plants. In Poland, the requirements of the SEVESO III Directive have been implemented in the Environmental Protection Act and its executive acts. The SEVESO III Directive requires that the citizens of a given country have access to information about high and increased-risk establishments. In Poland, this requirement is met through the website www.mapy.geoportal.gov.pl, where you can find information on establishments posing a risk of a serious industrial accident. The article presents how to use the portal and what information can be obtained there. [1]
266. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the use of magnetorheological fluids for finishing processes. The paper descsribes the type of the materials and surfaces to be machined and the composition of the magnetorheological fluids used in this area. The most interesting applications were described in more detail, paying particular attention to the schematic diagram of the test stands, obtained results of experimental tests and the results of roughness measurements of the surfaces exposed to magnetically controlled fluids. The article also describes the directions of the newest experimental and simulation research on the application of magnetorheological fluids in the field. [1]
267. The article presents the characteristics of a wide set of research methods used in prospective analysis known as foresight. Explorative and normative, quantitative and qualitative methods as well as techniques based on expert and assumptions were described in detail. The paper also describes the broader context of the notion of technological foresight and describes differences in this concept in relation to technology management. [1]
268. The article presents the association of the output signals of the grinding process with the machining parameters. The article focuses on assessing the suitability of grinding force signal and acoustic signal acquisition for different process conditions. In the first part of the article the kinematic contact of abrasive grain with the workpiece analysis was carried out. By analogy to the micro-cutting process, geometric analyses are presented and the process parameters that have a major impact on the grinding zone load are indicated. Analytically it has been shown that elementary grinding speeds (wheel and workpiece speed) and grinding depth have a significant effect on recorded signal values. The work also presents a set of factors and phenomena that are sources of acoustic emission impulses in the grinding process. For a selected range of grinding parameters, an experimental verification was performed. The article presents the highly correlated relationship between grain penetration depth (maximum uncut chip thickness) and grinding force components, as well as the effective value of acoustic emission. The output signals of the grinding process were also compared, indicating the advantage of the acoustic emission signal above the grinding force in terms of the reaction speed (and lag) of the sensors to the phenomena occurring in the grinding zone. [1]
269. The article presents issues related to innovation, its meaning and objectives. The development of the concept of innovation over the years is presented. The division of innovation by the area of activity to which it refers was made. The essence of innovation is briefly discussed. On the example of a vehicle, the strategy of innovation implementation was also characterized. The methods and tools used during the implementation of innovations are presented. Computer modelling and simulations as well as other tools for implementation of innovations are characterized. [1]
270. The article presents an original proposal to improve the efficiency of anchoring steel fibers in fibroconcrete mixtures. The expected effect was obtained by developing the surface of the fibers by mechanical abrasive treatment with electrocorundum. The main part of the work presents the results of the conducted experimental studies. The effect of the surface treatment of the fibers was investigated by means of metallographic techniques, using a metallographic microscope and equipment for determining the surface roughness. On the other hand, the direct method of assessing the effectiveness of fiber anchoring in the concrete was determined with the use of the Pull – Out test. The results of these studies were subjected to detailed analysis and statistical processing. The results of metallographic and Pull – Out tests indicate that the proposed method of treating the fibers significantly affects their anchoring efficiency in the concrete matrix. According to the author, this may be of great practical importance, because the discussed method of treating the fibers can significantly improve the general properties of fibrocomposite mixtures. [1]
271. The article presents an example of the value stream mapping method application for the analysis of the production process of semi-trailers for transporting liquid food products. Below were presented characteristics of value stream mapping method, construction, functions and course of the trailer production process in details. On the basis of value stream map analysis conclusions were drawn that point out possibilities of improving and reducing the production costs of tankers for liquid food products transport. [1]
272. The article presents an analysis of the geometric structure of the surface of X5CrNi18‑10 steel sheet after cutting with a abrasive water-jet (AWJ) and a photon beam (laser). Both methods and the workpiece material were also described. Using the laser triangulation method, the cut surface texture was measured by opto-digital microscopy. Additionally, microscopic images of the cut surface were made using the Dino-Lite Edge AM7915MZT microscope by ANMO Electronics Co. The analysis of changes in the value of the Sa parameter for the surface after laser cutting and abrasive water-jet showed that the thickness of the cut material has the most significant influence on the obtained measurement results. [1]
273. The article presents an analysis of possibilities offered by the use of modelling and simulation method in production management, by presenting its essence, types and examples of production process models. In addition, the article presents the characteristics of computer modelling and simulation systems, which help to streamline production processes. The most commonly used programs such as AnyLogic, ShowFlow 2 and Rockwell Arena were described in detail. The concepts of modelling and simulation have been also clarified. [1]
274. The article presents a visual analysis of the landscape, based on the modified SBE method and the possibility of using this type of research for the purposes of revitalization of rural areas. The scope of the research covered the Puchaczów commune in which, due to environmental conditions, mining related to hard coal extraction has developed. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the existence of diverse hight structure of the plant cover increases the attractiveness of the landscape. The research method consisted in using the SBE analysis for 13 landscape units, presented as actual illustrations and modified pictures (as computer visualizations) by adding trees and shrubs. Then, using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, it was examined whether there is a significant difference for the average visual value evaluation between original and modified sketches. [1]
275. The article presents a new approach to forecasting the composition of producer gas. Thermochemical treatment of biomass as an effective method of producing flammable gas was presented. The methods of predicting the gas composition of the generator are described, and then its efficiency depending on the parameters of the device. In order to create a method for forecasting gas composition, the authors' works were used as the basis, in which the energy characteristics of the gases obtained were assessed. It was assumed in this paper that it is very important to understand the influence of each parameter on the energy characteristics of the gas. This made it possible to optimize the composition and predict thermal characteristics. In this article, we present the results of experimental studies on biomass gasification and a mathematical model based on Gibbs free energy. [1]
276. The article in the theoretical part draws attention to the phenomenon of climate change and two-way relations between these changes and agriculture. Agriculture as an economic sector is extremely sensitive to any climatic disturbances. However, as a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, it contributes to this process. In the era of significant reductions in GHG emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to obtain the highest economic effects with the smallest external effects (e.g. GHG). The purpose of the article is therefore to determine the level of GHG emissions in agriculture and the economic and climate efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and comparison to other sectors of the economy. The DEA method was used in the study. Calculations were made based on Eurostat data. It was found that the share of GHG emissions of agriculture in the EU represents 10-11% of all emissions in the European Union. Agriculture is the least economically and climatically effective sector of the EU economy. Comparing the agriculture of individual countries, the highest efficiency was achieved by Italy, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, the lowest – Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. [1]
277. The article discusses the possibility of recovering waste heat from the exhaust air from the ventilation system of multi-family residential buildings. A system of waste heat recovery from the extracted air with an electric heat pump was proposed for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW). The proposed system has been analysed in TRNSYS 17 software for exemplary multi-family residential building. The influence of exhaust air humidity and heat pump outlet temperature on the energy effect was analysed. For the analysed case and the Polish conditions of electricity production, a possible reduction of the final energy amount for DHW preparation (EKW) by 35.1% and primary energy consumption (EPW) by 9.1% was determined in comparison with the use of a gas condensing boiler only.The factors influencing the energy effect of the system for the recovery of waste heat from the exhaust air were indicated. The authors specified directions of further research aimed at determining how to recover available waste heat from the exhaust air with lower energy expenditure and for which installations in the building they should be used. [1]
278. The article discusses the physicochemical mechanisms of the effect of chemical reagents on the processes of swelling of the raw mixture based on the ash of thermal power plants. The process of structure formation in such mixtures occurs as a result of physicochemical transformations of its constituent components. To intensify gas evolution and obtain materials of a porous structure, the presence of a gas former is necessary. The author has analysed the possibility of creating a porous structure in a raw mixture based on ash with the introduction of various gas formers or their formation as a result of exchange reactions. The main chemical compounds contributing to pore formation have been determined. To form a given structure, it is proposed to control chemical transformations at the stage of swelling. To study the processes of intensification of gas evolution, the author proposes to investigate the mechanisms of the influence of mineral fillers and chemical reagents on swelling processes based on the analysis of the Gibbs equation. The parameters of the Gibbs equation are obtained, by which it is possible to determine the probability of the occurrence of chemical reactions with the proposed chemical agents for the formation of gas bubbles with (pores) in the raw material. [1]
279. The article discusses selected ways of saving energy. It is a review material on the problems of humanity and industry in terms of energy consumption of machines, devices as well as principles and actions aimed at improving and protecting the environment and the Earth – as our planet. Energy efficiency, which should go hand in hand with energy saving, was also mentioned. Prognosis for the coming years, new ways of labeling devices were presented. In addition, the issue of greenhouse gases and their emissions into the atmosphere was also raised. [1]
280. The article discusses issues related to modifying existing buildings to improve their condition in terms of lower energy consumption and reducing heat loss. The study takes the form of a review. Current systems and data are described according to relevant standards. The issue of the energy efficiency of the building is explored. A list of the most common ways of thermal modernization has been presented. Financial support programs were discussed. The merits and drawbacks of the solutions are delineated. [1]
281. The article describes the role and types of cooling lubricants used in grinding processes. Conventional methods of coolants delivery into the grinding zone were described, such as: flood method, high-pressure jet method, centrifugal coolant provision method as well as methods method to minimize coolant flow rate: minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), minimum quantity cooling (MQC) and minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Against this background, a methods were presented to completely eliminate grinding fluid from the grinding process (dry grinding) like: impregnated grinding wheels and cold air guns (CAG). [1]
282. The article describes the results of experiments which was intended to compare the results of turning and traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces of rings made of bearing steel (100Cr6) in hardened state (62±2 HRC). During experimental investigations particular attention has been paid to the machining performance and roughness of the machined surface. The results of research presented in this article confirm the advantage of the turning process over traverse grinding using grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure. [1]
283. The article describes the result of experiments witch were intended to compare the results of different workpieces orientation in disc centrifugal machine. During experimental investigations, particular attention was paid to the optimal orientation the workpiece in working charge. The results of the research presented in this article confirm the benefit of horizontal orientation of the workpiece to the motion of the media in the working charge. [1]
284. The article describes the forecasts and the current state of electromobility in Poland. Attention was drawn to the significant problems faced by the electricity market as a result of adapting infrastructure for electromobility and growing energy demand. IT systems supporting electromobility were presented. The activities undertaken by Energa Operator for the development of electromobility in the area of electricity distribution of this company have also been presented. [1]
285. The article deals with the problems of handling used motor oils on the railways of Ukraine. At the moment, this waste is transferred to other enterprises for disposal. But, based on international experience, it is advisable to be regenerated directly at the enterprise where it is formed. The purpose of this work is to develop a modern scheme for oil waste disposal. In this regard, various indicators were investigated, reflecting both the operational suitability of oils and their toxicological parameters. As a result, we proposed a scheme and selected special equipment for handling the used engine oils, which allows to reduce the technogenic load associated with their accumulation, handling and minimization, contributes to the return of oil to the technological process. The calculated value of the conditional environmental effect and the approximate payback period allowed us to draw conclusions about the undoubted environmental and economic effect of implementing the proposed scheme [1]
286. The article deals with issues related to quality management and quality assessment in production of plastic articles in injection moulding. Expert knowledge collected in textbooks and literature allows to get acquainted with the characteristics of plastic article production and product quality defects arising in such processes. The characteristics and technology of plastics processing are discussed, the most frequent quality defects occurring in the production of articles made of plastics by injection molding are listed. On the basis of expert knowledge collected in the literature, a series of actions leading to the elimination of each of the mentioned quality defects has also been proposed. [1]
287. The article contains answers to three "why" questions: - why the waste management system still does not bring the expected results, and the Polish state is one of the lowest-ranking in the European score regarding the amount of segregated waste; - why the sale of selected secondary raw materials and their material reuse in production processes do not cover the costs related to waste management; - why it does not bring additional profits. The article is based on research conducted in Wroclaw from 1998 to 2018. There is a cost model that can be adapted to similar cases. The article deals with removing organisational and/or technical reasons causing the stagnation of selective waste collection. [1]
288. The article considers the possibility of efficient energy and environmental use of vortex devices for the granulation of solids. The factors influencing the energy consumption for generating a vortex flow with dispersed solid inclusions are analysed. A mathematical model for calculating the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus in a clean gas flow, which was used in computer modelling, is presented. The main dependencies for determining the influence of the geometric dimensions of the vortex on its aerodynamic drag are also given. An analytical solution to the problem of minimising the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus during the movement of a dispersed medium is considered. The forces acting on the particles in the cyclone chamber during interaction with the gas are analysed. In this paper, a general method for calculating the parameters of cyclone-vortex devices for dispersed media using the basic equations of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics is developed. The solution approach used in this paper can be extended to other vortex devices not considered in this work. [1]
289. The article analyses the influence of aircraft noise on the transaction prices of residential premises within the Poznań property market. The paper analyses the set of properties, subject to the transaction from the first to the fourth quarter of 2020. In total, 1550 properties were examined. The study defined basic attributes of all premises, exhibiting the most significant influence on their price. The research conducted using the hedonic regression allowed for the identification of crucial evidence that aircraft noise negatively affects the property transaction prices. [1]
290. The article aims to analyse the impact of military operations on the hydro-ecological state of water bodies in Ukraine, analyse potential military risks and assess the prospects for recovery in the water sector. The war leads to the destruction of water supply infrastructure and, secondly, to the pollution of natural waters with sewage and ammunition. Thus, Ukraine's hydro-ecological condition of natural watercourses and reservoirs is deteriorating during a full-scale war. First, we analysed the literature and modern scientific publications and studied the current state of the water bodies of Ukraine under martial law. The article analyses the key consequences of military operations on water bodies, including the destruction of water infrastructure and hydraulic structures, contamination by explosives and destroyed military equipment, flooding by mine water, and leaks from tailing ponds. Special attention is paid to the results of water quality monitoring in wartime. The authors systematised and reviewed the key incidents of destruction and damage to hydraulic structures since the beginning of the war. Potential risks to water bodies in the context of Russian aggression are studied. Finally, the author analyses the directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and proposes a list of practical steps necessary to restore water resources. The author's view on post-war reconstruction measures in water resources is offered. In addition, environmental organisations and local authorities can use the results of this scientific research. [1]
291. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant, VRE) strains in meat plants and evaluate their biofilm-forming potential. In two Polish meat plants, 75 samples of raw pork meat, swabs from work surfaces (floors, tables, machine parts and tools) and from employees' hands were collected. The analyses indicated that enterococci were present in more than 72% of the tested samples. VRE isolates were found in more than 25% of the tested samples (especially in cutting and processing rooms). VRE strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Moreover, 77% of E. faecium and 43% of E. faecalis isolates showed biofilm-forming ability. The observed high biofilm-forming potential among the analyzed VRE strains indicates that these agents may play an important role in the spread of drug resistance in the food chain through contaminated surfaces, meat, and workers' hands. [1]
292. The aim of this case study is to generate several poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based hydrogels using additive manufacturing process and compare their material properties. A commercial stereolithography system is used to produce the test specimens in accordance with ISO standards. Three formulations will be prepared for this purpose. The basis in each case is PEGDA with average molecular weights of 700 Mn, 575 Mn and 250 Mn. A photoinitiator and an UV absorber are added to ensure spatial and temporal crosslinking. Subsequently, the formulations are investigated for their material properties according to ISO standards by means of tensile, compression and hardness tests, and the influence of the molecular weights is determined. [1]
293. The aim of the work was to create a technical and organizational design for a modular, didactic system for the production of single-stage gearing. The project presented a project of a production system equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect the real world systems. Modular construction of the designed system allows for free modeling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system expansion and its use. Additionally, the system design assumes the possibility of carrying out scientific and research works in the scope of designing production systems with a high level of automation. [1]
294. The aim of the study was to conduct the process of bioethanol obtaining from biomass using chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5 and 10%) were used for the delignification process, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using three commercial cellulolytic preparations (Cellic® CTec2, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and cellulase from Aspergillus species). The final step involved an alcoholic fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYPE II yeast. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of reducing sugars was determined in the samples, and the fermentation yield was controlled by determining the ethanol content by pycnometry. The use of chemical pretreatment increased the yield of the whole process by at least 50%. The content of reducing sugars after hydrolysis depended on the type of enzyme preparation used for hydrolysis and the use of NaOH in pretreatment. The highest content of reducing sugars (45.8 g/dm3) was achieved in a sample of material that was purified with 5% NaOH, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using Cellic® CTec2. This means an efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process equal to 94.69%. The concentration of bioethanol after alcoholic fermentation in this sample was 0.509 g/l. [1]
295. The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the European Green Deal and to identify its potential impact on the Community's regional development processes. The paper presents the objectives and assumptions of the doctrine and its global dimension. The theoretical foundations of the doctrine in economic and social dimension have been defined. An attempt was made to identify and analyse the impact of the European Green Deal on regional development processes in the European Community. Regional development has been defined as the process of development of economic potential, increase in the competitiveness of economic entities and the standard of living of the countries' inhabitants, in their regional decomposition, which takes place as a result of transforming factors and resources into goods and services, ensuring economic security. The influence of the European Green Deal on factors of economic growth and development, factors of competitive advantage of countries, system of both public and private value (natural resources, national assets), transformations in the structure of economies (emerging and declining industries), as well as costs necessary to make the doctrine a reality were indicated. [1]
296. The aim of the conducted studies was made to develop a bottom sediment monitoring network for selected water reservoirs of the Silesian voivodeship (Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs). Based on the obtained spatial distributions, the location of points was selected, which should be considered in further studies. In the search for the solution, it was assumed that the network enabling collection of reliable results on the sludge quality, while minimising financial outlays, should not exceed 25% of measurement points from the base year. In order to define the quality and accuracy of the planned network, a visual assessment of the obtained spatial distributions was used. A comparison of the classification of measurement stations with respect to the quality assessment of the geochemical criterion in relation to the selected heavy metal real data, as well as the values obtained on the basis of the simulation was made. Comparative analysis showed a high range of changes in the classification of measuring positions (Ostrowy 0-5 positions, Poraj 0-19 positions, Dzierżno Duże 0-16 positions). This fact is associated with a significant range of base data resulting from high pollution of bottom sediments with individual heavy metals (Ostrowy – Cr, Ni, Poraj – Cd, Pb, Zn, Dzierżno Duży – Cd, Zn). Considering the conducted research, it was found that the sustainable management of the environment by determining the bottom sediment monitoring network of the Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs should be based on an individual research approach for each of the facilities. The research allowed to state that GIS has a significant impact on decision-making in the field of environmental management. [1]
297. The aim of the article was the analysis of the physicochemical quality of water within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in Wrocław (south-west Poland) in the context of the European Union's classification of water quality, as well as an assessment of the potential impact of hydropower plants on this quality. The study uses the results of monthly tests from three measurement points within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in the city of Wrocław (points upstream and downstream the hydropower plant and the reference point), from the period June 2018 to May 2020. The analyses covered 10 physicochemical parameters, i.e.: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature, turbidity, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and BOD5. The conducted analysis showed that the hydropower plant has no clear influence on the physicochemical quality of the water in the Ślęza River, other interactions present in the catchment area are more important. From the effects visible in the results, a decrease in the amplitudes of water temperature downstream the hydropower plant compared to the other points was noted, as well as a lower median of its value (statistically significant changes). An additional noticeable effect was the increase in water oxygenation below the damming, but it was not statistically significant. It has been shown that the physicochemical condition of water at the tested points does not meet the assumed standards for 8 out of 9 parameters (except for water temperature). The largest exceedances of the limit values concerned NO2-N (up to 923% of the norm), and the most consistent, almost constantly occurring – EC (23 out of 24 months). The reason for the high NO2-N content was most probably surface runoff from the fields and the re-suspension of sediments rich in nutrients, while in the case of EC, its high values result from the specificity of the catchment area. [1]
298. The aim of the additive manufacturing (AM) is a production of physical objects by adding material layer-by-layer based on virtual geometry developed in the computer system. The main criteria for the division of additive manufacturing methods are the way to apply the layer and the type of construction material. In most projects, the choice of method is a compromise between costs and properties (e.g. physical, chemical or mechanical) of the manufactured object. Currently, AM methods have found application in many areas of life, including industrial design, automotive, aerospace, architecture, jewellery, medicine and veterinary medicine, bringing many innovative and revolutionary solutions. The purpose of this article is to review of the additive production methods and present the potential of medical application. [1]
299. The aim of reviewing information was characterizing in the labor factor using in refrigeration technology is and their impact on the environment. The development of the refrigeration industry occurred thanks to progress towards coolants. The most important aspect of using of refrigerators is their impact on health and human life, and atmosphere. By caring for health, the European Union achieves legal rights. Research on thermodynamic factors pose a wide field of work for many scientists and are the most popular, new information, that can be used in practice. [1]
300. The RE band of electromagnetic radiation has recently become the subject of interest in remote sensing due to its greater penetration into the plant structure than the commonly used NIR band. It is particularly important in cultivating corn, which is characterised by considerable thick foliage during the growth period. While sensors equipped with this channel are used in satellite remote sensing and onboard drones, they are not implemented in airborne imaging systems. An airborne remote sensing station was constructed, including, in addition to the traditional R, G, B and NIR image components, also the RE channel and a laser scanner (ALS). Data processing involves geometric calibration and the creation of a multi-channel orthophoto map. The data processed in this way was tested by analysing several series of aerial recordings of a corn field, which involved developing interpretation keys based on selected vegetation indices and assigning individual groups of pixels with five plant health classes. This study focused on the comparative assessment of the effects of using the NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE and SAVI indices, comparing their results to yield measurements (CHM) and the results of field measurements of plants at the end of the growing season. Promising results with a high degree of correlation were obtained. [1]
301. The Photovoltaic solar cells convert the radiant energy from the Sun directly to electricity. Solar photovoltaic systems can help to fulfil the entire energy demands in rural areas by harnessing all the opportunities and potentials. The water is an important element in the life of plants, animals and human being. In this paper, it has been studied that solar energy could be used for water pumping applications such as providing water to rural and remote areas. It is being practiced in south Libya. The Data is being collected over two years by measuring the water flow on daily basis at pumping head of (35m). In addition, this presents an evaluation of PV system in water pumping and piping systems and estimation of pumping energy cost. The solar pumping systems depend on water flow rate, pumping head and solar irradiance. The system components contain inverter, pump and PV generator. Besides, the effects of the climate and operating conditions on the performance of PV pumping systems has been discussed. [1]
302. The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method to the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the tested minichannel were obtained. [1]
303. The Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is a hybrid machining technology which combined with electro discharge machining and electro chemical machining process. In this research, electrochemical discharge drilling operation is carried out on conventional ceramic tile by using a designed and manufactured ECDM setup. The experiments were performed as per design of experimental technique of Taguchi L27 orthogonal array using MINITAB 17 software. The important process parameters that have been selected are voltage, rotation and electrolyte concentration with output response as machining depth and diametric cut. From the observations, it is found that the voltage is the most significant parameter for machining depth and diametric cut followed by electrolyte concentration and rotation. [1]
304. The EST system – emission-free sewage transport is one of many methods used to counteract and limit the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage system. EST method is the environment and human friendly, and effective at the same time. This solution applies aeration and flushing of pressure pipelines using compressed air with closed vent valves. The paper presents the results of field tests of the EST system, which also verified previous laboratory tests carried out in a broader range.The tests were carried out on two different delivery pipelines (Object-1, Object-2), consisting of several kilometers long sections Pump Station – Expansion well with hydrogen sulfide concentration measurement. The results show that the EST system is an effective solution for controlling hydrogen sulfide in a pressure sewage system. The application of the EST system caused an immediate decrease in H2S concentration under 50 ppm. The measurements were taken in the expansion well, where short-term outbursts of large loads of hydrogen sulfide were observed during sewage pumping. Purges carried out 1-2 times a day, caused a decrease in instantaneous gas load (from the average level of 758 mg H2S/pump cycle at Object-1 to 15 mg H2S/cycle and from 3 914 to 322 mg H2S/cycle at Object-2).Results of field studies have also shown that individual optimization of the EST system operation for a selected section of the pressure sewage system (length of the aeration cycle and its frequency during the day), may control the concentration of H2S. The EST system, reducing the concentration of H2S by over 90%, ensures the safety of sewage system operation and decreases its impact on the surrounding environment. [1]
305. Technology of wind exploitation has been applied widely all over the world and has already reached the level in which manufacturers want to maximize the yield with the minimum investment outlays. The main objective of this paper is the determination of the optimal number of blades in the Cup-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Optimizing the size of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine allow the reduction of costs and increase the output. The target is the maximum power of the rotor. The optimum number of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades evaluation is based on analysis of a single blade simulation and its superposition for the whole rotor. The simulation of working blade was done in MatLab environment. Power spectrum graphs were prepared and compared throughout superposition of individual blades in the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine rotor. Some wind tunnel measurements of the hydrodynamic force according to pitch angle of the blade are also shown. The major result of this research is the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine kmax ratio power characteristic. On the basis of the analysis of the power spectra, optimum number of the blades was specified for the analysed rotor. Power spectrum analysis of wind turbine enabled the specification of the optimal number of blades, and can be used regarding investment outlays and power output of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. [1]
306. Systemy komputerowe są w dzisiejszych czasach bardzo popularne. Niestety, wraz ze wzrostem ich popularności pojawili się aktorzy, którzy w różnych celach dążą często do nieuprawnionego dostępu do danych użytkowników. W celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na zagrożenia powstały IDS (ang. intrusion detection systems) - systemy wykrywania intruzji. W ostatnich latach naukowcy zainspirowani byli do znalezienia nowoczesnych rozwiązań pozwalających na wykrywanie intruzji. Badacze zauważyli pewne paralele między celami IDS i biologicznych systemów immunologicznych. Dzięki temu powstały sztuczne systemy immunologiczne (AIS - ang. artificial immune systems). Celem rozprawy była analiza istniejących i opracowanie własnego algorytmu detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych, inspirowanego mechanizmami obronnymi organizmów żywych. Rozprawa stawia tezę, że możliwa jest realizacja algorytmów detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych o właściwościach porównywalnych lub lepszych od znanych rozwiązań, w tym znanych z literatury rozwiązań wykorzystujących AIS. W niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej przeprowadzono kompleksowy przegląd literatury dotyczącej IDS i AIS, i w szczególności najpopularniejszego algorytmu AIS, jakim jest algorytm negatywnej selekcji (NSA - ang. negative selection algorithm). Zaproponowano następnie własny system wykrywania intruzji, który pozwala na wykrywanie infekcji w systemie operacyjnym. W systemie zaimplementowano metodę losową i metodę wzorców, a następnie przedstawiono autorskie ulepszenie tych metod przy pomocy dodatkowego zbioru receptorów międzykomórkowych. System dogłębnie przetestowano dla szerokiej gamy parametrów wejściowych generacji receptorów, a następnie porównano osiągi z innymi rozwiązaniami znanymi z literatury. Badania eksperymentalne pokazały, że system IDS osiąga wyniki porównywalne lub lepsze od wyników znanych z literatury. Na podstawie badań eksperymentalnych wyciągnięto wnioski, że cel pracy został osiągnięty, a teza dowiedziona. Dalsze badania mogą uwzględniać możliwości naprawy zainfekowanych plików w systemie operacyjnym. [1]
307. Surface run-off from areas adjacent to dirt roads may cause considerable damage to these roads. The degree of damage is determined from the amount of flowing water, run-off intensity as well as sites, in which run-off reaches the roads. These parameters result from soil conditions, as well as natural relief and the land form modified by tillage operations. Another parameter influencing the formation and the degree of erosion is connected with maintenance operations regularly repeated in the life cycle of these roads, such as e.g. surface levelling or use of paving materials. The analysis involved GIS tools, which made it possible to consider the impact of spatial variability in the surroundings of such roads on the incidence of adverse factors. The application of LiDAR data made it possible to indicate the formation of surface run-off routes and the resulting threats of damage to dirt roads. [1]
308. Subsea transmission pipelines (STP) are designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/liquid mixtures over some distances. STP are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (O&G) products. A Vernonia amygdalina (VA) solution is prepared to act as an inhibitor. The specimens are kept in a workable state. Steps are taken to prepare each specimen. All cuts and sheared edges were ground out to prevent them from becoming sites for preferential attack. The finishing of the specimen surface with grit abrasive paper (sand paper) and rinsing of the specimens in distilled water are carried out. Then, degreasing of specimen in acetone and air-dried are carried out. Upon drying, the specimens are immediately weighed to obtain their initial weights. Twelve specimens are used for the test as follows: 6 Aluminum (Al); and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2M concentration of VA solution, the MS and Al samples are immersed in different plastic containers containing 400ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400ml) of the VA solution is poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS. [1]
309. Standards related to calculation methods used in building energy performance simulation tools usually impose constant volumetric heat capacity of air. However, this simplification may result in errors if the actual conditions differ from the assumptions made. The paper presents the problem of dry air density and specific heat capacity variation and their influence on calculated energy use for space heating in a multifamily building. The monthly calculation method of PN-EN ISO 13790 was used. Simulations were performed in five cities, each in one climatic zone according to PN-EN 12831. Variation of the air density caused by air temperature and elevation resulted in differences in calculated heating demand from -4.5% to 4.5% in relation to that at constant volumetric heat capacity assumed in PN-EN ISO 13790. [1]
310. Standard ceramic abrasive tools are manufactured using glass bonds or mineral resources, in which the microstructure of the bonding bridges cannot be controlled. In this study, a new type of glass-crystalline bond was used to combine mixed abrasive grains from microcrystalline and monocrystalline corundum into an abrasive tool. The glass-crystalline bond has a fine crystalline structure (particle size of the crystalline phase: 1-1.5 µm) and perfectly moistens the abrasive grains. This fact and the generated crystalline phase with a high coefficient of brittle fracture resistance enable the production of tools with a higher porosity and self-sharpening ability in comparison to grinding wheels with the use of industrial bond, which results in high performance indices with a longer service life. [1]
311. Stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 1996 r. [1]
312. Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies. [1]
313. Spektroskopia w podczerwieni bliskiej NIR (Near-Infrared) jest techniką analizy chemicznej, która wykorzystuje absorpcję promieniowania podczerwonego w zakresie 800-2500 nm do określenia składu chemicznego badanej próbki. Analiza widm NIR pozwala na szybkie i nieinwazyjne określenie składu próbek w różnych dziedzinach, takich jak przemysł spożywczy, farmaceutyczny, medyczny czy rolniczy. Przez długi okres czasu istniały pewne trudności z analizą widm NIR, które nie są proste w interpretacji. Było to związane z brakiem implementacji odpowiednich metod analizy, które wymagały odpowiedniej mocy obliczeniowej. Dziś znany jest cały wachlarz metod analizy widm. Istnieją odpowiednie programy oraz moc obliczeniowa dzisiejszych komputerów w ciągu kilku sekund pozwala na wydobycie użytecznej informacji z widm NIR. Jedną z nowoczesnych metod analizy widm NIR, która może być zastosowana są SSN (Sztuczne Sieci Neuronowe). Matematyczne modele umożliwiające uczenie maszynowe, a ich zastosowanie w analizie widm NIR pozwala na automatyczne rozpoznawanie charakterystycznych wzorców i wykrywanie związków chemicznych w próbkach. Metoda ta jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadku skomplikowanych, wielowymiarowych widm NIR, które są trudne do analizy przy użyciu tradycyjnych metod statystycznych. Drugim aspektem pracy związanym z spektroskopią jest zastosowanie małogabarytowego mobilnego spektrometru DLP NIR Scan Nano EVM, który w ciągu kliku sekund może być gotowy do pracy. Urządzenie rejestruje widmo w ciągu 2 sekund. Współpracuje z komputerem posiadającym odpowiednie oprogramowanie, generując pliki w formacie .csv oraz .dat, które można implementować w łatwy sposób do innych programów takich jak np. Matlab. W pracy badano obiekty, które wykazują zmiany widmowe w określonym przedziale czasowym. Wyróżnić można trzy grupy materiałów. Pierwszą grupą były materiały pochodzenia organicznego. Badano zmiany zachodzące w produktach związane z procesami dojrzewania a w przypadku roślin zielonych badano zmiany zachodzące w liściach na skutek usychania. Była to grupa obiektów testowych pozwalająca na opracowanie koncepcji pracy z widmami NIR w programie Matalab. Drugą grupą były materiały, które mogą być wykorzystane w elektronice jako kleje lub hermetyzację, badano proces krzepnięcia. Docelową grupą były materiały PM (Perovskite Materials) wykorzystywane do budowy nowoczesnych ogniw fotowoltaicznych, pozyskane dzięki współpracy z firmą SAULE. Badano zmiany widmowe zachodzące w materiałach w okresie 30 dni, zaobserwowano pewne zmiany. Badania nad poprawą stabilności ogniw PSC (Perovskite Solar Cells) w dalszym ciągu są bardzo intensywne ponieważ jest to główny problem nowoczesnych ogniw. Wykorzystując program Matlab opracowano odpowiedni model SSN, który został wytrenowany i przetestowany na uzyskanej bazie widm materiałów perowskitwowych. W oparciu o analizę MSE (Mean Square Error) wytypowano najlepsze metody uczenia oraz optymalną ilość neuronów w warstwie ukrytej. Określono również wpływ IDP (Initial Data Preprocessing) na działanie SSN. Program stworzony przez autora pracy pozwala na rozpoznawanie czasu pomiarowego losowego widma z serii pomiarowej oraz określa miarę podobieństwa wybranego widma względem pozostałych. Powiązanie zmian widmowych z informacją o sprawności ogniwa mogłoby być potężnym narzędziem umożliwiającym rozpoznawanie stadium degradacji ogniw. [1]
314. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell-side is a highly complex task. This stems from the complex geometry of the shell-side itself, defined by such parameters as tubesheet layout, tube diameter, baffle spacing or baffle cut. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only a few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell-side of apparatus on an industrial scale. In this article, the authors presented the results of an experimental visualization study, utilizing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experiment used a laser sheet technique along and across a tube bundle. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying the flow pattern of streams in the shell-side and assessing stagnation vortices and their consequences. Finally, detecting bypass streams and leakage streams flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle were presented. [1]
315. Sewage sludge used for reclamation of egraded areas or in agriculture must have a certain total heavy metal content, as required by law. In practice, however, it is important to carry out a fractional analysis of the elements contained in the sludge. This activity allows to determine the chemical form of a given metal, thanks to which it is possible to assess the assimilability of elements by plants. The study proved that the fraction of certain metals in sewage sludge can vary depending on the period studied. The combination of elements with other compounds in sludge from one treatment plant can vary from month to month. Once analysis has been carried out, it should not be the basis for assessing the bioavailability of metals if sludge from a given treatment plant were to be sampled several times a year. [1]
316. Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy. [1]
317. Rozprawa składa się z siedmiu rozdziałów. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono wprowadzenie do rozpatrywanej tematyki, genezę pracy i krótką charakterystykę procesów cięcia materiałów metalowych. Rozdział drugi zawiera analizę stanu wiedzy, w którym opisano charakterystyczne cechy blach elektrotechnicznych, sposoby ich obróbki za pomocą technik cięcia, opis zjawisk zachodzących podczas procesu i charakterystycznych parametrów technologicznych, aktualne problemy badawcze analizowane przez innych autorów zajmujących się procesami cięcia oraz aktualne sposoby modelowania tego procesu. Przedstawiono w nim również cel, hipotezę i zakres pracy. Rozdział trzeci zawiera opis stanowisk badawczych i wyniki badań charakterystyk materiałowych analizowanego gatunku stali elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono opis modelu matematycznego i symulacyjnego procesu cięcia. Do opisu zjawisk na typowym kroku przyrostowym wykorzystano uaktualniony opis Lagrange'a, przyjmując skokowo- spółobrotowy układ współrzędnych. Proces cięcia analizowano jako geometrycznie i fizycznie nieliniowy problem brzegowo-początkowy z warunkami brzegowymi, które są nieznane w obszarze kontaktu narzędzie-przedmiot obrabiany. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań symulacyjnych z założeniem występowania w materiale przestrzennych stanów naprężeń zarówno dla płaskich stanów odkształceń jak i stanów przestrzennych. Za pomocą opracowanych modeli MES określono wpływ głównych parametrów technologicznych i warunków realizacji procesu cięcia na wartości naprężeń zastępczych w strefie cięcia, szerokość strefy odkształconej, rozkład współczynnika trójosiowości stanu naprężeń oraz formowanie się defektów ciętej krawędzi. W rozdziale szóstym zawarto opis stanowisk do badań eksperymentalnych procesu cięcia, plan badań właściwych oraz wyniki wraz z walidacją modeli numerycznych. Dokonano analizy wyników badań za pomocą mikroskopów w celu szczegółowej obserwacji charakterystycznych cech powierzchni przecięcia takich jak: wysokość zadziorów, szerokość przełomu poślizgowego, stan powłoki izolacyjnej. Wyniki opracowano statystycznie, otrzymując modele w postaci funkcji regresji. Przeprowadzono badania wybranych właściwości magnetycznych blachy po procesie cięcia dla przyjętych parametrów obróbki. W etapie końcowym rozdziału sformułowano zadanie optymalizacji wielokryterialnej oraz przedstawiono jego rozwiązanie dla procesu cięcia analizowanej blachy elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale siódmym przedstawiono wnioski stwierdzające prawdziwość postawionej hipotezy, wnioski poznawcze, utylitarne i dotyczące kierunków dalszych prac naukowo-badawczych. Przedstawione w rozprawie wyniki badań własnych mają zarówno charakter aplikacyjny jak i poznawczy. Pozwalają one prawidłowo dobierać wielkości decydujące o jakości wyrobu w zależności od warunków technologicznych cięcia lub określać optymalne warunki procesu. [1]
318. Rozprawa jest nowym etapem badań dotyczących analizy dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych oraz nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, umożliwiających minimalizację luzu bocznego, prowadzonych w Politechnice Koszalińskiej przez profesora Wojciecha Kacalaka. Celem pracy jest opracowanie metodyki podwyższania dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych z uwzględnieniem oceny efektywności adaptacyjnej minimalizacji luzu w przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Pracę podzielono na osiem rozdziałów. Drugi rozdział obejmuje analizę literatury i dotychczasowych osiągnięć z zakresu budowy i eksploatacji przekładni ślimakowych oraz analizę cech eksploatacyjnych wielu znanych i opatentowanych rozwiązań z mechanizmami zmniejszania luzu bocznego w przekładniach ślimakowych. W trzecim rozdziale zamieszczono sformułowane hipotezy oraz tezę. Kolejny rozdział zawiera opracowaną metodykę modelowania i analiz oraz prognozowania wpływu niedokładności przemieszczeń i pozycjonowania w układzie kinematycznym z przekładnią ślimakową z wykorzystaniem systemów CAD. W rozdziale piątym opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz sposób wykonania serii pomiarów, w dalszej części przedstawiono wyznaczenie wpływu regulacji na cechy statystyczne luzu bocznego w badaniach modelowych i eksperymentalnych. W kolejnym rozdziale przeprowadzono optymalizację mającą na celu określenie zależności niezbędnych do obliczeń parametrów w zależności od przeznaczenia przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Rozdział siódmy zawiera opracowane procedury optymalnego kompletowania precyzyjnych przekładni ślimakowych w produkcji małoseryjnej dla różnych kryteriów oceny dokładności całej serii. W ostatnim rozdziale zawarto wnioski końcowe oraz kierunki dalszych badań. [1]
319. River erosion is a complex process due to multiple factors, such as climate changes, discharge quantity, the type of transported sediments, and variations in the hydrological regime. This paper aims to analyse river erosion's impact on transport elements' stability (especially on bridges). To do so, a Geomorphic Change Detection analysis was used, which involves calculating the altitude differences between two successive digital models, as a basis for calculating surfaces and volumes of sediments displaced through the erosion process. This analysis was doubled by a series of cross-sections in the proximity of bridges to observe the current river bed configuration and identify the active processes. The variation of these processes is directly dependent on human interventions undertaken to reduce the erosion process and to protect the infrastructure elements. The bridges located in the studied area are in different stages of damage by lateral and depth erosion processes, depending on their intensity and the human interventions made to protect these bridges. The least affected are the bridges where complex measures have been taken (construction of bed sills) or the dynamic processes have a low intensity. [1]
320. Rising global temperatures have exacerbated the problems of adaptation to climate change in various sectors of the economy, including municipal energy. Therefore, the task is to develop measures and mechanisms, the implementation of which will guarantee cost-effective comfortable and reliable heat and cold supply of buildings and structures in climate change. Experimental studies of heat transfer and monitoring of thermal regimes in enclosing structures and building elements were conducted with the development of innovative engineering systems for energy supply of a passive house of the "zero-energy" type. Experimental developments of innovative energy-efficient greenhouse gas-reducing technologies and equipment for energy supply systems of buildings have been performed and their architectural and construction solutions for adaptation to climate change have been optimized. In order to expand and deepen the theory and practice of improving the energy efficiency of buildings in the near future, the scientific priority and subject of basic and applied research have been identified. Developed adaptive to climate change innovative, energy efficient technologies and equipment of engineering systems of energy supply of buildings with the use of renewable energy sources can be used in the practice of energy supply of housing and communal services. [1]
321. Revitalisation of even small watercourses in urbanised areas improves water retention conditions, while at the same time reducing the risk of flooding. It also contributes to improved condition or ecological potential of waters. Measures implemented to revitalise small urban watercourses are hindered by many obstacles. When selecting an optimal solution we need to refer to multiple-criteria methods. Considering the number of barriers and the need to search for the optimal solution this paper analyses the applicability of multiple-criteria decision-making method involving analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential for revitalisation of watercourses in urbanised areas. The investigations were conducted on the Wierzbak watercourse flowing in the northern part of the city of Poznań, which has been channeled in over 60% of its course and is discharged into the Bogdanka River (a left-bank tributary of the Warta) in an ouflow sewer. In order to analyse the problem in detail various barriers were investigated, e.g. ecological, planning, social, economic and engineering. The analyses were conducted for 6 variants. Based on the collected information and data the AHP method was applied to select the most advantageous solution to potential revitalisation of the watercourse. Analysis of the results showed that for 4 out of the 6 tested variants complete exposure of the watercourse would be the most advantageous option. In turn, ecological and social barriers were deemed to be the most important. The study confirmed applicability of the AHP method to solve such complicated decision-making problems. [1]
322. Research was carried out into the impact of the content of wheat flour in a mixture with chopped wheat straw and the humidity of this material on the hardness of the pellet obtained from this raw material. The maximum content of wheat flour was 9.6% of the dry matter of the raw material, and the humidity of the raw material was 11.6, 25.7 and 36.0%. An increase of wheat flour content in the whole range examined considerably increased the pellet hardness, while an increase of humidity content in the raw material had an impact on increased hardness up to 25.7% only. [1]
323. Renewable energy sources are increasingly common in Poland, and a growing number of single-family houses are now equipped with such systems. The article presents the study of the performance of the heat pump and the photovoltaic system installed in a house in the Swietokrzyskie Province near the city of Kielce. The data related to thermal and electrical energy generation throughout three years has been analysed with a focus on the advantages offered by such systems in the climate conditions of Central Poland. It turned out that 2022 was the best year for electricity production because it exceeded the value of 8000 kWh, and in the winter period from November to February, energy production balances at 200-300 kWh, which proves the high efficiency of panels for electricity production even in unfavourable climatic conditions. The heat pump generates the smallest energy production to heat the house in the summer, while in the winter, this production increases intensively due to the heating season in Poland. These are values from 1500 kWh to values above 3000 kWh. Similarly, in the case of domestic hot water, these values are higher in winter than in summer. Additionally, the work includes electricity consumption before and after the installation of renewable energy sources. Simplified economic analysis has also been presented in the paper. The simple payback period is estimated at approximately 9 years. [1]
324. Quarterly water consumption data collected in a small water supply system were used for elaboration of a new water consumption modeling approach. In this paper, multi-distribution statistical analysis was performed. As the Anderson-Darling test proved, at least a half out of the ten tested theoretical probability distributions can be used for description of the water consumption. The application of the PWRMSE criterion made it possible to determine, which of the tested theoretical distributions is the best-fitted to the empirical data set. In the case of total daily water consumption for the group of the households, it was Johnson distribution, whereas for the average daily water consumption per capita, it was GEV distribution. Based on the best-fitted probability distribution, a 25-year water consumption simulation with the Monte Carlo method was conducted. Because methodology of this study is based on the probability distributions, even if the type of theoretical distribution of the water consumption will change, it will be still possible to use this simulation method by assuming the other distribution. [1]
325. Pylaisia polyantha moss growing near intensive traffic in Geležinis Vilkas street at Vingis Park (Vilnius) was selected as an indicator of environmental pollution. Two models were applied for the study: the Gaussian plume model – for zinc emission from automobiles calculation and mathematical model – for recalculating the zinc emission from transport to zinc concentration in moss. Moss samples were collected during spring, summer and autumn. There were no significant changes in Zn concentrations between these periods. Zn emission dispersion from pollution source was calculated only for one vehicle, in order to reach relationships between environmental conditions and dispersion of Zn emission from vehicle exhaust fumes pipe. It was detected that the concentration of Zn tends to decrease with the distance from the pollution source. It was observed that there was a strong relationship between wind speed and Zn concentration – the slower the wind speed, the higher concentration of zinc in moss. [1]
326. Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest fibrokompozyt drobnokruszywowy na bazie kruszywa odpadowego o zawartości włókien stalowych 1,25% w stosunku do objętości kompozytu. Materiał ten charakteryzuje się właściwościami mechaniczno-fizycznymi lepszymi bądź zbliżonymi do betonu zwykłego, a więc może być alternatywą dla betonu zwykłego do wykonania zginanych elementów żelbetowych. Celem pracy jest ocena metod wymiarowania ścinanych elementów fibrobetonowych wg norm Model Code 2010 [212] i RILEM TC-162-TDF [219] pod względem możliwości zastosowania tych metod do projektowania na ścinanie elementów wykonanych z fibrokompozytu drobnokruszywowego oraz wykazanie, że włókna stalowe jako zbrojenie rozproszone, mogą przyczynić się do poprawy nośności i używalności elementów konstrukcyjnych wykonanych z drobnokruszywowego kompozytu. [1]
327. Przedmiotem pracy jest próba zastosowania lepkoplastycznych modeli konstytutywnych do opisu właściwości materiałowych tkaniny tekstylnej powlekanej PANAMA. W pracy ustalono program badań laboratoryjnych niezbędnych do określenia tych wielkości. Wykonano identyfikację parametrów materiałowych dla dwóch modeli lepkoplastycznych związków konstytutywnych. Przeprowadzono weryfikację obliczonych parametrów poprzez porównanie badań laboratoryjnych z symulacją numeryczną tych prób wykonaną na podstawie wyznaczonych parametrów. [1]
328. Przedmiotem pracy doktorskiej jest eksperymentalna i teoretyczna analiza drgań pionowych oraz przesuwno-obrotowych fundamentu blokowego, posadowionego bezpośrednio na podłożu gruntowym. Proces drgań badano z uwzględnieniem wpływu takich czynników jak wielkość fundamentu, głębokość posadowienia, częstość drgań oraz poziom obciążenia. [1]
329. Providing external sources of carbon to the treated wastewater often becomes necessary to achieve high efficiencies of wastewater treatment plants. The use of conventional sources of carbon brings high operating costs for wastewater treatment plants. This has become a prerequisite for the exploration of other, alternative, sources of organic carbon. The aim of the research was to confirm the effectiveness of the use of waste products, for example molasses, in the denitrification process, as well as to determine their influence on the rate of changes in pollutant concentrations during wastewater treatment. The studies were carried out during the process of municipal sewage treatment in two independent SBR-type activated sludge chambers on a laboratory scale. A single reactor operating cycle lasted 6 hours and included the following phases: wastewater supply (2 min), mixing (anaerobic) (60 min), aeration (210 min), sedimentation (60 min) and decantation (30 min). Molasses was added to one of the chambers in each cycle twenty minutes after filling the wastewater as a source of easily assimilable organic compounds. The use of a waste external carbon source during treatment of municipal wastewater resulted in a higher efficiency of removing nitrogen forms than in the control reactor while maintaining a high efficiency of removing organic compounds. The use of molasses during wastewater treatment resulted in an increased removal rate during waste water treatment. The rate of NUR denitrification in the molasses reactor increased by 2.48 mg N/dm3∙h compared to the control SBR. Molasses as a waste product can be successfully used as an external carbon source in the denitrification process. [1]
330. Prezentowana praca doktorska stanowi propozycję wykorzystania sygnałów emisji akustycznej (EA) do diagnozowania układów półprzewodnikowych, w szczególności stosowanych w urządzeniach napędowych jednostek pływających oraz podobnych, instalowanych w systemach/konstrukcjach offshore’owych. Ponadto, przedstawiono możliwość badania wymienionych układów w ich wartościach granicznych lub zbliżania się do wartości granicznych. Opracowano i opisano tor pomiarowy badający wpływ stanu (technicznego) układu półprzewodnikowego na zmiany fali sprężystej emisji akustycznej. Zaprezentowano zależności zmiany temperatury pracy elementu, na pasmo emitowanej częstotliwości fali sprężystej. Dokonano badań, które potwierdziły, że emisja akustyczna elementów półprzewodnikowych mocy występuje podczas ich przełączania i jest możliwa do rejestracji. Dokonano analizy uszkodzeń tranzystorów IGBT. Zaprezentowano deskryptory emisji akustycznej oraz zaproponowano ich zastosowanie w odpowiednich badaniach układów półprzewodnikowych. Przeanalizowano istniejące podobne badania związane z diagnozowaniem tranzystorów IGBT oraz wskazano różnice w interpretacji ich wyników m.in. udowadniając błędy niektórych z nich. Badania opisane w pracy przybliżają analizę fal sprężystych emitowanych przez półprzewodniki i ich zależność od zmian termicznych podczas przełączania, przy różnych współczynnikach rozszerzalności termicznej materiałów użytych do budowy elementu. Dokonano analizy zdarzeń sygnału EA w wyższych częstotliwościach, spowodowanych zmianami prądu płynącego w układzie. Przedstawiono różne sposoby rejestracji oraz interpretacji sygnałów emisji akustycznej. Wykorzystano zarówno dostępną aparaturę pomiarową (np. tor pomiarowy z użyciem oscyloskopu), jak również najnowsze dostępne urządzenia do pomiaru i rejestracji EA firmy Vallen oraz MISTRAS. Wykorzystano również tor pomiarowy skonstruowany w Politechnice Morskiej w Szczecinie ze zmodyfikowanym rejestratorem EA dedykowanym wcześniej do diagnozowania nowoczesnych układów wtryskowych silników okrętowych oraz do analizy stosowanej w inżynierii materiałowej przy badaniu nieciągłości (wad) materiałów. Pomiary przeprowadzone przez autora doprowadziły do wykazania istnienia sygnału emisji akustycznej w elementach półprzewodnikowych oraz przyporządkowania określonych pasm częstotliwości (spektrum), które można przypisać odpowiednim zjawiskom zachodzącym w elemencie półprzewodnikowym. [1]
331. Preventive maintenance is beneficial to minimize unexpected breakdowns in industries with continuous production. Composite structures are used for naval applications like ship hulls and marine propellers. In most of the industries, composite structural health analysis using experimental and numerical model are available for damage detection and estimate the residual life of composite beams. The present work is focusses on identification of damage and estimate residual life of composite healthy and cracked beams. Free vibrational analysis is carried out on composite beam made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with a different crack orientation. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer associated with engineering data management (EDM) software utilized for experimental analysis to detect presence of damage in cracked composite beam. FEM software called Analysis of composite pre/post (ACP) available in ANSYS R3 is used to compare the natural frequency results of healthy composite beam with cracked composite beam with different ply orientations. For validation of numerical modal evaluation, the consequences acquired from ANSYS R3 FEA software are in comparison with experimental results received by impact hammer method. The fatigue life of a damaged composite beam is estimated the use of “Hwang and Han’s” fatigue life equation. [1]
332. Predictive force models for oblique metal cutting incorporating tool flank wear was carried out using a CNC lathe machine to turn mild carbon steel CS1030. The developed models are based on the fundamental mechanics of orthogonal cutting process, in which inclination angle is 00. Workpieces were Cylindrical with wall thickness of 3mm and diameter of 100mm. Cut thickness levels were 0.1, 0.17, 0.24 and 0.31mm; cutting speeds were 100, 150 and 200 m/min; tool rake angle levels were −5, 0 [1]
333. Prace badawcze opisane w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej, zostały podjęte w celu analizy zasadności i możliwości stosowania antywzorców i modeli neuronowych do wspierania projektowania maszyn. Potrzeba wielowymiarowego opisu cech konstrukcji mechanicznych będących antywzorcami, znacznie zwiększa złożoność obliczeń wymaganych do stworzenia w pełni funkcjonalnego i deterministycznego modelu obliczeniowego (pozwalającego na porównanie symbolicznych opisów antywzorców). W celu doprecyzowania efektywnego zakresu rozprawy doktorskiej, wskazane zostały modele neuronowe, jako rodzaj metod obliczeniowych pozwalających na prowadzenie obliczeń na niekompletnych oraz wielowymiarowych danych. [1]
334. Praca zawiera wyniki badań, mające na celu określenie wpływu zaburzeń generowanych periodycznie na proces wrzenia czynnika chłodniczego podczas przepływu w wężownicy rurowej parownika. Wrzenie w przepływie realizowano w warunkach periodycznej zmiany gęstości strumienia masy (wzrostu i zaniku) czynnika chłodniczego R404A, dla stałych poziomów obciążenia cieplnego komory chłodniczej. Prowadziło to do okresowych zmian ciśnienia i temperatury czynnika wzdłuż drogi jego przepływu w wężownicy. Periodyczne zmiany gęstości strumienia masy czynnika chłodniczego wywoływano otwierając lub zamykając zawór odcinający zasilający wężownicę rurową. [1]
335. Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o zagadnieniach związanych z oddziaływaniem elektrotermicznym na tranzystory oraz informacje o sposobach kompensacji temperatury wnętrza tranzystora; podstawowe informacje o obiektach badań i o uzyskanych w drodze pomiaru krzywych termicznych tranzystorów mikrofalowych; opis programu do obliczania przebiegów temperatury Tj (t) dla dowolnych pobudzeń mocą cieplną P(t) przy konkretnych warunkach chłodzenia wraz z przykładowymi wynikami. [1]
336. Praca powstała we współpracy z producentem zbiorników i cystern ze stali nierdzewnej, przedsiębiorstwem PRO-WAM Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Koszalinie przy ul. Zwycięstwa 278. Motywacją do podjęcia prac badawczych przedstawionych w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej były problemy dotyczące jakości technologicznej podzespołów wchodzących w skład jednego z kluczowych produktów firmy: naczepy-cysterny do przewozu płynnych środków spożywczych. Przeprowadzone w szerokim zakresie badania doświadczalne wykazały, że zaproponowana autorska zależność na syntetyczny wskaźnik JTC może być z powodzeniem stosowana w przemyśle metalowym do porównywania jakości technologicznej procesu cięcia. Względna (procentowa) postać wskaźnika JTC powoduje, że może on być stosowany do porównywania wyników procesu cięcia prowadzonego różnymi metodami i w różnych warunkach a także składowe licznika zaproponowanej zależności mogą być rozszerzane o kolejne wskaźniki oceny jakości technologicznej. [1]
337. Praca o charakterze teoretyczno-eksperymentalnym dotyczy badań wymiany ciepła w warunkach konwekcji swobodnej, od pionowej izotermicznej płyty płaskiej, umieszczonej w przestrzeni częściowo ograniczonej ekranem. Istotą tych badań jest ustalenie wpływu parametrów termicznych i hydraulicznych oraz geometrii układu na warunki wymiany ciepła pod kątem jej intensyfikacji wynikającej ze zmiennej odległości ekranu od płyty pionowej. [1]
338. Praca naukowa dotyczy poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań układów cyfrowych realizowanych na jednym podłożu układu scalonego wielkiej skali integracji (VLSI). Obiektami projektowania są układy kombinacyjne i jednostki arytmetyczne pracujące w trybie prądowym. Głównym celem przedstawionych w rozprawie badań jest dostosowanie znanych metod minimalizacji funkcji logicznych do minimalizacji funkcji binarnych w algebrze bramek prądowych w ten sposób, żeby zmniejszyć złożoność sprzętową otrzymanego układu prądowego pod względem zajmowanej prze niego w układzie ASIC powierzchni oraz wykorzystanie zmodyfikowanych metod do projektowania różnego rodzaju prądowych jednostek operacyjnych [1]
339. Praca ma charakter teoretyczno-konstrukcyjny. Dokonano w niej gruntownej analizy problemów związanych z implementacją wybranych algorytmów algebry liniowej oraz z opracowywaniem bardziej niezawodnych algorytmów ( wykrywania oraz usuwania błędów). Rozważania teoretyczne zostały częściowo zweryfikowane i poparte symulacjami komputerowymi w języku VHDL oraz praktyczną realizacją układu VLSI. Przeprowadzona została gruntowa analiza literatury światowej z zakresu tematyki oraz wnikliwa analiza porównawcza metod stosowanych do projektowania algorytmów odpornych na błędy i zakłócenia z wykorzystaniem metody sum warzonych. Dużym atutem pracy jest próba systemowego opracowania szybkich i przede wszystkim bardziej niezawodnych układów realizujących wybrane algorytmy algebry liniowej, które mogą być wykorzystane w sprzęcie medycznym, zastosowaniach militarnych i w technice kosmicznej. [1]
340. Praca dotyczy zagadnienia poprawienia efektywności środków technologicznych przy automatycznym łączeniu elementów na powierzchniach obrotowych z gwarantowanym luzem poprzez eliminację zakleszczenia w procesie montowania wyrobu na zautomatyzowanych liniach montażowych. [1]
341. Praca dotyczy wykorzystania fal termicznych i plazmowych do wyznaczania parametrów rekombinacyjnych, optycznych i termicznych wybranych materiałów półprzewodnikowych. W ramach realizacji pracy doktorskiej został zaproponowany uproszczony model teoretyczny do analizy sygnału radiometrycznego w podczerwieni emitowany z materiałów półprzewodnikowych. [1]
342. Praca dotyczy opracowania modelu matematycznego procesów wymiany ciepła i masy w pomieszczeniu mieszkalnym pozwalającego na przewidywanie pola temperatur i koncentracji wilgotności, w celu projektowania układu regulacji mikroklimatem. Celem dysertacji jest opracowanie metodyki pomiaru pól temperatur i wilgotności w obiekcie rzeczywistym, a także opracowanie prostego modelu inżynierskiego pozwalającego na przewidywanie tych pól dla celów ich regulacji zapewniającej komfort cieplny w pomieszczeniu. Symulację komputerową przeprowadzono w oparciu o komercyjny kod obliczeniowy FEMLAB jak też w oparciu o własny program opracowany na komercyjnym kodzie MATLAB. [1]
343. Praca dotyczy możliwości uzyskania na bazie odpadowego piasku z północnych regionów Polski pełnowartościowego tworzywa budowlanego przez dodatek mikrokrzemionki oraz zbrojenia rozproszonego w postaci włókien stalowych. Celem badań jest określenie najbardziej optymalnych składów kompozytów betonowych na bazie piasku miejscowego, których cechy pozwolą na stosowanie ich zamiast betonów konstrukcyjnych bądź żwirowych betonów specjalnych. [1]
344. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem równoważenia hydraulicznego i termodynamicznego w kotłowni hybrydowej z obiegami grzewczymi o zróżnicowanym i zmiennym w czasie zapotrzebowaniu na ciepło, prezentację istniejących dostępnych sprzęgieł hydraulicznych oraz nowatorskie opracowanie szeregowego sprzęgła termo-hydraulicznego wraz z przypisanym do niego modelem matematycznym. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą wyników badań w warunkach rzeczywistych i modelowych. Zastosowano analizę różnic średnich oraz ocenę moderacji [1]
345. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem pojawiającej się wody w układach sieci gazowych średniego i niskiego ciśnienia niedający się wytłumaczyć wprost nieszczelnościami przewodów. Nie są powszechnie znane fakty, że w gazociągach rozprowadzających gaz ziemny bezpośrednio do konsumentów może pojawić się woda. Natomiast specjaliści od eksploatacji sieci gazowych na co dzień mają do czynienia z tym zjawiskiem. Skąd bierze się ta woda? Na pewno nie przez nieszczelności powstające na sieci wskutek uszkodzenia mechanicznego lub korozji, ponieważ gazociągi znajdują się zawsze pod nadciśnieniem. Gaz ziemny wydobywany z ziemi jest zazwyczaj zanieczyszczony frakcjami stałymi i obciążony wilgocią, posiada właściwości żrące. Wcześniej osuszony gaz pobierany z podziemnych magazynów gazu jest również nasycony wodą. Obecność wody w gazie ziemnym jest niepożądana, ponieważ potęguje korozje rur i sprzętu, zwłaszcza w obecności H2S i CO2, a w warunkach zimowych tworzy korki lodowe. Może przyczyniać się także do powstania hydratów blokujących przepływ gazu, szczególnie w przypadku procesów odzysku węglowodorów ciekłych, takich jak wymrażanie czy procesy kriogeniczne. [1]
346. Praca doktorska poświęcona zagadnieniom elektrolitycznego utleniania plazmowego (ang. plasma electrochemical oxidaiton, PEO). Proces PEO wykorzystuje wysokie napięcie (stałe lub impulsowe) do generowania w obszarze pomiędzy dwoma zanurzonymi w elektrolicie elektrodami, wyładowań plazmy, co pozwala uzyskać porowate powłoki na modyfikowanej powierzchni. Plazmowe utlenianie elektrolityczne pozwala m. in. wytwarzać na powierzchniach metali i ich stopów wielofunkcyjne warstwy ochronne charakteryzujące się bardzo dużą twardością, odpornością na ścieranie, znakomitą przyczepnością do podłoża oraz wysoką odpornością na korozję. własności otrzymywanych powłok zależą głównie od warunków napięciowo-prądowych, czasu oraz składu i temperatury elektrolitu. [1]
347. Praca doktorska dotyczy zagadnienia modelowania charakterystyki stereometrycznej warstwy wierzchniej przedmiotów za pomocą wskaźników cyfrowej reprezentacji obrazu w połączeniu z analizą zużycia ostrzy narzędzi. Przyjęty cel rozprawy jest nowoczesnym kierunkiem badawczym, pozwalającym wykorzystać nowe metody obserwacji i rejestracji procesów oraz nowe metody przetwarzania danych. Zastosowanie metod sztucznej inteligencji do wspomagania oceny danych i automatyzacji rozpoznawania stanów charakterystycznych, jest drogą prowadzącą do wykorzystania wyników pracy w elastycznych systemach technologicznych. [1]
348. Polymeric building materials and equipment for indoor use in spaces intended for people may, in an essential way, contribute to deterioration of wholesome quality of life. Phthalates, present in many products, constitute an omnipresent group of compounds used widely as plasticizers. The research results show that these substances may have a negative impact on human health, and thus European Union has implemented a number of regulatory measures restricting their use. Manufacturers and suppliers must comply with these regulations. As a result, it is necessary to investigate and determine the contents of phthalates in these materials. This paper presents the analytic profile of method of marking phthalates extracted from polyvinyl chloride with use of HPLC chromatography with UV-VIS detection, and selected results obtained in examinations of materials used in interior design. The results of described examinations of phthalates content indicate that not all materials recommended by manufacturers may be used indoors in spaces intended for people. The method was verified for its suitability for routine analyses of materials made of PVC and submitted for attestation. The elaborated method can be used for determination of banned phthalates presence in PVC. The method allows for detection of these phthalates at the level required by the REACH regulation, and its validation parameters are highly satisfactory considering a very complex matrix. [1]
349. Polymer flocculants are used in wastewater treatment processes, and the necessity and universality of their use result from changes in production technologies, also causing variability in the parameters of treated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains a substrate that is difficult to biodegrade (BOD5/COD < 0.02), and the presence of toxic compounds makes it necessary to treat them in many stages before discharging them to the receiver or reusing. The study aimed to assess the possibility of using a new generation flocculent to support coagulation. The research was conducted on mine water originating from hard coal mines and on treated coke wastewater from the biological sewage treatment plant. The synthesis of copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with acrylonitrile allowed the extraction of effective products – flocculents with specific properties, supporting the coagulation process and reducing the parameters of contaminants in treated industrial wastewater. Compared to commercial polyelectrolyte Praestol, copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid removed turbidity more effectively than acrylamide-acrylonitrile copolymers. [1]
350. Pol/SKR STY 327, AAA/3656/4 [1]
351. Podjęta w rozprawie doktorskiej tematyka wynika ze zwiększonego popytu na energię elektryczną, szczególnie pochodzącą ze źródeł odnawialnych. Zadaniem inżynierii lądowej jest kształtowanie powierzchni Ziemi pod potrzeby egzystencji człowieka. Przekształcając obszar ziemi pod elektrownię wiatrową musimy mieć na uwadze charakter zagospodarowania przestrzeni, który determinowany jest przez dopuszczalne poziomy hałasu w środowisku. Wciąż rosnące potrzeby energetyczne mogą zostać w dużej mierze zaspokojone poprzez wytypowanie i przekształcenie terenu pod przyszłą elektrownię wiatrową. Energetyka wiatrowa na lądzie stanowi dynamicznie rozwijający się sektor energetyki odnawialnej i ma wszelkie predyspozycje do tego, by stać się odpowiedzią zarówno na kryzys klimatyczny, jak i gospodarczy. Rozwój energetyki wiatrowej poza ograniczeniami ustawowymi determinowany jest odpowiednimi warunkami wietrznymi oraz dostępnością terenu przeznaczonego pod elektrownię. Zakres pracy doktorskiej obejmuje analizy wietrzności oraz hałasu pochodzącego od turbin wiatrowych (WT) determinujących lokalizację farmy wiatrowej (WF). Wybór terenu lokalizacji elektrowni ograniczony jest głównie warunkami wietrznymi oraz zabudową chronioną akustycznie (jednorodzinną, wielorodzinną i zagrodową). Odległość WT od danej zabudowy uzależniona jest z jednej strony od emisji źródła, a z drugiej od dopuszczalnego poziomu hałasu na terenie chronionym akustycznie. Podstawowe narzędzia, które determinują lokalizację przyszłych farm wiatrowych to: zapisy miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego, mapy topograficzne, identyfikacja szorstkości terenu i stałych barier, założenia dotyczące warunków wietrznych, dobór wysokości i mocy turbin wiatrowych. Wizja lokalna w miejscu lokalizacji przyszłej farmy wiatrowej dostarcza informacji o stanie rzeczywistym (zapisy fotograficzne, dane z GPS, a także pełny i szczegółowy opis wszystkich barier występujących w danej lokalizacji). Przeszkody, które mogą wpływać na potencjał energetyczny wiatru, to zazwyczaj budynki przemysłowe, budynki mieszkalne, lasy, pojedyncze drzewa, kominy, inne turbiny wiatrowe, wieże obserwacyjne, wieże komunikacyjne, wzgórza, góry, hałdy, mosty itp. Poprawnie przeprowadzona kampania pomiarowa warunków wietrzności musi uwzględniać powyższe uwarunkowania. Brane są pod uwagę warunki lokalizacyjne oraz wymogi ochrony środowiska przy zachowaniu szeroko pojętej optymalizacji pozyskiwanej energii elektrycznej. Decyzje podjęte na tym etapie determinują dalszy przebieg realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Odpowiednio wykonana koncepcja techniczna pozwala na minimalizację ryzyka inwestycyjnego oraz optymalizację kosztów na etapie projektowym, budowlanym i eksploatacyjnym. W procesie ustalania lokalizacji i doboru urządzeń farmy wiatrowej zauważa się brak koordynacji działań zespołów projektowych. Proces doboru turbin WF zaczyna się zwykle od ustalenia dostępności urządzeń na rynku. Inwestor wskazuje grupę urządzeń do dalszych analiz. Następnie zespoły specjalistów przystępują do projektowania. Ponieważ bardzo ważny jest aspekt ekonomiczny przedsięwzięcia, badana jest produktywność przyszłej elektrowni. Mając to na uwadze zespół energetyczny wybiera jeden typ urządzenia oraz konkretne punkty posadowienia turbin, następnie grupa akustyków przyjmuje WF do analiz. Ze względu na uwarunkowania środowiskowe i przestrzenne zespół akustyków często wprowadza zmiany lokalizacji turbin oraz korekty trybów pracy urządzenia. Korekta polega na ograniczeniu mocy akustycznej urządzenia kosztem produktywności, a tym samym wydłużeniu czasu zwrotu kosztów inwestycji. Problem ten dotyczy wszystkich realizowanych projektów. [1]
352. Physical and geometric factors are generally regarded as the main cause of evaporation characteristics of the Leidenfrost droplets levitating above the hot surface. It is well-known and generally accepted that similar research is conducted under different conditions and on individual measurement set-ups. This is one of the potential reasons for the differences in the results of thermal fluxes and computational models in scientific papers. This paper discusses the influence of the heating surface geometry on the heat transfer coefficient h during water drops evaporation under film boiling regime. The variable geometry parameters are the curvature radius of the heating bowl of R = 64 and 254 mm. Individually compiled test stands made it possible to measure the instantaneous drop mass for each R radius and to determine the coefficient h. The methodology was validated by calculating the relative error. It changes with the curvature radius and the droplet size, and for droplet mass from about 2 g to 0.3 g does not exceed ±10%. The heat transfer coefficient h is about 15% higher for a drop located on a surface with a larger radius of curvature. Moreover, the method that was devised allows us to estimate the h value for asymmetric droplet shapes. The advantage of the adopted method of measuring the drop mass over time is the possibility of analyzing heat transfer processes in any drop shape range, even in the case of asymmetric ones. Previous research methods were mainly based on determining the mass of the drop by calculating its volume. [1]
353. Passive area sources, such as primary settling tanks, located in the area of wastewater treatment plants can significantly impact odour air quality. This paper presents the variability of odour emissions from the primary settling tank at the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP) during a one-year study of odour concentrations determined by dynamic olfactometry. The investigations indicated that the highest monthly average value of the specified odour emission rate was for July (49.89 ouE/m2/s). Preliminary statistical analysis results using a multiple regression model showed the statistical significance of the independent variables in the form of wastewater temperature and retention time concerning the specific odour emission rate values. [1]
354. Osady ściekowe, są odpadem powstającym w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Ich unieszkodliwianie i zagospodarowanie stanowi problem światowy. Rozprawa dotyczy zmniejszonej suplementacji węgla na proces transformacji form chemicznych trzech pierwiastków (Zn, Cu i Ni) podczas kompostowania komunalnych osadów ściekowych. Zrealizowane badania dowiodły, że niska, początkowa wartość ilorazu C/N mieszaniny osadów ściekowych, przeznaczonych do kompostowania, nie wpływa negatywnie na jakość i dojrzałość kompostu. Otrzymane wyniki wykazują, że zmniejszenie dodatku metalu, o dużej zawartości węgla organicznego, powoduje, że w miarę trwania kompostowania metale ciężkie przechodzą w formy trudno dostępne dla środowiska. [1]
355. One of the ways to reduce the energy consumption from conventional sources is the introduction of an energy audit, which aims to inform the owner / user of a building about its energy consumption and possible ways of its reduction. For this purpose, the coefficients EK (annual demand for final energy) and EP (the amount of non-renewable primary energy to satisfy the energy needs of the building) were introduced. Their maximum values are deter-mined in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Infrastructure for each type of building covered by the energy audit obligation. Audit is an expertise designed to gain knowledge about energy consumption in a given building, a set of buildings, a system or an installation. It is to provide information on how to save an energy and their results. The following article presents the purpose and methodology of performing the energy audit for residential buildings. [1]
356. One of the increased usability energy separation devices that deals with the compressed fluids such as the air, the water and several Refrigerants is the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube due to its simple operating principle to separate the compressed fluid to two hot and cold streams. The aim of the current paper is to review the Ranque-Hilsch tube flow separation most affecting geometrical parameters hat are conducted numerically and experimentally such as the injection nozzles configuration, the vortex tube orifice to the nozzle’s dimensional ratio and also the vortex tube configuration in addition to the optimum conical valve angle. [1]
357. One of the important and still current problems occurring in the fish processing industry is the intensive wear of the cutting surface of industrial cutting blades used to separate the fish raw material. In the paper, the proposes a proprietary solution to the above problem consisting in the regeneration of worn surfaces realized in the process of precise grinding by the use of a prototype 5-axis CNC grinding machine was presented. The obtained machining results were verified, among others on the basis of measurements of values of the cutting edges inclination angles and analysis of values of selected surface roughness parameters. The proposed solution along with the developed methodology can be an interesting alternative to typical ways of renewing the cutting ability of cutting tools in applications from the fish processing industry. [1]
358. Obserwowana w ostatnich latach zmiana sposobu zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych jest efektem realizacji strategii gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w Unii Europejskiej, zakładającej przejście gospodarki z modelu liniowego na cyrkularny, w którym zasoby są zużywane w sposób bardziej zrównoważony, a odpady stają się surowcem. Celem rozprawy doktorskiej było wyznaczenie związku pomiędzy ilością dodawanego suplementu i intensywnością procesu kompostowania, wyrażoną zmianą wartości określonych parametrów fizykochemicznych. Głównym składnikiem modyfikującym skład mieszaniny poszczególnych komponentów tworzących wsad do procesu kompostowania, była słoma jęczmienna. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie przedsiębiorstwa Goleniowskie Wodociągi i Kanalizacja. Wyniki badań, uzyskane w trakcie realizacji pracy potwierdziły hipotezę badawczą, która zakładała możliwość przebiegu procesu kompostowania w warunkach zwiększonej koncentracji azotu. [1]
359. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional, steady, incompressible lid driven flow in a square cavity were investigated in this work. A commercial finite volume package of ANSYS-FLUENT was used to analyze and visualize the nature of the flow inside the cavity at different Reynolds Number. In addition, a MATLAB code was developed and validated by comparing the results with the reference values from literature. Staggered grid was employed in discretization of the cavity to avoid checkerboard pressure while developing the code. The governing equations were discretized in terms of velocity and pressure fields. Artificial compressibility method was used to de-couple the pressure and velocity terms in the governing equations. A 129x129 grid system was used in both cases. The effects of Reynolds number (100 on the flow characteristics were illustrated through the analysis of stream function, velocity vector, pressure co-efficient and velocity contours. The thinning of the wall boundary layers with increase in Reynolds number is evident from the u and v velocity profiles along the vertical and horizontal lines at the geometric center, although the rate of this thinning is very slow for Re > 5000 [1]
360. Nucleate pool boiling is a very efficient transfer regime with low temperature gradients, bounded between two heat flux values and which border transitions to other regimes, this phenomenon is well framed with correlations; our study aims to clarify the applicability of this regime to liquid hydrogen and to develop reliable correlations for a useful and qualitative agreement. An exhaustive review on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and the limits of this regime, whether are the onset nucleate boiling (ONB) and the critical heat flux (CHF) was made, allowing the collection of more than 1400 points from experimental setups, highlighting a variety of parameters. Five predictive correlations were drawn from the literature, graphical and statistical comparisons were made, two in five reveal acceptable results. After analysis of the experimental data, new correlations were developed and compared with the data collected, convincing results were obtained and discussed. A simple form was expressed for the heat flux , shows better predicted values; convincing results of the (CHF) have been found on modified Kutateladze correlation (1948), and the CHF value reaches a maximum of 148×103 W/m² for a reduced pressure at 0.35; a nucleate boiling correlation suitable for hydrogen has been developed. [1]
361. Nuclear power plants play an important role in power systems of many countries. Ability to reasonable increase installed capacity of nuclear power units allow to reduce the cost for building of new power plants. When increasing NPP capacity to 104% there is a need to estimate the residual life of plant’s typical elements and continue their operation. The mathematical model of estimation of service life indicators of steam turbine K-1000-60/3000 is developed. The effect of increasing the capacity of a nuclear reactor on the heat transfer coefficients of a steam in the nozzle segments of high-pressure cylinder was established by using CFD modeling. The thermal and stress-strain state of the high-pressure rotor for the most typical operating modes are calculated. Using the correlation dependences of low-cycle fatigue, the rate of accumulation of cyclic damage of the base metal is established. The resistance of the metal to the exhaustion of long-term strength is also determined. On the example of the high pressure rotor of the 3rd power unit of Rivne NPP the service life indicators are calculated. The validity of increasing the installed capacity of the power unit was also confirmed. [1]
362. Nowadays, the global industries producing mechanical components are moving towards the usage of composites to reduce weight at the same time without compromising with characteristics of the material being used. This new combination of material provides specific desired properties when combined with various reinforcement materials like SiC, B4C, Al2O3, MgO etc., It is widely used in various industries like aerospace, automobile and marine industries. This property specific tailorable metal matrix composite with Al7075 as the base material can be fabricated using various techniques such as stir casting, high end ball milling, ultrasonic assisted casting, powder metallurgy, squeeze casting friction stir casting etc., out of which stir casting method is preferred by many researchers as stir casting method is seen to provide better distribution of reinforcement particles throughout the metal matrix. It is evident from the research of various authors that when the base material Al7075 is reinforced with the above-mentioned ceramic, it is found that there is a decrease in density and increase in hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance. Here, both physical and mechanical behaviour of aluminium reinforced composites with the effect of the particle size changes, effects after reinforcement and other processing and fabrication methods have been discussed. [1]
363. Non-imaging Fresnel lenses have been playing an important role in improving the efficiency of the solar energy systems. Many researchers have been developing novel designs of Fresnel lenses to enhance the concentrator performance. To bring the complex design of a Fresnel lens from a conceptual theory to a real-life application while maintaining its efficiency, it is critical to find the optimum manufacturing method that achieves the best quality fabrication at low cost in the lab scale. This work will systematically investigate four advanced manufacturing methods for their lens-making capabilities, including pressure casting, hot embossing, 3D printing, and CNC machining. Six Fresnel lenses were fabricated by the four methods, which were tested in the lab by a solar simulator and a solar cell to demonstrate their performances. The CNC machining provides the best quality lab-scale Fresnel lens that enhances the solar cell efficiency by 118.3%. 3D printing and hot embossing methods are also promising for the fabrication of good performance lenses – increasing the solar cell efficiency by 40-70%. However, the 3D printed lens has the issue of material degradation on the long term. Although the pressure casting is the easiest manufacturing method, the performance of fabricated lens was the lowest. [1]
364. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska poświęcona jest opracowaniu oraz zastosowaniu zminiaturyzowanych metod analitycznych, umożliwiających szybkie i tanie oznaczanie różnych biomarkerów, a także mikrozanieczyszczeń w złożonych próbkach środowiskowych. Ponadto, poddano dyskusji przegląd najnowszych publikacji naukowych, dotyczących niskocząsteczkowych, organicznych mikrozanieczyszczeń ekosystemów wodnych oraz ścieków. [1]
365. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki związanej z popularyzacją i dystrybucją obrazów broni palnej we współczesnych mediach masowych. Zakres moich badań obejmuje zjawisko obcowania z bronią palną poprzez obrazy. „Obcowanie” wyraża tu pewien rodzaj adoracji broni palnej, uczestnictwa w kulturze i obyczajach z nią związanych za pośrednictwem obrazów. Interesuje mnie zarówno to, w jaki sposób obrazy broni strzeleckiej funkcjonują w kulturze popularnej, jak i to, jak są zbudowane. W treści pracy podejmuję: (1) próbę zbadania właściwości obrazów broni palnej i ich związków z kulturą masową; (2) próbę określenia, które elementy obrazów broni palnej sprawiają, że jest ona odbierana jako atrakcyjna wizualnie. Ponadto w części praktycznej wybrane przeze mnie obrazy broni strzeleckiej zostają poddane dekonstrukcji malarskiej w celu wykrycia i wyodrębnienia ich charakterystycznych komponentów obrazowych. W rozdziale pierwszym umieściłem różne definicje broni oraz określenia, którymi posłużyłem się w opisach. W rozdziale drugim, opisuję przypadek współpracy malarza Georga Catlina z producentem broni Samuelem Coltem. Ten przykład jest pomocny dla zrozumienia współczesnych mechanizmów masowej dystrybucji obrazów broni palnej. Współpraca między Catlinem i Coltem stworzyła pewien schemat, wiążący obrazy broni z żywą, emocjonującą fabułą. Dziś, schemat ten wykorzystują i rozwijają nowe, współczesne nam media. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony jest obrazom broni obecnym w sztuce filmowej. Wyjaśnia: (1) w jaki sposób kino rozwija schemat, który stworzyli Catlin i Colt; (2) jak 2 obrazy broni palnej wpływają na formę obrazu filmowego; (3) jak kino mitologizuje i popularyzuje broń strzelecką na przykładzie pistoletu Walter PPK i karabinu maszynowego AK Kałasznikow. Rozdział czwarty dysertacji opisuje jak gry FPS (First Person Shooter) rozwijają fabularny i wizualny model zaczerpnięty z amerykańskich superprodukcji filmowych, w którym dominującą rolę odgrywają obrazy broni palnej oraz efekty spektakularnych zniszczeń dokonywanych z jej pomocą. W treści tego rozdziału wyjaśniam także: (1) zasady, jakie rządzą obrazowaniem broni w grach; oraz (2) opisuję, które elementy broni palnej są szczególnie atrakcyjne wizualnie w grze i w jaki sposób twórcy gier wykorzystują je podczas ich tworzenia. Rozdział piąty, jest próbą przybliżenia zjawiska Gunporn, które do tej pory nie doczekało się szerszego opracowania. Ma ono bezpośredni związek z fascynacją fotografią, obrazami, komiksami, filmami oraz grami, które przedstawiają broń i uzbrojenie. Jest to w pewnym sensie rozdział podsumowujący, ponieważ łączy w sobie wszystkie wątki z poprzednich rozdziałów. Rozdział szósty zwiera opis części praktycznej. Przedstawione zostały w nim wyniki moich badań w formie obrazów malarskich oraz objaśnienie zastosowanych przeze mnie metod badawczych, sposobu pracy, a także doboru materiałów, na podstawie których budowałem swoje kompozycje malarskie. [1]
366. Niniejsza praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny. Dotyczy zagadnień z pogranicza dziedzin takich jak energetyka, informatyka techniczna, eksploatacja maszyn oraz automatyka. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wskazała, że w dalszej części prac badawczych skupić należy się na parametrach o największej zmienności, takich jak natężenie promieniowania słonecznego, które mogą wymagać szczególnego uwzględnienia w modelowaniu i kontroli proce-su sterowania w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Stabilność ciśnienia atmosferycznego i temperatury otoczenia wskazywała na możliwość ich łatwiejszego włączenia do modeli prognostycznych. Z kolei większa zmienność prędkości wiatru i wilgotności wymagała zastosowania zaawansowanych metod predykcyjnych w celu minimalizacji niepewności w przewidywaniach. Kolejnym ważnym elementem pracy było stworzenie matematycznego modelu procesu transportu energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Określono parametry pracy oraz przedstawiono założenia i uproszczenia modelu fizycznego. Przetestowane zostały dwie najpowszechniej wykorzystywane metody sterowania proporcjonalnego i sterowania ON-OFF oraz trzecia zaproponowana modyfikacja pod nazwą IPC. Uzyskane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i symulacyjnych pozwoliły ponadto na za-projektowanie i zaprogramowanie nowego słonecznego sterownika adaptacyjnego, który po-zwalał na automatyczne wybieranie spośród trzech określonych metody sterowania do aktualnych warunków pogodowych. Ostatnim etapem przedsięwzięcia były badania porównawcze nowego rozwiązania z komercyjnym klasycznym regulatorem. Uzyskano wzrost efektywności o 12,7% na korzyść zaprojektowanego sterownika co pozwoliło stwierdzić, że wykorzystanie sterowania adaptacyjnego przynosi znaczące korzyści w aspekcie poprawy efektywności gromadzenia energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych oraz potwierdzić hipotezę badawczą. Wyniki te mogą służyć ponadto do dalszego ulepszania samych algorytmów sterowania, poprawiając ogólną efektywność słonecznych systemów grzewczych. [1]
367. Niniejsza praca doktorska przedstawia problematykę transportu osadów niespoistych, niejednorodnych granulometrycznie z zawartością bardzo drobnych frakcji w ruchu falowym nad płaskim i nachylonym dnem. Zagadnienia związane z transportem rumowiska w ruchu falowym i związanych z nim zmian morfologicznych dna z punktu widzenia praktyki inżynierskiej dotyczą między innymi erozji wybrzeża, zapiaszczania torów wodnych, projektowania i eksploatacji morskich budowli hydrotechnicznych oraz konstrukcji ochrony brzegu. Modelowanie natężenia transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym to ważny, ale trudny temat w inżynierii przybrzeżnej, gdyż osad jest intensywnie transportowany głównie w bardzo cienkiej warstwie, o wysokiej koncentracji tuż ponad dnem. Celem pracy było udowodnienie tez pracy poprzez rozpoznanie eksperymentalne i teoretyczne strumieni 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − z uwzględnieniem wpływu strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑓 − frakcji najdrobniejszych 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚 , w ruchu falowym nad dnem nienachylonym i nachylonym w kierunku przeciwnym do kierunku ruchu fali. Następnie zaproponowano modyfikację modelu trójwarstwowego transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym (Kaczmarek i inni 2022) do opisu wyżej wymienionych strumieni w obu wymienionych przypadkach, a także przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą strumieni osadów z udziałem frakcji drobnych i bardzo drobnych w ruchu falowym i przepływie jednokierunkowym. Celem prac eksperymentalnych rozprawy doktorskiej było przeprowadzenie pomiarów i zebranie danych eksperymentalnych, dokumentujących pionową strukturę całkowitego transportu osadów 𝑞+/−, odpowiednio w fazie grzbietu i doliny fali, a także wielkości zarówno natężenia strumienia 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− osadów wychodzących w obu kierunkach z obszaru obliczeniowego do sąsiednich obszarów kontrolnych (i atrzymywanych w łapaczkach), jak i składu granulometrycznego osadów w obszarach kontrolnych po obu stronach obszaru obliczeniowego w warunkach płaskiego oraz nachylonego dna. Znajomość tych wielkości jest niezbędna dla prawidłowej oceny zmian batymetrii w obszarze obliczeniowym. Realizację celu, przeprowadzono na drodze eksperymentalnej, zarówno nad dnem płaskim jak i nachylonym, w dwóch etapach. Pierwszy z nich obejmował rozpoznanie eksperymentalne strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓1 +/−, 𝑞𝑓2 +/− i 𝑞𝑓3 +/− przy wykorzystaniu techniki pomiarowej, stosowanej od niedawna do analizy ruchu osadów w wodzie, tj. PIV (ang. Particle Image Velocimetry). Drugi etap prac eksperymentalnych obejmował pomiary strumieni zatrzymywanych w łapaczkach 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + i 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − wraz z określeniem składu ranulometrycznego transportowanych osadów. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono w Gdańsku w 2020 i 2021 roku w laboratorium hydraulicznym Instytutu Budownictwa Wodnego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, wyposażonym w kanał falowy oraz pomiarowe i wspomagające urządzenia niezbędne do przeprowadzenia badań. Rezultaty badań eksperymentalnych zostały skonfrontowane z wynikami analizy teoretycznej, przeprowadzonej w oparciu o trójwarstwowy model transportu niejednorodnych osadów (Kaczmarek i inni 2022). Z uwagi na fakt, że model ten nie uwzględnia efektów pionowego sortowania osadów z zawartością 𝑖 −tych bardzo drobnych frakcji z zakresu średnic 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚, pomija efekty opóźnień fazowych frakcji drobnych z tego zakresu i nie opisuje wpływu tych frakcji na wielkość transportu 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− oraz nie uwzględnia efektów związanych z nachyleniem dna, takich jak wpływ sił grawitacji na ziarna osadu oraz dodatkowy efekt zmniejszonego lub zwiększonego ciśnienia przy zmianie przekroju przepływu, zaproponowano modyfikację tego modelu o współczynniki korygujące. Przeprowadzono obliczenia transportu strumieni frakcji bardzo drobnych i drobnych, frakcji grubych oraz sumarycznych wychodzących w fazie grzbietu oraz doliny z obszaru wyjściowego i osadzanych w sąsiednich obszarach kontrolnych oraz porównano z wynikami pomiarów. [1]
368. Municipal waste management in Poland has continuously changed over the past years regarding collection systems and disposal processes. After joining the EU, the approach to waste management changed dramatically, intensifying selective collection and implementing recovery and treatment processes. Recent years have shown that a further fundamental overhaul in the waste sector is needed to convert the sector to a closed-loop economy. These challenges are appearing in Poland, forcing actions in which the efficiency of the waste stream management system should generate added value in the form of sourced raw materials, materials and products. The waste generated should be managed following the waste hierarchy, in which disposal is the least desirable process. The work aims to analyse the current state of municipal waste management in Poland concerning applicable legal requirements, waste management hierarchy and the use of the best available technologies. The data from the analysis was used to determine where Poland is currently, heading towards transforming to a circular economy in the technological, social, environmental and economic areas. The research results showed the need to reduce the waste generated, including a significant reduction in the amount of waste stored in landfills and a significant increase in the recycling rates of municipal waste. In this context, supporting the transition to a closed-loop economy is essential in creating a low-carbon, recycling and innovative waste management, implementing EU strategies. [1]
369. Municipal WWTP are exposed to the inflow of toxic substances, which may impede their proper functioning, especially of the biological part. In the case of combined or hybrid sewer systems, additionally, in wet weather, there may appear a rapid inflow of a mixture of domestic and industrial sewage, and stormwater in an amount exceeding the capacity of the devices, causing the need to discharge parts of not fully treated wastewater through the bypass channel. In such situations, the receivers are exposed to an inflow of increased amounts of pollutants. The article presents the concept of a monitoring, early warning and sustainable management system for the Lodz wastewater treatment plant, which will allow minimizing pollutant emissions to the aquatic environment. [1]
370. Motywacją do podjęcia badań mających na celu podwyższenie właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych ceramiki szklanej jest rosnące zainteresowanie modyfikacją właściwości tych materiałów, stosowanych w kompozytach ściernych na bazie tlenku glinu i azotku boru. Pełniąca funkcję spoiwa ceramika szklana, której zadaniem jest związanie ziaren, określa wytrzymałość mechaniczną całego kompozytu. Jest to o tyle ważne, gdyż z opublikowanych w ostatnich latach propozycji rozwiązań technologicznych dotyczących doskonalenia właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych ceramicznych kompozytów ściernych wynika, że jednym z głównych problemów jest spełnienie jednocześnie, wzajemnie się wykluczających, dwóch głównych właściwości tych kompozytów, tj. wysokiej porowatości i odporności na zużycie. Oprócz poprawy wytrzymałości mechanicznej i odporności na zużycie kompozytów ściernych, zauważa się także problem ich niewystarczającej przewodności cieplnej. Przekłada się to również na liczne problemy w procesie obróbki materiałów, szczególnie trudnoskrawalnych, związanych z nadmierną ilością ciepła powstającego podczas procesu szlifowania. Kluczowym czynnikiem ograniczającym efektywność szlifowania jest wysoka temperatura, dlatego opublikowane w ostatnich latach wyniki badań koncentrują się nad wprowadzeniem rozwiązań umożliwiających jej obniżenie. Nowoczesne systemy chłodzenia są jednak niewystarczające, bowiem odprowadzanie ciepła ze strefy kontaktu materiału obrabianego i materiału ściernego następuje różnymi sposobami, nie tylko poprzez takie czynniki jak chłodziwo, wióry czy konwekcję, ale w znaczącym stopniu przez ściernicę. To, w jaki sposób i z jaką szybkością nadmiar ciepła będzie odprowadzony, zależy głównie od rodzaju ziarna ściernego. Poza ziarnami ściernymi, część energii cieplnej w procesie szlifowania przekazywana jest także na spoiwo pokrywające ziarna ścierne i stanowiące ciągłą sieć mostków. Jest to o tyle ważne, że zapewniona ciągłość struktury spoiwa pozwala na zwiększenie szybkości odprowadzenia ciepła ze strefy kontaktu narzędzia i materiału ściernego. Rozdział pierwszy dotyczy wprowadzenia do problematyki podjętej w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej. Z obszernej analizy stanu wiedzy przedstawionej w rozdziale drugim wynika, że zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości modyfikacji struktury ceramiki szklanej w celu podwyższenia jej właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych nie zostały wyczerpująco zbadane. Wybrana ceramika szklana z układu ZABS (ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2), która została przedstawiona w rozdziale trzecim, jest szczególnie interesująca ze względu na możliwość generowania w tym układzie fazy krystalicznej willemitu. Skutkiem krystalizacji powierzchniowej tej fazy jest znaczne i trwałe zwiększenie wytrzymałości mechanicznej, z uwagi na powstanie naprężeń ściskających na powierzchni szkła, z jednoczesną zmianą struktury pozostałości amorficznej w spoiwie będącej efektem wprowadzenia modyfikatora sieci szklanej. Wprowadzenie do tego układu tlenku metalu przejściowego (tlenku miedzi) może znacząco wpływać na proces krystalizacji ceramiki szklanej, a tym samym pośrednio na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne takich materiałów. Warto wspomnieć w tym miejscu o tym, że większość aktualnych badań dotyczy wpływu miedzi jedynie na wybrane właściwości, głównie optyczne i fotoniczne, natomiast wpływ miedzi na właściwości mechaniczne układów krzemianowych wciąż jest mało znany. Wnioski wyciągnięte z analizy literatury pozwoliły na sprecyzowanie hipotezy, celu i problemów badawczych, które przedstawiono w rozdziale czwartym. [1]
371. Motywacja do podjęcia tematyki badawczej dotyczącej intensyfikacji zjawiska wymiany ciepła w powietrznym kolektorze słonecznym było dostrzeżenie rosnącej potrzeby opracowywania nowatorskich rozwiązań w obszarze energetyki słonecznej. Rozwijająca się dziedzina wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, wymaga poszukiwania sposobów na zwiększanie sprawności cieplnej urządzeń do konwersji energii. Celem pracy było poszukiwanie na drodze eksperymentalnej i numerycznej nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych pasywnych powietrznych kolektorów słonecznych. Oczekiwano, że możliwe jest zaproponowanie takiej konstrukcji, przy której uzyska się zwiększenie intensywności procesu wymiany ciepła między powierzchnią grzejną a czynnikiem roboczym, co zwiększy sprawność cieplną urządzenia. [1]
372. Minimum Production Time model of the machining process optimization problem comprising seven lathe machining operations were developed using Genetic Algorithms solution method. The various cost and time components involved in the minimum production cost and minimum production time criteria respectively, as well as all relevant technological/practical constraints were determined. An interactive, user-friendly computer package was then developed in Microsoft Visual Basic.Net environment to implement the developed models. The package was used to determine optimal machining parameters of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for the seven machining operations with twenty-three technological constraints in the conversion of a cylindrical metal bar stock into a finished machined profile. The result of the single-objective machining process optimization models shows that the minimum production time is 21.84 min. [1]
373. Maritime transport contributes to stimulating the development of civilisation. According to the European Environment Agency, around 1/4 of the total CO2 emissions in the EU in 2019 came from the transport sector, of which 71.7% were from road transport. The share of CO2 emissions from maritime transport is estimated to be about 3% of the world's. In terms of energy demand for moving a specific load over a specific distance, it is currently the cheapest form of transport. The International Maritime Organization's activities aim to reduce the environmental impact of this form of transport. The article discusses the expected effects of the regulations introduced until 2023. Regulations have a significant impact on the increase in transport costs. There may be far-reaching changes in the shipping market that have an indirect (rather unintended) effect due to the introduced regulations. "Side effects" can be very severe, especially for shipowners with a small number of ships. The article attempts to draw attention to such threats. [1]
374. Many studies have proven that the type of light source and the lighting regime have significantly influenced the efficiency of microalgae biomass production and the taxonomic composition of the cultivated biomass, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the light source on the productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivating on anaerobic digestate. The criterion for dividing experiment into variants was the light source used.It was found that the light source significantly influenced the Chlorella vulgaris growth. The highest biomass production was observed in variants with the fluorescent tube-warm light (color temperature 3000K) and the LED-warm light with 2 local maximum at 450 nm and 580 nm (color temperature 6500K). In variants with the pressure sodium lamp with the essential spectrum 570-620 nm (color temperature 2700K), the production of microalgae biomass was the lowest.The removal efficiency of organic compounds expressed as COD and BOD5 as well as ammonium and total nitrogen were dependent on the final concentration of biomass in the culture medium. In variants with the highest biomass production, the lowest concentrations of these indicators in the culture medium were observed. Phosphorus compounds were removed effectively from the culture medium regardless of the light source and the concentration of microalgae biomass. [1]
375. Many old public buildings in Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by low energy efficiency and often lack of mechanical ventilation. The general trends are aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building sector and to provide comfort conditions. The indoor air quality can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations.In the article, a complex approach to the definition and analysis of data on the indoor CO2 concentration and the air exchange rate in educational institutions at natural air exchange and in the absence of mechanical air circulation was implemented. Educational institutions in Kyiv have been considered. The study of the CO2 concentration of indoor and outdoor air of three typical schools of mass development in the 80 s, as well as the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI, was carried out. Experimental determination of the background CO2 concentration during the day next to the considered objects showed that the background concentration of CO2 is in the range of 400-420 ppm. Measurements of the CO2 concentration distribution were carried out after classes throughout the classroom area, according to which the difference between the values at the level of the working area was 30...180 ppm. It was found that the concentration of CO2 varies during classes between 700-1100 ppm. During the break, the CO2 concentration decreases to 500-1000 ppm, depending on the type of ventilation.Experimental data on the dynamics of changes in the indoor CO2 concentration are used to determine the air exchange rate based on balances of air flows and CO2. It is shown that the number of present persons influences the indoor CO2 concentration more significantly than the air exchange rate. On the example of an experimental study of the CO2 concentration in the classrooms for high school students it was found that the air exchange rate during the classes is in the range of 0.4...0.75 h-1. During breaks the air exchange rate increases to 2.9-3.5 h-1. For the range considered, the weighted average air exchange rate is 0.8 h-1, and even with forced airing, the air exchange rate is insufficient to ensure acceptable CO2 concentration.For the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI a field experiment was carried out to determine the dynamics of changes in CO2 concentration in time and on the basis of it the air exchange rates for representative classrooms were determined. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm and increases by 350-850 ppm depending on the use and location of classrooms. Based on experimental data, the air exchange rate for the training building of the education institution is in the range of 0.35-0.7 h-1. During the periods of airing the air exchange may increase by 0.45 h-1, but this does not allow reaching the standard value. When analyzing the obtained results, simulation models of natural air exchange of the examined classrooms were used on the basis of the improved ASHRAE method. The natural air exchange rate based on simulations is in the -0.8…0.5 h-1 range. Negative values are explained by exfiltration, which is typical for the upper floors.Not only the comfort and condition of the building envelope, but also the total energy consumption of the building depend on the actual level of air exchange rate. In the total energy balance the ventilation component is 30-60%. Further use of the obtained results can be connected with monitoring of the actual level of air exchange rate and its consideration during complex modernization or implementation of the ventilation systems with heat recovery in the premises of educational institutions. [1]
376. Many factors affect the quality of water in rivers, including: types of pollution sources, the shape of the catchment, the type of land use, the amount of pollution flowing in. The construction of a retention reservoir is one of the factors affecting changes in the river valley related to the landscape, the environment, and water flow hydraulics. Reducing the velocity of water flow on the section of the reservoir causes changes in the characteristics of the movement of pollutants, some of them are deposited in the reservoir. The article analyzes water quality parameters at intake points located below (Uniejów) and above (Biskupice) of the Jeziorsko dam on the Warta River. The variability of such parameters as BOD5, TOC, pH, temperature, Ntot, Ptot was analyzed. The research also analyzed the dynamics of water inflow and outflow from the reservoir. The actual water retention time in the reservoir, which makes interpretation of the results difficult. The most indicators were characterized by the significance of differences for research in 2014. [1]
377. Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg MMC) have been the focus of consideration by many researchers for the past few years. Many applications of Mg MMCs were evolved in less span of time in the automotive and aerospace sector to capture the benefit of high strength to weight ratio along with improved corrosion resistance. However, the performance of these materials in critical conditions is significantly influenced by several factors including the fabrication methods used for processing the composites. Most of the papers addressed all the manufacturing strategies of Mg MMC but no paper was recognized as a dedicated source for magnesium composites prepared through stir casting process. Since stir casting is the least expensive and most common process in the preparation of composites, this paper reviews particulate based Mg MMCs fabricated with stir casting technology. AZ91 series alloys are considered as the matrix material while the effect of different particle reinforcements, sizes , weight fractions on mechanical and tribological responses are elaborated in support with micro structural examinations. Technical difficulties and latest innovations happened during the last decade in making Mg MMCs as high performance material are also presented. [1]
378. Low-emissivity coatings on glass surfaces, inert gas instead of air between glasses, and double-glazed windows are usually used to reduce heat loss from a room through windows. This effect can also be achieved by installing two double-chamber windows in one window opening at a certain distance from each other. This work uses numerical modelling to study the characteristics of heat transfer through a system of two two-chamber windows. The distributions of temperature and airflow velocity due to natural convection in the chambers of double-chamber windows and the space between the windows are analyzed. The distributions of temperatures and heat fluxes over the surfaces of windows are determined depending on the distance between the windows. The dependences on the distance between the windows of radiation, convective, and total heat flow through a system of two double-chamber windows are studied. It is shown that two double-chamber windows located at a certain distance from each other make it possible to increase the heat transfer resistance compared to one two-chamber window without a low-emission coating by 2.6...2.8 times. As the distance between windows increases, a given system's overall heat transfer resistance increases. However, this increase becomes insignificant if this distance is greater than 80 mm. [1]
379. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films were subjected to modification using different plasma sources. Argon, nitrogen, air and oxygen were used as a gas phase throughout the process, and their impact on the material's surface properties was verified. The surface activation rate was measured via atomic force microscopy regarding the porosity factor and using the water contact angle technique. The last method – being feasible, agile and of high sensitivity to alternating physicochemical surface character – was utilised to verify the post-process stability of the modified surface. Those tests were performed extensively, up to 160 hours (contact angle) and 240 hours (atomic force microscopy). [1]
380. Long evolution of solid timber structures has developed sufficiently reliable engineering solutions and methods of timber structures reinforcement. The experience of mass production and application of new glued timber structures has shown that the simple transfer of traditional methods of calculation and design to modern structures is not always correct. The design and reinforcement of modern are still being developed. Graphical representation of the fields of operating normal stresses and wood resistance fields show that even with simple uniaxial stretching along the fibers the limiting state initially arises not at the direction of the principal axes of symmetry but at an angle to the fibers. The current trends in management, diagnostics, design and reconstruction of buildings show that almost all problems of preserving wooden and other structures in ordinary reconstructed objects, as well as in architectural, historical and cultural monuments are based on the competence level of the personnel not only in the restoration industry, but in construction industry too. [1]
381. Logistics operators are characterized by a high dynamics of an increase of incomes, and hence increased shipping. Owing to a rational policy in the area of the consolidation of production and distribution, they may boast of a better use of the means of transport. The aim of the article is to analyse the promoted behaviours of logistics operators in Poland and in Ukraine. The research methods used in the study include a literature analysis, a comparative analysis and a questionnaire survey of logistics operators’ clients in Poland and in Ukraine. Selected items have been evaluated: eco-friendly programs, action for the environment, exhaust emission reports, CSR activities carried out locally, nationally and globally, sustainable development of logistics operators, professional development of employees, innovative technologies implemented by logistics operators and transport safety. The analysis conducted in relation to logistics operators will show similarities and differences in the promoted environmental activities and to what extent this is noticed by customers. [1]
382. Literature review on flow acoustic methods and materials of an automotive muffler. a car is judged comfortable also depending on the acoustic level transmitted inside, and a thorough knowledge of acoustics of ducts and mufflers is needed for the design of efficient muffler configurations. Unstable exhaust gas at high temperature flowing from internal combustion engine manifold may cause of noise and vibrations conflicting with the high standard of acoustic comfort requested by this kind of vehicle. The basic gaols are to define most important methods to identify noise occur from the motion of fluid in case of turbulent model. Materials properties like velocity, temperature, thermal conductivity and density have been technical presented in this work. [1]
383. Life Cycle Assessment, included in company environmental management methods, has particular importance in marketing management. Analysis of dangers to the environment through tools such as the LCA method allows for comparisons of alternative company management strategies. LCA is characterised as a technique for environmental management that enables environmental impact assessment of the product, process, industry, and even the comprehensive economic sector. LCA also influences decisions regarding environmental policy modification, but most importantly, it influences a company's marketing activities. The LCA technique is applied the world over with great effectiveness in studying specific phases of a product's life cycles – from 'birth to death'; however, Poland's experience in this domain constitutes continuously developing research areas. The experience of foreign research centres confirms the possibility of applying LCA techniques in supporting environmental risk assessment of innovative technologies where LCA is used to study the environmental impact of a new generation product, i.e. flocculants from polymer wastes. This article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of applying a new generation of polyelectrolyte (gained from polystyrene waste) in treating industrial wastewater and the LCA environmental impact assessment, which was carried out using SimaPro software. Based on the analysis of the results of the application of sodium salts of sulfone derivatives of polystyrene in the treatment of mine water, it was found that these products significantly reduced the pollution indicators of mine water from KWK1. Accordingly, they provided the basis for the development of technical-scale technology. [1]
384. Landfills are widely utilised for waste disposal due to their economic advantages and ease of implementation compared to alternative methods. However, landfills exert significant environmental and health impacts on adjacent agricultural land. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil is a risk to ecological and food safety. Methodological approaches to assess and mitigate the impact of landfills on agricultural land are essential for ensuring sustainable land use practices and safeguarding human health. In this study, landfills were assessed at the local level, and the hazard level was classified according to it. A set of priority measures for restoring technogenic disturbed areas and minimising their impact on agricultural land was determined. The need to select a set of innovative, ecologically oriented methods for remediation of landfills, depending on the type and degree of soil contamination, was identified in context of ensuring environmental and food security. [1]
385. LPG storage tanks may be seriously threatened by a fire coming from nearby fuels or by leakage appearance. The aim of the study was to prepare a three-dimensional model of LPG release on a car gas station under different environmental conditions. CFD simulations of liquid and gas phase release from a tank localized on a car gas station was performed. First, ALOHA software was applied to determine mass flow rate, while Ansys software was used to determine the shape and size of hazardous zone. To reflect real condition atmospheric stability classes were applied. It was observed that for classes A-D the hazardous zone was decreasing. While, for E and F class the range was increased. It was noticed that the location of the leakage affects the extent of the danger zone. For the leaking below the liquid surface analyzed LPG has liquid form. While, for the leaking above the liquid surface analyzed LPG has gas form. Furthermore, for liquid leakage the largest hazard zone of release was observed. [1]
386. Kol.419/2, Kol.419/3, Kol.419/5, Kol.419/6, KGA 295, Kol. 11/295, Kol. 11/505, KGA 683 [1]
387. Kol. 419/9, Kol. 419/10, Kor. 419/16, B 2992, B 3124, B 3126, B 3201, KGA 389, Kol. II/509, B 3425, B 3221, Kol. 419/18, Kol. 419/28, Kol. 419/32, Kol. 419/34, Kol. 419/30, Kol. 419/33 [1]
388. Kol. 419/45, Kol. 419/35, Kol. 419/36, Kol. 419/46, Kol. 419/47, Kol. 419/48, Kol. 419/49, Kol. 419/50, Kol. 419/55, Kol. 419/57, Kol. 419/82, Kol. 419/87, Kol. 419/77, Kol. 419/73, Kol. 419/74, Kol. 419/71 [1]
389. Kol. 138/26, Kol. 138/47, Kol. 138/46, Kol. 138/11, Kol. 138/13, Kol. 138/12, Kol. 138/161, Kol. 138/161/B, Kol. 138/27, Kol. 138/162, Kol. 138/50, Kol. 138/29, Kol. 138/59, Kol. 138/64-66, Kol. 138/60, A VIII 5/16, A VIII 5/8 [1]
390. Kazakhstan is a country experiencing tangible environmental problems. Currently, it faces numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, exploitation of natural resources, negative consequences of mining, etc. In order to cope with environmental problems, a number of legislative acts have been enacted: the Environmental Code, the Water Code, the Forestry Code, a number of laws and government decrees that provide a legal basis for sustainable development. But, unfortunately, these laws and policies were not properly implemented due to issues such as inconsistency, weak enforcement, the presence of internal contradictions, gaps, and discrepancies, etc. As a result, the current legislation in the field of environmental protection does not meet the development objectives of our country, its lack of transparency hinders the development of the economy, and indistinctness reduces the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market and the volume of investments attracted to the economy. Many aspects of the state's environmental activities remain unregulated from a legal point of view, which, on the one hand, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment and the plunder of natural resources, and on the other hand, creates conditions for the development of corruption. This study proposes individual solutions to problems in the environmental sphere by creating new legal norms, as well as eliminating contradictions between existing regulatory legal acts, systematizing legislation and establishing a unified practice of applying norms. It is concluded that the implementation of environmental human rights depends on the quality of regulatory legal acts and their effective application. [1]
391. It is well documented that nicotine causes low birth weight, preterm birth, pregnancy difficulties, lower fertility, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and decreased steroidogenesis and potassium channels conductance of Xenopus oocytes. Lung cancer is the most well-known adverse impact of nicotine. This work used a 96-hour FETAX test to examine how concurrent administration of glucose monohydrate modifies the effects of exposure to nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and/or glucose on ion channels and membrane potential in Xenopus leavis embryos at an early stage of development. In-vitro fertilised embryos were treated with nicotine and glucose alone or in combination for this aim, and the effects of those treatments were then assessed for potential teratogenic effects. At the conclusion of the FETAX technique, the ratios of healthy, abnormal, and dead embryos were calculated, and the length of embryos in each treatment group was assessed. The ratios of abnormal and dead embryos were considerably higher with nicotine treatment alone compared to controls. Compared to the results of the nicotine-alone treatment group, the ratio of aberrant embryos was marginally reduced by concurrent glucose and nicotine therapy. In contrast, the ratio of normal embryos was raised. Additionally, treatments with glucose, nicotine, and Nic+Glu significantly altered the resting membrane potentials of fertilised oocytes (p < 0.001). Our findings indicated that the simultaneous treatment groups that also received glucose had a protective impact on embryos. Such structured, more sophisticated research is required to confirm these findings. [1]
392. Istnieją różne wersje oprogramowania do symulacji układów ferromagnetycznych, które są powszechnie dostępne w sieci i nie wymagają zakupu licencji. Jednakże symulatory te zazwyczaj potrafią symulować układy dla bardzo niskich temperatur zbliżonych do zera bezwzględnego. Komercyjna elektronika jednakże pracuje w zakresie temperatur zbliżonych do temperatury pokojowej, zatem istnieje konieczność badania układów ferromagnetycznych dla temperatur powyżej zera absolutnego, w tym zbliżonych do temperatur bliskich zaniku zjawisk ferromagnetycznych (temperatury Curie). Dlatego na potrzeby tej dysertacji, autor zdecydował się odpowiedzieć na zapotrzebowanie w postaci wysokotemperaturowego symulatora układów ferromagnetycznych i zrealizował własne oprogramowanie. Przy jego pomocy zbadał zaproponowany przez siebie model pamięci magnetycznej, która złożona jest z matrycy oddzielnych komórek i charakteryzuje się czasem przełączania rzędu setek pikosekund, a także nie wymaga stosowania układów głowic przełączających. Dzięki temu istnieje szansa na zapewnienie krótszego czasu dostępu do pamięci w stosunku do współczesnych rozwiązań n.p. w porównaniu z pamięciami wykonanymi z ciągłych warstw magnetycznych. Sporządzone oprogramowanie i zaproponowany model daje nadzieję na dalszy rozwój badań i znalezienie modelu pamięci o jak najniższym czasie przełączania i jak największej gęstości zapisu, co wyrażono w tezie pracy. Jako podstawę autorskiego systemu informatycznego wykorzystano oprogramowanie MAGPAR zrealizowane w Politechnice Wiedeńskiej i stosowane do obliczeń mikromagnetycznych dla temperatur bliskich zera bezwzględnego. Symulator ten posiadał pożądane cechy technologiczne takie jak możliwość przetwarzania rozproszonego i wykorzystywania wielu węzłów obliczeniowych do przyśpieszenia obliczeń (MPI). Zastosowanie wysokich temperatur w badaniu układów ferromagnetycznych wymagało uzyskania ich rozkładu dla całego badanego modelu więc należało odpowiednio rozwiązywać dodatkowe równie określające przepływy cieplne i zaimplementować je w metodyce elementów skończonych co pokazano w niniejszej pracy. Ze wzrostem temperatur uległo zmianie równanie opisujące czasowo-przestrzenną ewolucję zmian namagnesowania w układzie ferromagnetycznym, które zastąpiło równanie zaimplementowane dla opisu ewolucji namagnesowania dla niskich temperatur. Temperatury powyżej zera bezwzględnego wywierają wpływ na wyrazy pola efektywnego, co ma przełożenie na przebieg ewolucji namagnesowania. Zmienione równanie ewolucji namagnesowania i zmodyfikowane wyrazy pola efektywnego należało odpowiednio implementować w metodyce elementów skończonych co także zawarto w pracy. Uczyniono przegląd zagadnień badawczych będących domeną spintroniki, w tym nakreślono potencjalne jej zastosowania w architekturach komputerowych inspirowanych budową układu nerwowego istot żywych, co jak pokazano, może mieć istotny wpływ na polepszenie wydajności numerycznych obliczeń rozproszonych. [1]
393. Istnieje wiele metod rozmrażania jednak cały czas trwają poszukiwania nowych realizacji tego procesu, zarówno poprzez modernizację stosowanych już metod jak i poprzez tworzenie nowych. W przedstawionym w pracy nowym procesie rozmrażania wyróżniono dwa etapy: częściowego odwodnienia sublimacyjnego oraz rozmrażania próżniowo-parowego. Przedstawione sposoby polegają na rozmrażaniu produktu kondensującą się parą wodną w podciśnieniu. [1]
394. Iron production is one of the production processes that create a large number of negative externalities towards their surroundings. Iron production is based on the use of a wide range of production operations, which include not only the blast furnace process but also the treatment and processing of ores, sintering, pelletizing and processing of metallurgical waste and its possible storage. All parts of the blast furnace process can have a negative impact on the environment. Within the individual parts of the blast furnace plant, a number of pollutants are produced which negatively affect the environment. They can have both solid and gaseous states. In the case of solid emissions, it is airborne dust, and the gaseous form represents pollutants in the form of sulphur, nitrogen or carbon oxides. From the point of view of the blast furnace plant structure itself, blast furnace, agglomeration processes, palletization processes or the processing of waste from production can be classified as emission points. The article deals with the classification of basic impacts of blast furnace production on the environment. It analyses in detail the negative externalities in ore sintering. It also deals with the analysis of research, which was focused on the degree of reduction of iron oxides ore. The efficiency of the reduction process is crucial in terms of resource use, but also the overall amount of negative externalities. The research was carried out in the environment of a selected iron producer in the Czech Republic. [1]
395. Increasing the level of thermal resistance of the building envelope in combination with the choice of heat source is an urgent task. It is important to take into account changes in the cost of energy over time. Thermal modernization, in its turn, allows to increase the level of thermal comfort, which is not taken into account and evaluated in practice, although the relevant standards for comfort conditions and categories of buildings to ensure comfort have been introduced in Ukraine. This paper analyzes the change in the level of comfort after thermal modernization, determines the category of the building to provide comfortable conditions, as well as identifies the change in the average radiation temperature of the fences, as one of the main factors of PMV change in these conditions. [1]
396. Includes the identification and analysis of the vehicle recycling system using the example of buses in consideration of economic and business issues in Poland, specialising in the collection of cars/buses, their dismantling, segregation of materials and secondary use (recycling), given the regulatory changes proposed by the EU. The operations listed are interrelated. Reusing materials identical to their original purpose (including reuse of steel for car bodies) and assemblies from end-of-life vehicles (after possible reconditioning) can be applied as spare parts for repairs, subject to the observance of certain rules and the law. Life extension activities contribute to reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. The paper presents a case for dismantling a bus. [1]
397. In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country. [1]
398. In this study we demonstrate an overview about possibilities in using additive manufacturing for tissue engineering and orthopedic prosthesis. We show the possibilities to produce scaffolds by using a low cost commercial stereolithography system under the use of biocompatible hydrogels like Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. We also demonstrate that it is possible to use a low cost selective laser sintering system to produce individual prostheses to support the healing process in many orthopedic issues. [1]
399. In this project, an atypical resistance rotor of a vertical axis rotor as a small wind energy turbine is to be aerodynamically investigated and optimised in a flow simulation. In this report the results obtained from the flow simulations of the single and two rotor setup, as well as the results from the flow simulations of a single blade, are presented. The geometry of the rotor and blades is the base geometry for further optimisation. All simulations are performed with one specific tip speed ratio. The base geometry for slat and baffle can be calculated based on experience gained in previous studies. It was found in previous experiments that a rotor with 42% overlap (area that occupies the wings of the total circumference) is always started. Those experiments have also shown that a rotor with 36.5 % overlap has a higher power coefficient at low wind speeds, at higher wind speeds, the rotor with 42 % overlap has a better power coefficient. Based on those first investigations the optimisation of the blade and rotor geometry will be carried out later in this project. [1]
400. In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well. [1]
401. In this paper, the authors present a computational model of a fin-based air cooling system for PMSM electric motors. The model can be used as a method for fast and efficient feasibility studies of air cooling for PMSM machines in hybrid-electric or all-electric aviation applications, supplementing further research (thermal resistance networks, and FEA/CFD-CHT models). In the paper, authors provide temperature distributions along the fin length which are calculated and presented for a straight fin, followed by heat that can be dissipated from fin surface and fin efficiency. A parameter to compare different fin materials for aviation applications is introduced – heat dissipated from the fin to fin mass ratio. Aluminum and copper fins are compared. Different shapes of straight fin are considered and compared. The above parameters and comparison are then calculated and given for circular fins. Parameters of the whole fin-based air cooling system for specific 140 kW PMSM motor are calculated and presented. [1]
402. In this paper we consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. It is indicated the differences in the consideration of forces that determine the crushing of non-boiling and boiling drops. It is determined the possibility of using the model to define the processes of displacement, deformation or fragmentation of the inclusion of the dispersed phase under the influence of a set of neighboring particles. The proposed method allows us to determine the main energy parameters of the homogenization process by boiling the emulsion. [1]
403. In this article, a study of supersonic airflow through a channel with various cross-section is presented. The channel is namely a heatproof nozzle which is used in a pneumatic pulsator system. The system utilizes a pneumatic impact to destruct or to avoid of the creation of unfavourable phenomena which comes from cohesion forces. The pneumatic pulsator system is driven by compressed air and a high-velocity airflow is induced by the difference between internal and external air pressure. This flow changes its characteristics during a work cycle of the pulsator from subsonic to supersonic conditions. It causes a very dynamic gas conversion and may produce additional heat inside the pulsator and its nozzle. The article presents a method for calculating the value of the heat which can be generated inside the heatproof nozzle. The results of the study shows that the small amount of energy is lost during the airflow which can generate an increment of heatproof nozzle wall temperature. [1]
404. In the process of industrial automatization, collaborative robots are becoming an increasingly important tool in a wide range of industries. The robot assists humans in strenuous and repetitive tasks, in order to increase the productivity and well-being of the worker. The concept presented in this paper focuses on a flexible assistance function of a robot for multiple workstations simultaneously and incorporates different human-machine-interaction approaches. Therefore, an assembly table (Figure 2) with the possibility to study different concepts for one robot at the same time is designed and constructed. Aspects like ergonomics and safety are considered in the design. Additionally, a standardized data format that enables users and developers to control the robot through peripheral devices is created. As an example, gesture and voice control are discussed and evaluated. [1]
405. In the presented paper the determination of the design rainfall duration for which the outflow from the urban catchment reaches maximum intensity and the evaluation of the relation between determined design rainfall duration and selected catchment characteristics were discussed. The analysis based on the outflow simulation results in SWMM5 obtained for eight existing urban catchment located in Bydgoszcz (Poland) with area ca. 35-280 ha. The calculations were made for the Euler hyetographs with the rainfall durations from 15 min to 360 min and the rainfall frequency of occurrence c = 2 years. For each catchment the relations between the catchment characteristics (total area, impervious area, length of the flow path and the longest flow time through the sewers) and the rainfall duration were determined. It was shown, that the design rainfall duration, represented by the Euler hyetograph, should be at least three times longer than the flow time through the catchment. [1]
406. In the present work, the optimal balancing of the planar six-bar mechanism is investigated to minimize the fluctuations of shaking force and shaking moment. An optimization problem is formulated for balancing the planar six-bar mechanism by developing an objective function. The genetic algorithm and MINITAB software were used to solve the optimization problem. The selection of weighting factors has a crucial role to obtain the optimum values of design parameters. Two sets of weighting factors were considered as per the contribution of X and Y components of the shaking force and shaking moments. Shaking force and shaking moments were minimized drastically and were compared with the original values. [1]
407. In the present work optimization of cutting parameters are performed while hard turning of AISI 52100 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Experiments are planned and conducted based on Center Composite Rotatable Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Method (RSM). Cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius and negative rake angle are considered as input parameters. In this study machining force (F) and surface roughness (Ra) are measured during the experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is deployed to determine the influence of process parameters. Obtained optimal parameters are speed 200 rpm, feed 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.8 mm, nose radius 1.2 mm and negative rake angle 45º. [1]
408. In the present paper, an attempt was made to model the periodic hydrodynamic instabilities of the condensation process of a refrigerant in pipe minichannels. For this purpose, a homogenous thermodynamic model with an equilibrium condition on both sides was used, which was based on the equations of the balance of the mass, momentum and energy. These equations were used for numerical modeling of flow disturbances with a phase change. This model takes into account the complexity of multiphase flows. The accuracy of the model calculations was verified by means of the experimental results obtained. A satisfactory compliance was found for this comparison, which confirms the usefulness of the computational model proposed for the determination of the influence of periodically generated hydrodynamic disturbances on the condensation process of R134a and R404A refrigerants in pipe minichannels. [1]
409. In the paper, the experimental investigations related with longitudinal turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy (Grade 23) typically used in aeronautics industry have been presented. The main goal was to determinate the influence of chances a selected cutting parameters (vc and f) for total cutting force Fc and its components. In this case the analysis of components of cutting force Fcmeasured during workshop experimental investigations was carried out. Next, the measured values were compared with the values calculated on the basis of formulas available in the literature. This allowed to state that universal theoretical formulas can also be used to determine the components of the total cutting force F in the longitudinal turning process of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. [1]
410. In the paper, the experimental investigations on hobbing cutting of the gears with the use of cooling fluids with minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) has been presented. The experiments were prepared during milling of 42CrMo4 alloy steel at of 32 ± 2 HRC hardness using high speed steel HS6-5-2 hobs without coating. Gears have been generated made in one single pass, to the full depth of the cut. As a cooling fluid in the MQL method, the vegetable oil and synthetic mineral oil MICRO 3000 was used. During the experiment, the size of the clamping was measured on the worm blade application surface, thus determining the direct VBC wear indicator and the Fc cutting force value was recorded. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the type of used oil with MQL on the wear of the tool was assessed. The carried out analysis revealed that the use of vegetable oil in the field of assessed conditions gave better results than dry milling. [1]
411. In the paper, characteristics of porous coatings enriched in copper on pure Titanium and its alloys (NiTi, Ti6Al4V, TNZ, Ti2448) as well as on niobium obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) in electrolyte containing H3PO4 within Cu(NO3)2, are presented. All obtained surfaces of PEO coatings have different shapes and diameters of pores. The binding energies of main peaks for titanium Ti2p3/2, niobium Nb3d5/2, zirconium Zr3d5/2, phosphorus (P2p) and oxygen (O1s) suggest the presence of titanium Ti4+, niobium Nb5+ and zirconium Zrx+ (x≤2) as well as PO43–. [1]
412. In the paper there is presented an evaluation of variability of surface water quality (reservoirs and watercourses), on the area of degraded post-mining area in Bytom. The physicochemical analysis of water and compared with archival data obtained in 2009 and 2014. There were done analysis of following parameters: reaction, total content of substances dissolved in water, water hardness and the content of: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4- ions as well as Fe and Mn. The examined surface waters were characterised by high content of solutes. Anions were dominated by chlorides, the sodium proved to be the dominating cation, the examined water samples were characterised by high concentration of sulphates. In all analyzed reservoirs, permissible concentrations of chlorides and sulphates were exceeded. In all sample points there was observed a decrease of pH value in long term period, the concentration of chlorides lowered, however concentrations of sulphates increased in the majority of sampling points. [1]
413. In the face of the current climate change, the increasing incidence of extreme weather events, prolonged periods of drought and water scarcity, attention should be paid to rational water management with particular emphasis on rainwater. Excessive development and sealing of urban catchments result in a faster outflow of water to the sewage system, which prevents it from reaching the soil and plants. This situation intensifies the drought effect and contributes to the occurrence of urban floods. In order to mitigate the negative impact of this process, solutions allowing for rainwater harvesting should be implemented. A wide variety of systems are currently available on the market to harvest and reuse rainwater. In the publication, the authors analysed four solutions: a green roof, drainage boxes, an underground storage tank, and an infiltration basin. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to select the best rainwater harvesting system, which is one of the methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making. The analyses considered two different variants in terms of land use: a detached house located in the suburbs of a large agglomeration and a block of flats placed in the city center. According to the analysis and the assumed factors, in both cases, the best solution was to use an underground storage tank. This system proved to be the most advantageous due to the possibility of reuse of water, low construction costs, and ease of exploitation. [1]
414. In the context of the investigations of multiphase flows, e.g. in cooperation with the local brewery, the convective transport phenomena during the fermentation are investigated. Due to the strong turbidity of the medium, the measurement of velocity profiles is complicated. The difficulties of an investigation with a biological fermentation fluid are the many complex interactions between the different three phases (solid, gas, fluid). Furthermore, natural convection processes are superimposed by rising gas bubbles and the high turbidity of the fluid only allow an acoustic velocity measurement. In previous investigation, ultrasonic transducers are used for the non-contact determination of velocity fields in fluids. The results of these past projects show that the measurement signals of the ultrasonic transducers used can be influenced by many factors. In order to verify the results of the transducers and to investigate the existing uncertainties, a flow configuration with a relatively stable reproducible flow pattern is required. In this study, a calibration system for ultrasonic transducers is developed, manufactured and validated by means of optical measurement technology such as the LDA. Finally, a measurement using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry in a model fluid will be compared with an optical measurement technique. [1]
415. In the context of investigations of real multiphase flows, the university has its own 350 litre fermentation tank with comprehensive acoustic flow and temperature measurement technology for the systematically investigation, of the influence of the fermentation activity, distribution of yeast and occurring convection phenomena. Due to the many problems with the optical (e.g. PIV) and acoustic (e.g. UDV) measurement in a real fermenting fluid the numerical simulation was already used in earlier publications. To validate the numerical models, extensive experimental investigations were carried out which show that the flow in the fermenter is caused only by the reaction products of the yeast and the cooling panels and controls the yeast distribution. In this paper, both the numerical (CFD) and the experimental investigations serve as a starting point to influence the yeast distribution. The described convection flow can only temporarily guarantee the uniform distribution of the yeast in the fermenter until the sedimentation of the yeast at the tank bottom (bottom-fermenting yeast) finally begins. [1]
416. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics has been increasingly used in the development of various types of rotating machines. In the case of water turbines and pumps, a large number of researches have been published recently, related to the use of different numerical methods for prediction of efficiency, cavitation characteristics and different dynamic phenomena. For basic analysis an accurate result near the optimal operating regime is sufficient, but for detailed analysis the numerical analyses in the wider field of operating conditions are necessary. Thus, we encounter some otherwise known physical phenomena that occur in the part load and full load regime. In these areas, due to the nature of the flow, various non-stationary phenomena occur that are dominant for such operating regimes. In this paper, the problems that arises if we consider only stationary results and some recommendations to avoid later problems in the operation of centrifugal pumps are presented. [1]
417. In our earlier papers a hybrid adsorption-compression refrigeration cycle was presented. The hybrid, two stages cycle is based only on the natural refrigerants: water and carbon dioxide. The main advantage of the hybrid cycle is that the carbon dioxide compression cycle is subcritical because during the year-round operation it is possible to maintain the condensing temperature below 20 oC. During the hot season, this is achieved by adsorption cooling, during cold seasons the wet cooling tower is sufficient. Already several years of experience, allowed to gather a considerable amount of measurement data. The refrigeration system is working in our laboratory constantly since 2013. In 2015 the adsorption system was upgraded by the manufacturer. In 2017 frequency inverter for wet tower fan controlling was introduced. The refrigeration chamber was used for tests with different content and operation of the refrigeration chamber (loading and unloading). The assumed CO2 evaporating temperature was -35 oC. The averaged for HT(High Temperature) part of the cascade (adsorption cycle only) COPHT=0.51 for the whole year 2018. This may be considered a very good performance. [1]
418. In order to reduce ventilation heat loss and improve energy efficiency of low-energy buildings air-handling units (AHUs) with heat recovery are used. The article presents results of surveys performed in a passive building located in Katowice concerning the temperature efficiency of heat and cold recovery of two selected AHUs, with different heat exchangers. For this purpose the measurement data from the Building Management System (BMS) for the period 1.08.2015-31.07.2016 were used. The first unit was equipped with a rotary heat exchanger. Its average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery was 47.2% annually. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 52.9% on average for the warm half year. The second unit had a cross-flow exchanger. The average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery in this device was 80.1%. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 57.2% on average for the warm half year. Additional remarks concerning the temperature measurement in analysed units were also given. [1]
419. In order to explore methods for comprehensive assessment of the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sewage sludge from China's industrial parks, we studied the wastewater treatment plant of Nanjing MV Industrial Park as an example. Eight common heavy metals in sewage sludge – Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) were studied. The treatment effect of these containments was comprehensively assessed using the absolute niche fitness model, the relative niche model and the spatial niche fitness model. All three models showed that Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg > Cd > Cr > Zn > As in the samples. But they produced – different numerical values – the absolute niche suitability model < the spatial niche suitability model < the relative niche suitability model. Therefore, we concluded that special attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk of As and Cr heavy metals to the personnel who exposed to the sewage sludge. [1]
420. In modern realities, there is no unified methodology for the economic assessment of geological exploration in subsoil use. The main research question of this study was to develop a methodology for the new economic model formation for assessing geological exploration in the subsoil use for the mineral resource base rational use. The new methodology can facilitate the assessment of subsoil users of hydrocarbon reserves and resources and government bodies when putting resources and reserves on the balance sheet. In the course of the study, modeling, observation, description, and analysis methods were used. The result of the study was a new economic model for evaluating geological exploration in subsoil use. The main conclusions can be characterized by the optimization of the main indicators of the valuation of mineral raw materials. The basic principles for calculating discounted cash flow, discount rate, payback period and internal rate of return were developed. [1]
421. Improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is ensured by improving the thermal protection characteristics and the wider introduction of control tools. In order to take into account the influence of individualisation of operating conditions, the study of the regulation of heating distribution of a single-pipe system with bypassed heating devices of a 5-storey typical for Ukraine mass building of the 80s after thermos-modernisation for conditions in Kyiv and Warsaw (Poland) was carried out. On the basis of the simulation model created in the Mathcad software environment for design/rated and average climatic conditions, the influence of internal heat flows into adjacent rooms on the distribution of energy consumption, changes in internal air temperature under the influence of local changes in the heating device flow coefficients were studied. The developed approaches, and the results obtained on the influence of local regulation of devices of vertical single-pipe heating systems can be used to clarify the distribution of energy consumption for heating between individual zones of apartment buildings. [1]
422. Hydrostatic parameters of a ship are very important in ship design. The importance of the parameters compared to one another need to be revealed in realm of uncertainty, so as to avoid design error. In view of this, a fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (Fuzzy-AHP) method is utilized in addressing the subject under investigation. The fuzzy logic is used to address uncertainty in pairwise comparison exercise, so as to facilitate the estimation of order of importance of hydrostatic parameters. In this research, the engineering judgements of three designers in analysis of importance of hydrostatic parameters are aggregated and processed using the Fuzzy-AHP methodology. The result produced in the study showed that hydrostatic parameters are importance in order of moments of inertia of vessels (MIV), mass displacement (MD), tons per centimeter immersion (TPCI), coefficients of form (CF), centers of buoyancy (CB), metacentric heights of vessels (MHV), ship waterplane area (SWA), longitudinal center of floatation (LCF), volume displacement (VD) and wetted surface area (WSA) with weight values of 0.218, 0.095, 0.078, 0.083, 0.074, 0.1, 0.46, 0.108, 0.209 and 0.028 respectively. [1]
423. Hydrometeorological variables are tested by trend methods to be able to detect trends in river basins. Mann-Kendall, Spearman’s rho tests are widely used as traditional trend methods. Besides that, some new trend tests are applied to hydrometeorological variables as Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Sediment discharge observations are more difficult than other hydrometeorological variables. In general, sediment data are observed in monthly time scale. Therefore, there are very limited studies on sediment data, especially in Turkey. In this study, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann-Kendall trend analyses are applied to sediment discharges in Turkish river basins. According to Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann Kendall results, positive trends have detected only 8, 2 and 20 gauging stations, respectively. Then, 30 positive and 15 negative trends by ITA methodology. The trend slopes calculated from ITA methodology are categorized because some positive and negative of trends are weak. The applied trend methods are evaluated together considering climate properties of hydrological regions in Turkey. Increasing trends on sediment data are detected from the rivers from Mediterranean region of Turkey. The results of the study would help to manage water resources as well as sustainable development in the Turkish river basins. [1]
424. Hydro energy still occupies an important place among renewable energy sources. In special operating conditions, Pelton turbines are irreplaceable and can be used for extremely small hydropower plants and also large hydro power plants. Pelton turbines can operate with high head and relatively small flow rates. In many cases, the height differences of the water are very large. Sometimes it is necessary to stop the operation of the turbine very quickly and the consequences of water hammer can be very severe. The responsible part to minimize the consequences of this phenomena is jet deflector, which can be in two different technical designs. The steps for 3-D geometry definition, pre-processing and post-processing, flow modelling and FEM analysis are presented. In the paper is presented the new optimized design of push-out jet deflector shape. Optimization consider 3-D CFD analysis of free surface flow and stress analysis. The main goal of the research was to minimize the influence of all force components on the torque of deflector servomotor. The final results present the geometry of the deflector, with a significant reduction in the stresses and deformations. These have been achieved with a crucial reduction in the hydrodynamic force and torque. [1]
425. Hydraulic satellite machines are known and produced in many versions, recognizable by the number of humps on their inner rotor and external gear, and therefore by the number of cooperating gears (satellites). All known shapes were however designed on the base of preliminary assumption that rotor’s and external gear’s pitch lines are formed by merging arcs, tangent to each other in the. This assumption makes calculations easier, but the curvature radius of the pitch lines changes instantly in their merging points. Tests made in the Department of Hydraulics and Pneumatics of the Gdańsk University of Technology proved that satellite motors may work also as a pump. All known shapes were however designed for motor work - mainly for low-speed, high-torque motors. Sudden changes of the pitch line’s curvature strongly affect velocity and acceleration of pump’s moving parts and forces between them. Because of that, in the pump mode fast wear of teeth in the points of small curvature radius is visible. The obvious effect is reduced durability and high noise emission. To eliminate all those problems the new mechanism, designed for the pump is necessary. [1]
426. Hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems are currently performed using computer programs. In addition to the basic calculation procedure, modules responsible for evaluating the obtained calculation results are introduced more and more often into the programs. This article presents the results of research on artificial neural networks with a radial base function (RBF) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), aimed at determining whether they can be used to model the relationship between the variables describing the computational section of the water distribution system and the diameter of the water pipe. The classification capabilities of the RBF and MLP networks were analyzed according to the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the network. A comparative analysis of RBF networks with multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks was performed. The results showed that the MLP networks have much better classification properties and are better suited for the task of assessing the selected diameters of the water pipes. [1]
427. Human activity has been impacting the environment for thousands of years. Progressing environmental pollution caused by human economic activity is associated with an increase in the concentration of trace elements and the formation of an excess of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have always been present in the environment, but the development of civilisation and technology has resulted in their increase. PAHs easily penetrate plants, animals and the human body, which makes them a serious threat to human health and agriculture. Reducing the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil is possible by introducing a microbiological preparation in the form of Effective Microorganisms (EM) into the soil. Some strains of microorganisms in EM can decompose chemical compounds, including PAHs. Through biodegradation, EM transforms harmful substances into less toxic forms. EM stimulates the activity of soil microflora, which naturally participates in the decomposition processes of organic substances, which contributes to improving soil quality and environmental protection. The following work presents the results of own research on analysing the impact of Effective Microorganisms on changes in the content of PAHs in the soil. It was observed that 75% of test samples in the form of soils after wheat cultivation in which EM was added had lower contents of 3,4,5-ring PAHs than their control samples. The work aims to analyse the potential of EM as a preparation that supports the natural capabilities of the ecosystem to reduce the amount of pollutants in the form of PAHs in the soil. [1]
428. Human activities such as transport contribute to the environmental degradation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the level of contamination of soils, from different districts of big cities of central Europe, with heavy metals: zinc, lead, and nickel. The samples were taken from the top, sodded soil layer. Each single sample weigh was about 1 kg taken from 1 m2 measuring station. Soil samples were dried at room temperature. The airborne dry soil was thoroughly mixed and sieved through a 1 mm nylon sieve. The study included analysis of which type of metals is washed out under the influence of abiotic factors (bioavailable forms) and demonstrating how spatial development affects the accumulation of selected heavy metals in the soil. The results indicated that heavy metals emitted to the ground layer of the atmosphere accumulate in the immediate vicinity of communication routes. Moreover, based on the analysis of interrelationships of zinc, lead, and nickel concentrations, it has been shown that there is a common source of their emission to soil. Furthermore, the thesis that the concentration of metals was dependent on the soil reaction was not confirmed. [1]
429. High-quality products include those with better surface quality and texture, close dimensional tolerances and form accuracies at precise level, increase fatigue life and burr-free. Burr formation is one of the most common inevitable facts occurring in all material removal processes, reduces assembly and machined part quality. But, burr formation during milling is a more complex mechanism compare to remaining machining burrs and leads to numerous difficulties during the deburring process. To prevent this, one should optimize the combination of cutting parameters during machining itself. In order to build up a link between quality and productivity and to attain the same in the cost-effective way, the present work concentrate on multi objective optimization of CNC end milling process parameters. Multiple performance characteristics with respect to surface quality and performance index like assembly work have been put up, to assess an equivalent single quality index (called grey relational grade) has been optimized finally by Grey based Taguchi method. After that priority weight of individual quality and performance attributes has been estimated by entropy measurement technique on the basis of relative significance and check the feasibility of the proposed technique has been demonstrated in this context. [1]
430. Heat pumps are known as zero-emission heating and cooling devices at the point of energy production. In order to exploit their advantages, they are combined with low-temperature heating systems. Using the example of a residential building, in five climatic zones in Poland and one in Ukraine, systems analyses were carried out, in which heat into rooms is supplied by two different ways: low-temperature radiators and thermally active ceilings. The energy demand for heating, cooling and domestic hot water preparation was calculated. The seasonal coefficient of performance of the ground source heat pump was estimated to compare the systems. The results of the analysis confirmed that thermo active ceiling (with flow temperature of 35°C) ensures a lower final energy demand when it works throughout the year in the heating and natural cooling mode compared to the low-temperature radiators (with flow temperature of 45°C) which facilitates only the heating mode in the heating season. Performance analysis demonstrated differences in final electric energy demand from 8% in the I climatic zone to 9% in the V climatic zone in Poland, and 10% in Ukraine. [1]
431. Heat pumps are an ideal solution for use in newly built passive and energy-plus buildings. One of the many problems present in such construction is the choice of the operational parameters of the lower heat source and the selection of a ground regeneration system which would enable effective regeneration in a short period of time and at a minimal cost. This article presents the heat analysis of the ground from which heat is obtained for heating purposes. The author also analyses ground heating, as the heat is delivered to it via regeneration systems. [1]
432. Heat demand calculation procedures for buildings are currently being conducted based on the Polish Standard grounded on the European Standard for heat losses methodology. Poland was divided into several climatic zones with given calculations and annual average external air temperature values. In each zone, the technical committee gives the temperature that must be considered. The data included in the Polish Standard preparation concern several years backwards. However, throughout the previous years, we have observed the tendency of the temperature to increase throughout the year, not only in Poland. The phenomenon provides scientists with the conclusion that the temperatures will continue to increase yearly. The low temperatures in the winter season will no longer occur. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the possibility of lowering the heat demand calculation, including the actual prevailing temperature values. The study was conducted regarding possible economic benefits for the building users due to the lower temperature difference between the internal and external temperatures. Three types of heating systems were analysed. The calculations were conducted for air to water heat pump, pellet boiler and gas condensing boiler, proving that regarding the actual meteorological data, the average annual cost reduction will be in the range of 858 PLN to 1,035 PLN. [1]
433. HW 12/295, HW 12/296, KOL 242/63, IPMS KOL 242/7, KOL 242/7, IPMS KOL 242/55, IPMS A XII 36, WO 315/18, IPMS KOL 242/49, KOL 242/55, KOL 242/69, IPMS KOL 242/69, KOL 242/54, A XII 24/63, K 242/92, KOL 242/92, KOL 242/16, IPMS KOL 242/48, KOL 242/37, IPMS KOL 242/69, FO 371/24381, CAB.120.746, HS 4/322, HW 14/15, HS.4.280, HS 4/142, WO 208/3437, HS.8.766, HS.1.3410, KOL 133-134, KOL 134, AVIIIa 1/29, KOL III/2, A VIII 31/2, HS 8/895, FO 372/6325, KOL III/I, KOL III/5, A VIII 7/2, A VIII 7/1 [1]
434. Growing ecological awareness in society and legal regulations aimed at reducing the negative impact of used products on the environment means that waste management begins to play a significant role in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research towards the organization and implementation of waste management. It has been noticed that an important link in the economy is the recycling of used products. Thus, numerous studies are undertaken in the direction of organization, improvement, automation and computerization of the product and material recycling process. The article presents the results of literature research in terms of the implementation of the end-of-life vehicle recycling process. [1]
435. Grinding is usually the last stage of the technological process and determines the quality of manufactured products. One of the varieties of grinding more and more often used in practice is deep grinding which is called Creep-Feed Grinding. It is characterized by a high value of grinding infeed and slow feed. Technological parameters such as the depth of grinding and the speed of feed have a significant impact on the quality of the workpiece. However, also the grinding speed has an influence on the grinding process and the result of machining. Therefore, experimental studies on the impact of grinding speed on the surface roughness and grinding force components were carried out. The tests were realized in the deep-grinding grinding process of Inconel 718 with a grinding wheel made of mixture of sintered alumina and ruby corundum. [1]
436. Gravitational waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of gravitational waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of gravitational waves, propagation of gravitational waves, its effect on objects on earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faceses massive limitations. Detection of gravitational waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history. [1]
437. Gravitational filtration is a process of solid and liquid phase separation. Wastewater suspension conveyed to a porous bed makes a single-phase solution or is a mixture of solid impurities contained in liquid phase. Stopping of such impurities is based on mechanical action of a filtration bed mostly through wedging of the solid phase in its pores. However, the relationship between size of the solid phase fraction contained in wastewater and size of grains of the filtration bed is important because it determines the type of the process as gravitational filtration may proceed, among other things, on a porous bed, in the very porous bed, simultaneously on and in the porous bed, in the porous bed with a colmatation barrier and accumulated sediment layer etc. Gravitational filtration process is a complex phenomenon and to provide possibly accurate characteristic of such process it is necessary to perform experiments within possibly broad range of parameters variability. Mathematical description of the gravitational filtration process requires determination of values of a number of parameters. This pertains to the presentation of the filtration barrier through determination (based on the grain size analysis) of sizes of characteristic diameters as well as the characteristic of medium flow through the filtration bed computing e.g. filtration or permeability coefficient values. The filtration coefficient is a feature specific for given bed and it depends on its porosity, grain size and flowing medium temperature. In this paper an interesting combination of a direct laboratory method and computational indirect method based on Slichter’s analytical and empirical mathematical formula in order to determine variations in filtration bed porosity values has been presented using FILTRA application. [1]
438. Global trends in the efficiency, safety of energy systems and energy conservation actualize the task of developing new technologies for energy storage and transportation. The article considers current technologies of storage and accumulation of thermal energy, which can be used in central heating systems, and draws conclusions about the feasibility of their use. Also, the classification of energy storage systems is presented. The most perspective thermal energy storage, which can be used to equalize the load on the energy source to ensure the peak demand for heat with a high coefficient of utilization of the equipment capacity, is noted. [1]
439. Fuel injector nozzle is important part of fuel injection system which plays dominant role in spray formation which directly and indirectly affects on combustion efficiency of diesel engine. The performance of the internal flow of the fuel injector nozzle is impeded by several factors. Cavitation is one of the factor which affects fluid flow. It is associated with local pressure distribution inside nozzle. Therefore cavitation plays major role while designing injector nozzle.In the present study, analysis of existing six hole mini-sac diesel injector nozzle is carried out using commercial CFD package. The main objective of research is to design of nozzle to avoid cavitation and to find out contribution of different parameters through parametric study. The results are predicted and compared with both test result and analytical result at steady state conditions for different needle lift., the better the results. [1]
440. From ancient days to till today manufacturing industries, especially making of holes on the parts during drilling process for precision assembling of parts facing problems with burr formation. Drilling operation is one of the finishing operation in the production cycle, removing of burrs during drilling process is a time consuming and non-value added process to the manufacturing sector. So reducing the size of burrs is the main aim of the present study. In the present work, optimization of burr size is considered during drilling of aluminium 7075 alloy. From Grey relational grades of responses selected optimal combination of parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses with a corresponding higher grey relational grade. For identifying the most significant input parameters that influence the output responses ANOVA is conducted. Finally, observations reveals that feed rate, point and clearance angles are the most influential factors on burr size and also experimental results divulge that the lower the thrust force causes to decrease the burr height. The proposed approach is helpful to the budding entrepreneurs in the related areas to select optimal combination of drilling parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses especially in burr size to prevent the post finishing operations. [1]
441. Friction drilling as a non-chip drilling method require a special formed tool. This tool can be combined with conventional drilling machines as well as milling machines, also CNC ones. The choice depends only on the factors related to production volumes. Tool must have high durability properties to reach proper efficiency level. This means the number of boreholes that can be formed while maintaining the shape and structure of the surface within the dimensions tolerances limits. High temperature in process also cause a high durability properties. These article presents a review of apossible solutions on tools mounting devices and tools functionality used in friction drilling process. [1]
442. For several years, in the world are carried out studies on the refrigerants condensation in minichannels. These studies are aimed at understanding the condensation process and facilitate the design of mini heat exchangers. It is very important to optimize heat transfer and drive power consumption of the is the knowledge of the processes occurring during refrigerants condensation in pipe minichannels. It is important in this case to make a individual flow structures maps for the refrigerants, due to the significant effect of flow structured formed in the minichannel on the heat transfer and flow resistance. Unfortunately, in relation to the number of publications about condensation in minichannels, the number of published flow maps is relatively small. Due to the fact that the condensation process takes place differently in the minichannels and conventional channels, there is no possibility of using the flow maps for conventional channels to identification flow patterns in minichannels. One of the most popular flow maps for the condensation in minichannels is the map created by Colleman and Garimella, which was made for the R134a refrigerant. The authors conducted their own experimental studies of refrigerants R134a, R404A and R407C condensation in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d = 3.3 - 0.31 mm. These studies results were subjected to calculation identification of flow structures using the map of Colleman and Garimella. These results are compared with the criteria published on Thome and Cavallini flow maps. [1]
443. For long time Germany had many atomic power plants and was important exporter of this nuclear technologies, but right now german government decided to close all their reactors upto 2020. In this presentation we will try to answer for one important question. “Why?”, and second one “is it a good idea?”. We will try to find out answer for first question and later prove that withdrawing from nuclear energetics is one of the greater mistakes that developed countries are making right now, and please take into consideration that despite the fact i always believed that right now atomic energy is second to none of what we have right now i carried my research with open mind looking for answers forcing myself to not be biased about subject. Right now I believe in what i believed before, but the change is that now this is not “i think so”, but “i know that”. [1]
444. Flood prevention has become one of the most important priorities of public safety and risk mitigation in Poland. The study presents an evaluation of the actions implemented in 16 voivodships of Poland in the field of flood prevention and water retention. Voivodships correspond to individual regions of the country. The analysis covering the period of 2003-2018 was carried out on the basis of data obtained mainly from Local Data Bank. A set of indicators, divided into infrastructural and economic ones were applied. The assessment of technical measures covered two basic types of hydro engineering facilities: flood embankments and retention reservoirs. The economic indicators illustrate the expenditures incurred on the implementation of technical means of flood prevention. The obtained results provide means to categorise the voivodships into subsets. Units similar in terms of the carried out water management were assigned to 4 types. Voividships similar in terms of the expenditures designated to the implementation of water management tasks were divided into 4 groups. Taking into account the dynamics of the investments and financial outlays on water management measures related to the existing flood risk assessment, the situation is satisfactory in 4 voivodships, but insufficient or unsatisfactory in 7 of them. The obtained results show that in order to achieve the flood prevention levels required in the studied regions additional actions are necessary, including but not limited to technical measures. [1]
445. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a key risk management tool used in detecting and eradicating potential failure for the purpose of improving the reliability and safety of a system. However, the traditional FMEA in spite of its popularity has inadequacies that have hindered the effectiveness of the tool in analysing risk of failure modes. Due to the shortcomings of the technique, different improved versions have been suggested in the literature in order for risk to be analysed more effectively but majority of these versions are computationally challenging. In this paper, a simple approach is introduced for improving the risk analysis capability of the FMEA. The approach utilizes Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) as an alternative to RPN of FMEA in analyzing risk of failure. A case study of the turbocharger system of a diesel engine is applied to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. The result obtained from the EDAS method were compared with approaches in the literature previously used to address risk analysis of a turbocharger. The result of the analysis indicated that the EDAS method is a feasible alternative technique for risk analysis. [1]
446. Estimating the amount of suspended sediment in rivers correctly is important due to the adverse impacts encountered during the design and maintenance of hydraulic structures such as dams, regulators, water channels and bridges. The sediment concentration and discharge currents have usually complex relationship, especially on long term scales, which can lead to high uncertainties in load estimates for certain components. In this paper, with several data-driven methods, including two types of perceptron support vector machines with radial basis function kernel (SVM-RBF), and poly kernel learning algorithms (SVM-PK), Library SVM (LibSVM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy (NF) and statistical approaches such as sediment rating curves (SRC), multi linear regression (MLR) are used for forecasting daily suspended sediment concentration from daily temperature of water and streamflow in the river. Daily data are measured at Augusta station by the US Geological Survey. 15 different input combinations (1 to 15) were used for SVM-PK, SVM-RBF, LibSVM, NF and MLR model studies. All approaches are compared to each other according to three statistical criteria; mean absolute errors (MAE), root mean square errors (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Of the applied linear and nonlinear methods, LibSVM and NF have good results, but LibSVM generates a slightly better fit under whole daily sediment values. [1]
447. Environmental protection as rational shaping of the environment, management of environmental resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, counteracting pollution, is integrally related to the urban area. It is in the cities, which are the living environment for half of the world's population, that most activities and initiatives aimed at environmental protection are undertaken. An important action is to reduce the impact of urban transport on the environment. In particular, increased road traffic in urban areas is a constant increase in pollutants introduced into the environment in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, harmful to people, the environment and spatial structures. One of such negative impacts of transport is the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. In the process of limiting it, actions are taken in the area of shaping urban transport systems and mobility of city residents. For the purpose of identifying individual processes that are components of these activities, literature research was carried out, the results of which are presented in the article. [1]
448. Environmental concern and awareness have led to the development of different sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental impact of waste plastics. A brief literature review was conducted to evaluate recent challenges and emerging ideas on this topic. The two most noticeable approaches identified here are the introduction of biodegradable polymers as replacements for conventional plastics and recycling post-consumer waste plastics. The sustainable approach protects the environment, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. [1]
449. Ensuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into 3 parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor. [1]
450. Eni oilfield has been experiencing production decline with increase in water output. The implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can help to extract some percentages of the original oil in place (OOIP). EOR methods are capital intensive and few are environmental hazardous. In a bid to address these issues, this paper discusses on an alternate economically viable enhanced oil recovery technique which has the potential to curb the challenges of other conventional EOR methods.This work suggested a 3 stage approach of applying microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) method for oil recovery in Eni field. The reservoir characteristics in Eni field were studied, the average porosity value of the reservoirs is between 0.238 and 0.241.The reservoir characteristics and parameters were found suitable for the application of MEOR technique for effective oil drainage from the delineated reservoir compartments. Microbial flooding was found to be matured in reservoirs with temperature less than 200 F, brine salinity not more than 100,000 ppm, water depth not more than 3500m and permeability should be above 30 (Md). It was recommended that MEOR approach should be applied in Eni Oilfield for increment of oil production and reduction in water cut due to its efficiency and economic viability. [1]
451. Energy is the most important part for community and financial growth of any country. Energy planning models play a vital role in strategy formulation and power sector progress. In this paper a systematic review and comparison of energy planning models developed and applied from 1977-2019 has been presented. The review indicates that most of the energy planning models has been presented and applied in developed nations. Only few numbers of energy planning models have been presented and applied in under developing countries. The review also shows the comparison of energy planning models applied in developed and under-developed countries. This review article will assistance the energy managers, scholars and strategy makers broadly. [1]
452. Energy is an important factor for the social and economic development of communities. The energy performance of insulation systems is an important factor in today's increasing consumption of energy. Insulation in hot water pipelines is done to reduce heat losses caused by building elements. In this study, optimum insulation thickness, annual costs, energy saving and repayment times were evaluated in district heating systems. The evaluations were made for various pipe sizes, various fuel types and various insulation materials considering the heating loads of the regions. In addition, the formulas used for the heat loss and insulation economy are given in the study. As a result, the choice of an optimum insulation thickness in pipelines of district heating systems provides economic and environmental advantages. [1]
453. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 is aiming to restore 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers across Europe. The important issue is which barriers should be prioritised for removal. In this study a set of socio-economic and environmental criteria was chosen to rank the dams on salmonid rivers in Lithuania and recommend them for removal. As these criteria usual contradict themselves the multi-criteria decision analysis tool was utilized. The results showed that the Anykščiai dam on the river Šventoji can be recommended to be removed first. The removal can significantly increase the salmonid population in the river Šventoji over significant stretch of the river. Also, this dam is in the protected area and is not listed as national heritage and does not have hydropower plant on it. Although, this study showed that dams with hydropower plants can also be recommended for removal. [1]
454. Dysertacja zawiera autorską koncepcję metody proaktywno-reaktywnego planowania misji floty BSP. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania odpornych na wybrane zakłócenia misji floty BSP. W szczególności opracowano referencyjny model planowania misji floty BSP odpornej na trzy rodzaje zakłóceń: zmiana warunków pogodowych, wprowadzenie nowych odbiorców do sieci transportowej, jak również zmiana terminów dostaw. Podstawowym elementem opracowanego modelu jest autorska miara odporności misji BSP, wyrażona funkcją odporności, której wartość określa granicę (maksymalna prędkość wiatru) realizowalności wyznaczonej misji. [1]
455. During machining process cutting fluids are used to minimize the heat that is developed between tool, work piece and the chip. Heat absorption capacity of any cutting fluid used is measured by specific heat. Higher the specific heat better will the heat absorption capacity. This paper discusses the experimental procedure used to measure the specific heat of Neem oil, Honge (Karanja), Sunflower oil and Petroleum based oil (Hydro 68). This experiment is a function of temperature with respect to time. This method is validated by measuring the specific heat of distilled water, since the standard specific heat value of distilled water is known. The results show that Specific Heat of Neem Oil is good compared to Honge and sunflower Oil, but less compared to Petroleum oil (Hydro 68) which is used as cutting fluid for drilling operation in Industries after mixing with water. [1]
456. Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics. [1]
457. Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC. [1]
458. Damage to cargo in transport occurs as a result of improper securing of cargo, which causes not only material losses due to partial or complete damage to cargo, but may threaten the safety of participants in the distribution of cargo in the distribution chain. Dangers, difficulties and costs caused by human errors in packing and securing cargo in all modes of transport can be remedied and certainly significantly reduced. The best way to achieve this goal is to build the awareness of the great need for proper packaging and securing the cargo in a way that ensures the safety of all participants in the distribution chain among producers, distributors and carriers. The article discusses the problem of rational use of stretch film as the most frequently used method of securing loads. Author indicated necessity to develop methods and procedures for the proper protection of palletized loads with the use of stretch film to reduce the amount of stretch film used while ensuring proper load security, increase the safety and better protection to the environment of the planet and its natural resources. [1]
459. D/II/6, D/I//6, Kol.133/76, Kol. 133/75, Kol. 133/74, Kol. 133/90, Kol. 133/216, Kol. 603 59, Kol. 133/203 [1]
460. Cykl badań w ramach projektu pozwolił poznać wpływ parametrów procesu PVD nanoszenia twardych warstw typu TiCxN1-x na odporność na zużycie pokrytych narzędzi skrawających. Jednocześnie pozwolił na określenie przydatności badań tribologicznych prowadzonych na próbkach testowych w warunkach laboratoryjnych w celu prognozowania zachowań tych warstw na narzędziach w warunkach eksploatacyjnych. [1]
461. Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. [1]
462. Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production. [1]
463. Contemporary systems for removing flue gases and used air should be selected so that there is no risk of accumulation of hazardous and harmful substances in human health. We spend a large part of our lives in our apartments and even relatively low concentrations of harmful substances, that arise during the operation of gas appliances can pose a serious threat to health. The efficiency of air exchange, and thus the concentration of harmful substances in rooms, largely depends on many variables, whose interaction generates a large number of variants. The author of the article set themselves the task of examining the impact of weather conditions on the operation of flue gas exhaust systems and ventilation in rooms with gas appliances. [1]
464. Coalbed methane is extracted from the adsorbed state in coal seams with lower pressure & production rate. In previous studies, researchers only focused on the methods that were developed for making a relationship between the underground production rate & surface flow rate without any type of optimization procedure. In this study, the main purpose is to do a review on finding out of surface layout plan to optimize the maximum gas flow rate by developing an improved pipeline network. The more the optimization of the layout plan for designing pipeline network, the lower the amount of investment need to provide. Here, a mathematical model is proposed for the gas transportation based on the hydraulic & thermodynamic calculations of the pipeline network. Not only that, but also the filtration mechanism of depressurization & desorption for the gas flow through pipe section are evaluated here. After that, the pressure drop & pipeline efficiency are explored to find out the best design of pipeline network from the observed results. Finally, based on this study, many uncertainties can be reduced associated with the installation of pipeline network for gas transportation. [1]
465. Climate change, environmental degradation and the introduction of increasingly restrictive legal regulations mean that the automotive industry is facing tremendous challenges. The paper presents a computer tool that uses the results of tests carried out on a chassis dynamometer for a Fiat Panda 1.3 Multijet, to simulate driving tests. As a result of the work of a computer tool, the impact on CO2 emissions was analysed in the context of CADC - Artemis (Common Artemis Driving Cycles) road tests for the following fuels: diesel oil, FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), rapeseed oil and butanol. Mass consumption of fuels and CO2 emissions were analysed in driving tests for the vehicle in question. The highest mass consumption of fuel and carbon dioxide emissions occurred in the case of FAME (respectively 2.283 kg and 6.524 kg). [1]
466. Climate change has become a pitfall towards economic growth, sustainable development, and ecological balance, not different in Bangladesh. This study investigates the relationship between ecological footprint and globalization of Bangladesh in the 1980-2021. Results of Auto-regressive distributed lag mdel (ARDL) bound test confirms long-run relationship among carbon footprint, ecological footprint, globalization, and other control variables. Long-run and short elasticity confirm globalization, population density, energy consumption along political and economic globalization stimulates ecological footprint. On the other hand, economic growth is a culprit of ecological footprint. It reflects alternative signs with an ecological footprint. On carbon footprint, results are similar to ecological footprint except for energy consumption. As ecological footprint increases, people consume more energy in the short run while less energy in long run. Laws enforced in the last or previous decades regarding environmental issues need more strictness and acceptability to utilize energy through advanced technology and robust inflows from the foreign sector. [1]
467. Cement is the most widely used man-made material. The global cement industry produces about 3.3 billion tons of cement annually. A lot of energy is needed to produce cement. About 200 kg of coal is used to produce each ton of cement. The cement industry also produces about five percent of the world's greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, some cement producers have the potential to recover waste heat. The method studied in this research is based on heat recovery from boilers installed at the outlet of clinker cooler and preheater of cement factory. Due to the low temperature of the gases available, three different fluids, water, R123 and R245fa are considered as the operating fluid. Also, energy and exergy analysis is performed in a Rankin cycle and the selection of optimal parameters is considered by using genetic algorithm. By selecting the decision parameters in the optimization of the genetic algorithm such as pinch temperature, evaporator pressure and operating mass flow rate, the optimal values of exergy efficiency were obtained. [1]
468. Celem rozprawy jest określenie wpływu niestabilności o charakterze dynamicznym na proces przemiany fazowej skraplania w minikanałach rurowych dla nowych proekologicznych czynników chłodniczych przewidzianych, jako zamienniki dla dotychczas stosowanych czynników R134a i R404A. Badania eksperymentalne skraplania zrealizowano dla izomerów R1234yf i R1234ze traktowanych jako substytuty R134a oraz czynników R507 i R448A, jako zamienniki czynnika R404A. [1]
469. Celem pracy jest wykazanie, że warunki uplastyczniania polietylenu PE-LD w układzie ślimakowo - tarczowym eksperymentalnej wytłaczarki ślimakowo - tarczowej wpływają na porządkowanie łańcuchów polimerowych. Następnie określenie w jakim stopniu efekt porządkowania wpływa na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę mikroskopową wytłoczyn PE-LD uzyskanych w postaci pręta. Aby zrealizować cele badań przeprowadzono analizę obliczeniowo - symulacyjną, wytłaczanie tworzywa i pomiar właściwości mechanicznych i budowy strukturalnej [1]
470. Celem pracy jest opracowanie oraz optymalizacja nowych, wydajnych i tanich procedur izolacji oraz analizy ilościowej szerokiej gamy związków małocząsteczkowych, wykazujących właściwości modulatorów hormonalnych, głównie sterydów i ich naturalnych oraz syntetycznych pochodnych, wykorzystujących techniki ekstradycji do fazy stałej, mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej oraz zależnej od temperatury chromatografii inkluzyjnej. [1]
471. Celem pracy jest opracowanie modeli zużycia narzędzi ściernych w zmiennych warunkach procesu szlifowania, z wykorzystaniem probabilistycznego opisu zagadnienia oraz algorytmów symulacji zużycia ściernicy w procesie obwodowego szlifowania płaszczyzn. Matematyczne modele zużycia oparto na założeniu losowości obciążenia mechanicznego ziaren oraz wytrzymałości doraźnej i odporności na obciążenie sumaryczne w czasie pracy ziaren ściernych. [1]
472. Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu składu chemicznego, struktury oraz adhezji mikrotwardości wybranych twardych powłok na ich właściwości tribologiczne, zwłaszcza na wartość wskaźników zużycia powłoki oraz przeciwpróbki uzyskane w warunkach tarcia suchego. W pracy zastosowano dwie różne metody PVD wybranych rodzajów powłok o zbliżonym składzie chemicznym, strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych, oraz przeprowadzono badania tribologiczne w warunkach tarcia suchego dla różnych warunków pracy węzła trącego. [1]
473. Celem pracy jest analiza numeryczna ustrojów zabezpieczających konstrukcje budowlano-inżynierskie przed skutkami obciążeń nagłych powodujących szybkie zmiany deformacji. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zabezpieczenia konstrukcji tunelu podwodnego przed wybuchem. Dużo uwagi poświęcono modelowaniu konstytutywnemu stali i betonu, z których wykonywane są konstrukcje osłonowe. [1]
474. Celem pracy było wyjaśnienie zależności pomiędzy dokładnością wykonania frezów ślimakowych a przyrostem trwałości ich ostrzy po pokryciu twardą warstwą azotku tytanu.W analizie teoretycznej zagadnienia dokonano oceny wpływu dokładności wykonania freza ślimakowego na rozkład obciążenia ostrzy oraz opracowano metodę oceny zróżnicowania dokładności wykonania narzędzi wieloostrzowych wewnątrz jednej klasy dokładności.Aby zrealizować cel pracy, opracowano zmodyfikowaną metodę stałoprądowego reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego, pozwalającą wytwarzać twarde warstwy azotku tytanu o znacznie stabilniejszych właściwościach niż w innych metodach wytwarzania. [1]
475. Celem powstania tej pracy doktorskiej była ocena wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości i podatność kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych, zawierających w swoim składzie polietylen, polilaktyd oraz wióry drzewne, na degradację w środowisku wody morskiej. Do badań wybrane zostały dwa istotnie różniące się kompozyty polimerowo-drzewne. WPC1 zawierał: 70% polietylenu niskiej gęstości stanowiącego osnowę oraz 30% drobnych wiórów drzewnych, pełniących rolę napełniacza. WPC2 zawierał: 30% napełniacza drzewnego oraz 50% osnowy polietylenu niskiej gęstości i dodatek 20% poli(kwas mlekowego). WPC1 i WPC2 poddane zostały badaniom wytrzymałościowym, badaniom struktury oraz badaniom powierzchni. Próbki do badań degradacji umieszczone zostały na okres sześciu miesięcy w specjalnie do tego celu zbudowanych, komorach degradacyjnych a część próbek umieszczona została w komorze z dodatkowym oświetleniem UV w celu zbadania wpływu światła UVA i UVB na właściwości próbek. Zestaw wybranych próbek umieszczony został na narażonym na oddziaływanie naturalnego światła słonecznego oraz wody morskiej pokładzie promu kursującego po północno-zachodniej części morza bałtyckiego. Podstawowymi badaniami przeprowadzonymi na kompozytach były badania własności wytrzymałościowych (wytrzymałość podczas jednoosiowego rozciągania oraz badania udarności), ich celem było określenie zmian właściwości mechanicznych. Próbki poddane zostały także badaniom zmiany wewnętrznej struktury i chropowatości powierzchni oraz struktury geometrycznej powierzchni próbek w czasie degradacji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań przeprowadzono proces optymalizacji, aby określić parametry wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach. Pomiary realizowano zgodnie z opracowanym planem, w określonych odstępach czasowych. Próbki poddane zostały również oznaczeniu wodochłonności. Podczas każdego etapu badań wykonywano dokumentację fotograficzną (fotografie oraz zdjęcia mikroskopowe próbek). Po przeprowadzeniu analiz sporządzone zostały podsumowania. Całość zakończono wnioskami utylitarnymi i naukowymi. Złożony program badawczy umożliwił poszerzenie stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych i dodatku w ich składzie polilaktydu. Wnioski z analizy badań umożliwiają sterowanie procesem wytłaczania ślimakowotarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach, które mogą być wykorzystywane w infrastrukturze morskiej oraz na statkach i w portach. [1]
476. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu zastosowania uchwytu aktywnego, który wprowadza dodatkowy ruch obrotowy oraz wibracyjny na kształtowanie chropowatości powierzchni przedmiotu obrabianego. W pierwszej części pracy została omówiona charakterystyka procesu obróbki w wygładzarkach rotacyjno-kaskadowych oraz stosowane dotychczas rozwiązania uchwytów aktywnych. Kolejna część pracy opisuje kinematykę ruchu wsadu roboczego oraz jego energię w poszczególnych częściach komory roboczej wygładzarki rotacyjno-kaskadowej. Następnie przedstawiono projekt uchwytu aktywnego oraz jego realizację. W ostatniej części pracy zostały zaprezentowane badania potwierdzające skuteczność opracowanego urządzenia. Badania zostały podzielone na trzy części. W części pierwszej zbadano wpływ rodzaju ruchu przedmiotu obrabianego na efektywność obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego. Kolejna część obejmuje propozycję trzy etapowej obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego i przemieszczaniem przedmiotu obrabianego w kierunku promieniowym komory wygładzarki. W ostatniej części przedstawiono wpływ dziedzictwa technologicznego na końcowy efekt obróbki powierzchni. Na zakończenie przedstawiono podsumowanie i wnioski o charakterze poznawczym, utylitarnym oraz wyznaczające kierunki dalszych badań. [1]
477. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zjawisk podstawowych w strefie szlifowania ostrzy noży planarnych ściernicami z ziarnami regularnego azotku boru (cBN) w trzech odmianach kinematycznych (szlifowanie obwodem ściernicy, szlifowanie czołem ściernicy, szlifowanie stożkową powierzchnią czołową ściernicy) umożliwiająca wytypowanie warunków realizacji tego procesu zapewniających w efekcie wydłużenie okresu trwałości kształtowanych narzędzi w procesie skórowania ryb płaskich. Przeprowadzone badania eksploatacyjne dowiodły możliwości uzyskania około 18% wydłużenia okresu trwałości ostrzy co w warunkach zakładu przetwórstwa rybnego pozwala na uzyskanie efektu skali i wpływa korzystnie zarówno na zredukowanie kosztów narzędzi, jak i na ograniczenie czasu przestoju linii technologicznej, związanego z wymianą ostrzy w maszynie do skórowania. [1]
478. Cargo damage in drastic situations may threaten the safety of people participating in the further stages of the transport task in the distribution chain. Regardless of this, the damage also affects the unplanned extension of the delivery time or even prevents its further execution. The final and inevitable consequence is unplanned additional costs that will be charged to the shipper preparing the cargo for shipment. Additional costs will be incurred, both direct (materials for repackaging and load securing, fuel, tolls, insurance) and indirect costs (carbon footprint of the materials produced and fuel used by vehicles, increased traffic congestion, safety of road users). Their consequence will be an unnecessary increase in the pollution of the human natural environment. The article presents the classification of damage to palletized loads. The correctness of the proposed classification was to be carried out by analyzing the results of surveys and broadly understood consultations with business entities dealing with the phenomenon of damage to palletized loads on a daily basis. The small number of completed questionnaires indicates the need to develop a new, less detailed questionnaire and a possible simplification of the proposed classification of damage to palletized loads. Based on the numerous discussions and meetings held during the consultations regarding the quantity and quality of cargo damage, it can be concluded that this is a very complex sensitive topic. This can also be confirmed by studies of the literature review, available industry studies and published statistical data. It is practically difficult to determine the size of damage to palletized loads in road transport. The proposed classification of damage to palletized loads allows for the definition of dangers, difficulties and, consequently, direct and indirect costs of transport, which can be remedied, and certainly significantly reduced. Minimizing damaged and destroyed loads results in both a reduction of the direct costs of damaged products and a secondary reduction in the consumption of natural resources of the environment, necessary to re-manufacture damaged or destroyed products. It also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint, an issue that is so important especially nowadays. [1]
479. Calculations of water distribution systems are most often performed many times because the correct solution from a technical point of view is rarely obtained after the first calculation run; hence, we can talk about a multistage calculation process. In connection with this, the calculation process of computer water distribution systems can be additionally supplemented with elements of process diagnostics. Diagnostic activities should be carried out using numerical algorithms, which can be a complement to classical hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems. The condition for reliable functioning of the diagnostic system formulated in this way is the efficient detection of computational irregularities. For this purpose, diagnostic problems were defined for the water pipes and the connection nodes in the water distribution system. The proposed diagnostic tests analyze the calculation results and indicate whether the solution is correct or, if irregularities are detected, suggest a way to solve the problem. Diagnostic tests are carried out using artificial neural networks. [1]
480. By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined. [1]
481. Buildings are the main consumer of energy resources in the total energy balance of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the main energy consumption is allocated for heating. Efficient use of energy resources for heating needs to a large extent depends on the efficiency of regulation of heating systems. In the article, dynamic mathematical models of a two-room typical apartment in Ukraine, built in 2016, were developed in Matlab and EnergyPlus software environment. The simulations were carried out using IWEC hourly climate data for the city of Kyiv. The results of simulations of thermal energy consumption in Matlab are characterized by a larger range of fluctuations of the heating system load, which is typical for the real operating conditions of the system with the controller of ON/OFF type. In EnergyPlus it is assumed that the gas boiler operates continuously in the ON mode. In the research, the change of load on the apartment heating system was studied at different numbers and locations of air temperature control sensors installation, according to which the controller of the autonomous gas boiler operates. [1]
482. Badania poparte publikacjami krajowymi i zagranicznymi pokazały że metody foto-akustyczne są doskonałym narzędziem pozwalającym określić parametry cieplne i optyczne typowych materiałów stosowanych w budowie przyrządów półprzewodnikowych. Pozwoliło to autorowi na jednoznaczne sformułowanie tezy pracy, że możliwe jest określenie podstawowych parametrów cieplnych jak i wybranych parametrów optycznych materiałów półprzewodnikowych techniką foto-akustyczną w dziedzinie pomiarów częstotliwości oraz dziedzinie pomiarów widmowych zarówno amplitudowych jak i fazowych w różnych konfiguracjach eksperymentalnych. [1]
483. Bacteria immobilized in carrageenan are widely used in industry to facilitate bacterial handling and storage. Carrageenan is derived from seaweed and its nature is influenced by the condition of the origin of the sea where seaweed grows, one of the Indonesia sea territories that has seaweed that contains caraganen with good properties is Maluku. This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage time of bacteria immobilized in Maluku sea’s carrageenan on proteolytic activity, the bacteria used were Bacillus megaterium. Bacterial immobilization of carrageenan was made at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, storage in cold conditions for up to 9 months. Protease activity was tested using Kunitz method by adding casein as a substrate. The optimal concentration of carrageenan for immobilization of Bacillus megaterium was obtained at a concentration of 1.5%. Protease isolated from immobilized Bacillus megaterium showed increased activity value from storage for 4 months (0.0489 Ug-1) to 7 months (0.1372 Ug-1), and decreased activity after being stored for 9 months (0.0501 Ug-1). [1]
484. Automotive industry is a very attractive area for young researchers to do continuous research and also it can be considered as an important thrust area as it is directly related to passenger safety. New developments in automotive sector can be seen in many domains like material selection, design, manufacturing etc. Since wrong selection directly leads to product failure, among these, the proper selection of a particular material can be treat as utmost priority. Hence, the present work discusses a methodology to select the best aluminium alloy for automobile panels among various alternates serving the same purpose. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods with entropy weighting criteria are implemented for finding the best material and the results are discussed. [1]
485. At the beginning of the work on the effects of global warming and climate change in the international area, there are efforts to reduce exhaust emissions. Because fossil fuel is depleting and exhaust emission gases emitted to the atmosphere are rising rapidly, energy efficiency is on the agenda in transportation. Therefore, automotive developers and scientists have undertaken new research in the automotive sector. Hybrid electric vehicle technology is one of the important studies that these researchers continue. In the hybrid electric vehicle technology, the hybrid engine is aimed to give the best results in terms of exhaust emission, fuel consumption and maintenance costs compared to other internal combustion engines, and at the same time the hybrid engine is aimed to perform better than other internal combustion engines. General information about the hybrid electric vehicle technology as one of the new and alternative technologies in these study is provided. In addition, information was given about exhaust emission, emission standards and fuel consumption. Comparisons were made between the hybrid engine and other internal combustion engines. [1]
486. At electrspark alloying (ESA) of aluminum surfaces using Al-Sn tool-electrode (TE), nanostructuring of manufactured surfaces take place owing to the formation of SnO2 nanofibers. Examining the tribological properties of these surfaces in a friction couple with a counterbody made of hardened steel showed that the wear of counterbody during the friction in the oil and at dry friction exceeds by an order of magnitude and above it the wear of such surfaces. [1]
487. Analysis of the results of the hydraulic calculations of a slotted separator, allowed for changes in the separator design taking into account the reduction of flow turbulence, ensuring the continuity of water flow and sediments as well as optimal location of the slots. The separator is an important element of the installation for hydromechanical removal of sediments from the bottom of a water reservoir. Tests were carried out on the physical and mathematical model.Hydraulic calculations and numerical simulations were carried out using the SSIIM (Simulation of sediment movements in water intakes with multiblock option) program. The program enables three-dimensional analysis of flows and transport of sediments in rivers and canals by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent model k-e. A number of numerical experiments of the separator work were carried out for various design solutions regarding the geometry of the inlet and outlet channels and their connection with the chambers as well as slots system. The numerical simulations and conducted research on a physical model, allowed to develop an optimal solution. [1]
488. An Investigation was conducted to produce Aluminium based Functionally graded material (FGM) composites by Friction stir processing (FSP). A reinforcement strategy featuring the use of Alumina and TiC reinforcements was investigated, where holes were drilled in an Aluminium plate, filled with reinforcements and stirred using FSP. A mathematical model was formulated for positioning of holes in such a manner that the composition of the reinforcements varies from maximum to minimum over a given length. Samples were subjected to various number of FSP passes from one to three with 100% overlap and its influence on particle distribution and homogeneity was studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at cross sections parallel to the tool traverse direction. A progressive gradient in hardness values was observed for the surface composites at all the passes. [1]
489. Among the apparatuses with a regular arrangement of packing elements creating an in-phase mode of vortex interaction, which ensures high efficiency of the processes, it is interesting to use a standard tubular packing. Such packing allows additional advantages associated with heat supply or extraction directly in the contact zone of the interacting phases, which is very important for conducting some chemisorption processes. The research covers such hydrodynamic regularities as hydraulic resistance during a heat carrier movement in pipes and during external flow around a tubular beam, retained liquid amount and gas content of layer in the external flow around the tubular beam with liquid and gas flows. The research was carried out using an experimental setup with a heat and mass transfer apparatus with regular tubular packing. The medium used during experiments is water-air. The research methodology included standard methods for determining hydraulic resistance and retained liquid amount and visual observation and photographing of gas-liquid flows. The novelty of the research was equations – one for calculating the hydraulic resistance in pipes, taking into account local resistances and pipe roughness. The other ones for determining the pressure losses during the external flow around the tubular beam, the retained liquid amount, and the gas content of the layer, taking into account the vortex interaction of gas and liquid flows. Graphical and calculated dependences of the investigated hydrodynamic characteristics were obtained as a result of the conducted research of the hydraulic resistance during the heat carrier movement in the pipes, as well as the hydraulic resistance and the retained liquid amount during the external flow around the tubular beam with a change in the gas velocity and irrigation density. When the heat carrier flows in the pipes, the numerical values of the hydraulic resistance in the transient mode do not exceed 1.5 kPa, in the developed turbulence mode in the range of the Reynolds number from 1·104 to 6·104 DР varies from 1.5 to 53 kPa. With the external flow around the tubular beam, in the developed turbulence mode wg = 4 m/s and L = 25 m3/m2h, the hydraulic resistance is 85 Pa, the retained liquid amount is 4.5·10-3 m. The change in the irrigation density in this mode (developed turbulence) in the L range from 10 to 100 m3/m2h leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance from 65 to 160 Pa, the retained liquid amount from 2.16·10-3 to 13.6·10-3 m. The calculated dependencies are the basis of the method for calculating the hydrodynamic characteristics of the apparatus with the regular tubular packing, which can be used to calculate industrial devices. [1]
490. Among all the functions served by forest ecosystems an increasingly important role is played by their social function. These ecosystems have been traditionally associated with tourism and recreation and as a result also interest in the appraisal of non-productive functions of forests has been increasing. The value of the natural environment is not tangible and it may be assessed only based on subjective opinions and attitudes of the general public. A contingent valuation method based on the Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept has been applied to determine the nature value of a landscape dominated by forests within the boundaries of a national park in central Poland. The most important aim of this study was to determine the propensity of individuals actively using the environmental goods to pay fees charged by the Wielkopolska National Park. Dependencies between the inclination of local residents to pay fees for the possibility to use the Wielkopolska National Park and selected variables were determined using the logit model approach. It was observed that the willingness to incur costs for the use of the Wielkopolska National Park grows with an increase in the awareness of the respondents concerning financial requirements related to environmental protection, their knowledge on the Park and membership in environmental organisations. Based on the conducted studies it was found that environmental education provided to the general public is a necessary pre-requisite to making the public aware of the need to finance actions related to preservation of the natural environment and nature conservation. [1]
491. Al-based automotive alloys with different level of Si content has been conducted on the characterization of machined surfaces in terms of roughness, temperature, chips formation as well as microstructue evaluation under different machining conditions. For this experiment a shaper machine with HSS single point V-shaped cutting tool is used at different cutting speed and depth of cut. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the alloys decresess with cutting speed and depth of cut but it is more prominent on cutting speed. It is because of high cutting speed is more associated with the higher cutting temperatur and softening the work material leading to better surface finish. Higher Si added alloys shows the better surface finish due to formation of different intermettalics as more brittle. For brittle and higher hardness it produces the higher temperature during machining. During machining relatively curly and short chips are form by the high Si added alloy becase of its low elongation properties. Fracture surfaces of higher Si added alloy display more crack propagation obtained by the plate-like Si rich intermetallics. [1]
492. Airborne pathogens are the most important factor causing environmental issues on pig farms. Research on airborne swine-derived microbes has mainly concentrated on several specific microbes or pathogens. The present work was conducted to detect and identify the entire microbial community in piggery air and their dispersion by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fifteen faeces and eighty-four air samples were collected in swine barns and from different distances away from the barns, respectively. The results showed that the faeces and air share the most dominant bacteria. The top 10 genera belonged to Fimicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and accounted for 54% and 76-84% of the total sequences. Moreover, great higher (P < 0.01) microbial diversity was detected in the faeces. This study indicated that a hygienic interval of 50 m should be set on swine farms to prevent the spreading infectious disease caused by airborne pathogens. [1]
493. Agriculture, mainly biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) and plant protection products are one of the sources of environmental pollution. The sources of pollution are both farm buildings and intensively used agricultural land. Therefore, a crucial element of the environment contributing to the improvement of surface water quality are the aforementioned shallow reservoirs covered by vegetation that act as biofiltres or reservoirs such as dammed reservoirs. The analysed reservoir is located in the Greater Poland Province, about 25 km to the north from Poznań, in Murowana Goślina commune. The research on the analysed reservoir was conducted during the growing seasons, from 2016 to 2018, at three measurement and control points: at the Przebędowo reservoir inflow, it the Przebędowo reservoir and at the Przebędowo reservoir outflow. They included determining 4 groups of physico-chemical indicators supporting biological elements, including indicators characterising aerobic conditions, salinity, acidification (pH) and indicators characterising biogenic conditions. Based on the conducted research, a great influence of the reservoir was proven, especially in the context of the concentration of dissolved oxygen at the outflow, where, concerning this indicator, the reservoir was classified as water quality class I. The presented research results also confirmed that in the context of the complexity of hydrological and physico-chemical processes taking place in dammed reservoirs, it is necessary to continuously control them both in terms of water quantity and quality. [1]
494. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes such as three- dimensional (3D) printing are one of most important technologies of our century. Additive manufacturing is a manufacturing process in which 3D solid objects are created. It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of an additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object. Additive manufacturing is also known as 3D printing. The strongest reasons for the use of rapid prototypes in manufacturing are the production of parts with a small quantity or a complex shape, the obtaining of lighter parts, the prevention of waste of raw materials, a wider availability of testing and design and further personalization. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM by exploiting the basic principle of oxygen-impaired photopolymerization to create a continuous fluid interface of uncured resin between the growing section and the exposure window. [1]
495. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), all new buildings must be constructed using technologies that will ensure almost zero energy consumption by the building through renewable energy sources and an energy-efficient thermal envelope. To assess the possibilities of reconstructing an existing building following the requirements of the EPBD in Ukraine, we have presented possible ways to modernise an office in Kyiv using renewable energy sources (biomass, heat pump) at different levels of thermal protection. Based on dynamic modelling results in the DesignBuilder software environment, the technical, environmental and economic aspects of building modernisation using near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) technologies have been investigated. In particular, the authors have analysed the possibilities of using different modes of heat pump operation to provide heat to a building of different levels of thermal protection in the GeoTSOL software environment. The results obtained can be used to assess the benefits of improving the energy efficiency of a building using different types of renewable energy sources. [1]
496. Academics have been curious about what motivates pro-environmental behavior. However, a few research studies have been conducted to analyze and comprehend the pro-environmental behavior of those in charge of service and production (employees). The COVID-19 outbreak brought this topic to light, emphasizing the significance of employees' pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in promoting and maintaining business sustainability.Therefore, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by investigating employees' PEBs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person and online surveys were used to reach the staff of hotels and travel agencies in Egypt's most popular tourist areas.The quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 25. The results revealed that employees of the tourism and hospitality industry are exceptionally engaged in PEBs in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the findings indicate that the structure of tourism and hospitality employees' PEB is constituted of six factors; namely, operation activities, habits, organization rules, health, energy-saving, and environment-related activities. However, their behavior must be guided and improved in three key areas (personal health, organizational rules, and operation activities). According to this study, employees may follow certain practises without understanding their justification or significance. In practice, the study presents recommendations that might increase the industry's resistance to challenges in terms of improving the pro-environmental behavior of industry employees. [1]
497. AXII 20/I, Kol. 553/1, Kol.728/9, Kol.553/3, A IIE, A II E/834, Kol. 434/284, Kol. 434/288, Kol. 434/289 [1]
498. AA7075 is an aluminum alloy that's almost as strong as steel, yet it weighs just one third as much. Unfortunately, its use has been limited, due to the fact that pieces of it couldn't be securely welded together by the traditional welding process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process overcomes the limitations of the conventional welding process. The aim of our present is to compare the predicted results of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Friction Stir welded similar joints through Regression modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. It was observed that the linear regression algorithm is able to make more accurate predictions compared to neural network algorithm for small dataset. [1]
499. A well-known way to increase the thermal insulation properties of windows in buildings is to increase the number of glasses in a window or, what is the same, to increase the number of glass chambers in a glass unit. This method, in combination with low-emissivity coatings on the inner surfaces of glass, can provide a significant increase in the heat transfer resistance of window structures. The use of such windows in construction can significantly reduce heat loss from the premises in the winter, which leads to a reduction in energy costs for heating and increases the energy efficiency of the building. In this work, the characteristics of heat transfer through a three-chamber glass unit are studied using numerical modeling and experimental study. Options for the absence and presence of low-emissivity coatings on glass are considered. Changes in air velocity and temperature in the chambers are studied. Heat transfer resistance for three-chamber windows are calculated depending on the number of low-emissivity coatings on the glass. [1]
500. A structural beam is a common element in many mechanical structures such as ship propeller shaft, crane boom, and air craft wings. In the present paper experimental and numerical modal analysis are carried out for estimating the damage detection, geometric location of the damage, severity of damage and residual life of structural beam to prevent unexpected failures of the mechanical structures. Experimental and numerical modal analysis results for healthy and cracked beam are compared for validation of numerical methodology used in the present paper. Experimental modal analysis is performed on both healthy and cracked beam with the help of impact hammer, acceleration sensor and FFT analyzer associated with EDM (Engineering Data Management) software. Modal tests are conducted using impact method on selected locations of the entire healthy and cracked beam to find the first three natural frequencies, which are used to detect the presence of damage and geometric location of the damage. Three parametric studies are carried out to know the effect of crack depth, crack location and crack orientation on the natural frequencies of the cracked beam. Finally, residual life of a healthy and cracked beam was estimated using Basiquin’s equation and finite element analysis software called ANSYS 18.1. [1]
501. A steam explosion is the result of intense heat transfer when a thermolabile liquid phase comes into contact with a hot liquid. As a result of such contact, microdispersed fragmentation of a high-boiling liquid occurs. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the process of thermomechanical crushing process, taking into account the formation of a vapour layer at the interface between two phases and the force interaction with respect to several simultaneously boiling particles of the dispersed phase. [1]
502. A recent development in the material studies provides beneficial application of lightweight alloys such as aluminium, magnesium as well as composites and metal matrices. The alloys are experimentally improved by increasing hardness in the ballistics testing using projectiles, makes them viable for the areas such as aerospace, military, defence, automobiles and so on. So the study is made on different approaches. First, by comparing different types of non-ferrous alloys and projectiles regarding sizes, structures. Second, the materials with heat treatment are also studied for investigating the hardness property by overcoming successful penetration on non-ferrous alloys. Third, material to be improvised by use of numerical studies such as 3D models, empirical models and software such as ANSYS, ABAQUS and AUTODYN, etc. Finally, the aim of this paper is to review the recent progress ballistic studies of lightweight materials and to provide a best choice of material for further on-going research. [1]
503. A multi-layer model is used to calculate time-dependent sediment velocity and concentration vertical profiles. This model, in which the differences in sediment transport at different distances from the bed are considered is intended both for the wave motion and steady flow. Numerical calculations were carried out for sediment transport during the wave crest and trough and total sediment transport as a sum of their absolute values. The model concept of variation in shear stress from the skin stress value above the bed to the stress value at the bed previously proposed for steady flow is extended here for the wave motion and verified by direct stress measurements. The calculations were carried out for mixed sand sediments with different grain size distributions including semi-uniform and poorly sorted grains. Comparison with the available small- and large -scale data from flumes and oscillating tunnels yields agreement typically within plus/minus a factor two of measurements. [1]
504. A mathematical model of gas dynamics in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment is presented in the paper. The parameters of gas flows in the vortex apparatus, optimal ratios of the vortex apparatus geometric dimensions, as well as hydrodynamic parameters are determined, making it possible to develop effective design solutions of this equipment. The mathematical model allows one to carry out computational experiments and determine particle trajectories, their temperature, particle size and humidity at various points in time and evaluate the dynamics of these parameters. Using the calculation experiment method makes it possible to quickly and without financial costs determine the technological modes of heat treatment of dispersed material in vortex devices. The obtained data can be used in calculation methods of heat and mass transfer vortex apparatuses. [1]
505. A great deal of packaging made of PET is observed in logistics supply chains, and the article is particularly concerned with food – bottles. The implementation of the EU's "zero-waste" guidelines implies action on the part of producers of: packaging and food for B2C distribution to find new solutions to enable the above-mentioned stakeholders in the logistics supply chain to achieve a balance of the aforementioned business parties – taking into account environmental protection. The article discusses the tasks and possibilities under the above conditions of a new type of "RECYCLER" companies, which, at the end of the life of PET packaging, i.e. after the foodstuffs in PET bottles have been consumed, produce a recyclate and return it to re-production. In a number of journals, including e.g. (Połednik et al. 2016, Topiarzová et al. 2011), respecting good recycling practices – there is an ongoing discussion on the sense of introducing reusable packaging, deposits, etc. This article discusses the barriers to recovery in a multi-level plastics recovery system, with specific reference to the operation of a PET bottle recycling line, and presents a pre-verified concept for a method to increase the efficiency of separating PET bottles from the plastics fraction in a multi-level waste separation system. [1]
506. A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed. [1]
507. A concept of producing reinforcing bars for concrete elements from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is presented in the paper. The proposed technology of production harnesses strips of PET cut from bottles and thermal treatment. Finally, a sand-resin coating is applied to the composite bars. Produced bars can be differentiated by utilising different numbers of strips influencing the diameter of a bar. The key mechanical properties of the bars containing 3 to 8 strips were tested during the research program. Maximum loadings and displacements were established. Problems regarding the future application of the bars in question were discussed. Areas of need for further research were pointed out. [1]
508. A XII 24/6A/3, A XII 24/6A/5, A XII 24/6A/9, A XII 24/6A/10, A XII 24/6A/11, A XII 24/6A/12, A XII 24/6A/13, A XII 24/6A/16, A XII 24/6C/5, A XII 24/6C/6, A XII 11/10, Kol. 11(KGA)/652, Kol. 11(KGA)/650, Kol. 292/4, Kol. 292/3, A XII 11/18 cz. IV, KGA 696, A XII 11/18 cz. III, KGA 690, KGA 694, KGA 11/697, A XII 11/18 cz. V, KGA 675, A XII 21/7, A XII 22/154 A, A XII 22/107, A XII 22/108 cz.II [1]
509. A XII 23/21, A XII 23/31, A XII 23/50a, A XII 23/50d, A XII 23/50f, A XII 23/50h, A XII 24/6c/1, A XII 24/6c/4, A XII 24/6c/2, A XII 24/6c/7, A XII 24/6c/8, A XII 24/6c/9, A XII 24/6a, A XII 24/6a/1, A XII 24/6a/2 [1]
510. A VIII 3/3, A VIII 5/2, A IV-I/5b, A IV-1/4a, A VIII 5/3, Kol. 138/164A, A VIII 5a/5, A VIII 5a/2, Kol. 698/6, A VIII 5a/1, A VIII-5/6 [1]

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1. Koszalin [1711]
2. Warszawa [39]
3. Poznań [6]
4. Olsztyn [6]
5. Katowice [5]
6. Wrocław [4]
7. Szczecin [4]
8. Kołobrzeg [3]
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17. Koszalin-Mielno [1]
18. Gliwice [1]
19. Dedelov [1]
20. Częstochowa [1]
21. Chorzów [1]
22. Bydgoszcz [1]

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Number in brackets is a sum of all reads of objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Wyd. 3 popr. [8193]
2. Wyd. 3 popr. i uzup. [5924]
3. Wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. [5038]
4. Celem pracy jest określenie wpływu składu chemicznego, struktury oraz adhezji mikrotwardości wybranych twardych powłok na ich właściwości tribologiczne, zwłaszcza na wartość wskaźników zużycia powłoki oraz przeciwpróbki uzyskane w warunkach tarcia suchego. W pracy zastosowano dwie różne metody PVD wybranych rodzajów powłok o zbliżonym składzie chemicznym, strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych, oraz przeprowadzono badania tribologiczne w warunkach tarcia suchego dla różnych warunków pracy węzła trącego. [4267]
5. Wydanie 2 [1486]
6. Wyd. 2 [1209]
7. W pracy podjęto próbę kompleksowej analizy statycznej przestrzennych ustrojów cięgnowych z uwzględnieniem obciążeń skupionych (prostoliniowe elementy cięgien), jak i obciążeń ciągłych (krzywoliniowe elementy cięgien) przy założeniu, że ustrój cięgnowy cechuje nieliniowość geometryczna lub - dodatkowo - nieliniowość fizyczna. Do obliczeń numerycznych autorka wykorzystuje napisane przez siebie programy komputerowe uwzględniające różne rodzaje obciążenia i geometryczną oraz fizyczną nieliniowość konstrukcji. [1126]
8. W pracy postawiono tezy: 1/ Dla silników spalinowych zasilanych benzyną lub ciekłym gazem propan-butan istnieje wspólny zakres wartości parametrów zasilania zapewniających wymaganą efektywność energetyczną pracy silnika. 2/ Dobór wartości parametrów pracy silnika uzależniony jest od rodzaju i udziału danego paliwa podczas jego eksploatacji. Praca zawiera m.in.:analizę literatury; opis badań eksperymentalnych; analizę danych uzyskanych wyników; opracowanie wniosków i zaleceń. [920]
9. Przedmiotem pracy doktorskiej jest eksperymentalna i teoretyczna analiza drgań pionowych oraz przesuwno-obrotowych fundamentu blokowego, posadowionego bezpośrednio na podłożu gruntowym. Proces drgań badano z uwzględnieniem wpływu takich czynników jak wielkość fundamentu, głębokość posadowienia, częstość drgań oraz poziom obciążenia. [802]
10. W pracy przedstawiono technologię unieszkodliwiania ścieków zakładu przetwórstwa drewna Polspan-Kronospan metodami fizykochemicznymi. Wykorzystano głównie procesy: koagulacji, sorpcji, sedymentacji odśrodkowej oraz filtracji ciśnieniowej. Sformułowania równania modelowe i opracowano metodykę ich rozwiązywania. Wykonano obliczenia modelowe dla szerokiego zakresu zmienności parametrów procesowych w celu określenia zakresu zmienności i efektywności proponowanej technologii w różnych warunkach rzeczywistych. Następnie przeprowadzono losowe próby sprawdzające dokładność stosowania otrzymanych równań, przez porównanie wyników doświadczenia z wynikami obliczeń równaniami metodą analizy statystycznej. [711]
11. Wydanie 2 rozszerzone [709]
12. Wydanie 2 poszerzone [685]
13. This study presents the results of investigations conducted in the hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 in the immediate catchment of the Przebędowo reservoir, located in the Wielkopolskie province 25 km north of Poznań in the Murowana Goślina commune. The immediate catchment of the reservoir is approx. 95 km2 in area, while the direct recharge area of the lake (immediate catchment) covers 1.31 km2. The areas adjacent to the reservoir are arable lands composed of fluvial Quaternary (Pleistocene) deposits, while the analysis of layers covered by piezometers showed a predominance of medium sands deposited to a depth of approx. 3 m. The analysed reservoir was constructed in the valley of the Trojanki river (from 6+915 km to 8+371 km of its course) by the Wielkopolska Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Structure Authority in Poznań and it was commissioned in November 2014. The embankment dam of the reservoir is class IV, it is 334 m in length and 3.30 m in height. The reservoir of 1450 m in length and maximum width of 120 m, at the normal pool elevation of 72.50 m a.s.l. has a mean depth of 0.94 m and the pool area of 12.03 ha. The shoreline length of the reservoir is 2980 m, shoreline density is 248 m×ha-1 and the elongation index is 12. In turn, the flood control capacity derived from the difference between normal and maximum pool level is around 67 000 m3.The conducted analyses confirmed that apart from the weather conditions such as precipitation, air temperatures and evaporation from the reservoir a considerable role for the fluctuations in water levels in the reservoir was played by the anthropogenic factor. It was particularly related with the manner of reservoir operation frequently characteristic to dammed reservoirs and with the artificial control of water circulation.Analysis of the water balance for the Przebędowo reservoir showed that in the winter half-years of the analysed hydrological years of 2017 and 2018 the dominant factor in the case of increments was connected with inflow to the reservoir in the Trojanka water­course, amounting to 12.9 hm3 and 5.16 hm3, respectively. To a much lesser extent the increments of water in those half-years were determined by the inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas and by precipitation. In the case of losses the greatest share in the water balance was observed in the discussed half-years for outflow from the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.0 hm3 and 3.75 hm3. To a lesser extent losses were determined by the uncontrolled underground outflow and subsurface inflow to the reservoir from adjacent areas. In turn, evaporation from the reservoir surface and water storage losses determined losses only slightly. Whereas in the summer half-years the increments in the water balance to the greatest extent were determined by inflows to the reservoir through the watercourse, which amounted to 10.7 hm3 (2017) and 3.59 hm3 (2018), while in the case of losses it was outflows from the reservoir amounting to 9.06 hm3 and 2.7 hm3. In turn, a lesser role was played in the case of losses by outflow from the reservoir to adjacent areas, which in the discussed half-years was comparable and amounted to a mean 0.66 hm3. [630]
14. Istnieje wiele metod rozmrażania jednak cały czas trwają poszukiwania nowych realizacji tego procesu, zarówno poprzez modernizację stosowanych już metod jak i poprzez tworzenie nowych. W przedstawionym w pracy nowym procesie rozmrażania wyróżniono dwa etapy: częściowego odwodnienia sublimacyjnego oraz rozmrażania próżniowo-parowego. Przedstawione sposoby polegają na rozmrażaniu produktu kondensującą się parą wodną w podciśnieniu. [516]
15. W pracy pracochłonność jest rozpatrywana jako liczba godzin potrzebna na usunięcie jednej lub większej liczby awarii. Rozprawa powstała w związku z potrzebą wypełnienia luki metodycznej istniejącej w naukowym warsztacie badawczym, dotyczącym identyfikacji stanu i prognozowania pracochłonności usuwania awarii urządzeń mechanicznych - statków powietrznych. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na sformułowanie tezy, że istnieją modele prognostyczne, które z określoną dokładnością są w stanie przewidzieć przyszłe wielkości pracochłonności usuwania awarii na podstawie zgromadzonych danych. [511]
16. Praca doktorska dotyczy zagadnienia modelowania charakterystyki stereometrycznej warstwy wierzchniej przedmiotów za pomocą wskaźników cyfrowej reprezentacji obrazu w połączeniu z analizą zużycia ostrzy narzędzi. Przyjęty cel rozprawy jest nowoczesnym kierunkiem badawczym, pozwalającym wykorzystać nowe metody obserwacji i rejestracji procesów oraz nowe metody przetwarzania danych. Zastosowanie metod sztucznej inteligencji do wspomagania oceny danych i automatyzacji rozpoznawania stanów charakterystycznych, jest drogą prowadzącą do wykorzystania wyników pracy w elastycznych systemach technologicznych. [499]
17. Celem pracy było wyjaśnienie zależności pomiędzy dokładnością wykonania frezów ślimakowych a przyrostem trwałości ich ostrzy po pokryciu twardą warstwą azotku tytanu.W analizie teoretycznej zagadnienia dokonano oceny wpływu dokładności wykonania freza ślimakowego na rozkład obciążenia ostrzy oraz opracowano metodę oceny zróżnicowania dokładności wykonania narzędzi wieloostrzowych wewnątrz jednej klasy dokładności.Aby zrealizować cel pracy, opracowano zmodyfikowaną metodę stałoprądowego reaktywnego rozpylania magnetronowego, pozwalającą wytwarzać twarde warstwy azotku tytanu o znacznie stabilniejszych właściwościach niż w innych metodach wytwarzania. [480]
18. Praca zawiera podstawowe informacje o zagadnieniach związanych z oddziaływaniem elektrotermicznym na tranzystory oraz informacje o sposobach kompensacji temperatury wnętrza tranzystora; podstawowe informacje o obiektach badań i o uzyskanych w drodze pomiaru krzywych termicznych tranzystorów mikrofalowych; opis programu do obliczania przebiegów temperatury Tj (t) dla dowolnych pobudzeń mocą cieplną P(t) przy konkretnych warunkach chłodzenia wraz z przykładowymi wynikami. [452]
19. Praca naukowa dotyczy poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań układów cyfrowych realizowanych na jednym podłożu układu scalonego wielkiej skali integracji (VLSI). Obiektami projektowania są układy kombinacyjne i jednostki arytmetyczne pracujące w trybie prądowym. Głównym celem przedstawionych w rozprawie badań jest dostosowanie znanych metod minimalizacji funkcji logicznych do minimalizacji funkcji binarnych w algebrze bramek prądowych w ten sposób, żeby zmniejszyć złożoność sprzętową otrzymanego układu prądowego pod względem zajmowanej prze niego w układzie ASIC powierzchni oraz wykorzystanie zmodyfikowanych metod do projektowania różnego rodzaju prądowych jednostek operacyjnych [446]
20. Praca dotyczy możliwości uzyskania na bazie odpadowego piasku z północnych regionów Polski pełnowartościowego tworzywa budowlanego przez dodatek mikrokrzemionki oraz zbrojenia rozproszonego w postaci włókien stalowych. Celem badań jest określenie najbardziej optymalnych składów kompozytów betonowych na bazie piasku miejscowego, których cechy pozwolą na stosowanie ich zamiast betonów konstrukcyjnych bądź żwirowych betonów specjalnych. [415]
21. Cykl badań w ramach projektu pozwolił poznać wpływ parametrów procesu PVD nanoszenia twardych warstw typu TiCxN1-x na odporność na zużycie pokrytych narzędzi skrawających. Jednocześnie pozwolił na określenie przydatności badań tribologicznych prowadzonych na próbkach testowych w warunkach laboratoryjnych w celu prognozowania zachowań tych warstw na narzędziach w warunkach eksploatacyjnych. [408]
22. Celem pracy jest wykazanie, że warunki uplastyczniania polietylenu PE-LD w układzie ślimakowo - tarczowym eksperymentalnej wytłaczarki ślimakowo - tarczowej wpływają na porządkowanie łańcuchów polimerowych. Następnie określenie w jakim stopniu efekt porządkowania wpływa na właściwości mechaniczne i strukturę mikroskopową wytłoczyn PE-LD uzyskanych w postaci pręta. Aby zrealizować cele badań przeprowadzono analizę obliczeniowo - symulacyjną, wytłaczanie tworzywa i pomiar właściwości mechanicznych i budowy strukturalnej [371]
23. Praca zawiera wyniki badań, mające na celu określenie wpływu zaburzeń generowanych periodycznie na proces wrzenia czynnika chłodniczego podczas przepływu w wężownicy rurowej parownika. Wrzenie w przepływie realizowano w warunkach periodycznej zmiany gęstości strumienia masy (wzrostu i zaniku) czynnika chłodniczego R404A, dla stałych poziomów obciążenia cieplnego komory chłodniczej. Prowadziło to do okresowych zmian ciśnienia i temperatury czynnika wzdłuż drogi jego przepływu w wężownicy. Periodyczne zmiany gęstości strumienia masy czynnika chłodniczego wywoływano otwierając lub zamykając zawór odcinający zasilający wężownicę rurową. [365]
24. W pracy poruszono zagadnienia dotyczące problematyki projektowania zadaniowo zorientowanych, interakcyjnych systemów wspomagania decyzji. Opracowana metoda dotyczy projektowania systemów wspomagania decyzji, przeznaczonych dla obiektów opisywanych przez zmienne dyskretne, w których wspomagania decyzji polega na rozwiązywaniu problemów kombinatorycznych (planowanie, harmonogramowanie, marszrutowanie, składowanie itp.) spotykanych powszechnie w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych. Zakres pracy obejmuje analizę wybranego problemu wspomagania decyzji w podsystemach transportowych elastycznych systemów produkcyjnych (ESP), tzn., wspomagania procesu harmonogramowania pracy wózków samojezdnych [356]
25. W pracy przeprowadzona została próba wskazania kilku wspólnych dla układów napięciowych i prądowych kryteriów, które mogą służyć porównaniu. Poszukiwania kryteriów porównawczych przeprowadzono w oparciu o analizę specyfiki przetwarzania sygnałów. W projektowaniu układów elektronicznych zachodzi potrzeba wyboru pomiędzy sprzecznymi wymaganiami, dlatego przyjęto porównywanie układów ze względu na wiele kryteriów. Metody wielokryterialnego wyboru, z których jedną przystosowano do celu pracy umożliwiają szeregowanie układów wg ich jakości. [328]
26. Deterioration of the natural environment as a result of violation of its natural structures and self-regulatory mechanisms causes an urgent need to replace chemicals with effective and multidirectional biopreparations. Reduction of the amount of chemicals used in agriculture becomes possible through the use of Effective Microorganisms. This will reduce the burden on the environment. Agriculture that uses EM technology can count on help with germination rates; emergence uniformity; and crop yields, for example. EM formulations contain a mixture of different coexisting microorganisms. The following paper presents the results of own research on the use of Effective Microorganisms in seed dressing of spring wheat. It was shown that the microbial preparation EM Naturally Active affects the increase of wheat seed germination dynamics. [304]
27. Celem rozprawy jest określenie wpływu niestabilności o charakterze dynamicznym na proces przemiany fazowej skraplania w minikanałach rurowych dla nowych proekologicznych czynników chłodniczych przewidzianych, jako zamienniki dla dotychczas stosowanych czynników R134a i R404A. Badania eksperymentalne skraplania zrealizowano dla izomerów R1234yf i R1234ze traktowanych jako substytuty R134a oraz czynników R507 i R448A, jako zamienniki czynnika R404A. [303]
28. W pracy zbadano możliwości zastosowania metody interferencyjnej do oceny wybranych właściwości metrologicznych profilometrów stykowych. Celem szczegółowym było zbadanie przydatności dwuwiązkowego interferometru laserowego, z cyfrowym przetwarzaniem sygnału pomiarowego, do pomiaru parametrów drgań harmonicznych wibratora, stosowanego do sprawdzania profilometrów stykowych. [285]
29. W rozprawie doktorskiej skoncentrowano się na laboratoryjnym ustalaniu rodzaju i ilości stabilizatora do skutecznego ulepszania gruntów organicznych. Badania laboratoryjne umożliwiające wykazanie, iż w wyniku mieszania wybranych gruntów organicznych, pochodzących z rejonu Koszalina z ograniczoną ilością spoiwa w postaci różnych relacji cementu, i produktu odpadowego, jakim jest popiół lotny zachodzi proces wiązania, w konsekwencji którego, uzyskuje się postulowaną miękką lub półtwardą kolumnę zapewniającą współpracę kolumny z otaczającym gruntem. [281]
30. Przedmiotem rozprawy doktorskiej jest fibrokompozyt drobnokruszywowy na bazie kruszywa odpadowego o zawartości włókien stalowych 1,25% w stosunku do objętości kompozytu. Materiał ten charakteryzuje się właściwościami mechaniczno-fizycznymi lepszymi bądź zbliżonymi do betonu zwykłego, a więc może być alternatywą dla betonu zwykłego do wykonania zginanych elementów żelbetowych. Celem pracy jest ocena metod wymiarowania ścinanych elementów fibrobetonowych wg norm Model Code 2010 [212] i RILEM TC-162-TDF [219] pod względem możliwości zastosowania tych metod do projektowania na ścinanie elementów wykonanych z fibrokompozytu drobnokruszywowego oraz wykazanie, że włókna stalowe jako zbrojenie rozproszone, mogą przyczynić się do poprawy nośności i używalności elementów konstrukcyjnych wykonanych z drobnokruszywowego kompozytu. [277]
31. Growing ecological awareness in society and legal regulations aimed at reducing the negative impact of used products on the environment means that waste management begins to play a significant role in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research towards the organization and implementation of waste management. It has been noticed that an important link in the economy is the recycling of used products. Thus, numerous studies are undertaken in the direction of organization, improvement, automation and computerization of the product and material recycling process. The article presents the results of literature research in terms of the implementation of the end-of-life vehicle recycling process. [273]
32. In modern realities, there is no unified methodology for the economic assessment of geological exploration in subsoil use. The main research question of this study was to develop a methodology for the new economic model formation for assessing geological exploration in the subsoil use for the mineral resource base rational use. The new methodology can facilitate the assessment of subsoil users of hydrocarbon reserves and resources and government bodies when putting resources and reserves on the balance sheet. In the course of the study, modeling, observation, description, and analysis methods were used. The result of the study was a new economic model for evaluating geological exploration in subsoil use. The main conclusions can be characterized by the optimization of the main indicators of the valuation of mineral raw materials. The basic principles for calculating discounted cash flow, discount rate, payback period and internal rate of return were developed. [250]
33. Przedmiotem pracy jest próba zastosowania lepkoplastycznych modeli konstytutywnych do opisu właściwości materiałowych tkaniny tekstylnej powlekanej PANAMA. W pracy ustalono program badań laboratoryjnych niezbędnych do określenia tych wielkości. Wykonano identyfikację parametrów materiałowych dla dwóch modeli lepkoplastycznych związków konstytutywnych. Przeprowadzono weryfikację obliczonych parametrów poprzez porównanie badań laboratoryjnych z symulacją numeryczną tych prób wykonaną na podstawie wyznaczonych parametrów. [245]
34. The paper presents a feasibility analysis of changes in the manner of development a former sports facility, Edmund Szyc Stadium in Poznań. The terrain and adjacent areas were inventoried, including the assessment of inter-area relationships. Based on the inventory and authors' surveys, three developmental variants were selected for further analysis. Particular attention was paid to the purpose of the area in the local zoning plan (local spatial development plan) and the preferences of its local community. A multi-criteria analysis carried out with three different methods – AHP, MAUT and PROMETHEE II indicated the second variant as optimal. Additionally, the authors performed a sensitivity analysis of the AHP method to determine the weight of adopted criteria. This allowed for observing what impact these changes had on the final result. The sensitivity analysis was performed only for 3 main groups of criteria. The implementation of activities planned in the concept will allow for optimal land development, improvement in functionality as well as improvement in visual and landscape characteristics of the city. [220]
35. Hydro energy still occupies an important place among renewable energy sources. In special operating conditions, Pelton turbines are irreplaceable and can be used for extremely small hydropower plants and also large hydro power plants. Pelton turbines can operate with high head and relatively small flow rates. In many cases, the height differences of the water are very large. Sometimes it is necessary to stop the operation of the turbine very quickly and the consequences of water hammer can be very severe. The responsible part to minimize the consequences of this phenomena is jet deflector, which can be in two different technical designs. The steps for 3-D geometry definition, pre-processing and post-processing, flow modelling and FEM analysis are presented. In the paper is presented the new optimized design of push-out jet deflector shape. Optimization consider 3-D CFD analysis of free surface flow and stress analysis. The main goal of the research was to minimize the influence of all force components on the torque of deflector servomotor. The final results present the geometry of the deflector, with a significant reduction in the stresses and deformations. These have been achieved with a crucial reduction in the hydrodynamic force and torque. [215]
36. At electrspark alloying (ESA) of aluminum surfaces using Al-Sn tool-electrode (TE), nanostructuring of manufactured surfaces take place owing to the formation of SnO2 nanofibers. Examining the tribological properties of these surfaces in a friction couple with a counterbody made of hardened steel showed that the wear of counterbody during the friction in the oil and at dry friction exceeds by an order of magnitude and above it the wear of such surfaces. [215]
37. Praca o charakterze teoretyczno-eksperymentalnym dotyczy badań wymiany ciepła w warunkach konwekcji swobodnej, od pionowej izotermicznej płyty płaskiej, umieszczonej w przestrzeni częściowo ograniczonej ekranem. Istotą tych badań jest ustalenie wpływu parametrów termicznych i hydraulicznych oraz geometrii układu na warunki wymiany ciepła pod kątem jej intensyfikacji wynikającej ze zmiennej odległości ekranu od płyty pionowej. [212]
38. Celem pracy jest opracowanie oraz optymalizacja nowych, wydajnych i tanich procedur izolacji oraz analizy ilościowej szerokiej gamy związków małocząsteczkowych, wykazujących właściwości modulatorów hormonalnych, głównie sterydów i ich naturalnych oraz syntetycznych pochodnych, wykorzystujących techniki ekstradycji do fazy stałej, mikrochromatografii cienkowarstwowej oraz zależnej od temperatury chromatografii inkluzyjnej. [209]
39. Praca dotyczy opracowania modelu matematycznego procesów wymiany ciepła i masy w pomieszczeniu mieszkalnym pozwalającego na przewidywanie pola temperatur i koncentracji wilgotności, w celu projektowania układu regulacji mikroklimatem. Celem dysertacji jest opracowanie metodyki pomiaru pól temperatur i wilgotności w obiekcie rzeczywistym, a także opracowanie prostego modelu inżynierskiego pozwalającego na przewidywanie tych pól dla celów ich regulacji zapewniającej komfort cieplny w pomieszczeniu. Symulację komputerową przeprowadzono w oparciu o komercyjny kod obliczeniowy FEMLAB jak też w oparciu o własny program opracowany na komercyjnym kodzie MATLAB. [208]
40. Rozprawa jest nowym etapem badań dotyczących analizy dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych oraz nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych, umożliwiających minimalizację luzu bocznego, prowadzonych w Politechnice Koszalińskiej przez profesora Wojciecha Kacalaka. Celem pracy jest opracowanie metodyki podwyższania dokładności kinematycznej przekładni ślimakowych z uwzględnieniem oceny efektywności adaptacyjnej minimalizacji luzu w przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Pracę podzielono na osiem rozdziałów. Drugi rozdział obejmuje analizę literatury i dotychczasowych osiągnięć z zakresu budowy i eksploatacji przekładni ślimakowych oraz analizę cech eksploatacyjnych wielu znanych i opatentowanych rozwiązań z mechanizmami zmniejszania luzu bocznego w przekładniach ślimakowych. W trzecim rozdziale zamieszczono sformułowane hipotezy oraz tezę. Kolejny rozdział zawiera opracowaną metodykę modelowania i analiz oraz prognozowania wpływu niedokładności przemieszczeń i pozycjonowania w układzie kinematycznym z przekładnią ślimakową z wykorzystaniem systemów CAD. W rozdziale piątym opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz sposób wykonania serii pomiarów, w dalszej części przedstawiono wyznaczenie wpływu regulacji na cechy statystyczne luzu bocznego w badaniach modelowych i eksperymentalnych. W kolejnym rozdziale przeprowadzono optymalizację mającą na celu określenie zależności niezbędnych do obliczeń parametrów w zależności od przeznaczenia przekładni ze ślimakiem podatnym osiowo. Rozdział siódmy zawiera opracowane procedury optymalnego kompletowania precyzyjnych przekładni ślimakowych w produkcji małoseryjnej dla różnych kryteriów oceny dokładności całej serii. W ostatnim rozdziale zawarto wnioski końcowe oraz kierunki dalszych badań. [197]
41. Kazakhstan is a country experiencing tangible environmental problems. Currently, it faces numerous environmental problems such as air pollution, water pollution, exploitation of natural resources, negative consequences of mining, etc. In order to cope with environmental problems, a number of legislative acts have been enacted: the Environmental Code, the Water Code, the Forestry Code, a number of laws and government decrees that provide a legal basis for sustainable development. But, unfortunately, these laws and policies were not properly implemented due to issues such as inconsistency, weak enforcement, the presence of internal contradictions, gaps, and discrepancies, etc. As a result, the current legislation in the field of environmental protection does not meet the development objectives of our country, its lack of transparency hinders the development of the economy, and indistinctness reduces the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market and the volume of investments attracted to the economy. Many aspects of the state's environmental activities remain unregulated from a legal point of view, which, on the one hand, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the environment and the plunder of natural resources, and on the other hand, creates conditions for the development of corruption. This study proposes individual solutions to problems in the environmental sphere by creating new legal norms, as well as eliminating contradictions between existing regulatory legal acts, systematizing legislation and establishing a unified practice of applying norms. It is concluded that the implementation of environmental human rights depends on the quality of regulatory legal acts and their effective application. [187]
42. Current focus is on Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites with its advantages being eco-friendly in nature, high strength to weight ratio, being bio-degradable and naturally available when compared to its counterpart; synthetic fibres which is non-biodegradable, expensive and hazardous in nature. The strength of the natural fibre composites is further enhanced by different types of additives which includes fillers, flame retardants, silanes, coupling agents and so on. One such additives, in role is egg shell powder which greatly influences the strength of natural fibre composites and thus, gains the attention of researches for its incorporation in composite fabrication. The work is in progress with respect to utilizing waste egg shell in composite fabrication, which not only finds solution to discard this waste, but also enhances the strength of composites manufactured. This work is the compilation of work done by different researchers with egg shell in composites, so that the need of its utilization in the same will be clearer with its advantages with respect to achieving greater mechanical strength and wear resistant property and thereby it could be continued to be used as filler during composite production. [184]
43. Celem pracy jest analiza numeryczna ustrojów zabezpieczających konstrukcje budowlano-inżynierskie przed skutkami obciążeń nagłych powodujących szybkie zmiany deformacji. Szczegółowej analizie poddano zabezpieczenia konstrukcji tunelu podwodnego przed wybuchem. Dużo uwagi poświęcono modelowaniu konstytutywnemu stali i betonu, z których wykonywane są konstrukcje osłonowe. [184]
44. This paper pertains to the influence of decreasing supplementation to transformation of chemical forms of Ni. Zn and Cu during composting of sewage sludge. A universally used supplementing material constituting a rich source of organic carbon is straw. Addition of straw to sewage sludge is aimed at increasing C/N proportion up to at least 15 due to the risk of formation of toxic forms of nitrogen, concentration of which in sewage sludge is exceptionally high. We have presented in this paper the results of speciation research of three elements applying Tessier’s sequential extraction. It’s been proven that decreasing of straw share in the composted mixture with sewage sludge down to the level of C/N value below the admissible value, has a beneficial effect on the allocation of tested heavy metals towards the forms that are permanently bound in compost matrix. A systematic increase of organic (IV) and residual (V) fractions share and decrease of mobile forms of heavy metals content in bioavailable fractions i.e. ion-exchange (I) and carbonate (II) has been ascertained. [180]
45. The response of zoobenthos and ichthyofauna to different levels of habitat degradation was estimated on a small lowland river. The level of fragmentation, the hydromorphological modifications of the watercourse bed, and the water quality of different river stretches were assessed as proxies of the degree of anthropogenic transformation of habitats. The degree of fauna similarity between the study sites, as well as the relationships between habitat quality and biotic indexes were estimated. A strong response of both assemblages to changes in environmental conditions was demonstrated, however, reaction to individual pressures differs. This confirms that these organisms are excellent, universal bioindicators and both groups should be used together. The key role of a well developed riparian zone in shaping the diversity of freshwater biota has also been demonstrated. [171]
46. The article deals with issues related to quality management and quality assessment in production of plastic articles in injection moulding. Expert knowledge collected in textbooks and literature allows to get acquainted with the characteristics of plastic article production and product quality defects arising in such processes. The characteristics and technology of plastics processing are discussed, the most frequent quality defects occurring in the production of articles made of plastics by injection molding are listed. On the basis of expert knowledge collected in the literature, a series of actions leading to the elimination of each of the mentioned quality defects has also been proposed. [168]
47. The article discusses the physicochemical mechanisms of the effect of chemical reagents on the processes of swelling of the raw mixture based on the ash of thermal power plants. The process of structure formation in such mixtures occurs as a result of physicochemical transformations of its constituent components. To intensify gas evolution and obtain materials of a porous structure, the presence of a gas former is necessary. The author has analysed the possibility of creating a porous structure in a raw mixture based on ash with the introduction of various gas formers or their formation as a result of exchange reactions. The main chemical compounds contributing to pore formation have been determined. To form a given structure, it is proposed to control chemical transformations at the stage of swelling. To study the processes of intensification of gas evolution, the author proposes to investigate the mechanisms of the influence of mineral fillers and chemical reagents on swelling processes based on the analysis of the Gibbs equation. The parameters of the Gibbs equation are obtained, by which it is possible to determine the probability of the occurrence of chemical reactions with the proposed chemical agents for the formation of gas bubbles with (pores) in the raw material. [166]
48. This work was performed to improve the storage and transportation technology of gas hydrates in nonequilibrium conditions. At atmospheric pressure and positive ambient temperature, they gradually dissociate into gas and water. Simulation of the gas hydrate dissociation will determine optimal conditions for their transportation and storage, as well as minimize gas loss. Thermodynamic parameters of adiabatic processes of forced preservation of pre-cooled gas hydrate blocks with ice layer were determined theoretically and experimentally. Physical and mathematical models of these processes were proposed. The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented. [165]
49. The article analyses the influence of aircraft noise on the transaction prices of residential premises within the Poznań property market. The paper analyses the set of properties, subject to the transaction from the first to the fourth quarter of 2020. In total, 1550 properties were examined. The study defined basic attributes of all premises, exhibiting the most significant influence on their price. The research conducted using the hedonic regression allowed for the identification of crucial evidence that aircraft noise negatively affects the property transaction prices. [163]
50. Quarterly water consumption data collected in a small water supply system were used for elaboration of a new water consumption modeling approach. In this paper, multi-distribution statistical analysis was performed. As the Anderson-Darling test proved, at least a half out of the ten tested theoretical probability distributions can be used for description of the water consumption. The application of the PWRMSE criterion made it possible to determine, which of the tested theoretical distributions is the best-fitted to the empirical data set. In the case of total daily water consumption for the group of the households, it was Johnson distribution, whereas for the average daily water consumption per capita, it was GEV distribution. Based on the best-fitted probability distribution, a 25-year water consumption simulation with the Monte Carlo method was conducted. Because methodology of this study is based on the probability distributions, even if the type of theoretical distribution of the water consumption will change, it will be still possible to use this simulation method by assuming the other distribution. [163]
51. The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata). [158]
52. During machining process cutting fluids are used to minimize the heat that is developed between tool, work piece and the chip. Heat absorption capacity of any cutting fluid used is measured by specific heat. Higher the specific heat better will the heat absorption capacity. This paper discusses the experimental procedure used to measure the specific heat of Neem oil, Honge (Karanja), Sunflower oil and Petroleum based oil (Hydro 68). This experiment is a function of temperature with respect to time. This method is validated by measuring the specific heat of distilled water, since the standard specific heat value of distilled water is known. The results show that Specific Heat of Neem Oil is good compared to Honge and sunflower Oil, but less compared to Petroleum oil (Hydro 68) which is used as cutting fluid for drilling operation in Industries after mixing with water. [158]
53. Recreational houses (WH) of a recreational nature may constitute an offer for the development of non-standard forms of recreation proposed by the domestic tourist industry. The paper presents some selected design problems of heating an exemplary WH house. For central heating (central heating) and domestic hot water (domestic hot water), it is proposed to use a compressor heat pump. It works with the central heating installation (water underfloor heating) and hot water, and with a lower source in the form of surface water in the lake. The heat exchanger for the brine is immersed in the lake water. The methodology for calculating the dimensions of the lower heat exchanger was presented. It was proposed that it will be made in the form of two coils made of polyethylene pipes and WH float sides placed on both sides. The design solution presented in the paper meets the conditions for qualifying as using renewable energy sources (RES).It should be noted that covering the demand for electricity for the WH house, including to drive the heat pump motor and for other living purposes in a residential superstructure, is also made using a hybrid system in the form of cooperation between wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. Problems regarding the WH hybrid electricity supply system will be the subject of a separate study. [152]
54. The article presents a visual analysis of the landscape, based on the modified SBE method and the possibility of using this type of research for the purposes of revitalization of rural areas. The scope of the research covered the Puchaczów commune in which, due to environmental conditions, mining related to hard coal extraction has developed. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the existence of diverse hight structure of the plant cover increases the attractiveness of the landscape. The research method consisted in using the SBE analysis for 13 landscape units, presented as actual illustrations and modified pictures (as computer visualizations) by adding trees and shrubs. Then, using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, it was examined whether there is a significant difference for the average visual value evaluation between original and modified sketches. [149]
55. Praca ma charakter teoretyczno-konstrukcyjny. Dokonano w niej gruntownej analizy problemów związanych z implementacją wybranych algorytmów algebry liniowej oraz z opracowywaniem bardziej niezawodnych algorytmów ( wykrywania oraz usuwania błędów). Rozważania teoretyczne zostały częściowo zweryfikowane i poparte symulacjami komputerowymi w języku VHDL oraz praktyczną realizacją układu VLSI. Przeprowadzona została gruntowa analiza literatury światowej z zakresu tematyki oraz wnikliwa analiza porównawcza metod stosowanych do projektowania algorytmów odpornych na błędy i zakłócenia z wykorzystaniem metody sum warzonych. Dużym atutem pracy jest próba systemowego opracowania szybkich i przede wszystkim bardziej niezawodnych układów realizujących wybrane algorytmy algebry liniowej, które mogą być wykorzystane w sprzęcie medycznym, zastosowaniach militarnych i w technice kosmicznej. [149]
56. Podjęta w rozprawie doktorskiej tematyka wynika ze zwiększonego popytu na energię elektryczną, szczególnie pochodzącą ze źródeł odnawialnych. Zadaniem inżynierii lądowej jest kształtowanie powierzchni Ziemi pod potrzeby egzystencji człowieka. Przekształcając obszar ziemi pod elektrownię wiatrową musimy mieć na uwadze charakter zagospodarowania przestrzeni, który determinowany jest przez dopuszczalne poziomy hałasu w środowisku. Wciąż rosnące potrzeby energetyczne mogą zostać w dużej mierze zaspokojone poprzez wytypowanie i przekształcenie terenu pod przyszłą elektrownię wiatrową. Energetyka wiatrowa na lądzie stanowi dynamicznie rozwijający się sektor energetyki odnawialnej i ma wszelkie predyspozycje do tego, by stać się odpowiedzią zarówno na kryzys klimatyczny, jak i gospodarczy. Rozwój energetyki wiatrowej poza ograniczeniami ustawowymi determinowany jest odpowiednimi warunkami wietrznymi oraz dostępnością terenu przeznaczonego pod elektrownię. Zakres pracy doktorskiej obejmuje analizy wietrzności oraz hałasu pochodzącego od turbin wiatrowych (WT) determinujących lokalizację farmy wiatrowej (WF). Wybór terenu lokalizacji elektrowni ograniczony jest głównie warunkami wietrznymi oraz zabudową chronioną akustycznie (jednorodzinną, wielorodzinną i zagrodową). Odległość WT od danej zabudowy uzależniona jest z jednej strony od emisji źródła, a z drugiej od dopuszczalnego poziomu hałasu na terenie chronionym akustycznie. Podstawowe narzędzia, które determinują lokalizację przyszłych farm wiatrowych to: zapisy miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego, mapy topograficzne, identyfikacja szorstkości terenu i stałych barier, założenia dotyczące warunków wietrznych, dobór wysokości i mocy turbin wiatrowych. Wizja lokalna w miejscu lokalizacji przyszłej farmy wiatrowej dostarcza informacji o stanie rzeczywistym (zapisy fotograficzne, dane z GPS, a także pełny i szczegółowy opis wszystkich barier występujących w danej lokalizacji). Przeszkody, które mogą wpływać na potencjał energetyczny wiatru, to zazwyczaj budynki przemysłowe, budynki mieszkalne, lasy, pojedyncze drzewa, kominy, inne turbiny wiatrowe, wieże obserwacyjne, wieże komunikacyjne, wzgórza, góry, hałdy, mosty itp. Poprawnie przeprowadzona kampania pomiarowa warunków wietrzności musi uwzględniać powyższe uwarunkowania. Brane są pod uwagę warunki lokalizacyjne oraz wymogi ochrony środowiska przy zachowaniu szeroko pojętej optymalizacji pozyskiwanej energii elektrycznej. Decyzje podjęte na tym etapie determinują dalszy przebieg realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Odpowiednio wykonana koncepcja techniczna pozwala na minimalizację ryzyka inwestycyjnego oraz optymalizację kosztów na etapie projektowym, budowlanym i eksploatacyjnym. W procesie ustalania lokalizacji i doboru urządzeń farmy wiatrowej zauważa się brak koordynacji działań zespołów projektowych. Proces doboru turbin WF zaczyna się zwykle od ustalenia dostępności urządzeń na rynku. Inwestor wskazuje grupę urządzeń do dalszych analiz. Następnie zespoły specjalistów przystępują do projektowania. Ponieważ bardzo ważny jest aspekt ekonomiczny przedsięwzięcia, badana jest produktywność przyszłej elektrowni. Mając to na uwadze zespół energetyczny wybiera jeden typ urządzenia oraz konkretne punkty posadowienia turbin, następnie grupa akustyków przyjmuje WF do analiz. Ze względu na uwarunkowania środowiskowe i przestrzenne zespół akustyków często wprowadza zmiany lokalizacji turbin oraz korekty trybów pracy urządzenia. Korekta polega na ograniczeniu mocy akustycznej urządzenia kosztem produktywności, a tym samym wydłużeniu czasu zwrotu kosztów inwestycji. Problem ten dotyczy wszystkich realizowanych projektów. [149]
57. Logistics operators are characterized by a high dynamics of an increase of incomes, and hence increased shipping. Owing to a rational policy in the area of the consolidation of production and distribution, they may boast of a better use of the means of transport. The aim of the article is to analyse the promoted behaviours of logistics operators in Poland and in Ukraine. The research methods used in the study include a literature analysis, a comparative analysis and a questionnaire survey of logistics operators’ clients in Poland and in Ukraine. Selected items have been evaluated: eco-friendly programs, action for the environment, exhaust emission reports, CSR activities carried out locally, nationally and globally, sustainable development of logistics operators, professional development of employees, innovative technologies implemented by logistics operators and transport safety. The analysis conducted in relation to logistics operators will show similarities and differences in the promoted environmental activities and to what extent this is noticed by customers. [147]
58. The paper analyzes the reasons for the interest in natural gas as a potential marine fuel to replace the existing fuels derived from crude oil. The increase of environmental awareness and the effects of human activity caused the process of searching for more environmental friendly fuels. Naturally, interest has been shifted to a well-known energy source commonly found on Earth, in quantities much larger than crude oil. This fuel in the form of liquefied natural gas seems to be an attractive substitute for the currently dominant types of marine fuels. The technologies of its extraction, liquefaction, storage and transport were mastered and marine engines were adopted to its combustion as dual-fuel engines. The regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization and the European Parliament, forcing the reduction of emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere from the combustion of marine fuels, require taking action to meet them. The proposals in individual next 30 years are given. Due to introduction of regulations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is necessary to switch to fuels with a lower or zero carbon content or the use of biofuels recognized to be more environmental friendly. Due to only 25% lower carbon content in methane with its higher lower heating value, it is possible to reduce the direct emission from this gas by about 30%. However, in the processes from natural gas extraction to energy effect in engines as a fuel, methane leaks occur, significantly worsening its image as an ecological fuel. Researches indicate that with current technologies, natural gas should not be recognized as an ecological fuel until gas leaks are significantly reduced. The article justifies why LNG should be considered as a transient marine fuel, with the need to switch to other synthetic fuels, ammonia, and finally hydrogen. [145]
59. The sustainable implementation of highway projects requires a sensitivity analysis of the terrain and all of its components that have a direct influence on road design, construction and operation. The result of this inquiry involving GIS techniques and methods regarding environmental and economic factors helps in choosing the optimal road route, in order to meet the real-world connectivity requirements. The sensitivity analysis can be applied to road and rail infrastructure projects, aiming to develop a decision-making tool that can be employed by their potential beneficiaries, according to their purposes and interests. This paper aims to create an objective decision-making tool for transport infrastructure development in correlation with the current needs of society regarding the development of transport infrastructure in an economic sustainable manner with low environmental impact. Furthermore, the study tries to identify the best highway corridor in an area with environmental constraints (especially geomorphological), that is in balance with both environment and financial resources. [144]
60. The main aim of the article is to present a theoretical model of a sustainable urban transport system and to indicate the need for changes in the approach to it. The issues of sustainable development and functioning of the municipal transport system in Olsztyn discussed in the article evoke vivid social and political interests of the city's inhabitants. This is mainly due to the impact of transport operation on quality of life, the correlation of its development with the economic development of the city, and the strong impact of transport on the natural environment. Today, it is already known that a coherent and modern transport system is an indispensable element of a competitive city. Connecting the city into a functional system, it presents it as a system of interdependencies between its elements. [143]
61. LPG storage tanks may be seriously threatened by a fire coming from nearby fuels or by leakage appearance. The aim of the study was to prepare a three-dimensional model of LPG release on a car gas station under different environmental conditions. CFD simulations of liquid and gas phase release from a tank localized on a car gas station was performed. First, ALOHA software was applied to determine mass flow rate, while Ansys software was used to determine the shape and size of hazardous zone. To reflect real condition atmospheric stability classes were applied. It was observed that for classes A-D the hazardous zone was decreasing. While, for E and F class the range was increased. It was noticed that the location of the leakage affects the extent of the danger zone. For the leaking below the liquid surface analyzed LPG has liquid form. While, for the leaking above the liquid surface analyzed LPG has gas form. Furthermore, for liquid leakage the largest hazard zone of release was observed. [143]
62. The design of the water distribution system is inherently linked to the execution of calculations, which aim, among other things, to determine the flow rate through individual pipes and the selection of diameters at the appropriate speed. Each step in the calculations is followed by an evaluation of the results and, if necessary, a correction of the data and further calculations. It is up to the designer to analyse the accuracy of the calculation results and is time-consuming for large systems. In this article, a diagnostic method for the results of hydraulic calculations, based on Kohonen Network, which classifies nominal diameters [DN] on the basis of data, in the form of flows, has been proposed. After calculating the new variant of the water distribution system, the individual calculation sections are assigned to the neurons of the topological map of Kohonen Network drawn up for nominal diameters. By comparing the diameter used for the calculation, with the diameter obtained on the topological map, the accuracy of the chosen diameter can be assessed. The topological map, created as a result of labelling the neurons of the output layer of the Kohonen Network, graphically shows the position of the classified diameter, relative to those diameters with similar input values. The position of a given diameter, relative to other diameters, may suggest the need to change the diameter of the pipe. [142]
63. Pylaisia polyantha moss growing near intensive traffic in Geležinis Vilkas street at Vingis Park (Vilnius) was selected as an indicator of environmental pollution. Two models were applied for the study: the Gaussian plume model – for zinc emission from automobiles calculation and mathematical model – for recalculating the zinc emission from transport to zinc concentration in moss. Moss samples were collected during spring, summer and autumn. There were no significant changes in Zn concentrations between these periods. Zn emission dispersion from pollution source was calculated only for one vehicle, in order to reach relationships between environmental conditions and dispersion of Zn emission from vehicle exhaust fumes pipe. It was detected that the concentration of Zn tends to decrease with the distance from the pollution source. It was observed that there was a strong relationship between wind speed and Zn concentration – the slower the wind speed, the higher concentration of zinc in moss. [142]
64. This paper presents a prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor for a hybrid boiler station supplying a small hotel in Koszalin. The task of the device was to balance the hybrid system with four circuits with different operating parameters, also changing in an extremely irregular manner. A prototype of a thermo-hydraulic distributor with improved internal structure was developed, ensuring the operation of the device in accordance with the temperature logic. Dimensions of the device have been calculated in accordance with the existing design principles of hydraulic distributors. [139]
65. Praca dotyczy zagadnienia poprawienia efektywności środków technologicznych przy automatycznym łączeniu elementów na powierzchniach obrotowych z gwarantowanym luzem poprzez eliminację zakleszczenia w procesie montowania wyrobu na zautomatyzowanych liniach montażowych. [138]
66. The aim of the article was the analysis of the physicochemical quality of water within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in Wrocław (south-west Poland) in the context of the European Union's classification of water quality, as well as an assessment of the potential impact of hydropower plants on this quality. The study uses the results of monthly tests from three measurement points within the hydropower plant on the Ślęza River in the city of Wrocław (points upstream and downstream the hydropower plant and the reference point), from the period June 2018 to May 2020. The analyses covered 10 physicochemical parameters, i.e.: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water temperature, turbidity, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and BOD5. The conducted analysis showed that the hydropower plant has no clear influence on the physicochemical quality of the water in the Ślęza River, other interactions present in the catchment area are more important. From the effects visible in the results, a decrease in the amplitudes of water temperature downstream the hydropower plant compared to the other points was noted, as well as a lower median of its value (statistically significant changes). An additional noticeable effect was the increase in water oxygenation below the damming, but it was not statistically significant. It has been shown that the physicochemical condition of water at the tested points does not meet the assumed standards for 8 out of 9 parameters (except for water temperature). The largest exceedances of the limit values concerned NO2-N (up to 923% of the norm), and the most consistent, almost constantly occurring – EC (23 out of 24 months). The reason for the high NO2-N content was most probably surface runoff from the fields and the re-suspension of sediments rich in nutrients, while in the case of EC, its high values result from the specificity of the catchment area. [137]
67. The paper has been presented the methods of nitrogen oxides emission reduction to fulfill the Tier 2 and Tier 3 requirements of the Annex VI of MARPOL Convention. It has been shown the development of marine two-stroke diesel engines and the change of nitrogen oxides emission from 1960 to 2000 and later up to 2020 after the implementation of NOx emission reduction methods. Specific fuel consumption before 2000, and as a prediction and given data in the manufacturers manuals for Tier 3 engines up to 2020, and as only a prediction up to 2030 has been analyzed and elaborated. Impact of nitrogen oxides reduction methods on the specific fuel consumption of the marine diesel engine has been evaluated. Additional emission of some gases to the atmosphere due to the implementation of reduction methods has been determined. EGR and SCR systems have got a lot of imperfections: required to install additional reduction systems (investment cost, required volume in the engine room), need maintenance and operation costs, produced wastes during treatment process. The estimated additional cost is about 0.8 USD/MWh of produced energy, taking into account only the cost of excessive used fuel. The whole increased cost may reach the level two-three times more due to cleaning systems investment costs, their operational cost and waste disposal. It has been the one of the reasons of worsening the transport effectiveness and competitiveness. [135]
68. The article describes the results of experiments which was intended to compare the results of turning and traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces of rings made of bearing steel (100Cr6) in hardened state (62±2 HRC). During experimental investigations particular attention has been paid to the machining performance and roughness of the machined surface. The results of research presented in this article confirm the advantage of the turning process over traverse grinding using grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure. [135]
69. The article seeks to review the standards (emission and immission) and legal solutions relating to odour-active compounds, as well asanalyse the variability in the number of farmed animals and the emission of ammonia in Poland and Ukraine. Furthermore, the article characterizesodour emission factors, methods of health risk assessment, ways of limiting emission of odorous compounds from animal farming facilities. The analysis indicated the necessity of applying good practices available in reference documents – including those drawn up by environmental agencies – and scientific works, as such practices may significantly contribute to minimising the impact of animal farming facilities on people and the environment. The introduction of, inter alia, immission standards (reference values) expressed in ouE/m3 in the legal regimes of the EU and Ukraine would also render it possible to carry out an assessment of odours treated as a mixture present in ambient air and optimise the assessment of odour nuisance and thus the discomfort directly affecting the well-being and health of inhabitants of areas in the vicinity of farming facilities. [134]
70. Praca powstała we współpracy z producentem zbiorników i cystern ze stali nierdzewnej, przedsiębiorstwem PRO-WAM Sp. z o.o. z siedzibą w Koszalinie przy ul. Zwycięstwa 278. Motywacją do podjęcia prac badawczych przedstawionych w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej były problemy dotyczące jakości technologicznej podzespołów wchodzących w skład jednego z kluczowych produktów firmy: naczepy-cysterny do przewozu płynnych środków spożywczych. Przeprowadzone w szerokim zakresie badania doświadczalne wykazały, że zaproponowana autorska zależność na syntetyczny wskaźnik JTC może być z powodzeniem stosowana w przemyśle metalowym do porównywania jakości technologicznej procesu cięcia. Względna (procentowa) postać wskaźnika JTC powoduje, że może on być stosowany do porównywania wyników procesu cięcia prowadzonego różnymi metodami i w różnych warunkach a także składowe licznika zaproponowanej zależności mogą być rozszerzane o kolejne wskaźniki oceny jakości technologicznej. [134]
71. The present paper is on the physical and mechanical characterization of machined chips of commercially available highly conductive metallic materials, namely aluminium and copper under different machining environments. More specifically, geometry and hardness of chips as well as the chips removal effect on the machined surfaces are investigated in a quantitative fashion as a function of machining fluid and cutting parameter. The machining is carried out by using a horizontal shaper machine with a V-shaped HSS tool under three different machining fluids, where the feed rate is kept constant, while the cutting speed and depth of cut are varied. The geometry and hardness of the machined chips as well as the quality of machined surfaces are found to be affected quite significantly by the change of machining condition, particularly by the machining fluids. [132]
72. The issues related to the emission of atmospheric pollutants during the provision of energy supply services and the circulation of household waste in settlements are considered. The ways of air pollution by toxic compounds and the formation of greenhouse gases with existing methods of waste heat treatment are analyzed. The issues of reducing the content of toxic emissions in combustion products are studied on the basis of a numerical experiment by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The combustion processes in the power boiler TP-14A (E 220/100) are considered and adequate boundary conditions for the processes of aerodynamics, heat transfer and combustion of gas fuel are determined. The temperature, velocity and concentration fields in the furnace of the investigated boiler have been determined. According to the results of the calculations performed, the formation of chemical underburning and nitrogen oxides is predicted. [132]
73. The influence of sun rays, wind speed, and different type of subsoil on the evaporation process was analyzed. A dedicated experimental set-up for investigation of evaporation process of three liquids (ethanol, petrol and tap water) deposited on glass and sand was created. Results indicated that for porous surfaces wind decreased the amount of evaporated liquids. After substitution of wind with sun rays for porous surface evaporation process increased for ethanol and petrol, respectively. Finally, the influence of both wind and sun rays indicated a 1% and 5% decrease of evaporation intensity for tap water and petrol, respectively. While, a 2% increase of evaporated liquid was observed for ethanol. It was noticed that application of porous surface caused the highest improvement of evaporation process for petrol and tap water, while the lowest for ethanol. Moreover, application of wind together with porous surface increased the intensity of evaporation for all analyzed liquids. [132]
74. One of the ways to reduce the energy consumption from conventional sources is the introduction of an energy audit, which aims to inform the owner / user of a building about its energy consumption and possible ways of its reduction. For this purpose, the coefficients EK (annual demand for final energy) and EP (the amount of non-renewable primary energy to satisfy the energy needs of the building) were introduced. Their maximum values are deter-mined in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Infrastructure for each type of building covered by the energy audit obligation. Audit is an expertise designed to gain knowledge about energy consumption in a given building, a set of buildings, a system or an installation. It is to provide information on how to save an energy and their results. The following article presents the purpose and methodology of performing the energy audit for residential buildings. [131]
75. Agriculture, mainly biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) and plant protection products are one of the sources of environmental pollution. The sources of pollution are both farm buildings and intensively used agricultural land. Therefore, a crucial element of the environment contributing to the improvement of surface water quality are the aforementioned shallow reservoirs covered by vegetation that act as biofiltres or reservoirs such as dammed reservoirs. The analysed reservoir is located in the Greater Poland Province, about 25 km to the north from Poznań, in Murowana Goślina commune. The research on the analysed reservoir was conducted during the growing seasons, from 2016 to 2018, at three measurement and control points: at the Przebędowo reservoir inflow, it the Przebędowo reservoir and at the Przebędowo reservoir outflow. They included determining 4 groups of physico-chemical indicators supporting biological elements, including indicators characterising aerobic conditions, salinity, acidification (pH) and indicators characterising biogenic conditions. Based on the conducted research, a great influence of the reservoir was proven, especially in the context of the concentration of dissolved oxygen at the outflow, where, concerning this indicator, the reservoir was classified as water quality class I. The presented research results also confirmed that in the context of the complexity of hydrological and physico-chemical processes taking place in dammed reservoirs, it is necessary to continuously control them both in terms of water quantity and quality. [131]
76. Global trends in the efficiency, safety of energy systems and energy conservation actualize the task of developing new technologies for energy storage and transportation. The article considers current technologies of storage and accumulation of thermal energy, which can be used in central heating systems, and draws conclusions about the feasibility of their use. Also, the classification of energy storage systems is presented. The most perspective thermal energy storage, which can be used to equalize the load on the energy source to ensure the peak demand for heat with a high coefficient of utilization of the equipment capacity, is noted. [129]
77. W trakcie gotowania brzeczki z chmielem powstaje osad gorący, który jest oddzielany w kadzi wirowej. W pracy proponuje się modyfikacje dennicy kadzi wirowej, które mają na celu poprawę warunków klarowania brzeczki piwnej po jej gotowaniu z chmielem. Przeprowadzono pomiary rozkładu prędkości przepływu pierwotnego za pomocą metody PIV oraz symulacji komputerowych. Wyznaczono także charakterystykę reologiczna brzeczki i osadu, które wykorzystano przy budowie modelu komputerowego. [128]
78. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland in 1981-2010. Water needs were calculated by the plant coefficients, which were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney-Criddle’s equation, modified for Polish conditions. Rainfall deficit with the occurrence probability of normal, medium dry and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the growing season was 434 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the periods May-October and June-August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for most of the provinces. The rainfall deficit was recorded with the occurrence probability of normal as well as medium or very dry years in the entire study area. Due to climate changes, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. This research significantly broadens and refines the knowledge about the water needs of grapevines in central Poland, which will allow the design of resource-efficient irrigation programs for grapevines in the studied region of Poland. [128]
79. Human activities such as transport contribute to the environmental degradation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the level of contamination of soils, from different districts of big cities of central Europe, with heavy metals: zinc, lead, and nickel. The samples were taken from the top, sodded soil layer. Each single sample weigh was about 1 kg taken from 1 m2 measuring station. Soil samples were dried at room temperature. The airborne dry soil was thoroughly mixed and sieved through a 1 mm nylon sieve. The study included analysis of which type of metals is washed out under the influence of abiotic factors (bioavailable forms) and demonstrating how spatial development affects the accumulation of selected heavy metals in the soil. The results indicated that heavy metals emitted to the ground layer of the atmosphere accumulate in the immediate vicinity of communication routes. Moreover, based on the analysis of interrelationships of zinc, lead, and nickel concentrations, it has been shown that there is a common source of their emission to soil. Furthermore, the thesis that the concentration of metals was dependent on the soil reaction was not confirmed. [128]
80. This article describes functional and diagnostic structure of the equipment of a Wind Power Station. Considering particular operational conditions of a technical object, that is a set of Wind Power Station equipment, this is a significant issue. A structural model of Wind Power Station equipment is developed. Based on that, a functional – diagnostic model of Wind Power Station equipment is elaborated. That model is a basis for determining primary elements of the object structure, as well as for interpreting a set of diagnostic signals and their reference signals. [127]
81. The purpose of the paper is: to analyze and assess assumptions that determine the functioning of the category of environmental quality management, to present criteria and assumptions for integrated environmental quality management.Hypothesis: Integrated environmental quality management requires: a necessary condition – the verification of institutional solutions functioning between the alternative concepts of development and between the concepts of management, a sufficient condition – the decision-making will which accepts the verification, its assumptions and criteria presented in the text.A final conclusion: Limitations of the consent paradigm, based on the paradigm of deregulation (breaking the civilization code) [126]
82. The Photovoltaic solar cells convert the radiant energy from the Sun directly to electricity. Solar photovoltaic systems can help to fulfil the entire energy demands in rural areas by harnessing all the opportunities and potentials. The water is an important element in the life of plants, animals and human being. In this paper, it has been studied that solar energy could be used for water pumping applications such as providing water to rural and remote areas. It is being practiced in south Libya. The Data is being collected over two years by measuring the water flow on daily basis at pumping head of (35m). In addition, this presents an evaluation of PV system in water pumping and piping systems and estimation of pumping energy cost. The solar pumping systems depend on water flow rate, pumping head and solar irradiance. The system components contain inverter, pump and PV generator. Besides, the effects of the climate and operating conditions on the performance of PV pumping systems has been discussed. [126]
83. Energy is the most important part for community and financial growth of any country. Energy planning models play a vital role in strategy formulation and power sector progress. In this paper a systematic review and comparison of energy planning models developed and applied from 1977-2019 has been presented. The review indicates that most of the energy planning models has been presented and applied in developed nations. Only few numbers of energy planning models have been presented and applied in under developing countries. The review also shows the comparison of energy planning models applied in developed and under-developed countries. This review article will assistance the energy managers, scholars and strategy makers broadly. [126]
84. A multi-layer model is used to calculate time-dependent sediment velocity and concentration vertical profiles. This model, in which the differences in sediment transport at different distances from the bed are considered is intended both for the wave motion and steady flow. Numerical calculations were carried out for sediment transport during the wave crest and trough and total sediment transport as a sum of their absolute values. The model concept of variation in shear stress from the skin stress value above the bed to the stress value at the bed previously proposed for steady flow is extended here for the wave motion and verified by direct stress measurements. The calculations were carried out for mixed sand sediments with different grain size distributions including semi-uniform and poorly sorted grains. Comparison with the available small- and large -scale data from flumes and oscillating tunnels yields agreement typically within plus/minus a factor two of measurements. [126]
85. The work concerns a detailed analysis of the possibilities of increasing environmental protection by increasing the efficiency of selective collection of municipal waste in the city of Wroclaw and the economic conditions of this activity. The study includes a short introduction and an overview of waste morphology indicators. Then, a research model for the study of the morphology of municipal waste is discussed, based on the example of Wroclaw (Poland). Finally, 3 variant cost models of measures supporting the segregation of municipal waste were described and discussed. The article ends with a numerical example for Wroclaw along with a verification of the applicable rates for municipal waste collection fees, whether sorted or not. [125]
86. The problem of municipal waste management is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Its solution requires the integrated involvement of central and local authorities as well as the public. For their actions to be fully effective, they must be accompanied by an increase in environmental awareness. The aim of the study was to assess the environmental awareness and knowledge of inhabitants of eastern Mazovia regarding municipal waste management. A survey study was carried out on a group of 262 individuals using a questionnaire. Analysis of the results showed that the surveyed inhabitants of eastern Mazovia were aware of problems associated with municipal waste management, but some of them were critical of the actions taken by central and municipal authorities to solve them. Their high level of environmental awareness and knowledge was evidenced by the fact that most of those surveyed were familiar with the principles of selective collection of municipal waste, including green and hazardous waste. [124]
87. The electrolysis process of water produces oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas that can be used as an energy source to solve the shortage problem of fossil fuel and reduces the exhaust emissions of greenhouse gases from vehicles engines. In this study, HHO dry cell generator was designed, fabricated and tested experimentally to investigate its performance. The hybrid internal combustion engines using HHO gas is considered one of the most important studied applications. The vehicle engines performance and gas emissions are investigated for two different engines; 150CC with carburetor and 1300CC with Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The results recorded the consumption of the fuel is reduced by 14.8% for 150CC engine and 16.3% for 1300CC engine. HHO gas reduced the emission gases by 33% and 24.5% reduction in CO and 27.4% and 21% reduction in HC for 150CC and 1300CC engines respectively. HHO gas can be efficient used as a secondary fuel for vehicle engines. [124]
88. Non-imaging Fresnel lenses have been playing an important role in improving the efficiency of the solar energy systems. Many researchers have been developing novel designs of Fresnel lenses to enhance the concentrator performance. To bring the complex design of a Fresnel lens from a conceptual theory to a real-life application while maintaining its efficiency, it is critical to find the optimum manufacturing method that achieves the best quality fabrication at low cost in the lab scale. This work will systematically investigate four advanced manufacturing methods for their lens-making capabilities, including pressure casting, hot embossing, 3D printing, and CNC machining. Six Fresnel lenses were fabricated by the four methods, which were tested in the lab by a solar simulator and a solar cell to demonstrate their performances. The CNC machining provides the best quality lab-scale Fresnel lens that enhances the solar cell efficiency by 118.3%. 3D printing and hot embossing methods are also promising for the fabrication of good performance lenses – increasing the solar cell efficiency by 40-70%. However, the 3D printed lens has the issue of material degradation on the long term. Although the pressure casting is the easiest manufacturing method, the performance of fabricated lens was the lowest. [124]
89. The aim of the additive manufacturing (AM) is a production of physical objects by adding material layer-by-layer based on virtual geometry developed in the computer system. The main criteria for the division of additive manufacturing methods are the way to apply the layer and the type of construction material. In most projects, the choice of method is a compromise between costs and properties (e.g. physical, chemical or mechanical) of the manufactured object. Currently, AM methods have found application in many areas of life, including industrial design, automotive, aerospace, architecture, jewellery, medicine and veterinary medicine, bringing many innovative and revolutionary solutions. The purpose of this article is to review of the additive production methods and present the potential of medical application. [123]
90. Sewage sludge used for reclamation of egraded areas or in agriculture must have a certain total heavy metal content, as required by law. In practice, however, it is important to carry out a fractional analysis of the elements contained in the sludge. This activity allows to determine the chemical form of a given metal, thanks to which it is possible to assess the assimilability of elements by plants. The study proved that the fraction of certain metals in sewage sludge can vary depending on the period studied. The combination of elements with other compounds in sludge from one treatment plant can vary from month to month. Once analysis has been carried out, it should not be the basis for assessing the bioavailability of metals if sludge from a given treatment plant were to be sampled several times a year. [123]
91. The sector of transport, on the one hand, contributes to the socio-economic development; on the other hand, it is the source of multiple external effects with a significant and adverse impact on the society and economy. In spite of many years' experiences in the study of external costs of transport, there are still large discrepancies in research approaches and methods. This article reviewed available studies in the scope of the estimation of external costs in transport and presented own estimations of the level of costs of climate change and air pollution generated by road freight transport in Poland. The estimation of external costs was conducted based on a method developed by Martinio et al. The obtained results of the study confirm the significant adverse effect of road freight transport on the environment. The results may be useful in the selection of appropriate transport policy instruments. [122]
92. The objective of the study was to characterize the mycological quality of air at animal veterinary practice in Krakow. Bioaerosol measurements were performed during the summer season of 2017. The samples of outdoor and indoor air at animal veterinary practice were collected using a 6-stage Andersen`s air sampler. The highest concentration of fungal aerosol was observed in the treatment room. The analysis showed various fungal contamination in different measuring points at different measuring times of the day. Based on the analysis of bioaerosol particle size distribution it was found that the largest "load" of fungi, isolated form the air, can reach (in the human respiratory tract) to the region of the throat, trachei and primary bronchi. The predominant fungi in indoor air was Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium cladosporoides. Fungi that can cause dermatophytoses have also been isolated from indoor air: Microsporum canis and Trichophyton verrucosum. The study confirmed that the animal veterinary practice can be a workplace related to exposure to microbial agents. [122]
93. The driving comfort of the vehicle is primarily determined by the design of the suspension system, which transmits the force between the vehicle and the ground. There are different types of vehicle suspension systems, including active suspension systems that provide significant benefits for ride comfort while driving. However, the existing active suspension systems have limited functions such as power, and also complex structure. To overcome the problem, the proper design of the active suspension system by considering its present limitations is essential. A well-designed active suspension system controls the load on the wheels under the resonance of the body structure and ensures driving comfort. It reduces the vibrational energy of the vehicle body caused by the excitation of the road while keeping the stability of the vehicle within an acceptable limit. For a proper design of the active suspension system, the road surface, the seat suspension, and the wheel load are the most important elements to consider. In this study, different types of vehicle suspension systems with their limitations have been thoroughly investigated. Many aspects of control and some of the essential practical considerations are also explored. [122]
94. The article presents the characteristics of a wide set of research methods used in prospective analysis known as foresight. Explorative and normative, quantitative and qualitative methods as well as techniques based on expert and assumptions were described in detail. The paper also describes the broader context of the notion of technological foresight and describes differences in this concept in relation to technology management. [121]
95. Wyd. 5 [120]
96. The current study focuses on the life cycle assessment and an economic valuation of a natural convection solar greenhouse dryer in Western Maharashtra, India. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is an active device that gains solar radiation incident on to the surface of the dryer and along with wind energy, it removes moisture from agricultural yield. The combination of solar energy and wind energy removes moisture from agricultural yield. The Solar Greenhouse Dryer is primarily used in rural settings; hence, it is very important to analyse the environmental and economic aspects associated with the dryer to obtain the maximum benefit from the dryer with less investment possible. The experiment involving a natural convection solar dryer was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The environmental parameters taken into considerations during the analysis covered energy, energy payback time and CO2 emissions, mitigation and carbon credits earned by the dryer. The economic analysis of the solar dryer consists of the annual cost of the dryer, the salvage value, the annual saving obtained and the payback period respectively. [120]
97. The aim of reviewing information was characterizing in the labor factor using in refrigeration technology is and their impact on the environment. The development of the refrigeration industry occurred thanks to progress towards coolants. The most important aspect of using of refrigerators is their impact on health and human life, and atmosphere. By caring for health, the European Union achieves legal rights. Research on thermodynamic factors pose a wide field of work for many scientists and are the most popular, new information, that can be used in practice. [120]
98. Rising global temperatures have exacerbated the problems of adaptation to climate change in various sectors of the economy, including municipal energy. Therefore, the task is to develop measures and mechanisms, the implementation of which will guarantee cost-effective comfortable and reliable heat and cold supply of buildings and structures in climate change. Experimental studies of heat transfer and monitoring of thermal regimes in enclosing structures and building elements were conducted with the development of innovative engineering systems for energy supply of a passive house of the "zero-energy" type. Experimental developments of innovative energy-efficient greenhouse gas-reducing technologies and equipment for energy supply systems of buildings have been performed and their architectural and construction solutions for adaptation to climate change have been optimized. In order to expand and deepen the theory and practice of improving the energy efficiency of buildings in the near future, the scientific priority and subject of basic and applied research have been identified. Developed adaptive to climate change innovative, energy efficient technologies and equipment of engineering systems of energy supply of buildings with the use of renewable energy sources can be used in the practice of energy supply of housing and communal services. [119]
99. Buildings are the main consumer of energy resources in the total energy balance of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the main energy consumption is allocated for heating. Efficient use of energy resources for heating needs to a large extent depends on the efficiency of regulation of heating systems. In the article, dynamic mathematical models of a two-room typical apartment in Ukraine, built in 2016, were developed in Matlab and EnergyPlus software environment. The simulations were carried out using IWEC hourly climate data for the city of Kyiv. The results of simulations of thermal energy consumption in Matlab are characterized by a larger range of fluctuations of the heating system load, which is typical for the real operating conditions of the system with the controller of ON/OFF type. In EnergyPlus it is assumed that the gas boiler operates continuously in the ON mode. In the research, the change of load on the apartment heating system was studied at different numbers and locations of air temperature control sensors installation, according to which the controller of the autonomous gas boiler operates. [119]
100. One of the important and still current problems occurring in the fish processing industry is the intensive wear of the cutting surface of industrial cutting blades used to separate the fish raw material. In the paper, the proposes a proprietary solution to the above problem consisting in the regeneration of worn surfaces realized in the process of precise grinding by the use of a prototype 5-axis CNC grinding machine was presented. The obtained machining results were verified, among others on the basis of measurements of values of the cutting edges inclination angles and analysis of values of selected surface roughness parameters. The proposed solution along with the developed methodology can be an interesting alternative to typical ways of renewing the cutting ability of cutting tools in applications from the fish processing industry. [118]
101. This paper introduce the transient model of the propane heat pump cycle. Heat pump cycle model includes:- compressor model- condenser model in lumped parameters- evaporator model in lumped parameters- expansion valve model- heat source model (cooling chamber)- PID control system for heat recovery from superheated refrigerant vapour.Model allows estimate inertia of the heat pump cycle with system of the heat recovery from superheated propane vapor [117]
102. The word greenhouse dryer is used for a building which is highly glazed with thermal conditioning for desired range and it is used for cultivating crops, plants, vegetables, etc. The actual working of a greenhouse is that the short-wave radiations falling on the greenhouse are absorbed by the outer glazing material thereby heating the interior area of greenhouse and providing ambient heat for plants, vegetables growth respectively. The heated space is retained within the enclosure of greenhouse. This phenomenon is called as greenhouse effect. The important role played during the greenhouse effect phenomenon are atmosphere, insulating roofs, walls, etc.The current study focuses on the numerical and experimental validation of Solar Greenhouse which is utilized for drying phenomenon. The numerical simulation is performed using Finite Element Analysis method. The various roof shapes have been incorporated to have emphasis on maximum solar gain to drying phenomenon. [117]
103. W pracy podjęto badania, w celu analizy przemieszczania materiału szklanego w procesie micro- i nanoskrawania pojedynczymi ziarnami diamentu oraz procesu szlifowania z zastosowaniem ściernic zbudowanych na bazie tego typu ziaren. Celem badań, było opracowanie podstaw do identyfikacji warunków, przy których zachodzi niepożądany mechanizm kruchego pękania materiałów szklanych. [116]
104. Increasing the level of thermal resistance of the building envelope in combination with the choice of heat source is an urgent task. It is important to take into account changes in the cost of energy over time. Thermal modernization, in its turn, allows to increase the level of thermal comfort, which is not taken into account and evaluated in practice, although the relevant standards for comfort conditions and categories of buildings to ensure comfort have been introduced in Ukraine. This paper analyzes the change in the level of comfort after thermal modernization, determines the category of the building to provide comfortable conditions, as well as identifies the change in the average radiation temperature of the fences, as one of the main factors of PMV change in these conditions. [116]
105. The stability of a vehicle depends on many parameters.The Centre of Gravity is one of the most important in them. If the height of center of gravity from the ground decreases the stability of the vehicle increases. But when the ground clearance is too low it has a chance of collision vehicle and the ground while going on an uneven road or with speed brakes. So, to avoid the collision of a vehicle to ground and increase the stability a mechanism to adjust the ground clearance is to be attached. Also, the lift and drag forces can also be altered using this adjustable ground clearance mechanism. The designers usually fix ground clearance and they try to acquire this by the suspension system. The suspension system has tires, tire air, springs, shock absorber, and other parts to connect the vehicle with the wheels. The present paper describes the significance of using hydraulic oil as a working fluid in an adjustable ground clearance mechanism. Also describes the design and analysis of piston and cylinder rod. [115]
106. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of potato chips in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The potato chips is a value added product, that can be effectively used during throughout year as snacks, side dish or appetizer. It can be either deep dried or backed for consumption. The potato contains high fiber, it helps to lower the cholesterol level in blood reducing the risk of blood pressure if consumed backed. The potato chips can be effectively stored for one year to six months and consumed as snacks.The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The Moisture Removal Rate (MRR) for drying of potato chips in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open sun drying is 83% and 78% respectively. The drying rate observed during the experiment has a better resemblance with simulated Response Surface Modelling. [115]
107. Eni oilfield has been experiencing production decline with increase in water output. The implementation of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can help to extract some percentages of the original oil in place (OOIP). EOR methods are capital intensive and few are environmental hazardous. In a bid to address these issues, this paper discusses on an alternate economically viable enhanced oil recovery technique which has the potential to curb the challenges of other conventional EOR methods.This work suggested a 3 stage approach of applying microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) method for oil recovery in Eni field. The reservoir characteristics in Eni field were studied, the average porosity value of the reservoirs is between 0.238 and 0.241.The reservoir characteristics and parameters were found suitable for the application of MEOR technique for effective oil drainage from the delineated reservoir compartments. Microbial flooding was found to be matured in reservoirs with temperature less than 200 F, brine salinity not more than 100,000 ppm, water depth not more than 3500m and permeability should be above 30 (Md). It was recommended that MEOR approach should be applied in Eni Oilfield for increment of oil production and reduction in water cut due to its efficiency and economic viability. [115]
108. This publication presents the test results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from ground composite materials. The components of the obtained composites are peat and stabilizing binders in the form of fly ash and hydrated lime. The composites were designed to be used to stabilize low-bearing organic soil in the Lake Druzno basin in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. The results of the leachability studies show that as the lime hydrated in the composition of the composite increases, the leachability of heavy metals and metalloids decreases. The decrease in the leachability of these elements is also influenced by the increase in the pH value. The results of heavy metals and metalloids leachability from composites as well as the obtained pH values make it possible to conclude that they are neutral to the ground environment and can be used in engineering practice under specific conditions in the area of Żuławy Elbląskie. [114]
109. The problem of wastewater treatment from craft breweries emerged in Poland about 10 years ago when an increase in the number of small breweries was observed. Plants located in small towns are forced to solve the problem on their own. One of the possibilities is to use low-cost technology of constructed wetlands with subsurface and surface flow. The purpose of the research was to test the possibility of effective treatment of sewage from a craft brewery in a lab-scale research installation and to determine the parameters for designing a real scale plant. Wastewater from the Waszczukowe brewery was used in the study. The research system consisted of a retention and aeration tank, SS-VF subsurface flow and FWS surface flow beds. An innovative Certyd filling produced by LSA company was used. The high efficiency of SS-VF bed and the entire research system was found. The removal efficiency in SS VF was on average 89.7% for BOD5, 90.5% for COD, 54.6% for TN and 52.1% for TP. For whole treatment it was respectively 97.1%, 96.7%, 72.6% and 61.3%. A high organic matter removal effect was found for the SS-VF bed (87.1 g BOD5 m-2 d-1) and a relatively low for the FWS (3.0 BOD5 g m-2 d-1). The study confirmed the need for plant design based on hydraulic load and required load removed per unit area. [114]
110. Literature review on flow acoustic methods and materials of an automotive muffler. a car is judged comfortable also depending on the acoustic level transmitted inside, and a thorough knowledge of acoustics of ducts and mufflers is needed for the design of efficient muffler configurations. Unstable exhaust gas at high temperature flowing from internal combustion engine manifold may cause of noise and vibrations conflicting with the high standard of acoustic comfort requested by this kind of vehicle. The basic gaols are to define most important methods to identify noise occur from the motion of fluid in case of turbulent model. Materials properties like velocity, temperature, thermal conductivity and density have been technical presented in this work. [114]
111. Climate change, environmental degradation and the introduction of increasingly restrictive legal regulations mean that the automotive industry is facing tremendous challenges. The paper presents a computer tool that uses the results of tests carried out on a chassis dynamometer for a Fiat Panda 1.3 Multijet, to simulate driving tests. As a result of the work of a computer tool, the impact on CO2 emissions was analysed in the context of CADC - Artemis (Common Artemis Driving Cycles) road tests for the following fuels: diesel oil, FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), rapeseed oil and butanol. Mass consumption of fuels and CO2 emissions were analysed in driving tests for the vehicle in question. The highest mass consumption of fuel and carbon dioxide emissions occurred in the case of FAME (respectively 2.283 kg and 6.524 kg). [114]
112. W rozprawie przedstawiono badania nad umocnieniem wybranego spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi, łączącego ziarna ścierne z tlenku glinu. Rozdział pierwszy zawiera wprowadzenie w tematykę podjętą w niniejszej pracy. W rozdziale drugim zamieszczono analizę literatury dotyczącą stanu wiedzy z zakresu budowy i właściwości ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu i spoiw ceramicznych stosowanych do ich wiązania w narzędzie ścierne, podstaw dotyczących mechaniki kruchego pękania oraz modułu Younga porowatych kompozytów ceramicznych, a także opis mechanizmów zużycia ziaren ściernych i spoiw ceramicznych. Z obszernej analizy tekstów źródłowych wynika, że mechanizm zużycia ceramicznych narzędzi ściernych zdeterminowany jest wieloma czynnikami, m.in. rodzajem ziarna ściernego, właściwościami spoiwa oraz siłą mocowania ziaren ściernych w ściernicy przez spoiwo. Najmniej pożądanym typem zużycia ściernicy jest zużycie wytrzymałościowe (pękanie) mostków wiążących, gdyż zjawisko to prowadzi do szybkiego zużycia objętościowego narzędzia i tym samym nie pozwala na pełne wykorzystanie potencjału skrawnego ziaren czynnej powierzchni ściernicy. Z tego powodu podejmowane są prace badawcze mające na celu podwyższenie właściwości mechanicznych spoiw, które skupione są m.in. na celowej modyfikacji mikrostruktury mostków wytrzymałymi fazami krystalicznymi z jednoczesną kontrolą budowy granicy międzyfazowej. Interesującym lecz dotychczas niewystarczająco zbadanym rozwiązaniem jest wykorzystanie wiskerów ceramicznych jako fazy zbrojącej spoiwo. Na podstawie wniosków z analizy tekstów źródłowych, sprecyzowano cele, hipotezy, problemy badawcze oraz zakres pracy, które zamieszczono w rozdziale 3. W kolejnym rozdziale (rozdział 4.) opisano metodykę przeprowadzonych badań. Rozdział ten zawiera charakterystykę materiałów wykorzystanych do wytworzenia badanych ściernic oraz opis metod badawczych zastosowanych do realizacji założonych celów pracy. Podjęte prace badawcze dotyczyły badań z zakresu zwilżalności ziaren ściernych z tlenku glinu przez wytypowane spoiwo szklanokrystaliczne, określenie wpływu modyfikacji spoiwa szklanokrystalicznego wiskerami glinoborowymi na ewolucję mikrostruktury strefy złącza, wytrzymałość mechaniczną na rozciąganie oraz moduł Younga ściernic z tlenku glinu, badań właściwości eksploatacyjnych ściernic z podstawowym spoiwem szklanokrystalicznym i spoiwem modyfikowanym wiskerami oraz badania morfologii czynnej powierzchni ściernic po procesie szlifowania. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań oraz ich dyskusję. Wytypowane parametry obróbki cieplnej badanych narzędzi ściernych pozwoliły na krystalizację projektowanych inkluzji, zarówno o charakterze drobnodyspersyjnym (gahnit) jak i wiskerów glinoborowych. Wykazano również, że dla określonych udziałów prekursora wiskerów dodawanego do mas ściernych możliwe jest uzyskanie efektu umocnienia mostków wiążących, co przekłada się na zróżnicowane właściwości mechaniczne ściernic, badane w warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych. Wzrost wytrzymałości na rozciąganie narzędzi z udziałem wiskerów w spoiwie wiążącym jest efektem uruchomienia dodatkowych mechanizmów podwyższających energię pękania, m.in. związanych z wyciąganiem wiskerów z matrycy amorficznej, odchylaniem lub rozgałęzianiem pęknięć. Jednocześnie potwierdzono efekt wzrostu wartości modułu Younga E ściernic wynikający z obecności fazy wiskerowej o wysokim module E (ok. 400 GPa). Osiągnięcie takich efektów pozwoliło na uzyskanie narzędzia ściernego o znacznie zredukowanym udziale spoiwa (Vs = 5,5%), którego charakter zużycia jest odmienny od charakteru zużycia ściernicy bez udziału wiskerów. [113]
113. To create a mechatron model of vacuum tube vibration system for rock cutting by flat auger tools based on physical and mechanical properties of processed array and kinematic characteristics of the instrument. The analytical model of the fracture process of rock cutting by tool vibration with considering of plastic properties of the massif were developed. The main technological parameters of massif vibrating cutting with normal variations were modeled: dependences of normal and tangential pressure in the zone of working body interaction with the medium, normal and shear stresses in the zone of destruction, rock characteristics of the medium, vibration parameters dependences on the characteristics of mechatronic system geometry of the contact area of flat incisors treated with medium. The choice of the computational model of the vibration rock cutting with the normal to the direction of movement of the working body fluctuations with considering arising from processes at once or disorders: the occurrence of compressive and tensile stresses were backgrounded. Main stages and interconnection options in the simulation of vibration cutting were established. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a method of analysis of contact interaction of roller working body molding machine with an array taking into account the changes in the stabilization process of physical and mechanical properties of the treated medium, the aim of which is to predict the required voltage and depth of the formed layer. The theoretical basis of rock cutting by flat auger tool taking into account the normal component of the vibration with respect to the movement direction allowing for the deformation of the rock mass and the contact interaction with the working body were established, that allows to improve the technology of drilling wells by reducing the power consumption of the cutting process. The results enable us to determine the parameters of power and kinematic conditions for the occurrence of the vibration cutting. [113]
114. In the present work optimization of cutting parameters are performed while hard turning of AISI 52100 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Experiments are planned and conducted based on Center Composite Rotatable Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Method (RSM). Cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius and negative rake angle are considered as input parameters. In this study machining force (F) and surface roughness (Ra) are measured during the experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is deployed to determine the influence of process parameters. Obtained optimal parameters are speed 200 rpm, feed 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.8 mm, nose radius 1.2 mm and negative rake angle 45º. [113]
115. Friction drilling as a non-chip drilling method require a special formed tool. This tool can be combined with conventional drilling machines as well as milling machines, also CNC ones. The choice depends only on the factors related to production volumes. Tool must have high durability properties to reach proper efficiency level. This means the number of boreholes that can be formed while maintaining the shape and structure of the surface within the dimensions tolerances limits. High temperature in process also cause a high durability properties. These article presents a review of apossible solutions on tools mounting devices and tools functionality used in friction drilling process. [113]
116. Cement is the most widely used man-made material. The global cement industry produces about 3.3 billion tons of cement annually. A lot of energy is needed to produce cement. About 200 kg of coal is used to produce each ton of cement. The cement industry also produces about five percent of the world's greenhouse gases. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, some cement producers have the potential to recover waste heat. The method studied in this research is based on heat recovery from boilers installed at the outlet of clinker cooler and preheater of cement factory. Due to the low temperature of the gases available, three different fluids, water, R123 and R245fa are considered as the operating fluid. Also, energy and exergy analysis is performed in a Rankin cycle and the selection of optimal parameters is considered by using genetic algorithm. By selecting the decision parameters in the optimization of the genetic algorithm such as pinch temperature, evaporator pressure and operating mass flow rate, the optimal values of exergy efficiency were obtained. [113]
117. Waste and associated risks are becoming an increasingly noticeable problem in environmental protection in our time. The management of especially industrial waste is a difficult and at the same time a significant problem. Incineration is the basic process of thermal utilization. The combustion process is not neutral for the environment, and is associated with the emission of dust, sulfur and nitrogen compounds as well as dioxins and furans. Therefore, combustion installations must be equipped with a number of devices for cleaning the exhaust gases. The most primary process of obtaining useful energy from biomass, i.e. combustion, is characterized by specific dynamics. Regardless of the technique, it is affected by physical and chemical processes. The condition of economic and technical correctness of co-firing is maintaining the optimal share of biomass in the fuel mixture and its appropriate quality. Effective co-firing of the prepared mixture can be carried out in existing grate, fluid and dust boilers. Pyrolysis is a stage in both the combustion and gasification process. In this process, as a result of the thermal decomposition of the structure of the organic fuel, we obtain carbonizate as well as tar and gas products. [112]
118. In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country. [112]
119. This experimental study investigated the effects of a conventional cutting fluid during drilling cylindrical holes on workpiece materials made of the AISI 1040 steel. Drilling responses were compared between dry and wet (in presence of the cutting fluid) cutting conditions with respect to drilling force, roundness deviation and taper of the hole, and chip morphology. High production machining and drilling with high cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut were found to be inherently associated with the generation of a large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. In a dry condition such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the roundness deviation and taper of the hole. The use of a conventional cutting fluid, in such a situation, was very effective to reduce the cutting temperature. In a dry cutting condition, numerous tool-wears were found on the drill bits. Drilling in such a dry condition seriously affects roundness of the hole, and chip shape and color. Contrastingly, use of a traditional cutting fluid reduced temperature as well as improved roundness and taper of the hole. It also acted as a lubricate at the tool tip–work surface interface. [111]
120. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes such as three- dimensional (3D) printing are one of most important technologies of our century. Additive manufacturing is a manufacturing process in which 3D solid objects are created. It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of an additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object. Additive manufacturing is also known as 3D printing. The strongest reasons for the use of rapid prototypes in manufacturing are the production of parts with a small quantity or a complex shape, the obtaining of lighter parts, the prevention of waste of raw materials, a wider availability of testing and design and further personalization. Continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) is an alternative approach to AM by exploiting the basic principle of oxygen-impaired photopolymerization to create a continuous fluid interface of uncured resin between the growing section and the exposure window. [111]
121. The PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) method is one of the optical, non-invasive measurement methods for measuring fluid velocity and can be used in the study of two-phase gas-liquid flows to determine velocity fields. The velocity distribution of the liquid and gas phases influences the formation of two-phase flow structures and, consequently, the mechanisms of energy and moment exchange in the two-phase flow. The article concerns the application of the PIV method to the assessment of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring during two-phase flow realized in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d > 2 mm. Fluorescent marker particles with a density close to that of water were used in the research. The preliminary tests were carried out on the adiabatic water-air mixture. The research aimed to check the applicability of PIV methods also in non-adiabatic flows. As a result of preliminary studies, velocity maps of the liquid phase, histograms and velocity profiles in the vertical section of the tested minichannel were obtained. [110]
122. Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC. [110]
123. With the increasing need for energy, energy studies to be obtained from waste gain importance. In this study, it has been tried to determine the amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from olive pomace (pirina), which is produced by processing oil olives. Numerical maps of pirina amounts and potential biogas energy values and location maps of the proposed pirina processing plant were created. The necessary calculations were made by comparing the obtained results with the relevant literature information. In the study, the current potential biogas energy amount was calculated, maps were created and the electricity and gasoline energy equivalent levels of this energy were tried to be calculated using the 2015-2019 data of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Regions. The total potential amount of pirina in the research area is 1853375.7 tons and the potential biogas energy amount that can be obtained is 33360762.4 MJ. Pirina, which is the production waste after pressing the olives for oil, can be used for energy production. By using pirina to obtain biogas energy, both the utilization of pirina and the development of the regions will be provided. [109]
124. When establishing a plantation of energy crops, a number of decisions regarding planned technology and plant selection should be made. Using the complex calculation algorithms, it is possible to determine the amount of energy needed to establish, run and liquidate the plantation. An analysis of the technological process and the specifics of the examined plants allows to determine the set of the most important features determining the yield size, and ultimately the energy efficiency of the planned production. When conducting field production, the influence of climatic conditions should also be taken into account, for example using a hydrothermal coefficient. The most difficult element of the planned project is to determine the size of the expected yield. Using the above relationships, a mathematical model can be used which, while maintaining the range of the system variables, allows to determine the amount of the expected energy value of the crop. [109]
125. This paper presents the FEM analysis of V-die bending process of the zinc plated DC01 steel. The process is analyzed in terms of maximal plastic strain, and the reaction force on the punch. An analysis of the spring-back phenomenon has also been conducted. This paper shows the model preparation process as well as the achieved results and their interpretation. [109]
126. The current study focuses on the performance of Solar Greenhouse Dryer for drying of grapes for raisin making in Solar Dryer and Open sun condition in Western Maharashtra. The Maharashtra state ranks first in the production of grapes, probably Western Maharashtra produces nearly 800 thousand tons of grapes every year. The major wastage of grapes is due to low sugar content, glossy appearance, shrinkage, excess water in berry, scorching and size variation. Therefore, there is a need to preserve the grapes by drying and making raisins for a non-seasonal requirement. The experiment was conducted for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer and Open Sun condition from 1st of April to 4th of April for 48 hours. The initial weight of the grapes to be dried was 500 grams for both Solar Greenhouse Dryer and open sun drying conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bahe, Borgaon, Tal-Walwa, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India located at 17.115o N and 74.33o E. The main aim of using DOE i.e., Response Surface Modelling is to get an optimum region for drying of grapes in Solar Greenhouse Dryer, from the Surface plot; the region of maxima and minima was obtained. [108]
127. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki związanej z popularyzacją i dystrybucją obrazów broni palnej we współczesnych mediach masowych. Zakres moich badań obejmuje zjawisko obcowania z bronią palną poprzez obrazy. „Obcowanie” wyraża tu pewien rodzaj adoracji broni palnej, uczestnictwa w kulturze i obyczajach z nią związanych za pośrednictwem obrazów. Interesuje mnie zarówno to, w jaki sposób obrazy broni strzeleckiej funkcjonują w kulturze popularnej, jak i to, jak są zbudowane. W treści pracy podejmuję: (1) próbę zbadania właściwości obrazów broni palnej i ich związków z kulturą masową; (2) próbę określenia, które elementy obrazów broni palnej sprawiają, że jest ona odbierana jako atrakcyjna wizualnie. Ponadto w części praktycznej wybrane przeze mnie obrazy broni strzeleckiej zostają poddane dekonstrukcji malarskiej w celu wykrycia i wyodrębnienia ich charakterystycznych komponentów obrazowych. W rozdziale pierwszym umieściłem różne definicje broni oraz określenia, którymi posłużyłem się w opisach. W rozdziale drugim, opisuję przypadek współpracy malarza Georga Catlina z producentem broni Samuelem Coltem. Ten przykład jest pomocny dla zrozumienia współczesnych mechanizmów masowej dystrybucji obrazów broni palnej. Współpraca między Catlinem i Coltem stworzyła pewien schemat, wiążący obrazy broni z żywą, emocjonującą fabułą. Dziś, schemat ten wykorzystują i rozwijają nowe, współczesne nam media. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony jest obrazom broni obecnym w sztuce filmowej. Wyjaśnia: (1) w jaki sposób kino rozwija schemat, który stworzyli Catlin i Colt; (2) jak 2 obrazy broni palnej wpływają na formę obrazu filmowego; (3) jak kino mitologizuje i popularyzuje broń strzelecką na przykładzie pistoletu Walter PPK i karabinu maszynowego AK Kałasznikow. Rozdział czwarty dysertacji opisuje jak gry FPS (First Person Shooter) rozwijają fabularny i wizualny model zaczerpnięty z amerykańskich superprodukcji filmowych, w którym dominującą rolę odgrywają obrazy broni palnej oraz efekty spektakularnych zniszczeń dokonywanych z jej pomocą. W treści tego rozdziału wyjaśniam także: (1) zasady, jakie rządzą obrazowaniem broni w grach; oraz (2) opisuję, które elementy broni palnej są szczególnie atrakcyjne wizualnie w grze i w jaki sposób twórcy gier wykorzystują je podczas ich tworzenia. Rozdział piąty, jest próbą przybliżenia zjawiska Gunporn, które do tej pory nie doczekało się szerszego opracowania. Ma ono bezpośredni związek z fascynacją fotografią, obrazami, komiksami, filmami oraz grami, które przedstawiają broń i uzbrojenie. Jest to w pewnym sensie rozdział podsumowujący, ponieważ łączy w sobie wszystkie wątki z poprzednich rozdziałów. Rozdział szósty zwiera opis części praktycznej. Przedstawione zostały w nim wyniki moich badań w formie obrazów malarskich oraz objaśnienie zastosowanych przeze mnie metod badawczych, sposobu pracy, a także doboru materiałów, na podstawie których budowałem swoje kompozycje malarskie. [108]
128. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zjawisk podstawowych w strefie szlifowania ostrzy noży planarnych ściernicami z ziarnami regularnego azotku boru (cBN) w trzech odmianach kinematycznych (szlifowanie obwodem ściernicy, szlifowanie czołem ściernicy, szlifowanie stożkową powierzchnią czołową ściernicy) umożliwiająca wytypowanie warunków realizacji tego procesu zapewniających w efekcie wydłużenie okresu trwałości kształtowanych narzędzi w procesie skórowania ryb płaskich. Przeprowadzone badania eksploatacyjne dowiodły możliwości uzyskania około 18% wydłużenia okresu trwałości ostrzy co w warunkach zakładu przetwórstwa rybnego pozwala na uzyskanie efektu skali i wpływa korzystnie zarówno na zredukowanie kosztów narzędzi, jak i na ograniczenie czasu przestoju linii technologicznej, związanego z wymianą ostrzy w maszynie do skórowania. [108]
129. AA7075 is an aluminum alloy that's almost as strong as steel, yet it weighs just one third as much. Unfortunately, its use has been limited, due to the fact that pieces of it couldn't be securely welded together by the traditional welding process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process overcomes the limitations of the conventional welding process. The aim of our present is to compare the predicted results of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Friction Stir welded similar joints through Regression modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. It was observed that the linear regression algorithm is able to make more accurate predictions compared to neural network algorithm for small dataset. [107]
130. The article presents an analysis of the geometric structure of the surface of X5CrNi18‑10 steel sheet after cutting with a abrasive water-jet (AWJ) and a photon beam (laser). Both methods and the workpiece material were also described. Using the laser triangulation method, the cut surface texture was measured by opto-digital microscopy. Additionally, microscopic images of the cut surface were made using the Dino-Lite Edge AM7915MZT microscope by ANMO Electronics Co. The analysis of changes in the value of the Sa parameter for the surface after laser cutting and abrasive water-jet showed that the thickness of the cut material has the most significant influence on the obtained measurement results. [106]
131. Fuel injector nozzle is important part of fuel injection system which plays dominant role in spray formation which directly and indirectly affects on combustion efficiency of diesel engine. The performance of the internal flow of the fuel injector nozzle is impeded by several factors. Cavitation is one of the factor which affects fluid flow. It is associated with local pressure distribution inside nozzle. Therefore cavitation plays major role while designing injector nozzle.In the present study, analysis of existing six hole mini-sac diesel injector nozzle is carried out using commercial CFD package. The main objective of research is to design of nozzle to avoid cavitation and to find out contribution of different parameters through parametric study. The results are predicted and compared with both test result and analytical result at steady state conditions for different needle lift., the better the results. [106]
132. Currently, the world is facing problems regarding environmental pollutions due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that lead to the greenhouse effect. The main symptom of the greenhouse effect is increased earth surface temperature. Also, the resources of fossil fuels are depleting rapidly and can take thousands of years to reproduce, so the time has come to go for lesser polluting renewable fuels. In this research, Bio-CNG is considered as an alternative fuel to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. The performance test on four-stroke IC Engines working on the Bio-CNG and Diesel fuel is conducted simultaneously. The performance parameters such as Brake Power, Indicated Power, Thermal Efficiencies, Mechanical, Volumetric efficiency for both fuels are compared. Along with the performance, the emission is also recorded and compared. The results have shown that Bio-CNG has slightly less performance ability for similar engines working on Diesel fuel. But this study also shows that Bio-CNG possesses the ability to replace the conventional fuel with some engine and exhaust system modifications. The higher calorific value (47000kJ/kg) and lower or negligible carbon emission make it the best sustainable fuel substitute to conventional fuel i.e. Diesel. [106]
133. The article presents the association of the output signals of the grinding process with the machining parameters. The article focuses on assessing the suitability of grinding force signal and acoustic signal acquisition for different process conditions. In the first part of the article the kinematic contact of abrasive grain with the workpiece analysis was carried out. By analogy to the micro-cutting process, geometric analyses are presented and the process parameters that have a major impact on the grinding zone load are indicated. Analytically it has been shown that elementary grinding speeds (wheel and workpiece speed) and grinding depth have a significant effect on recorded signal values. The work also presents a set of factors and phenomena that are sources of acoustic emission impulses in the grinding process. For a selected range of grinding parameters, an experimental verification was performed. The article presents the highly correlated relationship between grain penetration depth (maximum uncut chip thickness) and grinding force components, as well as the effective value of acoustic emission. The output signals of the grinding process were also compared, indicating the advantage of the acoustic emission signal above the grinding force in terms of the reaction speed (and lag) of the sensors to the phenomena occurring in the grinding zone. [105]
134. Estimating the amount of suspended sediment in rivers correctly is important due to the adverse impacts encountered during the design and maintenance of hydraulic structures such as dams, regulators, water channels and bridges. The sediment concentration and discharge currents have usually complex relationship, especially on long term scales, which can lead to high uncertainties in load estimates for certain components. In this paper, with several data-driven methods, including two types of perceptron support vector machines with radial basis function kernel (SVM-RBF), and poly kernel learning algorithms (SVM-PK), Library SVM (LibSVM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy (NF) and statistical approaches such as sediment rating curves (SRC), multi linear regression (MLR) are used for forecasting daily suspended sediment concentration from daily temperature of water and streamflow in the river. Daily data are measured at Augusta station by the US Geological Survey. 15 different input combinations (1 to 15) were used for SVM-PK, SVM-RBF, LibSVM, NF and MLR model studies. All approaches are compared to each other according to three statistical criteria; mean absolute errors (MAE), root mean square errors (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R). Of the applied linear and nonlinear methods, LibSVM and NF have good results, but LibSVM generates a slightly better fit under whole daily sediment values. [105]
135. This publication presents a case study of responsible environmental management on the example of a Polish organization having the objective of municipal waste management. The results of the conducted analyses allow to conclude that the organization is well prepared to implement an environmental management system compliant with the requirements of ISO 14001:2015 standard. This publication presents and characterises environmental programmes which are implemented by the organization.The purpose of this publication is to present, on the example of a selected organization, the adaptation to the implementation of the environmental management system compliant with ISO 14001:2015 standard and to analyse the benefits obtained by the organization as a result of implementing the environmental management system. The carried-out surveys suggest that pro-environmental activities undertaken by the organization will bring numerous benefits. The benefits can include, inter alia, increased customer confidence, improved image of the organization and thus an increase in the number of services provided by the company. Environmental performance indicators will be carried out for the assessment of the functioning of the implemented environmental management system. This will allow an effective identification of the areas that require improvement. [104]
136. This paper discusses the current directions of vehicle developments, as well as the barriers and opportunities for using electric vehicles instead of conventional vehicles. There is also mentioned a problem of the battery charging system. Compared to refueling gasoline powered vehicles, charging of battery electric vehicles takes considerably more time, which renders a single-purpose charging infrastructure inconvenient. However, an objective of this article is also to investigate the future market prospects of various types of EVs, with the economics of EVs in comparison to conventional cars. Only if the final driving costs can be considerably reduced will EVs gain significant market shares. [104]
137. This article deals with the optimization of friction stir welding process parameters with filler ratios on dissimilar Aluminium alloy groups. For this purpose, 6 series Aluminium alloy 6082 and 5 series Aluminium alloy 5052 were taken. Microhardness property was conducted under various rotational speeds, welding speed, plunge depth, Center distance between the holes and filler mixing ratio. The Central Composite Design (CCD), the most commonly used Response Surface Methodology (RSM), is considered to develop the prediction equation. A validation analysis is carried out, and the results were compared with the relative impact of input parameters on weld nugget microhardness. It is observed that the increase in welding speed with plunge depth and filler ratio result in the increase of weld nugget microhardness up to a maximum value. The maximum weld nugget hardness of fabricated joint was obtained with the welding process parameters combination of 1000 rpm rotational speed, 125 mm/min welding speed, 0.15 mm plunge depth, 2 mm centre distance between the holes, and filler ratio of 95% Mg and 5% Cr. [104]
138. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional, steady, incompressible lid driven flow in a square cavity were investigated in this work. A commercial finite volume package of ANSYS-FLUENT was used to analyze and visualize the nature of the flow inside the cavity at different Reynolds Number. In addition, a MATLAB code was developed and validated by comparing the results with the reference values from literature. Staggered grid was employed in discretization of the cavity to avoid checkerboard pressure while developing the code. The governing equations were discretized in terms of velocity and pressure fields. Artificial compressibility method was used to de-couple the pressure and velocity terms in the governing equations. A 129x129 grid system was used in both cases. The effects of Reynolds number (100 on the flow characteristics were illustrated through the analysis of stream function, velocity vector, pressure co-efficient and velocity contours. The thinning of the wall boundary layers with increase in Reynolds number is evident from the u and v velocity profiles along the vertical and horizontal lines at the geometric center, although the rate of this thinning is very slow for Re > 5000 [104]
139. In this article, a study of supersonic airflow through a channel with various cross-section is presented. The channel is namely a heatproof nozzle which is used in a pneumatic pulsator system. The system utilizes a pneumatic impact to destruct or to avoid of the creation of unfavourable phenomena which comes from cohesion forces. The pneumatic pulsator system is driven by compressed air and a high-velocity airflow is induced by the difference between internal and external air pressure. This flow changes its characteristics during a work cycle of the pulsator from subsonic to supersonic conditions. It causes a very dynamic gas conversion and may produce additional heat inside the pulsator and its nozzle. The article presents a method for calculating the value of the heat which can be generated inside the heatproof nozzle. The results of the study shows that the small amount of energy is lost during the airflow which can generate an increment of heatproof nozzle wall temperature. [104]
140. Climate change has become a pitfall towards economic growth, sustainable development, and ecological balance, not different in Bangladesh. This study investigates the relationship between ecological footprint and globalization of Bangladesh in the 1980-2021. Results of Auto-regressive distributed lag mdel (ARDL) bound test confirms long-run relationship among carbon footprint, ecological footprint, globalization, and other control variables. Long-run and short elasticity confirm globalization, population density, energy consumption along political and economic globalization stimulates ecological footprint. On the other hand, economic growth is a culprit of ecological footprint. It reflects alternative signs with an ecological footprint. On carbon footprint, results are similar to ecological footprint except for energy consumption. As ecological footprint increases, people consume more energy in the short run while less energy in long run. Laws enforced in the last or previous decades regarding environmental issues need more strictness and acceptability to utilize energy through advanced technology and robust inflows from the foreign sector. [104]
141. This paper describes a stability study in plastic injection molding process. There is a need - underpinned by economic considerations - to continuously improve and lead to a maximum reduction in the level of deficiencies in production processes. One of the methods that can help to improve the process is SPC (Statistical Process Control). One of the SPC tools are process capability indicators (Cp, Cpk) or performance indicators such as Pp, Ppk. In this paper, on a mass measuring station, a study was conducted on three types of products manufactured in a company, and the measurements concerned each piece of product manufactured during one work shift. The collected data were used to calculate the process capability and evaluate these processes. [103]
142. The project presents the design of production systems equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect real-world systems. In addition, system designs provide for the possibility of scientific and research work in the design of production systems with a high level of automation. [103]
143. The primary objective of the study was to analyze the way in which railroad infrastructure affects residential property prices on the example of the municipality of Kórnik. The analysis carried out includes 737 transactions, which were concluded in the years 2019-2021. Input data forming the basis of the study were obtained from the District Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre in Poznań. The most important part of the analyses conducted was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. The analysis helped to identify the attributes that had the most significant impact on price. The statistical tools used showed that the presence of a railroad line in the vicinity of residential properties negatively affected transaction prices. A special role in the study is also played by spatial analyses, whose priority is to increase transparency in the process of describing phenomena occurring within the real estate market. [103]
144. The paper presents the specification of research methods commonly encountered in the studies of heat transfer processes in minichannels. In particular the following methods have been emphasized: electrochemical limiting current method as well as the thermal balance method. In thermal balance method the mean heat transfer coefficient is determined by the set of experimental thermal measurements of the investigated heat exchanger. In turn, limiting current method is based on heat and mass transfer analogy. The discussed research methods have been implemented on two specially designed and constructed test facilities with compact minichannel heat exchangers, which have been presented and described in details. In order to validate the designed setup, the preliminary experimental measurements of two minichannel heat exchangers with hydraulic diameter of 2 mm and rectangular cross sections during single-phase liquid flows have been carried out. In further perspective it is planned to extend the experimental studies of minichannel heat exchangers and to compare the results obtained by both methods described. [103]
145. The paper presents the results of research on the vertical falling flow and their analysis. Methods for calculating the gas volume fraction, which are characterized by high accuracy, and are often proposed in the literature. Their accuracy was presented, as well as the methods with the highest computational usefulness when designing devices in which two-phase gas - liquid flow is used. [103]
146. Subsea transmission pipelines (STP) are designed to transport liquids, gases or solid/liquid mixtures over some distances. STP are buried underground or submerged in water for transportation of natural oil and gas (O&G) products. A Vernonia amygdalina (VA) solution is prepared to act as an inhibitor. The specimens are kept in a workable state. Steps are taken to prepare each specimen. All cuts and sheared edges were ground out to prevent them from becoming sites for preferential attack. The finishing of the specimen surface with grit abrasive paper (sand paper) and rinsing of the specimens in distilled water are carried out. Then, degreasing of specimen in acetone and air-dried are carried out. Upon drying, the specimens are immediately weighed to obtain their initial weights. Twelve specimens are used for the test as follows: 6 Aluminum (Al); and 6 mild steel (MS) samples. With a 2M concentration of VA solution, the MS and Al samples are immersed in different plastic containers containing 400ml of seawater with pH value of 7.25 with no (0%) inhibitor added to it. A 5% (400ml) of the VA solution is poured into the measuring cylinder for each sample-Al and MS. [103]
147. Scarcity of fresh water, forced many countries to get their water needs, or part of it, by means of saline water desalination. Reverse osmosis (RO) systems are useful tools in this concern. In case the grid electricity is not available or costly, photovoltaic (PV) power is necessary to derive RO systems. The present paper is concerned with providing a methodology for complete sizing and design of a photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PVRO) system in Egypt. Egypt has very favorable solar energy. A computer program was constructed to solve the mathematical equations of the model to get the numerical values. The program is capable of calculating the solar irradiation for any city in Egypt. Calculations and selection of the RO system with all connected pumps, the peak PV power needed, and the actual PV area were performed for different water demands ranging from 1-100 m3/day, and various water total dissolved solids (TDSs) of 5000, 15000, and 30000 mg/l. The cost of the complete PVRO system was also determined. The concern of the paper is related to water desalination and solar energy, which are responsible for our existence. The work also aims toward sustainable and clean environment via utilizing solar energy. [103]
148. Flood prevention has become one of the most important priorities of public safety and risk mitigation in Poland. The study presents an evaluation of the actions implemented in 16 voivodships of Poland in the field of flood prevention and water retention. Voivodships correspond to individual regions of the country. The analysis covering the period of 2003-2018 was carried out on the basis of data obtained mainly from Local Data Bank. A set of indicators, divided into infrastructural and economic ones were applied. The assessment of technical measures covered two basic types of hydro engineering facilities: flood embankments and retention reservoirs. The economic indicators illustrate the expenditures incurred on the implementation of technical means of flood prevention. The obtained results provide means to categorise the voivodships into subsets. Units similar in terms of the carried out water management were assigned to 4 types. Voividships similar in terms of the expenditures designated to the implementation of water management tasks were divided into 4 groups. Taking into account the dynamics of the investments and financial outlays on water management measures related to the existing flood risk assessment, the situation is satisfactory in 4 voivodships, but insufficient or unsatisfactory in 7 of them. The obtained results show that in order to achieve the flood prevention levels required in the studied regions additional actions are necessary, including but not limited to technical measures. [103]
149. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 is aiming to restore 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers across Europe. The important issue is which barriers should be prioritised for removal. In this study a set of socio-economic and environmental criteria was chosen to rank the dams on salmonid rivers in Lithuania and recommend them for removal. As these criteria usual contradict themselves the multi-criteria decision analysis tool was utilized. The results showed that the Anykščiai dam on the river Šventoji can be recommended to be removed first. The removal can significantly increase the salmonid population in the river Šventoji over significant stretch of the river. Also, this dam is in the protected area and is not listed as national heritage and does not have hydropower plant on it. Although, this study showed that dams with hydropower plants can also be recommended for removal. [103]
150. Celem pracy jest opracowanie modeli zużycia narzędzi ściernych w zmiennych warunkach procesu szlifowania, z wykorzystaniem probabilistycznego opisu zagadnienia oraz algorytmów symulacji zużycia ściernicy w procesie obwodowego szlifowania płaszczyzn. Matematyczne modele zużycia oparto na założeniu losowości obciążenia mechanicznego ziaren oraz wytrzymałości doraźnej i odporności na obciążenie sumaryczne w czasie pracy ziaren ściernych. [103]
151. The purpose of this research is to effectively schedule jobs in a production company using heuristic johnson’s algorithm. A popular pure water production factory, Iterlene industrial services limited (IISL) located at Effurun, Nigeria was investigated and it was noticed that different sizes of jobs (bottled water) are produced ranging from 25cl, 50cl, 60cl, 75cl, and 150cl respectively, which are processed through the filling machine (FM1) and capping machine (CM2). In the order FM1CM2. Each job has to pass through the same sequence of operations. Jobs are assigned in such a way that a job is assigned on FM1 first and once processing is completed on FM1, it is assigned to CM2 and passing is not allowed. The idle time for the production of 500 bottles of water was estimated to be 1020seconds (17.00mins.). Johnson’s algorithm was applied to minimize the idle time for both FM1 and CM2 by determining the optimal sequence of the processed jobs. This was achieved within 780seconds (13.00mins.). Conclusively, the minimization of total elapsed time between the completion of first and last job was achieved. This would greatly improve productivity, effectiveness, and profitability at iterlene factory. [102]
152. The paper consists the results from the conducted experiment and the mathematical model of it. The presented process is biomass gasification and the modelling is based on complex parameter that is maximum thermodynamic efficiency and use the Gibbs free energy function and Lagrange multiplier. Referring to European Union strategy in terms of energy use it is highly recommended to increase the share of renewable energy in total energy production. The biomass is one of the most important sources of energy. Listed above methods of mathematical calculations let as define the composition of the gas produced and the efficiency that was reached. Also the precision of the model was evaluated. The effect of the work done is the possibility to use it to state the best condition for the process of biomass gasification technology. [102]
153. Nuclear power plants play an important role in power systems of many countries. Ability to reasonable increase installed capacity of nuclear power units allow to reduce the cost for building of new power plants. When increasing NPP capacity to 104% there is a need to estimate the residual life of plant’s typical elements and continue their operation. The mathematical model of estimation of service life indicators of steam turbine K-1000-60/3000 is developed. The effect of increasing the capacity of a nuclear reactor on the heat transfer coefficients of a steam in the nozzle segments of high-pressure cylinder was established by using CFD modeling. The thermal and stress-strain state of the high-pressure rotor for the most typical operating modes are calculated. Using the correlation dependences of low-cycle fatigue, the rate of accumulation of cyclic damage of the base metal is established. The resistance of the metal to the exhaustion of long-term strength is also determined. On the example of the high pressure rotor of the 3rd power unit of Rivne NPP the service life indicators are calculated. The validity of increasing the installed capacity of the power unit was also confirmed. [102]
154. Among the apparatuses with a regular arrangement of packing elements creating an in-phase mode of vortex interaction, which ensures high efficiency of the processes, it is interesting to use a standard tubular packing. Such packing allows additional advantages associated with heat supply or extraction directly in the contact zone of the interacting phases, which is very important for conducting some chemisorption processes. The research covers such hydrodynamic regularities as hydraulic resistance during a heat carrier movement in pipes and during external flow around a tubular beam, retained liquid amount and gas content of layer in the external flow around the tubular beam with liquid and gas flows. The research was carried out using an experimental setup with a heat and mass transfer apparatus with regular tubular packing. The medium used during experiments is water-air. The research methodology included standard methods for determining hydraulic resistance and retained liquid amount and visual observation and photographing of gas-liquid flows. The novelty of the research was equations – one for calculating the hydraulic resistance in pipes, taking into account local resistances and pipe roughness. The other ones for determining the pressure losses during the external flow around the tubular beam, the retained liquid amount, and the gas content of the layer, taking into account the vortex interaction of gas and liquid flows. Graphical and calculated dependences of the investigated hydrodynamic characteristics were obtained as a result of the conducted research of the hydraulic resistance during the heat carrier movement in the pipes, as well as the hydraulic resistance and the retained liquid amount during the external flow around the tubular beam with a change in the gas velocity and irrigation density. When the heat carrier flows in the pipes, the numerical values of the hydraulic resistance in the transient mode do not exceed 1.5 kPa, in the developed turbulence mode in the range of the Reynolds number from 1·104 to 6·104 DР varies from 1.5 to 53 kPa. With the external flow around the tubular beam, in the developed turbulence mode wg = 4 m/s and L = 25 m3/m2h, the hydraulic resistance is 85 Pa, the retained liquid amount is 4.5·10-3 m. The change in the irrigation density in this mode (developed turbulence) in the L range from 10 to 100 m3/m2h leads to an increase in the hydraulic resistance from 65 to 160 Pa, the retained liquid amount from 2.16·10-3 to 13.6·10-3 m. The calculated dependencies are the basis of the method for calculating the hydrodynamic characteristics of the apparatus with the regular tubular packing, which can be used to calculate industrial devices. [102]
155. The term optical profilometry is used in relation to group of methods used in a rapid, non-destructive, and non-contact assessment of surface topography. Those methods playing a signifi-cant role in the area of a modern advanced laboratory and industrial 3D measurements. With the development of profilometric methods, a large progress in the construction of optical profilometric instruments and measuring sensors used in them, including confocal sensors based on the chromatic light aberration phenomenon (CLA) has been observed since several years. In the paper shows that the Talysurf CLI 2000 multisensory optical profilometer equipped with a CLA sensor can be used in high-accuracy 3D measurements of the uncirculated and circulated coins. The assessment of such type objects characterized by a high variability of altitude can be extremely helpful in analyzing the actual metrological properties of measuring equipment used in their measurements. [101]
156. Nucleate pool boiling is a very efficient transfer regime with low temperature gradients, bounded between two heat flux values and which border transitions to other regimes, this phenomenon is well framed with correlations; our study aims to clarify the applicability of this regime to liquid hydrogen and to develop reliable correlations for a useful and qualitative agreement. An exhaustive review on the nucleate pool boiling of hydrogen and the limits of this regime, whether are the onset nucleate boiling (ONB) and the critical heat flux (CHF) was made, allowing the collection of more than 1400 points from experimental setups, highlighting a variety of parameters. Five predictive correlations were drawn from the literature, graphical and statistical comparisons were made, two in five reveal acceptable results. After analysis of the experimental data, new correlations were developed and compared with the data collected, convincing results were obtained and discussed. A simple form was expressed for the heat flux , shows better predicted values; convincing results of the (CHF) have been found on modified Kutateladze correlation (1948), and the CHF value reaches a maximum of 148×103 W/m² for a reduced pressure at 0.35; a nucleate boiling correlation suitable for hydrogen has been developed. [101]
157. Damage to cargo in transport occurs as a result of improper securing of cargo, which causes not only material losses due to partial or complete damage to cargo, but may threaten the safety of participants in the distribution of cargo in the distribution chain. Dangers, difficulties and costs caused by human errors in packing and securing cargo in all modes of transport can be remedied and certainly significantly reduced. The best way to achieve this goal is to build the awareness of the great need for proper packaging and securing the cargo in a way that ensures the safety of all participants in the distribution chain among producers, distributors and carriers. The article discusses the problem of rational use of stretch film as the most frequently used method of securing loads. Author indicated necessity to develop methods and procedures for the proper protection of palletized loads with the use of stretch film to reduce the amount of stretch film used while ensuring proper load security, increase the safety and better protection to the environment of the planet and its natural resources. [101]
158. A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed. [101]
159. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia analizy masztów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprężysto-plastycznych właściwości odciągów. Głównym celem przedstawionych analiz było wykazanie różnic w pracy statycznej masztów o odciągach z lin po wstępnym przeciągnięciu (E = const), w stosunku do masztów podpartych za pomocą lin bez wstępnego przeciągnięcia (E ≠ const). W pierwszym przypadku, stała wartość współczynnika sprężystości E liny sprawia, że trzon masztu po obciążeniu i odciążeniu powraca do pierwotnej konfiguracji. Natomiast maszt z odciągami o charakterystyce sprężysto-plastycznej (E ≠ const), po ustaniu obciążenia nie powraca do początkowej pozycji pionowej, lecz pozostaje lekko odchylony od pionu. Takie zachowanie wynika z powstania trwałych odkształceń lin po odciążeniu, co prowadzi do spadku sił wstępnego napięcia w odciągach i zmniejszenia sztywności masztu. Wymagana jest więc tu okresowa rektyfikacja i korekta sił wstępnego naciągu lin, szczególnie w początkowym okresie eksploatacji. Uwzględnienie tego rodzaju nieliniowości w analizie statycznej przyczynia się do wzrostu dokładności obliczeń masztu. Do przeprowadzenia analiz numerycznych w stanie niesprężystym wykorzystano nieliniowe zależności σ – ε dwóch lin o różnej konstrukcji, uzyskane z badań doświadczalnych. [100]
160. The tribological performance of 5xxx series aluminum alloys with ternary zirconium is evaluated at ambient conditions under dry, wet and saline environment. The experiment has been done using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under an applied load of 20N. The sliding distances varies ranging from 116m-2772m at a sliding velocity of 0.385 ms-1. The results show that presence of Mg and Zr into this alloy helps to increase their strength and wear resistance under dry sliding condition. But they significantly suffer under wet and corrosive environment due to formation of β-phase Al3Mg2, to slip bands and grain boundaries which may lead to and stress-corrosion cracking. The variation of friction coefficient is observed in wet and corrosive environment due to the formation of oxidation film, lubrication, and corrosion action in solution. The SEM fracture surface shows that brittle Al3Mg2 phase initiate the brittle fracture surface for Al-Mg alloy and Zr addition accelerate the brittleness of the alloy owing the fine precipitates of Al3Zr. [100]
161. The article discusses the possibility of recovering waste heat from the exhaust air from the ventilation system of multi-family residential buildings. A system of waste heat recovery from the extracted air with an electric heat pump was proposed for the preparation of domestic hot water (DHW). The proposed system has been analysed in TRNSYS 17 software for exemplary multi-family residential building. The influence of exhaust air humidity and heat pump outlet temperature on the energy effect was analysed. For the analysed case and the Polish conditions of electricity production, a possible reduction of the final energy amount for DHW preparation (EKW) by 35.1% and primary energy consumption (EPW) by 9.1% was determined in comparison with the use of a gas condensing boiler only.The factors influencing the energy effect of the system for the recovery of waste heat from the exhaust air were indicated. The authors specified directions of further research aimed at determining how to recover available waste heat from the exhaust air with lower energy expenditure and for which installations in the building they should be used. [100]
162. The pyrochlores are the promising low-thermal conductive materials for Thermal Barrier Coatings applications. In present work the concept of pyrochlore formation during APS spraying of ZrO2 and ReO was analyzed. The specially prepared agglomerated mixtures of ZrO2 with Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3 and Gd2O3 oxides were plasma sprayed using A60 plasma torch on NiCoCrAlY-type bond coat. The influence of plasma gasses composition on coatings’ microstructure was investigated. The results of XRD phase analysis proved formation of pyrochlores from Gd2O3 +ZrO2 and Nd2O3+ZrO2 mixtures. The formation of Er4O12Zr3 from Er2O3+ ZrO2 mixture as well as Zr3Yb4 from Yb2O3+ ZrO2 powder was detected. The presence of pure rare earth oxides (REO) and zirconia oxides was observed in all types of sprayed coatings. The microstructural assessment showed differences in porosity and thickness of obtained ceramic coatings depending of type of REO oxides. The analysis of results showed that it is possible to obtain pyrochlore ceramic coatings from pure oxides mixture. The plasma energy was not efficient for full formation of pyrochlores, therefore the presence of pure oxides was observed. [99]
163. The paper deals with the development of high-performance composite heat exchangers made of different metals. The samples made of meshes and fine fibers have been sintered to the copper base in the reduction atmosphere to prevent oxidation. The test of boiling heat transfer performance have been carried out under ambient pressure with distilled water and ethyl alcohol as working agents. The obtained data indicates significant enhancement of heat flux of such composite heat exchangers in comparison to the smooth surface without any coating. The maximum heat flux for the microstructure covered heater has been several times higher than for the smooth surface. The enhancement has been observed to decrease as the temperature difference become higher. [99]
164. In this present study, biodiesel was synthesized as per ASTM method by using algae as a raw material, which in the environment is considered as being a harmful waste and of a nature that blooms in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. In order to improve fuel quality, the transesterification process was carried out in this study so as to remove fatty acids and thereafter, analyze several fuel parameters of the biodiesel were determined. The calorific value of the biodiesel and its specific gravity was 42660 kJ/kg and 0.803 g/cm3 respectively. The viscosity of the sample was found to be 1.99. The cetane number of diesel fuel ranged from 40 to 55 and for the biodiesel it was found to be 47. The flashpoint and firepoint of the sample was recorded as 80°C and 94°C respectively. The conclusion is that it is worthy to mention that this process does not require high-end technology; hence, it could be used in the energy generation process in remote areas and as an alternative resource, as well. [99]
165. In the paper there is presented an evaluation of variability of surface water quality (reservoirs and watercourses), on the area of degraded post-mining area in Bytom. The physicochemical analysis of water and compared with archival data obtained in 2009 and 2014. There were done analysis of following parameters: reaction, total content of substances dissolved in water, water hardness and the content of: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4- ions as well as Fe and Mn. The examined surface waters were characterised by high content of solutes. Anions were dominated by chlorides, the sodium proved to be the dominating cation, the examined water samples were characterised by high concentration of sulphates. In all analyzed reservoirs, permissible concentrations of chlorides and sulphates were exceeded. In all sample points there was observed a decrease of pH value in long term period, the concentration of chlorides lowered, however concentrations of sulphates increased in the majority of sampling points. [99]
166. In recent years, computational fluid dynamics has been increasingly used in the development of various types of rotating machines. In the case of water turbines and pumps, a large number of researches have been published recently, related to the use of different numerical methods for prediction of efficiency, cavitation characteristics and different dynamic phenomena. For basic analysis an accurate result near the optimal operating regime is sufficient, but for detailed analysis the numerical analyses in the wider field of operating conditions are necessary. Thus, we encounter some otherwise known physical phenomena that occur in the part load and full load regime. In these areas, due to the nature of the flow, various non-stationary phenomena occur that are dominant for such operating regimes. In this paper, the problems that arises if we consider only stationary results and some recommendations to avoid later problems in the operation of centrifugal pumps are presented. [99]
167. From ancient days to till today manufacturing industries, especially making of holes on the parts during drilling process for precision assembling of parts facing problems with burr formation. Drilling operation is one of the finishing operation in the production cycle, removing of burrs during drilling process is a time consuming and non-value added process to the manufacturing sector. So reducing the size of burrs is the main aim of the present study. In the present work, optimization of burr size is considered during drilling of aluminium 7075 alloy. From Grey relational grades of responses selected optimal combination of parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses with a corresponding higher grey relational grade. For identifying the most significant input parameters that influence the output responses ANOVA is conducted. Finally, observations reveals that feed rate, point and clearance angles are the most influential factors on burr size and also experimental results divulge that the lower the thrust force causes to decrease the burr height. The proposed approach is helpful to the budding entrepreneurs in the related areas to select optimal combination of drilling parameters to attain multiple performance characteristics of responses especially in burr size to prevent the post finishing operations. [99]
168. This research paper investigates the application of neural network models for forecasting in energy. The results of forecasting the weekly energy consumption of the enterprise according to the model of a multilayer perceptron at different values of neurons and training algorithms are given. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. [98]
169. This paper presents the possibilities of waste management originating frommunicipal wastewater treatment through the production of mineral-organic fertilizersbased on sewage sludge. The original method created for this purpose was used in thestudy together with the environmental assessment of this method. Therefore, the pur-pose of this publication is twofold. On the one hand, the first goal of the paper is todraw attention to the need to choose the appropriate method of utilization of sewagesludge, taking into account its characteristics and potentially harmful effects on theenvironment. The second goal of the paper is to assess the environmental impact ofthe selected method and demonstrate its eco-innovation.The first part of the paper is a theoretical introduction to the issues of sewagesludge management, as well as theoretical considerations on the essence of eco-inno-vation. The second part of the paper presents practical issues of production and appli-cation of the organo-mineral granulated fertilizer subjected to research, while the thirdpart – the methodology of the applied Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), including in par-ticular the application of Material and Energy Flow Analysis (MEFA) at the Life Cy-cle Inventory stage. The fourth section presents the assumptions and results of theconducted research for four alternative solutions for the production of organic-mineralfertilizers. The fifth and final part summarizes the results and contains a number ofconclusions and recommendations that should be considered in the context of the pos-sibilities of further product optimization. [98]
170. The present work is a numerical modeling of the flow of a viscous fluid provided with convective heat transfer in a rectangular channel. We focus on the influence of the shape of corrugations which are present on the channel walls. Three shapes of corrugations are studied and which are: the rectangular, triangular and semi-circular shape. Also, effects of the height and number of corrugations on the fluid dynamics and thermal characteristics of the exchanger are highlighted. The working fluid is non-Newtonian (having a shear thinning behavior modeled by the Otswald law). The obtained results reveal that the presence of corrugations yields a major change in the heat exchange execution. In terms of superiority of heat transfer ratio, the cases under investigation can be classified as follows: rectangular > triangular > semi-circular. However and in terms of low pressure drop, this ranking is reversed. Furthermore, the triangular and semi-circular shapes were found to have almost similar effects. [98]
171. The article presents the most important information concerning computer modelling and simulation, system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. An exemplary model of the production process of windscreen wipers, which was created on the basis of assumptions, discussed the individual components of the model. An example of using JAVA code in AnyLogic program is presented and examples of indicators that can be calculated and presented in the form of a graph in the program are shown. Computer simulations enable tracking and analysis of the production process. They help to verify assumptions and detect irregularities in the modeled process. Simulation programs have a wide range of possibilities, allow you to create reports, charts, comparisons, allow you to optimize processes. [98]
172. The main goal of the work was to create a project to implement an object recognition system into a modular didactic gear production system. The project shows how, thanks to the modular structure of the gear system, it is possible to easily add new elements to it, at the same time increasing its capabilities. At the beginning, the characteristics of the system were presented before the implementation, including a description of the production process that takes place in this system and all modules of the system were exchanged. Then the vision system for object recognition and all its components were described. The technical-organizational project of the implementation presented the concept of the deployment of the system modules and the principle of system operation after the implementation. A 3D model of all system components was also presented. [97]
173. A great deal of packaging made of PET is observed in logistics supply chains, and the article is particularly concerned with food – bottles. The implementation of the EU's "zero-waste" guidelines implies action on the part of producers of: packaging and food for B2C distribution to find new solutions to enable the above-mentioned stakeholders in the logistics supply chain to achieve a balance of the aforementioned business parties – taking into account environmental protection. The article discusses the tasks and possibilities under the above conditions of a new type of "RECYCLER" companies, which, at the end of the life of PET packaging, i.e. after the foodstuffs in PET bottles have been consumed, produce a recyclate and return it to re-production. In a number of journals, including e.g. (Połednik et al. 2016, Topiarzová et al. 2011), respecting good recycling practices – there is an ongoing discussion on the sense of introducing reusable packaging, deposits, etc. This article discusses the barriers to recovery in a multi-level plastics recovery system, with specific reference to the operation of a PET bottle recycling line, and presents a pre-verified concept for a method to increase the efficiency of separating PET bottles from the plastics fraction in a multi-level waste separation system. [97]
174. This paper reports an experimental comparative thermal analysis of a flat plate heat exchanger and corrugated plate heat exchanger (CPHE) of different corrugation angles using ethylene glycol as test fluid. The experiments were carried out counter current mode using water as hot fluid at 75°C. Design of each plate provided with eleven thermocouple sensors to determine the temperatures, in which seven were used to measure the surface temperature of plate and four were used to measure the inlet and outlet bulk temperature of cold and hot fluids. The mass flow rate of test fluid, varied between 0.5 to 4 liters per minute and corresponding steady state temperatures is measured. Using experimental readings, temperature difference between the inlet and outlet streams (DT), logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are determined. The obtained DT and U values of corrugation angles (300, 500) of CPHE were compared with those of flat plate heat exchangers. For corrugation angle of 30° and 50°, the DT and U values increases with increase of mass flow rate of the fluid. [96]
175. Thermoacoustics has become a promising technology to use heat from low temperature sources to drive engines. This study proposes a single-stage thermoacoustic travelling-wave engine for waste-heat recovery at 150°C. All the construction details of such a system are provided. A recently developed configuration of a looped tube with an impedance matching side-branch stub is proposed. A numerical model of the engine is built in DeltaEC software to conduct the simulations. Furthermore, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the engine is presented, including an energy balance, a description of the basic acoustic parameters in a steady state, as well as a study of a variable load influence on the performance of the engine. The Authors pointed out the necessity of the engine optimization and a proper choice of load related acoustic impedance, which would consider a trade-off between high power and high efficiency. Eventually, a possibility of achieving 40% exergy efficiency of the proposed engine is confirmed. [96]
176. The aim of this case study is to generate several poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate-based hydrogels using additive manufacturing process and compare their material properties. A commercial stereolithography system is used to produce the test specimens in accordance with ISO standards. Three formulations will be prepared for this purpose. The basis in each case is PEGDA with average molecular weights of 700 Mn, 575 Mn and 250 Mn. A photoinitiator and an UV absorber are added to ensure spatial and temporal crosslinking. Subsequently, the formulations are investigated for their material properties according to ISO standards by means of tensile, compression and hardness tests, and the influence of the molecular weights is determined. [96]
177. The following paper covers a method for wind turbine selection with a horizontal axis of rotation basing on real in-field measurements of wind conditions. The basic meteorological properties and characteristics obtained during measurement campaigns using necessary equipment as well as the used methodology are vital for successful investment in wind farm. The main goal of in-field investigation is to collect meteorological data using a measurement mast installed at the possible future wind farm location. The conducted measurement campaign provided wind directions, velocities and wind blast parameters. The measurements were conducted in the northern Poland using measuring system installed on 100 meter high mast. The system was equipped with all devices necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters. The reliability of measurements was verified using statistical data for the Weitbull distribution and the wind rose. In this way, the energy potential of raw air stream that could possibly drive a wind turbine was determined. Among 6 pre-selected wind turbine types, the optimal one for a given location was proposed. [95]
178. In the present paper, an attempt was made to model the periodic hydrodynamic instabilities of the condensation process of a refrigerant in pipe minichannels. For this purpose, a homogenous thermodynamic model with an equilibrium condition on both sides was used, which was based on the equations of the balance of the mass, momentum and energy. These equations were used for numerical modeling of flow disturbances with a phase change. This model takes into account the complexity of multiphase flows. The accuracy of the model calculations was verified by means of the experimental results obtained. A satisfactory compliance was found for this comparison, which confirms the usefulness of the computational model proposed for the determination of the influence of periodically generated hydrodynamic disturbances on the condensation process of R134a and R404A refrigerants in pipe minichannels. [95]
179. The study of environmental loads resulting from manufacturing technology is of great importance for environmental protection. Applying the principles of sustainable development means "a way of farming in which meeting the needs of the present generation will not reduce the chances of meeting the needs of future generations." Faced with such a challenge, the product must be assessed throughout its entire life cycle (LCA). From the available technologies and materials, one should choose those that are least harmful to the environment. In order to make a correct choice, it is necessary to know and understand the technological processes and phenomena that take place in them. Using off-the-shelf LCA applications, without knowing basic knowledge of manufacturing technology, can bias the results. The aim of the article is to present benefits resulting from the environmental assessment of manufacturing processes. [94]
180. The purpose of thesis was to comprehensively develop the construction project of a long reach compact excavator. Optimal solution was selected and its frames were determined by carrying out classic structural calculations. Then, based on them, a preliminary three-dimensional model was designed in the CAD environment. The prototype was subjected to a series of verification calculations and simulation tests using the finite element method under typical, but also non-standard operating conditions. Then, the structure was optimized and then tested again. Next, technical documentation of the final version was created. In the final part of work, technical and operational parameters of designed compact excavator were summarized and the direction of further actions was determined. The thesis ended with a summary of the observations arose during its implementation. [94]
181. The paper presents the results of the research on the use of eco-friendly impregnation materials to reduce cracking in load-bearing timber elements. The behavior of pine elements was studied when impregnation materials based on linseed oil were used. Statistical data are given on the reduction in the growth rate of the length and width of cracks, in dependence on the number of protective layers of the finishing material. The effect of the absence of cracks on timber elements during atmospheric drying is described, taking the use of a three-layer paint and varnish coating into account. The effect of increase of timber structures durability and corresponding cost and material consumption reduction in timber structures have been proven. [94]
182. The paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources for the LPG vaporizer systems in a moderate climate. The presented alternative solutions based on modern gas devices and renewable energy show great potential for energy savings in liquid gas evaporation systems in comparison to classical and currently commonly used systems. It has been demonstrated that the proposed solutions can significantly reduce the consumption of energy used to evaporate LPG in an environmentally friendly manner. The use of gas heat pumps in relation to a traditional energy source enables gas consumption to be reduced to 36%. The extension of the heat pump system with ground air heat exchanger or with vertical or horizontal heat exchangers, allows savings in gas consumption up to 42%. Moreover, the application of such systems enables more effective use of low emission and efficient heating medium in gas systems. In addition, in summer, when there is no need to evaporate the liquefied gas, these devices can be used to cold-production for, social and living needs. [94]
183. The article presents the review of mostly used methods of graphical analysis of production processes. In the text were briefly characterised all main type of methods of analysis of production processes including: traditional methods (time research and traffic research), comprehensive research, modelling and simulation-based methods and graphical methods. Graphical analysis methods such as: process mapping, value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams, schedules, Gantt's charts, Pareto-Lorenz’s diagrams, spaghetti diagrams, production variety funnels, analysis of the decision-making point, and examples of their application were described. [94]
184. Heat pumps are an ideal solution for use in newly built passive and energy-plus buildings. One of the many problems present in such construction is the choice of the operational parameters of the lower heat source and the selection of a ground regeneration system which would enable effective regeneration in a short period of time and at a minimal cost. This article presents the heat analysis of the ground from which heat is obtained for heating purposes. The author also analyses ground heating, as the heat is delivered to it via regeneration systems. [94]
185. Prace badawcze opisane w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej, zostały podjęte w celu analizy zasadności i możliwości stosowania antywzorców i modeli neuronowych do wspierania projektowania maszyn. Potrzeba wielowymiarowego opisu cech konstrukcji mechanicznych będących antywzorcami, znacznie zwiększa złożoność obliczeń wymaganych do stworzenia w pełni funkcjonalnego i deterministycznego modelu obliczeniowego (pozwalającego na porównanie symbolicznych opisów antywzorców). W celu doprecyzowania efektywnego zakresu rozprawy doktorskiej, wskazane zostały modele neuronowe, jako rodzaj metod obliczeniowych pozwalających na prowadzenie obliczeń na niekompletnych oraz wielowymiarowych danych. [93]
186. Polymer flocculants are used in wastewater treatment processes, and the necessity and universality of their use result from changes in production technologies, also causing variability in the parameters of treated wastewater. Industrial wastewater contains a substrate that is difficult to biodegrade (BOD5/COD < 0.02), and the presence of toxic compounds makes it necessary to treat them in many stages before discharging them to the receiver or reusing. The study aimed to assess the possibility of using a new generation flocculent to support coagulation. The research was conducted on mine water originating from hard coal mines and on treated coke wastewater from the biological sewage treatment plant. The synthesis of copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with acrylonitrile allowed the extraction of effective products – flocculents with specific properties, supporting the coagulation process and reducing the parameters of contaminants in treated industrial wastewater. Compared to commercial polyelectrolyte Praestol, copolymers of acrylamide with acrylic acid removed turbidity more effectively than acrylamide-acrylonitrile copolymers. [93]
187. Coalbed methane is extracted from the adsorbed state in coal seams with lower pressure & production rate. In previous studies, researchers only focused on the methods that were developed for making a relationship between the underground production rate & surface flow rate without any type of optimization procedure. In this study, the main purpose is to do a review on finding out of surface layout plan to optimize the maximum gas flow rate by developing an improved pipeline network. The more the optimization of the layout plan for designing pipeline network, the lower the amount of investment need to provide. Here, a mathematical model is proposed for the gas transportation based on the hydraulic & thermodynamic calculations of the pipeline network. Not only that, but also the filtration mechanism of depressurization & desorption for the gas flow through pipe section are evaluated here. After that, the pressure drop & pipeline efficiency are explored to find out the best design of pipeline network from the observed results. Finally, based on this study, many uncertainties can be reduced associated with the installation of pipeline network for gas transportation. [93]
188. Zakres pracy obejmował badanie właściwości słomy żytniej, opracowanie obróbki wstępnej słomy żytniej z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej, optymalizację procesu obróbki wstępnej i hydrolizy enzymatycznej słomy żytniej, porównanie nowego sposobu otrzymywania bioetanolu z zastosowaniem cieczy jonowej z konwencjonalnym otrzymywaniem bioetanolu z zastosowaniem metody siarczanowej. Opracowanie recyklingu cieczy jonowej z wykorzystaniem procesu liofilizacji. [92]
189. This article presents the results of experimental research on the effect of enhancing the heating surface on the heat transfer coefficient for boiling in a closed volume of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the research was determination of impact heat surfaces enhancements by applying circular cavities on heat transfer coefficient and on vapor structures formation during boiling. The study involved three brass samples with diameters equal to 50 mm, with different enhancements of the heating surface by drilled blind cavities. The research include investigation of sample without cavities, sample with 133 circular cavities of diameter of 2 mm and sample with 61 circular cavities of diameter of 3 mm. On the basis of the research, the influence of the investigated heat exchange surface enhancement on the intensity of heat exchange was determined. Own interface in the LabView environment for controlling and acquiring measurement data was developed. The boiling process was recorded with a high-speed camera, and based on the obtained video images, the recorded images were analyzed to determine the void fraction. The heat flux density, heat transfer coefficient were calculated and comparative diagrams of the obtained measurement results were made [92]
190. The article presents an example of the value stream mapping method application for the analysis of the production process of semi-trailers for transporting liquid food products. Below were presented characteristics of value stream mapping method, construction, functions and course of the trailer production process in details. On the basis of value stream map analysis conclusions were drawn that point out possibilities of improving and reducing the production costs of tankers for liquid food products transport. [92]
191. For several years, in the world are carried out studies on the refrigerants condensation in minichannels. These studies are aimed at understanding the condensation process and facilitate the design of mini heat exchangers. It is very important to optimize heat transfer and drive power consumption of the is the knowledge of the processes occurring during refrigerants condensation in pipe minichannels. It is important in this case to make a individual flow structures maps for the refrigerants, due to the significant effect of flow structured formed in the minichannel on the heat transfer and flow resistance. Unfortunately, in relation to the number of publications about condensation in minichannels, the number of published flow maps is relatively small. Due to the fact that the condensation process takes place differently in the minichannels and conventional channels, there is no possibility of using the flow maps for conventional channels to identification flow patterns in minichannels. One of the most popular flow maps for the condensation in minichannels is the map created by Colleman and Garimella, which was made for the R134a refrigerant. The authors conducted their own experimental studies of refrigerants R134a, R404A and R407C condensation in pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d = 3.3 - 0.31 mm. These studies results were subjected to calculation identification of flow structures using the map of Colleman and Garimella. These results are compared with the criteria published on Thome and Cavallini flow maps. [92]
192. Badania poparte publikacjami krajowymi i zagranicznymi pokazały że metody foto-akustyczne są doskonałym narzędziem pozwalającym określić parametry cieplne i optyczne typowych materiałów stosowanych w budowie przyrządów półprzewodnikowych. Pozwoliło to autorowi na jednoznaczne sformułowanie tezy pracy, że możliwe jest określenie podstawowych parametrów cieplnych jak i wybranych parametrów optycznych materiałów półprzewodnikowych techniką foto-akustyczną w dziedzinie pomiarów częstotliwości oraz dziedzinie pomiarów widmowych zarówno amplitudowych jak i fazowych w różnych konfiguracjach eksperymentalnych. [92]
193. This research focuses on the effect of nanomaterials on the physical properties of a local Iraqi lubricant oil (20W-50), which is widely used in diesel engines. The concentrations of 0.001, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% of Al2O3 NPs and CNT are dispersed in the oil with the help of a suitable surfactant using a magnetic stirrer and a sonication process. The density, surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, pour point, thermal conductivity, thermal images, wear and the coefficient of friction of the oil with and without nanomaterials are tested. The results were shown that the higher concentrations of NPs, the better properties for the engine oil. The density for Al2O3 nanooil indicates a small change at 0.001 and 0.2 wt%, and a decrease at 0.5 wt% ratio. Also, the density of CNT oil shows a slight change at 0.001and then decreasing at 0.2 and 0.5 ratios. In addition, the surface tension of both nanooils are increased. The dynamic viscosity slightly change with an addition of the NPs especially at 20°C and 30°C. Also, there is a convergence in the viscosity values between base and nanooils at 40°C and 50°C. [91]
194. The purpose of this study was to assess progress in the implementation of rules for the control and handling of ballast water and sediments, regulated by the International Convention on the Control and Handling of Ship Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention). The survey was conducted in 2018-2019 among seafarers responsible for handling ballast tanks. Analysis of the survey data revealed that despite the introduction of water treatments, ballast water continues to be a vector for the transfer of non-native organisms. This is due to the low effectiveness of the methods used, and the fact that 8% of the respondents answered that no BWT systems were used on the ships they manage. Despite this, some seafarers (4.7%) indicated that increasing environmental awareness and adherence to BWM principles should result in improved protection of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the global problem concerning the transport of non-native organisms via ballast water has still not been solved effectively. In the near future, improved BWT systems should be introduced, which after proper training of the crew will act as a barrier to the transfer of non-native organisms in ballast water. [91]
195. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature change on the Lamb wave-based SHM method. This study evaluates the Lamb wave method’s ability to detect damage to an AL2024-T3 sheet, assessed by a near-surface hole. Lamb waves are created via numerical simulation with the commercial Finite Element (FE) package ABAQUS. In this study, the Lamb wave-based SHM method using displacement responses is used. The results indicate that this method is able to detect a near-surface hole in the AL2024-T3 sheet as well as its location, with close approximation. Subsequently, the AL1100 sheet was investigated for changes in temperature from this method, which was evaluated over a temperature range of –200(°C) to 204(°C). The results show that temperature change in the range of –200(°C) to 93(°C) has no effect on the displacement responses. However, the graphs related to temperature change of more than 149(°C) do not overlap with the reference temperature. Hence, it has been concluded that Lamb waves can be used as an SHM method in the temperature range of –200(°C) to 93 (°C) without having to worry about the effects of temperature change on the results. [91]
196. Standards related to calculation methods used in building energy performance simulation tools usually impose constant volumetric heat capacity of air. However, this simplification may result in errors if the actual conditions differ from the assumptions made. The paper presents the problem of dry air density and specific heat capacity variation and their influence on calculated energy use for space heating in a multifamily building. The monthly calculation method of PN-EN ISO 13790 was used. Simulations were performed in five cities, each in one climatic zone according to PN-EN 12831. Variation of the air density caused by air temperature and elevation resulted in differences in calculated heating demand from -4.5% to 4.5% in relation to that at constant volumetric heat capacity assumed in PN-EN ISO 13790. [91]
197. Minimum Production Time model of the machining process optimization problem comprising seven lathe machining operations were developed using Genetic Algorithms solution method. The various cost and time components involved in the minimum production cost and minimum production time criteria respectively, as well as all relevant technological/practical constraints were determined. An interactive, user-friendly computer package was then developed in Microsoft Visual Basic.Net environment to implement the developed models. The package was used to determine optimal machining parameters of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for the seven machining operations with twenty-three technological constraints in the conversion of a cylindrical metal bar stock into a finished machined profile. The result of the single-objective machining process optimization models shows that the minimum production time is 21.84 min. [91]
198. This article discusses the processes of current re-engineering of the Georgian Railway. Georgian Railway was founded in 1865 and its operations started in 1871. It sits on the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia. When we analyze the re-engineering issues of a particular country, we conclude that there is no general recipe on the process of re-engineering in the railway of any country. Decisions which were made in different countries, despite the fact that the approaches to the process of re-engineering were different, the world experience has demonstrated some similar actions that are common for these processes. I would like to present the recommendations and approaches which show the common actions that are useful for all railway administration. The article is built on theoretical and practical issues that will help us to learn about the project management of re-engineering and give an idea how to use it in our future career. [90]
199. The environment is considered as an ideal machine, a system in which nothing happens without a reason. Every transformation, every action and stimulus has its own consequences, which are not always immediately plain to see. It is due to the fact that the environment is like a communicating vessels, or a complex organism, in which everything is interdependent and the organs work together. Despite the complexity of the processes, the intricate yet logical correlations between the elements, it is not a perfect system. Examples are weather anomalies and, in extreme cases, cataclysms. The problem arises when man interferes with the environment. By polluting almost every possible place, he initiates irreversible changes, degrading the environment. This paper presents an analysis of atmospheric air pollution in the town of Supraśl, as well as analysis of surface water from the Supraśl river and soil samples from a selected area. [90]
200. Surface run-off from areas adjacent to dirt roads may cause considerable damage to these roads. The degree of damage is determined from the amount of flowing water, run-off intensity as well as sites, in which run-off reaches the roads. These parameters result from soil conditions, as well as natural relief and the land form modified by tillage operations. Another parameter influencing the formation and the degree of erosion is connected with maintenance operations regularly repeated in the life cycle of these roads, such as e.g. surface levelling or use of paving materials. The analysis involved GIS tools, which made it possible to consider the impact of spatial variability in the surroundings of such roads on the incidence of adverse factors. The application of LiDAR data made it possible to indicate the formation of surface run-off routes and the resulting threats of damage to dirt roads. [90]
201. Prezentowana praca doktorska stanowi propozycję wykorzystania sygnałów emisji akustycznej (EA) do diagnozowania układów półprzewodnikowych, w szczególności stosowanych w urządzeniach napędowych jednostek pływających oraz podobnych, instalowanych w systemach/konstrukcjach offshore’owych. Ponadto, przedstawiono możliwość badania wymienionych układów w ich wartościach granicznych lub zbliżania się do wartości granicznych. Opracowano i opisano tor pomiarowy badający wpływ stanu (technicznego) układu półprzewodnikowego na zmiany fali sprężystej emisji akustycznej. Zaprezentowano zależności zmiany temperatury pracy elementu, na pasmo emitowanej częstotliwości fali sprężystej. Dokonano badań, które potwierdziły, że emisja akustyczna elementów półprzewodnikowych mocy występuje podczas ich przełączania i jest możliwa do rejestracji. Dokonano analizy uszkodzeń tranzystorów IGBT. Zaprezentowano deskryptory emisji akustycznej oraz zaproponowano ich zastosowanie w odpowiednich badaniach układów półprzewodnikowych. Przeanalizowano istniejące podobne badania związane z diagnozowaniem tranzystorów IGBT oraz wskazano różnice w interpretacji ich wyników m.in. udowadniając błędy niektórych z nich. Badania opisane w pracy przybliżają analizę fal sprężystych emitowanych przez półprzewodniki i ich zależność od zmian termicznych podczas przełączania, przy różnych współczynnikach rozszerzalności termicznej materiałów użytych do budowy elementu. Dokonano analizy zdarzeń sygnału EA w wyższych częstotliwościach, spowodowanych zmianami prądu płynącego w układzie. Przedstawiono różne sposoby rejestracji oraz interpretacji sygnałów emisji akustycznej. Wykorzystano zarówno dostępną aparaturę pomiarową (np. tor pomiarowy z użyciem oscyloskopu), jak również najnowsze dostępne urządzenia do pomiaru i rejestracji EA firmy Vallen oraz MISTRAS. Wykorzystano również tor pomiarowy skonstruowany w Politechnice Morskiej w Szczecinie ze zmodyfikowanym rejestratorem EA dedykowanym wcześniej do diagnozowania nowoczesnych układów wtryskowych silników okrętowych oraz do analizy stosowanej w inżynierii materiałowej przy badaniu nieciągłości (wad) materiałów. Pomiary przeprowadzone przez autora doprowadziły do wykazania istnienia sygnału emisji akustycznej w elementach półprzewodnikowych oraz przyporządkowania określonych pasm częstotliwości (spektrum), które można przypisać odpowiednim zjawiskom zachodzącym w elemencie półprzewodnikowym. [90]
202. Nowadays, the global industries producing mechanical components are moving towards the usage of composites to reduce weight at the same time without compromising with characteristics of the material being used. This new combination of material provides specific desired properties when combined with various reinforcement materials like SiC, B4C, Al2O3, MgO etc., It is widely used in various industries like aerospace, automobile and marine industries. This property specific tailorable metal matrix composite with Al7075 as the base material can be fabricated using various techniques such as stir casting, high end ball milling, ultrasonic assisted casting, powder metallurgy, squeeze casting friction stir casting etc., out of which stir casting method is preferred by many researchers as stir casting method is seen to provide better distribution of reinforcement particles throughout the metal matrix. It is evident from the research of various authors that when the base material Al7075 is reinforced with the above-mentioned ceramic, it is found that there is a decrease in density and increase in hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance. Here, both physical and mechanical behaviour of aluminium reinforced composites with the effect of the particle size changes, effects after reinforcement and other processing and fabrication methods have been discussed. [90]
203. In order to reduce ventilation heat loss and improve energy efficiency of low-energy buildings air-handling units (AHUs) with heat recovery are used. The article presents results of surveys performed in a passive building located in Katowice concerning the temperature efficiency of heat and cold recovery of two selected AHUs, with different heat exchangers. For this purpose the measurement data from the Building Management System (BMS) for the period 1.08.2015-31.07.2016 were used. The first unit was equipped with a rotary heat exchanger. Its average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery was 47.2% annually. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 52.9% on average for the warm half year. The second unit had a cross-flow exchanger. The average annual temperature efficiency of heat recovery in this device was 80.1%. The efficiency of cold recovery amounted 57.2% on average for the warm half year. Additional remarks concerning the temperature measurement in analysed units were also given. [90]
204. Dysertacja zawiera autorską koncepcję metody proaktywno-reaktywnego planowania misji floty BSP. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania odpornych na wybrane zakłócenia misji floty BSP. W szczególności opracowano referencyjny model planowania misji floty BSP odpornej na trzy rodzaje zakłóceń: zmiana warunków pogodowych, wprowadzenie nowych odbiorców do sieci transportowej, jak również zmiana terminów dostaw. Podstawowym elementem opracowanego modelu jest autorska miara odporności misji BSP, wyrażona funkcją odporności, której wartość określa granicę (maksymalna prędkość wiatru) realizowalności wyznaczonej misji. [90]
205. An Investigation was conducted to produce Aluminium based Functionally graded material (FGM) composites by Friction stir processing (FSP). A reinforcement strategy featuring the use of Alumina and TiC reinforcements was investigated, where holes were drilled in an Aluminium plate, filled with reinforcements and stirred using FSP. A mathematical model was formulated for positioning of holes in such a manner that the composition of the reinforcements varies from maximum to minimum over a given length. Samples were subjected to various number of FSP passes from one to three with 100% overlap and its influence on particle distribution and homogeneity was studied using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at cross sections parallel to the tool traverse direction. A progressive gradient in hardness values was observed for the surface composites at all the passes. [90]
206. Al-based automotive alloys with different level of Si content has been conducted on the characterization of machined surfaces in terms of roughness, temperature, chips formation as well as microstructue evaluation under different machining conditions. For this experiment a shaper machine with HSS single point V-shaped cutting tool is used at different cutting speed and depth of cut. The experimental results show that the surface roughness of the alloys decresess with cutting speed and depth of cut but it is more prominent on cutting speed. It is because of high cutting speed is more associated with the higher cutting temperatur and softening the work material leading to better surface finish. Higher Si added alloys shows the better surface finish due to formation of different intermettalics as more brittle. For brittle and higher hardness it produces the higher temperature during machining. During machining relatively curly and short chips are form by the high Si added alloy becase of its low elongation properties. Fracture surfaces of higher Si added alloy display more crack propagation obtained by the plate-like Si rich intermetallics. [90]
207. This article describes a case study of an application of the method of creating innovations called SCAMPER for the development of new abrasive tools designed for machining of hard-to-cut materials. The SCAMPER method is used for innovative transformations of existing products, aimed at a modernization of their design, a construction and an extension of functions. This method was used in the procedure of modifying abrasive tools and it permitted a generation of a set of innovative solutions in this field. The methodology made it also possible to logically organize individual creative activities supported by the previously accumulated theoretical and experimental knowledge. [89]
208. The transport sector in Poland heavily pollutes the environment, and together with individual heating systems, it contributes to bad air quality in Polish cities. One of solutions to this problem, among others, is electric transport. It should lead to reduced emissions, but 80% of electricity in Poland is generated from coal and lignite, the “dirty” fuels. This paper is meant to compare the emission of pollutants from power plants per kilometre covered by electric vehicles and by conventional cars. For this purpose, statistical data was used. Additional information concerning possible electromobility evolution, other low emission transport solutions, Polish energy mix evolution, external costs of electricity and differences between EURO limits and real driving emission are also included. [89]
209. The level of environmental safety culture depends on many factors, including the influence of parents and the education system, the media and the quality of life. In the current Economy 4.0, globalization, increasing greenhouse effect, etc., it is the information and education system and the pro-environmental strategic actions undertaken by organizations that are beginning to play a significant role in building awareness and care for the environment. It is precisely the environmental corporate social responsibility, both of state institutions, the legislator, business entities and society (every citizen) that can significantly change the phenomenon of environmental degradation. The aim of the article is to present the essence of ecological corporate social responsibility and the activities undertaken by selected market stakeholders. The analysis carried out implies that ECSR is built through the implementation of pro-environmental stakeholder's actions, e.g. legislative changes, implementation of management systems according to ISO standards, use of renewable energy sources, etc. that aim at ensuring safety or improving the current state of the environment. [89]
210. The hydrofoil is one of the typical factors that affect the vortex structure and flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of hydraulic machinery in marine energy, parallel grooves are proposed and applied to the hydrofoil. Following that, a numerical analysis is performed using the SST k- turbulence model, and the effects of hydrofoil profile, angle of attack, and flow are investigated. The profiles of NACA 0066, NACA 8412, NACA M2, and RAE 104 are considered for the study. The performance is analyzed based on the lift to drag ratio. The best model from this is given with surface modification and the flow study is carried out at different angles of attack. The modified profile of NACA 8412 with parallel groves has shown the highest lift to drag ratio at a 12-degree angle of attack. [89]
211. Praca doktorska poświęcona zagadnieniom elektrolitycznego utleniania plazmowego (ang. plasma electrochemical oxidaiton, PEO). Proces PEO wykorzystuje wysokie napięcie (stałe lub impulsowe) do generowania w obszarze pomiędzy dwoma zanurzonymi w elektrolicie elektrodami, wyładowań plazmy, co pozwala uzyskać porowate powłoki na modyfikowanej powierzchni. Plazmowe utlenianie elektrolityczne pozwala m. in. wytwarzać na powierzchniach metali i ich stopów wielofunkcyjne warstwy ochronne charakteryzujące się bardzo dużą twardością, odpornością na ścieranie, znakomitą przyczepnością do podłoża oraz wysoką odpornością na korozję. własności otrzymywanych powłok zależą głównie od warunków napięciowo-prądowych, czasu oraz składu i temperatury elektrolitu. [89]
212. Automotive industry is a very attractive area for young researchers to do continuous research and also it can be considered as an important thrust area as it is directly related to passenger safety. New developments in automotive sector can be seen in many domains like material selection, design, manufacturing etc. Since wrong selection directly leads to product failure, among these, the proper selection of a particular material can be treat as utmost priority. Hence, the present work discusses a methodology to select the best aluminium alloy for automobile panels among various alternates serving the same purpose. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods with entropy weighting criteria are implemented for finding the best material and the results are discussed. [89]
213. This article presents results of experimental tests of internal cylindrical traverse grinding in which the total machining allowance is removed in a single pass. Grinding wheels with zone-diversified structure made on basis of abrasive grains from Al2O3 were used in the process. Such tools are characterized by different construction of rough and finish grinding zones. Moreover, conic chamfer is shaped on their active surface that allows for even distribution of machining allowance on the grinding wheel surface. What is described in the hereby work is a device for precise shaping of conic chamfer on the grinding wheel active surface (GWAS). The work also presents results of tests whose aim was to determine the influence of grinding wheel macrogeometry on the process of internal cylindrical traverse grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces made from steel 100Cr6. Changes of selected parameters of the machined surface geometric structure (Ra, Rz, RSm, Rdq and RTp) and values of the grinding power P were analyzed. It was proved that the greater the conic chamfer width, the better the results. [88]
214. The major effects of cylindrical and row trenched cooling holes with angles of alpha=30, beta=0, alpha=40, beta=0 and alpha=50, beta=0 at BR=3.18 on the effectiveness of film cooling near the combustor end wall surface is an important subject to study in detail. In the current study, researchers used a FLUENT package 16/11 to simulate a 3-D model of a Pratt and Whitney gas turbine engine. In this research, RNG turbulence model K-ε model was used to analyze the flow behavior on the passage ways of internal cooling. In the combustor simulator, the dilution jets and cooling flow staggered in the streamwise direction and aligned in the spanwise direction as well. In comparison with the baseline case of cooling holes, the application of trenched hole near the end wall surface increased the effectiveness of film cooling up to 100% for different trench cases. [88]
215. The caloric value of the crops is one of the fundamental parameters to be determined during the process of biomass production for the energy purposes. The variety of biomass and its reaction to the environmental and agrotechnical conditions forces the utilization of particularly accurate algorithms during the determination of the caloric value of the crops. While determining the caloric value of the directly combusted crops, the coefficients for the raw state caloric value should be used. Violation of this rule causes significant overestimation of the end-results. Using the biomass for the biogas production, the energy balance should take the methane into account. The literature data shows quite a big difference in gas production from various substrates (from 368 up 722 Ndm3 per kg of dry mass) as well as a significant difference in the methane content (from 53 up to 76%). While planning the substrates selection for a biogas production plant, special attention should be put on proper estimation of the overmentioned coefficients. [88]
216. The article describes the forecasts and the current state of electromobility in Poland. Attention was drawn to the significant problems faced by the electricity market as a result of adapting infrastructure for electromobility and growing energy demand. IT systems supporting electromobility were presented. The activities undertaken by Energa Operator for the development of electromobility in the area of electricity distribution of this company have also been presented. [88]
217. The aim of the work was to create a technical and organizational design for a modular, didactic system for the production of single-stage gearing. The project presented a project of a production system equipped with miniaturized devices, which are commonly used in industry. Despite the reduced scale, the modules have full functionality and reflect the real world systems. Modular construction of the designed system allows for free modeling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system expansion and its use. Additionally, the system design assumes the possibility of carrying out scientific and research works in the scope of designing production systems with a high level of automation. [88]
218. W dysertacji przedstawiono problem lokalizacji błędów w aplikacjach wielowątkowych. Przegląd literatury tematu pozwolił doprecyzować założenia, składające się na podstawy modelu kodu źródłowego i warunki wykrywania błędów. Umożliwiło to opracowanie metody, jej zaimplementowanie w prototypowym narzędziu i przeprowadzenie eksperymentów w celu weryfikacji opracowanej metody. [87]
219. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe microchannels with an internal diameter dw below 1 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter dw was obtained. [87]
220. This article investigates the application of neural network models to create automated control systems for industrial processes. We reviewed and analysed works on dispatch control and evaluation of equipment operating modes, and the use of artificial neural networks to solve problems of this type. It is shown that the main requirements for identification models are the accuracy of estimation and ease of algorithm implementation. It is shown that artificial neural networks meet the requirements for accuracy of classification problems, ease of execution and speed. We considered the structures of neural networks that can be used to recognize the modes of operation of technological equipment. Application of the model and structure of networks with radial basis functions and multilayer perceptrons for the tasks of identifying the mode of operation of equipment under given conditions is substantiated. The input conditions for the construction of neural network models of two types with a given three-layer structure are offered. The results of training neural models on the model of a multilayer perceptron and a network with radial basis functions are presented. The estimation and comparative analysis of models depending on model parameters is made. It is shown that networks with radial basis functions offer greater accuracy in solving identification problems. The structural scheme of the automated process control system with mode identification on the basis of artificial neural networks is offered. [87]
221. Spektroskopia w podczerwieni bliskiej NIR (Near-Infrared) jest techniką analizy chemicznej, która wykorzystuje absorpcję promieniowania podczerwonego w zakresie 800-2500 nm do określenia składu chemicznego badanej próbki. Analiza widm NIR pozwala na szybkie i nieinwazyjne określenie składu próbek w różnych dziedzinach, takich jak przemysł spożywczy, farmaceutyczny, medyczny czy rolniczy. Przez długi okres czasu istniały pewne trudności z analizą widm NIR, które nie są proste w interpretacji. Było to związane z brakiem implementacji odpowiednich metod analizy, które wymagały odpowiedniej mocy obliczeniowej. Dziś znany jest cały wachlarz metod analizy widm. Istnieją odpowiednie programy oraz moc obliczeniowa dzisiejszych komputerów w ciągu kilku sekund pozwala na wydobycie użytecznej informacji z widm NIR. Jedną z nowoczesnych metod analizy widm NIR, która może być zastosowana są SSN (Sztuczne Sieci Neuronowe). Matematyczne modele umożliwiające uczenie maszynowe, a ich zastosowanie w analizie widm NIR pozwala na automatyczne rozpoznawanie charakterystycznych wzorców i wykrywanie związków chemicznych w próbkach. Metoda ta jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadku skomplikowanych, wielowymiarowych widm NIR, które są trudne do analizy przy użyciu tradycyjnych metod statystycznych. Drugim aspektem pracy związanym z spektroskopią jest zastosowanie małogabarytowego mobilnego spektrometru DLP NIR Scan Nano EVM, który w ciągu kliku sekund może być gotowy do pracy. Urządzenie rejestruje widmo w ciągu 2 sekund. Współpracuje z komputerem posiadającym odpowiednie oprogramowanie, generując pliki w formacie .csv oraz .dat, które można implementować w łatwy sposób do innych programów takich jak np. Matlab. W pracy badano obiekty, które wykazują zmiany widmowe w określonym przedziale czasowym. Wyróżnić można trzy grupy materiałów. Pierwszą grupą były materiały pochodzenia organicznego. Badano zmiany zachodzące w produktach związane z procesami dojrzewania a w przypadku roślin zielonych badano zmiany zachodzące w liściach na skutek usychania. Była to grupa obiektów testowych pozwalająca na opracowanie koncepcji pracy z widmami NIR w programie Matalab. Drugą grupą były materiały, które mogą być wykorzystane w elektronice jako kleje lub hermetyzację, badano proces krzepnięcia. Docelową grupą były materiały PM (Perovskite Materials) wykorzystywane do budowy nowoczesnych ogniw fotowoltaicznych, pozyskane dzięki współpracy z firmą SAULE. Badano zmiany widmowe zachodzące w materiałach w okresie 30 dni, zaobserwowano pewne zmiany. Badania nad poprawą stabilności ogniw PSC (Perovskite Solar Cells) w dalszym ciągu są bardzo intensywne ponieważ jest to główny problem nowoczesnych ogniw. Wykorzystując program Matlab opracowano odpowiedni model SSN, który został wytrenowany i przetestowany na uzyskanej bazie widm materiałów perowskitwowych. W oparciu o analizę MSE (Mean Square Error) wytypowano najlepsze metody uczenia oraz optymalną ilość neuronów w warstwie ukrytej. Określono również wpływ IDP (Initial Data Preprocessing) na działanie SSN. Program stworzony przez autora pracy pozwala na rozpoznawanie czasu pomiarowego losowego widma z serii pomiarowej oraz określa miarę podobieństwa wybranego widma względem pozostałych. Powiązanie zmian widmowych z informacją o sprawności ogniwa mogłoby być potężnym narzędziem umożliwiającym rozpoznawanie stadium degradacji ogniw. [87]
222. In the process of industrial automatization, collaborative robots are becoming an increasingly important tool in a wide range of industries. The robot assists humans in strenuous and repetitive tasks, in order to increase the productivity and well-being of the worker. The concept presented in this paper focuses on a flexible assistance function of a robot for multiple workstations simultaneously and incorporates different human-machine-interaction approaches. Therefore, an assembly table (Figure 2) with the possibility to study different concepts for one robot at the same time is designed and constructed. Aspects like ergonomics and safety are considered in the design. Additionally, a standardized data format that enables users and developers to control the robot through peripheral devices is created. As an example, gesture and voice control are discussed and evaluated. [87]
223. This paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of using biophilic installations to improve the indoor air quality in residential and commercial spaces. Modular plant systems can provide the support or, in smaller facilities, even an alternative to the conventional indoor air purification techniques, such as filtration. The unquestionable advantage of green walls is their comprehensive influence on the indoor air quality by shaping both appropriate thermal and humidity conditions as well as the chemical air composition. However, these constructions are not mechanical systems and therefore, the effectiveness of these specific types of living air purifiers in removing gaseous pollutants and particulate matter cannot be expected to match the level of traditional systems. [86]
224. This article presents the results for flow past a square cylinder and two square cylinders of the same and different sizes with corner modifications by varying the spacing ratio. Here, experimental work is conducted in a recirculatory channel filled with water. A set of aluminum discs made to rotate to create the flow in the test section. The motor is used to vary the speed of the water. Fine aluminum powder is used as a tracer medium. It is observed that vortex shedding frequency decreases by placing the second cylinder in the downstream of the first cylinder. For similar size cylinders, the width of the eddy in the middle of the cylinders increases with an increase in spacing ratio. With the increase of spacing ratio to 6, the flow past each cylinder behaves like a single square cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is smaller than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is reduced in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. If the upstream square cylinder size is bigger than the downstream square cylinder, the eddy size is larger in between the cylinder compared to the downstream of the second cylinder. [86]
225. The goal of the article is to assess risk for substantiating the economic and organizational efficiency of the construction in the context of ecologic safety. A quantitative risk estimation was made by means of the Monte Carlo way for negative and positive choices to avoid the ecological harm. The simulation algorithm imitated the distribution obtained from the evidence-based fit. The outcomes of a sensitivity investigation are also prepared to verify the suggestion. This risk analysis technique has a computer digital implementation. The simulation data outputs plainly demonstrate the alternative of the general norm of validation and the acceptance of the solution which is not harmful to the environment. In situations of uncertainty, the decision to select the optimistic flavor with high spending (to retain the reliableness of the technics) but less risk pretends to be a decisive factor in the eco-friendly protection strategies of the construction project. [86]
226. The article presents an analysis of possibilities offered by the use of modelling and simulation method in production management, by presenting its essence, types and examples of production process models. In addition, the article presents the characteristics of computer modelling and simulation systems, which help to streamline production processes. The most commonly used programs such as AnyLogic, ShowFlow 2 and Rockwell Arena were described in detail. The concepts of modelling and simulation have been also clarified. [86]
227. The Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is a hybrid machining technology which combined with electro discharge machining and electro chemical machining process. In this research, electrochemical discharge drilling operation is carried out on conventional ceramic tile by using a designed and manufactured ECDM setup. The experiments were performed as per design of experimental technique of Taguchi L27 orthogonal array using MINITAB 17 software. The important process parameters that have been selected are voltage, rotation and electrolyte concentration with output response as machining depth and diametric cut. From the observations, it is found that the voltage is the most significant parameter for machining depth and diametric cut followed by electrolyte concentration and rotation. [86]
228. Energy is an important factor for the social and economic development of communities. The energy performance of insulation systems is an important factor in today's increasing consumption of energy. Insulation in hot water pipelines is done to reduce heat losses caused by building elements. In this study, optimum insulation thickness, annual costs, energy saving and repayment times were evaluated in district heating systems. The evaluations were made for various pipe sizes, various fuel types and various insulation materials considering the heating loads of the regions. In addition, the formulas used for the heat loss and insulation economy are given in the study. As a result, the choice of an optimum insulation thickness in pipelines of district heating systems provides economic and environmental advantages. [86]
229. Wyd. 2. [85]
230. This paper presents issues related to the subject of prototyping. It discusses the essence of creating prototypes in historical times and in contemporary times. The paper presents the process of car development in the times of Henry Ford and in modern times. Briefly contemporary methods of prototyping, so-called fast prototyping methods, are discussed. In short, the issues of researching prototypes in historical and contemporary times are also discussed. This article perfectly allows to see the progress in technology that has been made over the centuries from XIX to XXI. [85]
231. This paper addresses the protection of the environment and provides a design forthe use of the deposit after the cessation of mining in the Novoveská Huta region. The areaof interest of this case study describes the practical transformation of a functioning miningoperation into a mining museum in order to reduce the pressures on the environment aftermining. The resulting model of the functioning of the mining museum also deals in detailwith the safety of a mining operation which is no longer used for mining, taking intoaccount its further use. The article describes the proposed 1700-metre route which visitorswill pass along, and also gives a detailed description of the proposed measures necessaryfor safety and long-term sustainable operation.The aim was to design a use of the mining space, that would offer visitors theopportunity to see the handling space and mining methods of the deposit. An interestingelement will also be the possibility of inspecting the explosives store, wall linings, steeland wooden reinforcements. The tour will also include a demonstration of storage facili-ties as well as a Karlik's wheel mining equipment with a rope loop. The open-air museumalso offers the opportunity to get acquainted with transport around the entire deposit understrict safety conditions. It is assumed that devices such as a mining telephone or a sirenplaced on the walls of the tunnel will also arouse interest. An important element of theentire tour would also be a constant reminder of the safety rules during the tour.The impacts of this solution on the environment are very acceptable and incom-parably more beneficial than in the case of the termination of mining and subsequent non-use of the Novoveská Huta deposit. [85]
232. The study involves the development of multi-objective optimization model for turning machining process. This model was developed using a GA - based weighted-sum of minimum production cost and time criteria of multipass turning machining process subject to relevant technological/practical constraints. The results of the single-objective machining process optimization models for the multipass turning machining process when compared with those of multi-objective machining process model yielded the minimum production cost and minimum production time as $5.775 and 8.320 min respectively (and the corresponding production time and production cost as 12.996min and $6.992, respectively), while those of the multi-objective machining process optimization model were $5.841and 9.097 min. Thus, the multi-objective machining process optimization model performed better than each of the single-objective model for the two criteria of minimum production cost and minimum production time respectively. The results also show that minimum production time model performs better than the minimum production cost model. For the example considered, the multi-objective model gave a lower production time of 30.0% than the corresponding production time obtained from the minimum production cost model, while it gave a lower production cost of 16.46% than the corresponding cost obtained by the minimum production time model. [85]
233. Standard ceramic abrasive tools are manufactured using glass bonds or mineral resources, in which the microstructure of the bonding bridges cannot be controlled. In this study, a new type of glass-crystalline bond was used to combine mixed abrasive grains from microcrystalline and monocrystalline corundum into an abrasive tool. The glass-crystalline bond has a fine crystalline structure (particle size of the crystalline phase: 1-1.5 µm) and perfectly moistens the abrasive grains. This fact and the generated crystalline phase with a high coefficient of brittle fracture resistance enable the production of tools with a higher porosity and self-sharpening ability in comparison to grinding wheels with the use of industrial bond, which results in high performance indices with a longer service life. [85]
234. Predictive force models for oblique metal cutting incorporating tool flank wear was carried out using a CNC lathe machine to turn mild carbon steel CS1030. The developed models are based on the fundamental mechanics of orthogonal cutting process, in which inclination angle is 00. Workpieces were Cylindrical with wall thickness of 3mm and diameter of 100mm. Cut thickness levels were 0.1, 0.17, 0.24 and 0.31mm; cutting speeds were 100, 150 and 200 m/min; tool rake angle levels were −5, 0 [85]
235. Hydrostatic parameters of a ship are very important in ship design. The importance of the parameters compared to one another need to be revealed in realm of uncertainty, so as to avoid design error. In view of this, a fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (Fuzzy-AHP) method is utilized in addressing the subject under investigation. The fuzzy logic is used to address uncertainty in pairwise comparison exercise, so as to facilitate the estimation of order of importance of hydrostatic parameters. In this research, the engineering judgements of three designers in analysis of importance of hydrostatic parameters are aggregated and processed using the Fuzzy-AHP methodology. The result produced in the study showed that hydrostatic parameters are importance in order of moments of inertia of vessels (MIV), mass displacement (MD), tons per centimeter immersion (TPCI), coefficients of form (CF), centers of buoyancy (CB), metacentric heights of vessels (MHV), ship waterplane area (SWA), longitudinal center of floatation (LCF), volume displacement (VD) and wetted surface area (WSA) with weight values of 0.218, 0.095, 0.078, 0.083, 0.074, 0.1, 0.46, 0.108, 0.209 and 0.028 respectively. [85]
236. The paper presents the use of the PIV method in experimental studies on the speed distribution of oil particles contained in oil mist delivered into a cutting zone with minimum quantity (MQL). During investigations an orthogonal sample was of an aluminum alloy PA7N was machined using HS18-0-1 high-speed steel cutter. The oil mist was delivered into the cutting zone by a single spray nozzle directed at the tool rake surface. Two angular settings of the spray nozzle were applied in relation to the surface of the machined sample. Based on the images obtained by the PIV method, the distribution of the oil particles in the cutting area was determined according to the setting the spray nozzle. Studies have indicated more favorable conditions for the delivery of oil mist at the angle of spray nozzle at 85°. These conclusions were confirmed by measuring the cutting force in tangential direction to the machined surface. [84]
237. The following paper presents the analysis and synthesis of technological schemes, processes, tools and equipment for processing of conical gears and precession gears with medium module. As a result, a new method which allows to intensify the process of treatment, is proposed. It ensures a required accuracy of processing. The theoretical considerations are based on the theory of gear drives, theory of involute profiles generation and precession gears, generating machine, tool design theory and machine building technology. Methods of mathematical analysis, analytic geometry, mathematical model and 3D computer model are used. The experimental research was conducted in laboratories of the Departments of Machine Building Technology and the Department of Fundamentals of Machines Design at the Technical University of Moldova, by using machines and technological equipment for machining and testing. Experimental data processing was accomplished using approximation methods and mathematical statistics. [84]
238. The following article presents an analysis of the influence of the irradiance and ambient temperature on the roof coating temperature. The roof coating temperature depends mainly on the optical properties of the coating material. Those properties are the reflectivity and emissivity. The roof surface temperature determines the heat flux through the roof into the interior of the building. Proper material selection for the coating of the roof can significantly decrease the surface temperature, and as a result, decrease the heat flux into the space just below the roof. During the calculations, the model of the heat exchange derived by the author for the flat roof was used. The paper includes results of heat calculations for two coating materials with different reflectivity coefficients. The calculations were made for the specific weather conditions. [84]
239. The article presents an original proposal to improve the efficiency of anchoring steel fibers in fibroconcrete mixtures. The expected effect was obtained by developing the surface of the fibers by mechanical abrasive treatment with electrocorundum. The main part of the work presents the results of the conducted experimental studies. The effect of the surface treatment of the fibers was investigated by means of metallographic techniques, using a metallographic microscope and equipment for determining the surface roughness. On the other hand, the direct method of assessing the effectiveness of fiber anchoring in the concrete was determined with the use of the Pull – Out test. The results of these studies were subjected to detailed analysis and statistical processing. The results of metallographic and Pull – Out tests indicate that the proposed method of treating the fibers significantly affects their anchoring efficiency in the concrete matrix. According to the author, this may be of great practical importance, because the discussed method of treating the fibers can significantly improve the general properties of fibrocomposite mixtures. [84]
240. The article presents a new approach to forecasting the composition of producer gas. Thermochemical treatment of biomass as an effective method of producing flammable gas was presented. The methods of predicting the gas composition of the generator are described, and then its efficiency depending on the parameters of the device. In order to create a method for forecasting gas composition, the authors' works were used as the basis, in which the energy characteristics of the gases obtained were assessed. It was assumed in this paper that it is very important to understand the influence of each parameter on the energy characteristics of the gas. This made it possible to optimize the composition and predict thermal characteristics. In this article, we present the results of experimental studies on biomass gasification and a mathematical model based on Gibbs free energy. [84]
241. Wyd. 3 [83]
242. This article presents issues related to the search for new products. The process of innovation implementation in a production company is characterized. Issues related to the process of innovation implementation are presented, as well as processes closely related to it. There are presented the analyses which are necessary to carry out, before starting the process of innovation implementation in a company. The process of economic analyses and risk assessment of FMEA implementation was discussed. The analyses presented refer to a specific example which is the implementation of innovative impregnated wheels in the company Andre Abrasive Articles. [83]
243. The need for alternative fuel instead of conventional fossil fuels (diesel or gasoline) has recently increased for several reasons, including the expected shortage of petroleum fossil fuels and the production of pollution by transportation. Consequently, researchers are interested in finding new alternative fuels. At present, the number of studies on biodiesel as a compression ignition engine fuel has increased. Current studies are mainly concerned with studying the use of exhaust gas temperature to preheat biodiesel fuel before it enters the combustion chamber. A heat exchanger is designed to increase the temperature of the biodiesel fuel prior to the combustion process. The performance characteristics of diesel engines and the emission of pollutants resulting from this modification were investigated under different operating conditions, including different engine loads and speeds. The results showed clear improvements in engine performance, including improved output power, specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The engine power and specific fuel consumption improvements as a result of preheating reached up to 1.3 % and 8.27 %, respectively. Pollutant emission also decreased obviously, with carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission decreases of 12.95 % and 12.85 %, respectively. However, the emission of nitrogen oxides increased by 4.39 %. [83]
244. The manuscript focuses on an author’s original methods of ceramic grinding wheels impregnation. The authors developed 3 original methods of impregnation ceramic grinding wheels with sulphur, amorphous carbon and solid lubricants like molybdenum disulfide, graphite or hexagonal boron nitride. At the end the issue of evaluation of the application potential of developed grinding wheel impregnation methods were raised. [83]
245. The article presents the problem of reactive power compensation in an electric network, which powers a charging station for electric vehicles. The reactive power is present because the converters have a reactance character. Mobile inverters are single-phase receivers, so they cause a lack of symmetry in a three-phase system. Lack of symmetry causes an unbalance component to appear. The power compensation discussed here results in an improvement in the power factor. The reduction of the reactive and unbalance power is the result of this compensation. The article takes into account a non-sinusoidal method of power supply. [82]
246. In this paper we consider the processes of dynamic interaction between the boiling particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsion leading to the large droplet breakup. It is indicated the differences in the consideration of forces that determine the crushing of non-boiling and boiling drops. It is determined the possibility of using the model to define the processes of displacement, deformation or fragmentation of the inclusion of the dispersed phase under the influence of a set of neighboring particles. The proposed method allows us to determine the main energy parameters of the homogenization process by boiling the emulsion. [82]
247. W rozprawie podjęto działania mające na celu ustalenie wpływu mocy prądu, kąta pochylenia uchwytu względem kierunku spawania, odległości końcówki prądowej od powierzchni blachy oraz oscylacji uchwytu w postaci wychylenia w stosunku do osi rowka spawalniczego na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni przy zachowaniu określonej energii liniowej procesu spawania. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano wpływ kąta ukosowania, odstępu i progu przy zachowaniu określonym polu przekroju jego powierzchni na odchyłkę płaskości powierzchni po procesie spawania. Analizę rozpatrywanych parametrów uzupełniono o ustalenie wpływu kierunku walcowania blach na odchyłkę płaskości. W pracy wyznaczono rozkład zmiennej losowej odchyłki płaskości powierzchni na podstawie którego dobrano metodykę oceny wpływu badanych parametrów technologicznych. Spawanie przeprowadzono na zrobotyzowanym stanowisku firmy Panasonic oraz na zaprojektowanym przyrządzie do spawania spoin wzdłużnych. Akwizycje danych przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody stykowej oraz bezstykowej z wykorzystaniem skanera 3D. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że rozkład zmiennej losowej jest rozkładem logarytmo-normalnym. Kierunek walcowania blachy wpływa istotnie na średnią geometryczną i odchylenie standardowe logarytmu odchyłki płaskości oraz rozkład odchyłek wzdłuż osi spoiny. Najistotniejszy wpływ na minimalizację odchyłki płaskości po procesie spawania miał kąt pochylenia uchwytu w stosunku do kierunku spawania mimo określonego poziomu energii liniowej. Kryterium określonego przekroju poprzecznego rowka spawalniczego w tolerancji 5% było niewystarczające w celu minimalizacji wpływu zmian geometrii rowka spawalniczego. Wyniki rozprawy oraz analizy literatury wdrożono w firmie TEPRO S.A.. [81]
248. This article is devoted to the analysis of the heat engineering characteristics of the operation of an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, EAHE, with a circular cross-sectional shape, which is a component of the geothermal ventilation system. The authors analyzed literature sources devoted to the research of heat exchangers of the soil-air type of various designs and for working conditions in various soils. Much attention is paid to the issues of modeling the operation of such heat exchangers and the distinctive features of each of these models. Also important are the results of experimental studies carried out on our own experimental bench and with the help of which the numerical model was validated. The results of these studies are the basis for the development of a method for determining the optimal diameter of an EAHE under operating conditions for soil in Kyiv, Ukraine. [81]
249. In the paper, the experimental investigations on hobbing cutting of the gears with the use of cooling fluids with minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) has been presented. The experiments were prepared during milling of 42CrMo4 alloy steel at of 32 ± 2 HRC hardness using high speed steel HS6-5-2 hobs without coating. Gears have been generated made in one single pass, to the full depth of the cut. As a cooling fluid in the MQL method, the vegetable oil and synthetic mineral oil MICRO 3000 was used. During the experiment, the size of the clamping was measured on the worm blade application surface, thus determining the direct VBC wear indicator and the Fc cutting force value was recorded. Based on the obtained results, the influence of the type of used oil with MQL on the wear of the tool was assessed. The carried out analysis revealed that the use of vegetable oil in the field of assessed conditions gave better results than dry milling. [81]
250. High-quality products include those with better surface quality and texture, close dimensional tolerances and form accuracies at precise level, increase fatigue life and burr-free. Burr formation is one of the most common inevitable facts occurring in all material removal processes, reduces assembly and machined part quality. But, burr formation during milling is a more complex mechanism compare to remaining machining burrs and leads to numerous difficulties during the deburring process. To prevent this, one should optimize the combination of cutting parameters during machining itself. In order to build up a link between quality and productivity and to attain the same in the cost-effective way, the present work concentrate on multi objective optimization of CNC end milling process parameters. Multiple performance characteristics with respect to surface quality and performance index like assembly work have been put up, to assess an equivalent single quality index (called grey relational grade) has been optimized finally by Grey based Taguchi method. After that priority weight of individual quality and performance attributes has been estimated by entropy measurement technique on the basis of relative significance and check the feasibility of the proposed technique has been demonstrated in this context. [81]
251. Zagospodarowanie odpadów stanowi istotny problem podejmowany przez naukowców. Zmieniające się przepisy wymuszają na firmach produkcyjnych szukania możliwości zagospodarowania odpadów powstających w fabrykach. W niniejszej dysertacji przeprowadzono szeroką analizę możliwości wykorzystania wybranych materiałów odpadowych w celu stworzenia kompozytów cementowych o właściwościach odpowiadającym tradycyjnym betonom. Analizie poddano odpady pochodzące z produkcji pustaków ceramicznych, odpady pochodzące z produkcji wyrobów porcelanowych, piasek odpadowy uzyskiwany w procesie hydroklasyfikacji kruszywa, w kopalniach odkrywkowych usytuowanych w północno-zachodniej Polsce. Odpady te zastosowano jako zamienniki kruszywa naturalnego. Ponadto jako zbrojenie rozproszone kompozytów zastosowano kord stalowy uzyskiwany w procesie recyklingu zużytych opon samochodowych. W celach porównawczych zastosowano również komercyjne haczykowate włókna stalowe. Badania podzielono na cztery zadania badawcze. W pierwszym zadaniu określono podstawowe właściwości wybranych materiałów odpadowych. M. in. określono gęstość pozorną, jamistość i nasiąkliwość kruszyw przygotowanych z odpadów fabrycznych, określono wytrzymałość na rozciąganie kordu stalowego oraz wpływ dwukierunkowego przeginania na wytrzymałość włókien. W drugim zadaniu określono możliwość zastosowania kordu stalowego jako zbrojenia rozproszonego. Analizie poddano elementy z zawartością włókien 0,25%; 0,50%, 0,75%, 1,00%, 1,25%, 1,50%. Badania przeprowadzono na beleczkach z zaprawy cementowej o wy-miarach 40x40x160 mm. Do określenia właściwości zapraw zbrojonych kordem stalowym wykonano badanie trzypunktowego zginania w oparciu o normę PN-EN 196-1 dodatkowo mierząc ugięcie beleczek w funkcji obciążenia w trakcie testów wytrzymałościowych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły na określenie receptur kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Przygotowano łącznie 24 mieszanki, w których zastosowano różne ilości kruszyw odpadowych. Dla każdej mieszanki przygotowano próbki z ilością włókien 0,0%, 0,5% oraz 1,0%. W trzecim zadaniu przeprowadzono szereg badań w celu określenia doraźnych i reologicznych cech wytrzymałościowych wybranych kompozytów cementowych na bazie materiałów odpadowych. Określono wytrzymałość na ściskanie, moduł sprężystości, wytrzymałości resztkowe oraz dla wybranych kompozytów określono skurcz oraz pełzanie. Wyżej wymienione badania przeprowadzono na podstawie wytycznych normowych. Zadanie czwarte pole-gało na określeniu właściwości reologicznych wybranych kompozytów na podstawie długotrwałych badań belek o wymiarach 100x200x2900mm. Na potrzeby badań zaprojektowano stanowisko badawcze umożliwiające jednoczesne badania trzech belek. Do pomiaru odkształceń powierzchni belek oraz rys zastosowano, poza tradycyjnymi metodami pomiarowymi, system optyczny. Badania wykonano na ośmiu stanowiskach. Pojedyncze stanowisko składało się z trzech belek wykonanych z tego samego kompozytu, z różną ilością zbrojenia rozproszonego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że z badanych materiałów odpadowych można wytworzyć kompozyty o właściwościach zbliżonych do betonów tradycyjnych. Ponadto po przeanalizowaniu rezultatów badań długotrwałych zaproponowano modyfikację metody obliczania szerokości rozwarcia rys zawartej w normie PN EN 1992-1-1. [80]
252. This study employed viable methods for the selection of a preeminent mooring line amongst other alternatives for the mooring of a floating wave energy converter (WEC) in shallow water. Conventional mooring lines for mooring WEC are identified for optimal selection exercise. A combination of Entropy Weight and Visekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods is utilized in the aforementioned exercise. The two methods are effectively used in assessment of the attributes and performance of the various mooring lines in practical application. The result obtained, demonstrated that steel wire rope is the best mooring line suitable for a WEC system operations. It is good references to the marine and offshore engineering industries in decision making for optimal mooring line suitable for the mooring of a WEC system in shallow waters. [80]
253. This paper focuses on the assessment of the degree of risk in all phases of extraction activities in a selected quarry in the Slovak Republic. The research part of the paper assesses the degree of risk resulting from the assessment of the threat, the probability of the threat and the consequence of an adverse event in extraction activities. The paper offers an important basis for decision-making in quarry management in order to eliminate the negative consequences of andesite mining on the environment, equipment and people. The extraction activity in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry is assessed by this paper as low risk for two phases of extraction, specifically the preparation phase, and the extraction itself. The paper also highlights the importance of taking measures. Regarding the safety criteria in the Kecerovský Lipovec quarry, it is possible, based on the results of the analysis and evaluation, to consider the quarry to be safe. However, a condition for this is the necessary expert training of workers in all activities performed while working in the quarry. Here, the need for personnel to strictly adhere to the set standards for extraction activities is of prime importance. This finding confirms the above that the aim of diagnosing and naming the potential for adverse events in the extraction process must be to minimize risks, as their absolute exclusion is not possible due to the human factor and unforeseeable circumstances. [80]
254. The following paper presents issues concerning a power supply for the alarm systems used in transport facilities. It describes the guidelines included in the polish standard PN-EN 50131-1:2009 „Systemy alarmowe – Systemy sygnalizacji włamania i napadu – Wymagania systemowe” (Alarm systems – intrusion and hold-up systems – system requirements), a power supply in particular. Then the operational-reliability assessment of a system consisting of a main power supply (230V AC power grid), redundant UPS and diesel generator was made. The aim of that was to obtain formulas for particular state probability values in a symbolic form (Laplace’s). The further assessments taking other types of power supply into account will be presented in the forthcoming papers. [80]
255. The article presents the most important information concerning the methods, techniques and indicators of I measures, which are used in the evaluation of production processes. The theory of limitations, process mapping, benchmarking and diagnostic test method have been described. Sample indicators for the evaluation of production processes are presented and the measures for the evaluation of production processes are discussed, as well as methods of obtaining information about the process. The modelling and computer simulations were described and the algorithm of proceeding during the development of a simulation model was presented. The article discusses system dynamics modelling, discrete event modelling and agent modelling. [80]
256. The article describes the result of experiments witch were intended to compare the results of different workpieces orientation in disc centrifugal machine. During experimental investigations, particular attention was paid to the optimal orientation the workpiece in working charge. The results of the research presented in this article confirm the benefit of horizontal orientation of the workpiece to the motion of the media in the working charge. [80]
257. In the paper, characteristics of porous coatings enriched in copper on pure Titanium and its alloys (NiTi, Ti6Al4V, TNZ, Ti2448) as well as on niobium obtained by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) in electrolyte containing H3PO4 within Cu(NO3)2, are presented. All obtained surfaces of PEO coatings have different shapes and diameters of pores. The binding energies of main peaks for titanium Ti2p3/2, niobium Nb3d5/2, zirconium Zr3d5/2, phosphorus (P2p) and oxygen (O1s) suggest the presence of titanium Ti4+, niobium Nb5+ and zirconium Zrx+ (x≤2) as well as PO43–. [80]
258. A mathematical model of gas dynamics in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment is presented in the paper. The parameters of gas flows in the vortex apparatus, optimal ratios of the vortex apparatus geometric dimensions, as well as hydrodynamic parameters are determined, making it possible to develop effective design solutions of this equipment. The mathematical model allows one to carry out computational experiments and determine particle trajectories, their temperature, particle size and humidity at various points in time and evaluate the dynamics of these parameters. Using the calculation experiment method makes it possible to quickly and without financial costs determine the technological modes of heat treatment of dispersed material in vortex devices. The obtained data can be used in calculation methods of heat and mass transfer vortex apparatuses. [80]
259. This work presents an experimental study of thermal energy storage by use of PCM. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of different inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and different Reynolds number of HTF on intensity of charging process. The PCM used in this study was stearic acid and water was used as HTF. A copper helical coil mounted in cylindrical container served as a heat transfer surface. [79]
260. This paper presents the characteristics of the subsystems of the modular, didactic production system of single-stage gearboxes. The presented system is equipped with miniatures of devices commonly used in industry. The modular construction of the stand gives the possibility of free modelling of production processes and creates great opportunities for future activities of system development and its use. The paper presents the characteristics of the manufacturing, storage, transport and assembly subsystem and quality control. In the characteristics, the market recognition was presented and selected solutions and devices were described. [79]
261. This paper presents a method of lowering the processor’s voltage and temperature in which the computer operates by performing an operation called undervolting. By using undervolting it is possible to reduce electricity consumption and the amount of heat generated by computer workstations by up to 30%. This problem is particularly relevant for institutions that use a large number of computers. The more the computers are subjected to the higher computational load, the more effective the mechanism of undervolting is. Undervolting the processor does not reduce its performance, but lowers its operating temperature, has a positive impact on its life span and power consumption. Maintaining a low temperature of operation for computer hardware is essential to reduce operating and repair costs. The paper also presents the results of environmental research aimed at assessing the validity and effectiveness of undervolting. [79]
262. This article presents five methods of centrifugal provision the grinding fluid to the grinding zone such as centrifugal grinding fluid supplying through the grinding spindle and through the grinding wheel, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the grinding wheel body and grinding wheel pores, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the channels in the body and space between abrasive segments, centrifugal grinding fluid provision through the grinding wheel divider radial channels, centrifugal grinding fluid supply method with use of zonal centrifugal grinding fluid provision system. The described characteristics were referred primarily to the conventional flood cooling method as a reference. In summary the conclusions drawn after mentioned characteristics analysis were presented. [79]
263. The paper presents the modeling and analysis algorithm as well as the results of simulation tests with the use of FEM of the process of punching aluminum sheets used for casings. The first part presents the results enabling the correct selection of the die clearance on production lines depending on the thickness of the sheet metal. The second shows how to prepare the punch geometry in the FEM environment, taking into account the typical defects that occur as the work cycles increase. Thanks to this, it was possible to determine their influence on the state of stresses and deformations as well as the quality of the cut edge. The developed numerical applications and the obtained test results can be used to design tools and optimize the punching process. [79]
264. The paper describes results of investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop during bubbly boiling of refrigerating media. In this article were presented of authors own experimental studies and were proposed new simple calculation model describing bubble boiling in the tubular channel. The author attempts to put forward a simplified description of the process of bubble boiling in a straight pipe. The two-phase one-component (liquid-vapour) system is treated as a continuum governed by the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and mass. The continuum is characterised by parameters that describe the two-phase system, such as density of the two-phase mixture, static void fraction or static equilibrium dryness fraction. In view of engineering applications, a one-dimensional model is used where physical quantities are cross-section averaged. This way the average velocity, pressure, temperature, and so on, are introduced. The results of the proposed model have been compared with the results of the experimental research with satisfactory compliance. [79]
265. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the use of magnetorheological fluids for finishing processes. The paper descsribes the type of the materials and surfaces to be machined and the composition of the magnetorheological fluids used in this area. The most interesting applications were described in more detail, paying particular attention to the schematic diagram of the test stands, obtained results of experimental tests and the results of roughness measurements of the surfaces exposed to magnetically controlled fluids. The article also describes the directions of the newest experimental and simulation research on the application of magnetorheological fluids in the field. [79]
266. Many studies have proven that the type of light source and the lighting regime have significantly influenced the efficiency of microalgae biomass production and the taxonomic composition of the cultivated biomass, as well as its chemical composition. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the light source on the productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass cultivating on anaerobic digestate. The criterion for dividing experiment into variants was the light source used.It was found that the light source significantly influenced the Chlorella vulgaris growth. The highest biomass production was observed in variants with the fluorescent tube-warm light (color temperature 3000K) and the LED-warm light with 2 local maximum at 450 nm and 580 nm (color temperature 6500K). In variants with the pressure sodium lamp with the essential spectrum 570-620 nm (color temperature 2700K), the production of microalgae biomass was the lowest.The removal efficiency of organic compounds expressed as COD and BOD5 as well as ammonium and total nitrogen were dependent on the final concentration of biomass in the culture medium. In variants with the highest biomass production, the lowest concentrations of these indicators in the culture medium were observed. Phosphorus compounds were removed effectively from the culture medium regardless of the light source and the concentration of microalgae biomass. [79]
267. In this paper, the authors present a computational model of a fin-based air cooling system for PMSM electric motors. The model can be used as a method for fast and efficient feasibility studies of air cooling for PMSM machines in hybrid-electric or all-electric aviation applications, supplementing further research (thermal resistance networks, and FEA/CFD-CHT models). In the paper, authors provide temperature distributions along the fin length which are calculated and presented for a straight fin, followed by heat that can be dissipated from fin surface and fin efficiency. A parameter to compare different fin materials for aviation applications is introduced – heat dissipated from the fin to fin mass ratio. Aluminum and copper fins are compared. Different shapes of straight fin are considered and compared. The above parameters and comparison are then calculated and given for circular fins. Parameters of the whole fin-based air cooling system for specific 140 kW PMSM motor are calculated and presented. [79]
268. This PhD manuscript contains new concepts focusing on experimental protocols and a proposal of new materials/nanomaterials for hybrid methodologies allowing for the elimination of low-molecular-mass organic micropollutants from the water phase. The introduction to the manuscript consists of a problem overview and extensive discussion of current literature in the field of micropollutants and technological processes for their removal. As target micropollutants, four common dyes were selected and investigated: Brilliant Blue, Malachite Green, Sunset Yellow and Ponceau 4R. Various experiments involving these chemicals were proposed including separation science and biological investigations (activated sludge, duckweed organisms). As active matrices, a number of both simple and complex substances were investigated, namely: active carbon, lyophilized graphene oxide, β-cyclodextrin, raw dandelion pappus, microcrystalline cellulose, raw pine pollen, and Egyptian Blue mineral pigments (1.1.1. and 1.1.1a.). A new approach for the synthesis of the selected nanomaterials were described in the details concerning lyophilised Graphene Oxide and Egyptian Blue dye. These materials were extensively characterized using a number of different physicochemical methods such as SEM, EDS, Raman and FTIR. [78]
269. The publication presents the results of an analysis concerning the impact of the method of an effective impervious area (EIA) mapping in the simulation model on the runoff from urban catchment. The runoff volumes and flood volumes generated by heavy rainfall, causing the runoff from pervious area, were compared. Two EIA mapping variants were taken into account – first one, concerning reduction in imperviousness degree and, second one, directing the runoff from impervious to pervious area. The runoff calculations were made on basis of simulation results in SWMM5. For building the catchment model data of existing catchment with the area of nearly 80 hectares in Bydgoszcz was used. The value of the EIA was estimated on the basis of empirical formulas. The reduction in impervious area connected directly to the storm water sewer system from 40% to 10% of the total impervious area were considered. It has been shown that using the reduction in imperviousness degree for EIA mapping can lead to underestimation of runoff volume. The difference in runoff calculated for analyzed EIA mapping variants increases with the decrease in infiltration capacity of pervious area and is in large part transformed into a flood volume. [78]
270. The following paper presents a methodology of wind turbines selection with a axis of rotation based on measurements of wind conditions specific for the wind power sector. Basic properties and characteristics used in the wind power sector, as well as a proper measurement campaign along with determining the necessary instrumentation and the methodology of its use, are the basic parameters that determine the decision of wind farm investment. The main goal of those activities is to gather the accurate meteorological data in sufficient amount using a measurement tower situated at a possible future location of a wind farm. This method is used to identify the direction, speed, gust and energy of the wind. Measurements were made in northern Poland using a measurement system based on a 80-meter-high telescopic mast. The system was equipped with instrumentation necessary to measure and record the basic wind parameters, and was made by the Windhunter Serwis Ltd. Company headquartered in Koszalin. The reliability of measurements was verified using the statistical methods based on the Weitbull’s distribution and the windrose. Thus, the energy potential of the raw air stream was determined with a possible future use in a wind farm sitting. [78]
271. The article presents issues related to innovation, its meaning and objectives. The development of the concept of innovation over the years is presented. The division of innovation by the area of activity to which it refers was made. The essence of innovation is briefly discussed. On the example of a vehicle, the strategy of innovation implementation was also characterized. The methods and tools used during the implementation of innovations are presented. Computer modelling and simulations as well as other tools for implementation of innovations are characterized. [78]
272. Technology of wind exploitation has been applied widely all over the world and has already reached the level in which manufacturers want to maximize the yield with the minimum investment outlays. The main objective of this paper is the determination of the optimal number of blades in the Cup-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. Optimizing the size of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine allow the reduction of costs and increase the output. The target is the maximum power of the rotor. The optimum number of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine blades evaluation is based on analysis of a single blade simulation and its superposition for the whole rotor. The simulation of working blade was done in MatLab environment. Power spectrum graphs were prepared and compared throughout superposition of individual blades in the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine rotor. Some wind tunnel measurements of the hydrodynamic force according to pitch angle of the blade are also shown. The major result of this research is the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine kmax ratio power characteristic. On the basis of the analysis of the power spectra, optimum number of the blades was specified for the analysed rotor. Power spectrum analysis of wind turbine enabled the specification of the optimal number of blades, and can be used regarding investment outlays and power output of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. [78]
273. A recent development in the material studies provides beneficial application of lightweight alloys such as aluminium, magnesium as well as composites and metal matrices. The alloys are experimentally improved by increasing hardness in the ballistics testing using projectiles, makes them viable for the areas such as aerospace, military, defence, automobiles and so on. So the study is made on different approaches. First, by comparing different types of non-ferrous alloys and projectiles regarding sizes, structures. Second, the materials with heat treatment are also studied for investigating the hardness property by overcoming successful penetration on non-ferrous alloys. Third, material to be improvised by use of numerical studies such as 3D models, empirical models and software such as ANSYS, ABAQUS and AUTODYN, etc. Finally, the aim of this paper is to review the recent progress ballistic studies of lightweight materials and to provide a best choice of material for further on-going research. [78]
274. The following paper presents an ORC installation including an evaporator with recirculation (heat carrying water exiting the evaporator is redirected to its inlet). It covers the calculations of inlet/outlet temperature of the evaporator taking into account a variant recirculation coefficient. Formulas for heat transfer between heat carrying water and working fluid inside evaporator are also included in this paper. The calculations are based on properly defined average specific heat. The analysis shows that the system performance depends on heat carrying water inlet temperature, on heat carrying water flow rate and the recirculation coefficient. [77]
275. The flat tubes are necessary apparatus to design the modern heat exchangers. In this context, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study has been achieved to explore the influence of the flat tube size on the heat transfer characteristics in cross-flow over flat tube banks. The calculations are performed with the help of the computer code (Fluent) which is based on the finite volume method to solve the continuity, momentum and energy equations. The numerical investigations are achieved for laminar flow (Reynolds numbers changing from 50 to 800), two dimensional and incompressible fluids. Some predicted results are compared with available experimental data of the literature and a satisfactory agreement is observed. The obtained results show a decrease in the heat transfer coefficient with increased flat tube size. A new valuable empirical correlation is suggested for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients over a flat tube bank. The proposed correlation may be useful for engineers to predict the heat transfer rates in such devices without requirements of experimental measurements. [77]
276. Spur gears are the most well-known kind of gears used in hybrid vehicle’s power transmission. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. In some cases, many spur gears are utilized without a moment's delay to make huge rigging decreases. In this paper how stress creates on a spur equip under various conditions and conditions and reenactments of a rigging system (two spur gears) is assessed by Ansys workbench. For this static structural and dynamic analysis modeling is utilized. A couple of spurs equip tooth in real life is by and large subjected to two sorts of cyclic stress: contact stress and twisting stress including bowing fatigue. The two stresses may not accomplish their greatest esteems at a similar purpose of contact fatigue. These sorts of failure can be limited by analysis of the issue amid the outline organize and making appropriate tooth surface profile with legitimate assembling strategies. [77]
277. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in chemical and process engineering. Assessing hydrodynamics of fluid flow in their shell-side is a highly complex task. This stems from the complex geometry of the shell-side itself, defined by such parameters as tubesheet layout, tube diameter, baffle spacing or baffle cut. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are the subject of many studies in which design and flow parameters are analysed. However, only a few works concentrate on issues strictly related to the identification of streams of the liquid flowing in the shell-side of apparatus on an industrial scale. In this article, the authors presented the results of an experimental visualization study, utilizing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experiment used a laser sheet technique along and across a tube bundle. The main results of measurements and analyses concentrate on identifying the flow pattern of streams in the shell-side and assessing stagnation vortices and their consequences. Finally, detecting bypass streams and leakage streams flowing through design gaps between the shell and the tube bundle as well as between the baffles and the tubes in the bundle were presented. [77]
278. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films were subjected to modification using different plasma sources. Argon, nitrogen, air and oxygen were used as a gas phase throughout the process, and their impact on the material's surface properties was verified. The surface activation rate was measured via atomic force microscopy regarding the porosity factor and using the water contact angle technique. The last method – being feasible, agile and of high sensitivity to alternating physicochemical surface character – was utilised to verify the post-process stability of the modified surface. Those tests were performed extensively, up to 160 hours (contact angle) and 240 hours (atomic force microscopy). [77]
279. In the present work, the optimal balancing of the planar six-bar mechanism is investigated to minimize the fluctuations of shaking force and shaking moment. An optimization problem is formulated for balancing the planar six-bar mechanism by developing an objective function. The genetic algorithm and MINITAB software were used to solve the optimization problem. The selection of weighting factors has a crucial role to obtain the optimum values of design parameters. Two sets of weighting factors were considered as per the contribution of X and Y components of the shaking force and shaking moments. Shaking force and shaking moments were minimized drastically and were compared with the original values. [77]
280. At the beginning of the work on the effects of global warming and climate change in the international area, there are efforts to reduce exhaust emissions. Because fossil fuel is depleting and exhaust emission gases emitted to the atmosphere are rising rapidly, energy efficiency is on the agenda in transportation. Therefore, automotive developers and scientists have undertaken new research in the automotive sector. Hybrid electric vehicle technology is one of the important studies that these researchers continue. In the hybrid electric vehicle technology, the hybrid engine is aimed to give the best results in terms of exhaust emission, fuel consumption and maintenance costs compared to other internal combustion engines, and at the same time the hybrid engine is aimed to perform better than other internal combustion engines. General information about the hybrid electric vehicle technology as one of the new and alternative technologies in these study is provided. In addition, information was given about exhaust emission, emission standards and fuel consumption. Comparisons were made between the hybrid engine and other internal combustion engines. [77]
281. Wyd. 4 popr. [76]
282. To improve gas hydrates dissociation technology, studies of heat transfer processes on the interfacial surface are significant. In the work, experimental and theoretical studies of the gas hydrates dissociation are presented.The scientific novelty is in establishing quantitative characteristics that describe the gas hydrates thermophysical parameters thermophysical characteristics influence on the heat transfer processes intensity on the interphase surface under conditions of gas hydrates dissociation. Based on the results of experimental studies, approximation dependences for determining the temperature in the depths of a dissociating gas hydrate array have been obtained. Gas hydrates dissociation mathematical model is presented.The practical significance of the research results is in determining quantitative indicators of the heat transfer processes intensity under the conditions of propane hydrate dissociation. The results of the work can be applied to designing equipment for gas hydrates storage and dissociation. [76]
283. This paper portrays the benefits of introducing an ultracapacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature is, the higher the hybrid system efficiency becomes. Data from real world is is covered by this study. Simulations are done considering a modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. Owing to this system, the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10%. Finally, hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system but it also increases the power train efficiency and the battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers in further development of this topic. [76]
284. The problem of heat treatment of wet materials contains the question of the heat and mass inside the body transfer (an internal problem) and in the boundary layer at the interface between phases (an external problem). The amount of removable moisture depends on the degree of each of these processes development. When heated, the moisture content on the surface decreases, creating a concentration difference across the body. Therefore, a flow of moisture occurs in the body from deep layers to the surface, towards which the flow of heat is directed. Thus, when wet materials are heated, complex processes of moisture and heat exchange occur, mutually affecting the enthalpy and moisture content of both the heated material and the environment.The features of mathematical model construction of heating and drying of wet materials process are considered in the article. The drying process is defined as a thermal process with effective heat transfer coefficients with consideration of mass transfer. It makes it possible to obtain analytical dependencies that are convenient for engineering calculations, with which you can determine the temperature field and evaluate the kinetics of wet materials drying. [76]
285. The paper presents the analysis of results of investigations concerning an influence of applied constructive solutions on hydraulic operating conditions of a water-pumping air lift pump. The scope of the investigations encompassed the determination of flow rate and efficiency characteristics of an air lift pump having the discharge pipe with the internal diameter d = 0.04 m. The PM 50 mixer with a perforated rubber membrane, available on the market, as well as a mixer of own design, called circumferential mixer, were tested (the name origins from the fact that the mixer has the shape of a ring which encloses the discharge pipe on its whole circumference). The investigations were performed for three air-water mix delivery heads H: 0.40, 0.80, 1.20 m, for the specified pressure pipe submergence length h = 0.80 m. It has been stated that for both types of the applied mixers the water flow rate Qw increased along with the increase of the air flow rate Qa, reaching maximum, then decreased. However, in both of the applied mixers, the water flow rate Qw permanently decreased as the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The air lift pump achieved higher water flow rate Qw if the circumferential mixer was applied instead of that with perforated rubber membrane. It has been proved that for both of the applied types of mixers the air flow rate Qa in the air lift pump cannot be lower during water pumping than 5.0 m3×h-1 and should not exceed 15.0 m3×h-1 in case of the circumferential mixer and 16.0 m3×h-1 for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. The efficiency h of the tested air lift pump for both of the applied types of mixers decreased when the air-water mix delivery head H increased. The higher efficiency h, however, was obtained for the air lift pump with the circumferential mixer than for the perforated rubber membrane mixer. [76]
286. The main goal of the paper is to provide a condition for which a maximum entropy generation occurs in a heat exchanger at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). Knowing this condition is essential during the design of the heat exchanger as it allows designers to avoid one of its most unfavourable operating conditions in terms of thermodynamics. Entropy generation resulting from the resistance of heat-transferring fluids to flow was not taken into account. Entropy generation was analysed as a function of a heat flow rate at constant parameters at the inlet of a condenser and a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger. The analysis showed that for the condenser the entropy generation rate increases with the increase in the heat flow rate. The maximum entropy generation rate occurs for the maximum flow rate of the heat that can be transferred according to the definition of heat transfer effectiveness. For the counterflow heat exchanger, the entropy generation as a function of the heat flow rate reaches maximum at constant inlet parameters (temperatures and mass flow rates). It appeared that the peak entropy generation, or the largest exergy loss, occurs when the outlet temperatures of the fluids are equal. This assertion was verified against data obtained from a simulator of the counter-flow heat exchanger for two different relations between heat capacity rates. [76]
287. The domestic gas industry has been set an ambitious goal in the form of a state programme for extensive gasification of Polish cities and towns. This provides for transition of the municipal thermal energy and of the municipal economy to natural gas. Ensuring of reliable and safe transport of the gaseous fuel is also a part of this programme.The article discusses the problems of transporting of the nitrogen-rich natural gas from the local mines, related to water of unknown origin appearing in it. The events that can confirm that there is a possibility of moisture condensation from the gas and its migration deep into the distribution network have been analysed.The actual level of moisture in the natural gas, which is already directly supplied to the consumers, has been experimentally tested.It has been proved by the computer calculations that in the conditions of high pressure in the network, there is a possibility of such condensation, depending on the external atmospheric conditions and physicochemical parameters of the gas.It has been proposed to change the existing designing & construction legal provisions in order to protect the gas networks against water accumulating in them in a better way. [76]
288. Research was carried out into the impact of the content of wheat flour in a mixture with chopped wheat straw and the humidity of this material on the hardness of the pellet obtained from this raw material. The maximum content of wheat flour was 9.6% of the dry matter of the raw material, and the humidity of the raw material was 11.6, 25.7 and 36.0%. An increase of wheat flour content in the whole range examined considerably increased the pellet hardness, while an increase of humidity content in the raw material had an impact on increased hardness up to 25.7% only. [76]
289. In this project, an atypical resistance rotor of a vertical axis rotor as a small wind energy turbine is to be aerodynamically investigated and optimised in a flow simulation. In this report the results obtained from the flow simulations of the single and two rotor setup, as well as the results from the flow simulations of a single blade, are presented. The geometry of the rotor and blades is the base geometry for further optimisation. All simulations are performed with one specific tip speed ratio. The base geometry for slat and baffle can be calculated based on experience gained in previous studies. It was found in previous experiments that a rotor with 42% overlap (area that occupies the wings of the total circumference) is always started. Those experiments have also shown that a rotor with 36.5 % overlap has a higher power coefficient at low wind speeds, at higher wind speeds, the rotor with 42 % overlap has a better power coefficient. Based on those first investigations the optimisation of the blade and rotor geometry will be carried out later in this project. [76]
290. This paper describes the optimization studies aime dat analysing the impact of the parameter described by the discount factor on the cost of the system and its structure. The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of medical waste management system in north-eastern Poland, in the Podlaskie Province. The scope of operational research carried out under the optimization study was divided into two stages of optimization calculations with assumed technical and economic parameters of the system. In the first stage, the lowest cost of functioning of the analysed system was generated, whereas in the second one the influence of the input parameter of the system, i.e. the discount factor on the economic efficiency index (E) and the spatial structure of the medical waste management system was determined. With the assumed discount factor in the range of 0.980 to 0.909, the highest cost of the system was achieved at the level of 2332.60 PLN/Mg (increase of economic efficiency index E by ca. 46% in comparison with course 1, with discount factor = 0.980); furthermore, discount factor = 0.909 produced the lowest value of the economic efficiency index, i.e. E = 1164.20 PLN/Mg (a decrease of E by ca. 27% in comparison with course 1). [75]
291. Thermophysical characteristics of porous thermal insulation materials (PTM) aregenerally determined by the structure, size, type and shape of pores, as well as by theirmutual arrangement in the material. Thermal conductivity is one of the most importantamong these characteristics, is caused by different physical processes and can be reducedto three types: conduction, convection and radiation. Literature sources imply that thermalconductivity dependence is represented as an exponential function. These dependencies failto have a sufficiently clear and pronounced nature and do not allow developing an analyticalexpression to describe this function, especially at high values of material density. In our548 Hanna Koshlak, Anna Kaczanexperiments, the thermal conductivity coefficient was determined in the dry and sorptionhumidity states, not exceeding 20%. The thermal conductivity of porous thermal insulationmaterials was studied using an IT-λ-400 device. Cylindrical test specimens, 5 mm thick and15 mm in diameter, were placed in the device and heated to 800°C. Within this temperaturerange, the material thermal conductivity was determined according to the standard proce-dure described in the device operating instructions. The observed data were processed usingthe designed experiment approach. Thermal conductivity is considered as the target function(Y, W/(m K)). The experiment was conducted according to the program of the central com-posite rotatable second-order design by Box-Hunter. The factors, studied in the previousseries of experiments, are considered as controllable ones. Variable factors shall meet thesecriteria during experiment design process. 16 experiments were conducted at basic levelsand supplemented by another 10 experiments at star points. [75]
292. The contemporary problems and issues of environmental protection refer to a large extent to problems related – generally speaking – with energy. Currently, the production processes mainly concern the combustion of energy fuels, transport – over long distances – by means of transport, their use for utility purposes, e.g. engine drive or heating. All these processes have a significant negative impact on the environment and are magnified by their enormous intensity and enormous size. While the processes of energy production and transport have been studied for many years, and their result are widely published, the issues related to the application and operation of heating devices are little known and require much observation and research. The operating indicators of heating devices are generally characterized by low values (natural convection) and their artificial increase (intensity) cannot be used due to the acoustic effects and additional (significant) investment costs. The article presents some results of research on the intensification of heat flow – i.e. the thermal efficiency of flat heaters placed in a room with a specific temperature. Physical phenomena were investigated numerically by shaping the heat exchange space. The tested systems concerned a room with a free-standing heater, a heater with a vertical panel mounted in parallel, and a system with a curved bottom plate forming the so-called de Laval nozzle. Interesting results of air velocity and temperature fields as well as values of the heat transfer coefficient along the height of the heater were obtained. Based on the presented research, it can be concluded that the creation of convection surfaces around the heater is advisable because it affects the intensity of heat exchange, which can be increased without energy-intensive energy expenditure, i.e. in a non-mechanical way. Undoubtedly contributes positively to investment and operating costs, which is so important in issues related to environmental protection. [75]
293. In our earlier papers a hybrid adsorption-compression refrigeration cycle was presented. The hybrid, two stages cycle is based only on the natural refrigerants: water and carbon dioxide. The main advantage of the hybrid cycle is that the carbon dioxide compression cycle is subcritical because during the year-round operation it is possible to maintain the condensing temperature below 20 oC. During the hot season, this is achieved by adsorption cooling, during cold seasons the wet cooling tower is sufficient. Already several years of experience, allowed to gather a considerable amount of measurement data. The refrigeration system is working in our laboratory constantly since 2013. In 2015 the adsorption system was upgraded by the manufacturer. In 2017 frequency inverter for wet tower fan controlling was introduced. The refrigeration chamber was used for tests with different content and operation of the refrigeration chamber (loading and unloading). The assumed CO2 evaporating temperature was -35 oC. The averaged for HT(High Temperature) part of the cascade (adsorption cycle only) COPHT=0.51 for the whole year 2018. This may be considered a very good performance. [75]
294. W rozprawie doktorskiej opisano zastosowanie czterowartościowej oceny stanu w procesie diagnozowania cech eksploatacyjnych złożonych obiektów technicznych. Celem tego typu diagnozy jest rozpoznanie stanu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego wystąpienie stanu niezdatności oraz zlokalizowanie elementu generującego taki stan. Ze względu na postępujący wzrost złożoności i wykonywanych zadań powszechnie stosowana logika trójwartościowa nie rozwiązuje w pełni problemów współczesnych obiektów technicznych. Zapewnienie użytkownikowi szybkiej i rzetelnej informacji o stanie technicznym obiektów uzyskuje się poprzez wprowadzenie wielowartościowej diagnostyki z większą liczbą rozpoznanych stanów (k>3). Przedstawione zasady i reguły diagnozy oraz ich praktyczna weryfikacja umożliwiły uzyskanie w procesie wnioskowania istotnego wzrostu informacji diagnostycznej oceny czterowartościowej w stosunku do oceny dwu i trójwartościowej.. W części teoretycznej wyznaczono zakresy zmian wartości cech i ich granic dla poszczególnych stanów obiektu technicznego w logice czterowartościowej. Określono schemat klas i kierunki zmian stanów obiektu oraz kryteria zasad rozpoznawania poszczególnych stanów w procesie klasyfikacji. W celu oceny stanu obiektu wyróżniono wskaźniki oceny w postaci ilościowej miary pozyskiwania informacji diagnostycznej, funkcji zysku informacji dodatkowej oraz efektywności obsługi technicznej. W części praktycznej zaprojektowano i wdrożono komputerowy system diagnostyki złożonych obiektów technicznych, który realizuje proces wnioskowania w dwu, trzy i czterowartościowych ocenach stanu. W systemie zaimplementowano pełny proces diagnostyczny, na który składają się takie czynności jak: modelowanie obiektu, analiza funkcjonalna i techniczna badanego obiektu, pomiar i analiza charakterystyk sygnału oraz wnioskowanie o stanie obiektu. Dodatkowo stworzono dwa stanowiska pomiarowe do diagnostyki układu sterowania silnikiem benzynowym o zapłonie iskrowym typu „Motronic” oraz elektrowni słonecznej małej mocy. Przedstawiona w pracy metoda wraz z wynikami eksperymentów jednoznacznie potwierdza tezę rozprawy, udowadniając, że możliwe jest diagnozowanie złożonych obiektów technicznych za pomocą czterowartościowej oceny stanu. [74]
295. The generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for generating electrical energy is known as diesel power plant. The cylinders liner are cylindrical component that are fixed inside the engine block. The function of the cylinder liners is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. Most diesel power plant uses wet-cylinder liners that are exposed to intensive cavitation. The paper aimed at studying the behavior of the cylinder liners that can lead to cavitation. The analysis involves, modeling and simulation in using Solidworks Software. The analysis shows that the cylinders are subjected to harmonic vibration resulting to momentary separation of the coolant from the cylinder wall, creating a pressure difference around the coolant surface which forms air bubbles. These bubbles explode at an extreme velocity. The explosion of these bubbles release surface energy known as cavitation. The energy hammers the cylinder liner surface thereby removing minute particles of metal from the surface of the vibrating cylinder leading to cavitational deterioration. The paper hereby calls on automotive designers to take critical measures in designing of; cylinder liner, water jacket and the entire cooling system, in order to control this phenomenon. [74]
296. The future of automotive industry is to design and devlelop electrical vehicles to control the emissions released from gaseous fuels and not to release any harmful gases in to atmosphere. In this work, an attempt was made to analyze the behavior of two wheeler E bike with alternative materials of frame such as aluminum alloy (Al-A), Titanium alloy (Ti-A), grey cast iron (G-CI), carbon fiber epoxy (CF-E), and structural steel (ST-S) and compared with AISI-1020 material. The frame of Yamaha R15 is initially modeled by using solid work and imported to Ansys. Static analysis was performed by applying a load of 1500 N on the frame and Impact analysis was performed by applying velocity of 27.7 m/s along X direction. The values of vonmises stress and deformation for all the materials are observed. After performing static analysis, it was observed that, CF- Epoxy material exhibited higher value of vonmises stress (7.659E+07 Pa) and lower deformation of (0.000304m) compared to remaining materials. Based on impact analysis , it was observed that, CF-E exhibited better vonmises stress of (3994.9MPa) closer to AISI 1020 and structural steel materials and deformation is observed to be lower (0.1106 mm) compared to remaining materials. [74]
297. One of the increased usability energy separation devices that deals with the compressed fluids such as the air, the water and several Refrigerants is the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube due to its simple operating principle to separate the compressed fluid to two hot and cold streams. The aim of the current paper is to review the Ranque-Hilsch tube flow separation most affecting geometrical parameters hat are conducted numerically and experimentally such as the injection nozzles configuration, the vortex tube orifice to the nozzle’s dimensional ratio and also the vortex tube configuration in addition to the optimum conical valve angle. [74]
298. In the paper, the experimental investigations related with longitudinal turning of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy (Grade 23) typically used in aeronautics industry have been presented. The main goal was to determinate the influence of chances a selected cutting parameters (vc and f) for total cutting force Fc and its components. In this case the analysis of components of cutting force Fcmeasured during workshop experimental investigations was carried out. Next, the measured values were compared with the values calculated on the basis of formulas available in the literature. This allowed to state that universal theoretical formulas can also be used to determine the components of the total cutting force F in the longitudinal turning process of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. [74]
299. W rozprawie przedstawiono autorską koncepcję syntezy struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia. W konsekwencji sformułowano nowy problem planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na wybrany zbiór zakłóceń w organizacji realizującej portfel projektów. Zbudowano model referencyjny dla problemu planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na dwa rodzaje zakłóceń: absencje pracownicze i zlecanie dodatkowych operacji. W szczególności zdefiniowano miarę ilościową odporności struktury kompetencji, której wartość określa zdolność zatrudnionego zespołu pracowników do przyjmowania dodatkowych obowiązków (zastępstw) w przypadku absencji określonej liczby pracowników i zlecania dodatkowych czynności. Rozważany problem należy do klasy problemów NP-zupełnych, w których nakłady czasowe ponoszone na ich rozwiązanie rosną wykładniczo wraz z ich rozmiarem. Spotykane w praktyce instancje problemów planowania struktury kompetencji odpornej na zakłócenia, zakładają dziesiątki/setki pracowników oraz setki czynności, których rozwiązanie może wymagać znacznej ilość czasu (kilku godzin/dni/tygodni). W wielu przypadkach zbiór rozwiązań dopuszczalnych, tzn. spełniających zadane ograniczenia zasobowe, jest zbiorem pustym. W związku z tym wykorzystano metodykę programowania deklaratywnego tzn. programowanie z ograniczeniami. Modele deklaratywne można łatwo modyfikować i rozbudowywać tzn. uwzględniać specyfikę aktualnie rozważanych problemów (danych, ograniczeń i pytań) m.in. poprzez wyznaczenie nadmiarowych ograniczeń (warunków wystarczających) pozwalających na dedykowane (dla danego problemu), a zatem efektywne/szybkie przeszukiwanie przestrzeni potencjalnych rozwiązań. Z uwagi na fakt, że rozwiązania dopuszczalne nie zawsze występują w problemach dużej skali i związanym z tym długim czasem oczekiwania na rozwiązanie, opracowano warunek wystarczający (nadmiarowe ograniczenie), którego spełnienie gwarantuje istnienie rozwiązań dopuszczalnych a tym samym uzasadnia ponoszone nakłady czasowe. Bazując na opracowanym modelu przedstawiono autorską metodę planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia oraz wskazano na możliwość jej wykorzystania w systemach zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi (HRMS/CMS). Efektywność opracowanej metody zweryfikowano w serii eksperymentów wykorzystujących rzeczywiste dane pozyskane z dwóch organizacji: uczelni wyższej (Wydział Elektroniki i Informatyki Politechniki Koszalińskiej) i przedsiębiorstwa realizującego projekty IT (Kaliop Poland Sp. z o.o.). Opracowana metoda stanowi podstawę do opracowania interakcyjnego systemu planowania struktur kompetencji odpornych na zakłócenia, wykorzystywanego m.in. w controllingu zasobów ludzkich. Ponadto dzięki przedstawionym w rozprawie badaniom możliwe staje się opracowanie innych pochodnych metod zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, jak np. metod wspomagania planowania zespołów projektowych uwzględniających efekt uczenia i zapominania. [73]
300. This article presents the results of experimental research of R404A, R407C and R410A high-pressure refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe minichannels with an internal diameter d below 2,5 mm. The study determined the local and average heat transfer coefficient in the full range of vapor quality, x = 1-0. On the basis of experimental investigations, the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on the vapor quality x, the mass flux density G and the channel internal diameter d was obtained. [73]
301. This paper shows that imaging and analysis of morphological features of the surface of modern structured abrasives in the pre-machining state can be carried out by means of electron microscopy supported by image processing and analysis techniques. The acquisition of SEM micrographs for active surfaces of the four (A6, A30, A65, A160 grades) monolayer abrasive discs 237AA (3M) with Trizact™ abrasive grains was carried out by the use of Quanta 200 Mark II (FEI Company) high-resolution scanning electron microscope. Visual analysis allowed for the observation of abrasive grains mainly in terms of the occurrence on their surface of various defects resulting from the technology of their production. For a parametric analysis, the authors used the Fiji 1.51s software (J. Schindelin et al.) which, in turn, made it possible to determine the values of the basic geometrical parameters characterizing the abrasive grains in the selected area of the active surface of assessed abrasive tool. The observation and measurement instruments used in the experimental studies described in this work and the proposed methodology may present an interesting alternative approach to the assessment of the surface morphology of advanced structured abrasives. [72]
302. The evaluation of physical and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) properties was carried out using developed CHA Reinforced Polymer Composite. Sieve analysis of pretreated CHA was done to obtain 75 µm, 150 µm and 300 µm particles sizes. These particles were used at varying compositions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as reinforcements for polyester composites. The catalyst and accelerator used were Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and Cobalt Naphthenate respectively. The densities of the evaluated composites made with 150 μm particles were found to be less dense with values ranging from 0.9792 g/cm3 to 1.2561 g/cm3 than those made with 75μm and 300μm. The results also show that the percentage water absorbed by samples increased, ranging from 0 to over 2000 E’/MPa for all percentage reinforcements of CHA, with an increase in the duration of immersion of the samples in distilled water. However, 25% reinforcement had better results for all particle sizes. There were obvious variations of storage modulus, loss modulus and mechanical loss factor with percentage weight of reinforcement, temperature and frequency. The composite with 15 % reinforcement displayed better results and can be used as a material for interior components in aerospace and automobile industries. [72]
303. The EST system – emission-free sewage transport is one of many methods used to counteract and limit the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage system. EST method is the environment and human friendly, and effective at the same time. This solution applies aeration and flushing of pressure pipelines using compressed air with closed vent valves. The paper presents the results of field tests of the EST system, which also verified previous laboratory tests carried out in a broader range.The tests were carried out on two different delivery pipelines (Object-1, Object-2), consisting of several kilometers long sections Pump Station – Expansion well with hydrogen sulfide concentration measurement. The results show that the EST system is an effective solution for controlling hydrogen sulfide in a pressure sewage system. The application of the EST system caused an immediate decrease in H2S concentration under 50 ppm. The measurements were taken in the expansion well, where short-term outbursts of large loads of hydrogen sulfide were observed during sewage pumping. Purges carried out 1-2 times a day, caused a decrease in instantaneous gas load (from the average level of 758 mg H2S/pump cycle at Object-1 to 15 mg H2S/cycle and from 3 914 to 322 mg H2S/cycle at Object-2).Results of field studies have also shown that individual optimization of the EST system operation for a selected section of the pressure sewage system (length of the aeration cycle and its frequency during the day), may control the concentration of H2S. The EST system, reducing the concentration of H2S by over 90%, ensures the safety of sewage system operation and decreases its impact on the surrounding environment. [72]
304. Hydrometeorological variables are tested by trend methods to be able to detect trends in river basins. Mann-Kendall, Spearman’s rho tests are widely used as traditional trend methods. Besides that, some new trend tests are applied to hydrometeorological variables as Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Sediment discharge observations are more difficult than other hydrometeorological variables. In general, sediment data are observed in monthly time scale. Therefore, there are very limited studies on sediment data, especially in Turkey. In this study, Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann-Kendall trend analyses are applied to sediment discharges in Turkish river basins. According to Mann-Kendall, Correlated Mann-Kendall and Seasonal Mann Kendall results, positive trends have detected only 8, 2 and 20 gauging stations, respectively. Then, 30 positive and 15 negative trends by ITA methodology. The trend slopes calculated from ITA methodology are categorized because some positive and negative of trends are weak. The applied trend methods are evaluated together considering climate properties of hydrological regions in Turkey. Increasing trends on sediment data are detected from the rivers from Mediterranean region of Turkey. The results of the study would help to manage water resources as well as sustainable development in the Turkish river basins. [72]
305. In the face of the current climate change, the increasing incidence of extreme weather events, prolonged periods of drought and water scarcity, attention should be paid to rational water management with particular emphasis on rainwater. Excessive development and sealing of urban catchments result in a faster outflow of water to the sewage system, which prevents it from reaching the soil and plants. This situation intensifies the drought effect and contributes to the occurrence of urban floods. In order to mitigate the negative impact of this process, solutions allowing for rainwater harvesting should be implemented. A wide variety of systems are currently available on the market to harvest and reuse rainwater. In the publication, the authors analysed four solutions: a green roof, drainage boxes, an underground storage tank, and an infiltration basin. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was used to select the best rainwater harvesting system, which is one of the methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making. The analyses considered two different variants in terms of land use: a detached house located in the suburbs of a large agglomeration and a block of flats placed in the city center. According to the analysis and the assumed factors, in both cases, the best solution was to use an underground storage tank. This system proved to be the most advantageous due to the possibility of reuse of water, low construction costs, and ease of exploitation. [71]
306. W rozprawie doktorskiej skupiono się na precyzyjnym opisie procesu filtracji grawitacyjnej. Założono, że proces filtracji grawitacyjnej, może być rozpatrywany na podstawie ogólnego równania bilansu, które w uproszczeniu zakłada, że masa fazy stałej z zawiesiny w nadawie w części została zatrzymana w wolnych przestrzeniach warstwy filtracyjnej, w części utworzyła osad na złożu, w części utworzyła przegrodę kolmatacyjną oraz w części przedostała się do filtratu. Jest to proces złożony, wielowariantowy i zależnie od typu filtracji powinien być odrębnie analizowany także od strony przyczynowo-skutkowej mechanizmu stwierdzonych zależności. W pracy przedstawiono i opisano typy rodzaju filtracji grawitacyjnej (filtracja w złożu porowatym, filtracja z przyrostem warstwy osadu na powierzchni złoża, filtracja w złożu porowatym z przyrostem warstwy osadu, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną, filtracja w złożu porowatym z blokadą kolmatacyjną oraz przyrostem warstwy osadu). [70]
307. This paper examines the evacuation of people in the event of an emergency caused at a nuclear facility. The study describes the emergency preparedness of the Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant. The paper describes the proposal of the logistics solution and the implementation of protective and emergency preparation, which is determined by the internal emergency plan, based on the information flow in the event of an emergency and the activities of individual emergency response units. The above results indicate that the fewer people there are in one evacuated group, the longer the evacuation time will be. However, the reason is not the length of time to get to the assembly point itself, but the number of groups that must be created and therefore the higher number of trips that firefighters have to take. The optimal way to carry out this process safely, in the shortest possible time, could be to set up more groups of escorting firefighters, who would accompany groups with smaller numbers of evacuees. Strict preparation and adherence to pre-prepared instructions, based on logistical principles in the event of an emergency at a nuclear facility, minimizes loss of life and harm to the health of persons, and also damage to property or the environment. [70]
308. The transport safety is a property of the transport process (movement of individuals and/or goods), characterized by absence of danger to life and health of individuals [1,2,10]. This process should represent a high reliability and safety. The measure of safety is certainty that components of the transport process will remain intact during operation, except for natural changes due to ageing and wear. To ensure a sufficient safety level, it is vital to employ the electronic transport systems which aim is to increase the safety of transferred individuals and goods. The electronic transport systems are designed to detect the threats that occur during the transport process (for both stationary and moving objects). This article presents influence of the electromagnetic interferences within vast railway area on the electronic transport systems with one transmission bus. These electromagnetic interferences are able to completely compromise the electronic system, induce the voltage in the transmission buses or in other components of the system and trigger the alarm (higher probability of false alarm). While operating the transport safety system, full spectrum of electromagnetic interferences should be taken into account. Due to complex behavior of the electromagnetic waves during penetration (propagation), influence of the electromagnetic interferences requires separate analyzes for different frequency bands. [70]
309. Niniejsza praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny. Dotyczy zagadnień z pogranicza dziedzin takich jak energetyka, informatyka techniczna, eksploatacja maszyn oraz automatyka. Przeprowadzona analiza statystyczna wskazała, że w dalszej części prac badawczych skupić należy się na parametrach o największej zmienności, takich jak natężenie promieniowania słonecznego, które mogą wymagać szczególnego uwzględnienia w modelowaniu i kontroli proce-su sterowania w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Stabilność ciśnienia atmosferycznego i temperatury otoczenia wskazywała na możliwość ich łatwiejszego włączenia do modeli prognostycznych. Z kolei większa zmienność prędkości wiatru i wilgotności wymagała zastosowania zaawansowanych metod predykcyjnych w celu minimalizacji niepewności w przewidywaniach. Kolejnym ważnym elementem pracy było stworzenie matematycznego modelu procesu transportu energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych. Określono parametry pracy oraz przedstawiono założenia i uproszczenia modelu fizycznego. Przetestowane zostały dwie najpowszechniej wykorzystywane metody sterowania proporcjonalnego i sterowania ON-OFF oraz trzecia zaproponowana modyfikacja pod nazwą IPC. Uzyskane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych i symulacyjnych pozwoliły ponadto na za-projektowanie i zaprogramowanie nowego słonecznego sterownika adaptacyjnego, który po-zwalał na automatyczne wybieranie spośród trzech określonych metody sterowania do aktualnych warunków pogodowych. Ostatnim etapem przedsięwzięcia były badania porównawcze nowego rozwiązania z komercyjnym klasycznym regulatorem. Uzyskano wzrost efektywności o 12,7% na korzyść zaprojektowanego sterownika co pozwoliło stwierdzić, że wykorzystanie sterowania adaptacyjnego przynosi znaczące korzyści w aspekcie poprawy efektywności gromadzenia energii w słonecznych systemach grzewczych oraz potwierdzić hipotezę badawczą. Wyniki te mogą służyć ponadto do dalszego ulepszania samych algorytmów sterowania, poprawiając ogólną efektywność słonecznych systemów grzewczych. [70]
310. In the context of the investigations of multiphase flows, e.g. in cooperation with the local brewery, the convective transport phenomena during the fermentation are investigated. Due to the strong turbidity of the medium, the measurement of velocity profiles is complicated. The difficulties of an investigation with a biological fermentation fluid are the many complex interactions between the different three phases (solid, gas, fluid). Furthermore, natural convection processes are superimposed by rising gas bubbles and the high turbidity of the fluid only allow an acoustic velocity measurement. In previous investigation, ultrasonic transducers are used for the non-contact determination of velocity fields in fluids. The results of these past projects show that the measurement signals of the ultrasonic transducers used can be influenced by many factors. In order to verify the results of the transducers and to investigate the existing uncertainties, a flow configuration with a relatively stable reproducible flow pattern is required. In this study, a calibration system for ultrasonic transducers is developed, manufactured and validated by means of optical measurement technology such as the LDA. Finally, a measurement using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry in a model fluid will be compared with an optical measurement technique. [70]
311. The submitted article deals with issue of application PVD coating nACRo4 deposited on the High Contact Ratio gearing made of 16MnCr5 material in interaction with the conventional PP 90H lubricant and biological Biogear S150 lubricant. Experimental tests were carried out on FZG test rig with closed performance flow, followed by measuring of the surface roughness change. In experiment we followed STN 65 6280 norm for FZG scuffing tests, from which we gained load values for different load levels. Results of experimental tests were statistically processed and on basis on them were established relations between surface roughness and load level for both used lubricants. [69]
312. The lumped capacitance method is widely used in dynamic modelling of buildings. Models differ in complexity, solution methods and ability to simulate transient behaviour of described objects. The paper presents a mathematical description of a simple 1R1C thermal network model of a building zone. Four numerical methods were applied to solve differential equation describing its dynamics. For validation purposes two test cases (600 and 900) from the BESTEST procedure were used. In both cases detailed results were given. Better ability of the simulation model to reproduce transient behaviour of the modelled buildings was noticed in case of the lightweight object (case 600). Annual heating and cooling demand was within the reference range for heavyweight one (case 900). The kind of the computation method had no significant effect on simulation results. [69]
313. The aim of the conducted studies was made to develop a bottom sediment monitoring network for selected water reservoirs of the Silesian voivodeship (Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs). Based on the obtained spatial distributions, the location of points was selected, which should be considered in further studies. In the search for the solution, it was assumed that the network enabling collection of reliable results on the sludge quality, while minimising financial outlays, should not exceed 25% of measurement points from the base year. In order to define the quality and accuracy of the planned network, a visual assessment of the obtained spatial distributions was used. A comparison of the classification of measurement stations with respect to the quality assessment of the geochemical criterion in relation to the selected heavy metal real data, as well as the values obtained on the basis of the simulation was made. Comparative analysis showed a high range of changes in the classification of measuring positions (Ostrowy 0-5 positions, Poraj 0-19 positions, Dzierżno Duże 0-16 positions). This fact is associated with a significant range of base data resulting from high pollution of bottom sediments with individual heavy metals (Ostrowy – Cr, Ni, Poraj – Cd, Pb, Zn, Dzierżno Duży – Cd, Zn). Considering the conducted research, it was found that the sustainable management of the environment by determining the bottom sediment monitoring network of the Ostrowy, Poraj and Dzierżno Duże reservoirs should be based on an individual research approach for each of the facilities. The research allowed to state that GIS has a significant impact on decision-making in the field of environmental management. [69]
314. Revitalisation of even small watercourses in urbanised areas improves water retention conditions, while at the same time reducing the risk of flooding. It also contributes to improved condition or ecological potential of waters. Measures implemented to revitalise small urban watercourses are hindered by many obstacles. When selecting an optimal solution we need to refer to multiple-criteria methods. Considering the number of barriers and the need to search for the optimal solution this paper analyses the applicability of multiple-criteria decision-making method involving analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential for revitalisation of watercourses in urbanised areas. The investigations were conducted on the Wierzbak watercourse flowing in the northern part of the city of Poznań, which has been channeled in over 60% of its course and is discharged into the Bogdanka River (a left-bank tributary of the Warta) in an ouflow sewer. In order to analyse the problem in detail various barriers were investigated, e.g. ecological, planning, social, economic and engineering. The analyses were conducted for 6 variants. Based on the collected information and data the AHP method was applied to select the most advantageous solution to potential revitalisation of the watercourse. Analysis of the results showed that for 4 out of the 6 tested variants complete exposure of the watercourse would be the most advantageous option. In turn, ecological and social barriers were deemed to be the most important. The study confirmed applicability of the AHP method to solve such complicated decision-making problems. [69]
315. Istnieją różne wersje oprogramowania do symulacji układów ferromagnetycznych, które są powszechnie dostępne w sieci i nie wymagają zakupu licencji. Jednakże symulatory te zazwyczaj potrafią symulować układy dla bardzo niskich temperatur zbliżonych do zera bezwzględnego. Komercyjna elektronika jednakże pracuje w zakresie temperatur zbliżonych do temperatury pokojowej, zatem istnieje konieczność badania układów ferromagnetycznych dla temperatur powyżej zera absolutnego, w tym zbliżonych do temperatur bliskich zaniku zjawisk ferromagnetycznych (temperatury Curie). Dlatego na potrzeby tej dysertacji, autor zdecydował się odpowiedzieć na zapotrzebowanie w postaci wysokotemperaturowego symulatora układów ferromagnetycznych i zrealizował własne oprogramowanie. Przy jego pomocy zbadał zaproponowany przez siebie model pamięci magnetycznej, która złożona jest z matrycy oddzielnych komórek i charakteryzuje się czasem przełączania rzędu setek pikosekund, a także nie wymaga stosowania układów głowic przełączających. Dzięki temu istnieje szansa na zapewnienie krótszego czasu dostępu do pamięci w stosunku do współczesnych rozwiązań n.p. w porównaniu z pamięciami wykonanymi z ciągłych warstw magnetycznych. Sporządzone oprogramowanie i zaproponowany model daje nadzieję na dalszy rozwój badań i znalezienie modelu pamięci o jak najniższym czasie przełączania i jak największej gęstości zapisu, co wyrażono w tezie pracy. Jako podstawę autorskiego systemu informatycznego wykorzystano oprogramowanie MAGPAR zrealizowane w Politechnice Wiedeńskiej i stosowane do obliczeń mikromagnetycznych dla temperatur bliskich zera bezwzględnego. Symulator ten posiadał pożądane cechy technologiczne takie jak możliwość przetwarzania rozproszonego i wykorzystywania wielu węzłów obliczeniowych do przyśpieszenia obliczeń (MPI). Zastosowanie wysokich temperatur w badaniu układów ferromagnetycznych wymagało uzyskania ich rozkładu dla całego badanego modelu więc należało odpowiednio rozwiązywać dodatkowe równie określające przepływy cieplne i zaimplementować je w metodyce elementów skończonych co pokazano w niniejszej pracy. Ze wzrostem temperatur uległo zmianie równanie opisujące czasowo-przestrzenną ewolucję zmian namagnesowania w układzie ferromagnetycznym, które zastąpiło równanie zaimplementowane dla opisu ewolucji namagnesowania dla niskich temperatur. Temperatury powyżej zera bezwzględnego wywierają wpływ na wyrazy pola efektywnego, co ma przełożenie na przebieg ewolucji namagnesowania. Zmienione równanie ewolucji namagnesowania i zmodyfikowane wyrazy pola efektywnego należało odpowiednio implementować w metodyce elementów skończonych co także zawarto w pracy. Uczyniono przegląd zagadnień badawczych będących domeną spintroniki, w tym nakreślono potencjalne jej zastosowania w architekturach komputerowych inspirowanych budową układu nerwowego istot żywych, co jak pokazano, może mieć istotny wpływ na polepszenie wydajności numerycznych obliczeń rozproszonych. [69]
316. Wastewater treatment plants are the source of odour and microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air. Bioaerosol emitted by treatment plants may contain pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic resistant microorganisms and cause allergies.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the newly created municipal wastewater treatment plant using the activated sludge method (approx. 20,000 PE, average daily flow of 2,300 m3) on the sanitary state of atmospheric air. Numerous field obstacles (e.g. trees) and natural sources of microorganism emissions to the atmospheric air (e.g. drainage channels) were located in the vicinity of the wastewater treatment plant.Bioaerosol samples (3 replicates) were taken in a wind trail at 10 test stands on the leeward side of the treatment plant and two control stands on the windward side of the treatment plant. Samples were taken by sedimentation on Petri dishes with microbiological mediums. Media was incubated at a temperature appropriate for the type of microorganisms (psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, mold fungi), and then colonies growing on media were counted. The number of microorganisms per unit volume of air was determined according to the Omelian formula in the Gogoberidze modification. Four series of tests were carried out during the transition months (spring and autumn).The concentration of microorganisms on the leeward side of the treatment plant in the following ranges amouted: psychrophilic bacteria: 156 ± 85 - 6578 ± 1286 cfu/m3, mesophilic bacteria: 87±24 - 6309 ± 1349 cfu/m3, actinomycetes: 0±0 - 719±12 cfu/m3, mold fungi: 52±42 - 4645±425 cfu/m3. These values were similar to those found in the area and in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants examined by other authors. The concentration of microorganisms in the vicinity of the tested wastewater treatment plant did not show a downward trend as a function of distance from the wastewater treatment plant. This could be due to the presence of other sources of bioaerosol emissions to atmospheric air in the vicinity of the treatment plant (e.g. drainage canals, uncovered soil in plowed fields) and field obstacles that could have affected the movement of air masses (e.g. in-field woodland, forest, embankment Railway).The obtained research results indicate that the emission of bioaerosol from a small wastewater treatment plant, may cause changes in the concentration of microorganisms in the atmospheric air at a level close to natural sources. However, the threats to human health caused by bioaerosol emitted from municipal wastewater may be higher. Therefore, it is justified to monitor the sanitary state of the air and the atmosphere at the wastewater treatment plant and in its vicinity, and conduct research to develop an optimal set of indicator microorganisms of this state. [68]
317. The article in the theoretical part draws attention to the phenomenon of climate change and two-way relations between these changes and agriculture. Agriculture as an economic sector is extremely sensitive to any climatic disturbances. However, as a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, it contributes to this process. In the era of significant reductions in GHG emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to obtain the highest economic effects with the smallest external effects (e.g. GHG). The purpose of the article is therefore to determine the level of GHG emissions in agriculture and the economic and climate efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and comparison to other sectors of the economy. The DEA method was used in the study. Calculations were made based on Eurostat data. It was found that the share of GHG emissions of agriculture in the EU represents 10-11% of all emissions in the European Union. Agriculture is the least economically and climatically effective sector of the EU economy. Comparing the agriculture of individual countries, the highest efficiency was achieved by Italy, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, the lowest – Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. [68]
318. Systemy komputerowe są w dzisiejszych czasach bardzo popularne. Niestety, wraz ze wzrostem ich popularności pojawili się aktorzy, którzy w różnych celach dążą często do nieuprawnionego dostępu do danych użytkowników. W celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na zagrożenia powstały IDS (ang. intrusion detection systems) - systemy wykrywania intruzji. W ostatnich latach naukowcy zainspirowani byli do znalezienia nowoczesnych rozwiązań pozwalających na wykrywanie intruzji. Badacze zauważyli pewne paralele między celami IDS i biologicznych systemów immunologicznych. Dzięki temu powstały sztuczne systemy immunologiczne (AIS - ang. artificial immune systems). Celem rozprawy była analiza istniejących i opracowanie własnego algorytmu detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych, inspirowanego mechanizmami obronnymi organizmów żywych. Rozprawa stawia tezę, że możliwa jest realizacja algorytmów detekcji infekcji programów komputerowych o właściwościach porównywalnych lub lepszych od znanych rozwiązań, w tym znanych z literatury rozwiązań wykorzystujących AIS. W niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej przeprowadzono kompleksowy przegląd literatury dotyczącej IDS i AIS, i w szczególności najpopularniejszego algorytmu AIS, jakim jest algorytm negatywnej selekcji (NSA - ang. negative selection algorithm). Zaproponowano następnie własny system wykrywania intruzji, który pozwala na wykrywanie infekcji w systemie operacyjnym. W systemie zaimplementowano metodę losową i metodę wzorców, a następnie przedstawiono autorskie ulepszenie tych metod przy pomocy dodatkowego zbioru receptorów międzykomórkowych. System dogłębnie przetestowano dla szerokiej gamy parametrów wejściowych generacji receptorów, a następnie porównano osiągi z innymi rozwiązaniami znanymi z literatury. Badania eksperymentalne pokazały, że system IDS osiąga wyniki porównywalne lub lepsze od wyników znanych z literatury. Na podstawie badań eksperymentalnych wyciągnięto wnioski, że cel pracy został osiągnięty, a teza dowiedziona. Dalsze badania mogą uwzględniać możliwości naprawy zainfekowanych plików w systemie operacyjnym. [68]
319. Many factors affect the quality of water in rivers, including: types of pollution sources, the shape of the catchment, the type of land use, the amount of pollution flowing in. The construction of a retention reservoir is one of the factors affecting changes in the river valley related to the landscape, the environment, and water flow hydraulics. Reducing the velocity of water flow on the section of the reservoir causes changes in the characteristics of the movement of pollutants, some of them are deposited in the reservoir. The article analyzes water quality parameters at intake points located below (Uniejów) and above (Biskupice) of the Jeziorsko dam on the Warta River. The variability of such parameters as BOD5, TOC, pH, temperature, Ntot, Ptot was analyzed. The research also analyzed the dynamics of water inflow and outflow from the reservoir. The actual water retention time in the reservoir, which makes interpretation of the results difficult. The most indicators were characterized by the significance of differences for research in 2014. [68]
320. In the context of investigations of real multiphase flows, the university has its own 350 litre fermentation tank with comprehensive acoustic flow and temperature measurement technology for the systematically investigation, of the influence of the fermentation activity, distribution of yeast and occurring convection phenomena. Due to the many problems with the optical (e.g. PIV) and acoustic (e.g. UDV) measurement in a real fermenting fluid the numerical simulation was already used in earlier publications. To validate the numerical models, extensive experimental investigations were carried out which show that the flow in the fermenter is caused only by the reaction products of the yeast and the cooling panels and controls the yeast distribution. In this paper, both the numerical (CFD) and the experimental investigations serve as a starting point to influence the yeast distribution. The described convection flow can only temporarily guarantee the uniform distribution of the yeast in the fermenter until the sedimentation of the yeast at the tank bottom (bottom-fermenting yeast) finally begins. [68]
321. For long time Germany had many atomic power plants and was important exporter of this nuclear technologies, but right now german government decided to close all their reactors upto 2020. In this presentation we will try to answer for one important question. “Why?”, and second one “is it a good idea?”. We will try to find out answer for first question and later prove that withdrawing from nuclear energetics is one of the greater mistakes that developed countries are making right now, and please take into consideration that despite the fact i always believed that right now atomic energy is second to none of what we have right now i carried my research with open mind looking for answers forcing myself to not be biased about subject. Right now I believe in what i believed before, but the change is that now this is not “i think so”, but “i know that”. [68]
322. This article analyses the recycling of secondary waste in Polish recycling companies. An innovative method of processing PCBs is presented and trends that should be followed by plants processing non-ferrous metal waste are indicated. In conclusion, it is emphasised that the Polish WEEE recycling market is still at the early development and growth stage and the most important goals that enterprises should set themselves include cost optimisation, improvement of waste management logistics and increases in the level of recycling. [67]
323. The goal of this study is to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) and irrigation scheduling based on CWSI values, as well as to examine the correlations between CWSI, physiological parameters and grain yield of corn hybrid P31A34 in semi-arid climate conditions. In 2014 and 2015, the upper limit (UL) temperatures at which plants were entirely exposed to water stress were at 1.178°C and 2.38°C respectively. When the corn grain yield began to decline, the CWSI threshold value was 0.34, indicating the yield limit. Grain yield, crop water consumption, crop water stress index, chlorophyll content, water use efficiency and leaf area index were found to have negative correlations (p ≤ 0.01) with CWSI values in both years of the study. The findings revealed that in semi-arid climate conditions, a maximum of 30% water deficit can be used during the growing period of the corn compared to full irrigation (I100) for water savings, and that water deficits greater than 30% result in considerable grain yield losses. In areas where water resources are limited, the moderate water deficit (I70) may be a viable alternative to the I100. [67]
324. Grinding is usually the last stage of the technological process and determines the quality of manufactured products. One of the varieties of grinding more and more often used in practice is deep grinding which is called Creep-Feed Grinding. It is characterized by a high value of grinding infeed and slow feed. Technological parameters such as the depth of grinding and the speed of feed have a significant impact on the quality of the workpiece. However, also the grinding speed has an influence on the grinding process and the result of machining. Therefore, experimental studies on the impact of grinding speed on the surface roughness and grinding force components were carried out. The tests were realized in the deep-grinding grinding process of Inconel 718 with a grinding wheel made of mixture of sintered alumina and ruby corundum. [67]
325. Contemporary systems for removing flue gases and used air should be selected so that there is no risk of accumulation of hazardous and harmful substances in human health. We spend a large part of our lives in our apartments and even relatively low concentrations of harmful substances, that arise during the operation of gas appliances can pose a serious threat to health. The efficiency of air exchange, and thus the concentration of harmful substances in rooms, largely depends on many variables, whose interaction generates a large number of variants. The author of the article set themselves the task of examining the impact of weather conditions on the operation of flue gas exhaust systems and ventilation in rooms with gas appliances. [67]
326. The following paper presents the processing of the piece on the machining centre. When the technological dimensional structures are optimal, they are similar to the dimensional structure of the piece. This similarity is ensured by using a marker of the machining centre – the axle of the revolving table. However, the piece has to be resized. It can be done in several variants with different machining accuracy required. [66]
327. The article deals with the problems of handling used motor oils on the railways of Ukraine. At the moment, this waste is transferred to other enterprises for disposal. But, based on international experience, it is advisable to be regenerated directly at the enterprise where it is formed. The purpose of this work is to develop a modern scheme for oil waste disposal. In this regard, various indicators were investigated, reflecting both the operational suitability of oils and their toxicological parameters. As a result, we proposed a scheme and selected special equipment for handling the used engine oils, which allows to reduce the technogenic load associated with their accumulation, handling and minimization, contributes to the return of oil to the technological process. The calculated value of the conditional environmental effect and the approximate payback period allowed us to draw conclusions about the undoubted environmental and economic effect of implementing the proposed scheme [66]
328. In this study we demonstrate an overview about possibilities in using additive manufacturing for tissue engineering and orthopedic prosthesis. We show the possibilities to produce scaffolds by using a low cost commercial stereolithography system under the use of biocompatible hydrogels like Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. We also demonstrate that it is possible to use a low cost selective laser sintering system to produce individual prostheses to support the healing process in many orthopedic issues. [66]
329. This paper presents a comparison of two approval tests for a passenger car, both the current procedure and its predecessor. The car that was the subject of the study received a roadworthiness certificate based on the NEDC test, however, the emission results were compared with the new test procedure. The analysis showed the significance of the “start-stop” system in the conducted tests, however, assuming the original equipment of the car (active “start-stop” system), the WLTP test showed higher CO2 emissions, which did not exceed the permissible emission standard for this model specified in the relevant regulation. [65]
330. The research reported in this paper focuses on the application of Local Binary Patterns (LBPs) for surface defects detection. The surface defection detection algorithm for Friction Stir Welded aluminum plates is the key part of the entire surface defect recognition system. Two different grades i.e AA 1200 and AA 6061 plates were similarly joined with the help of Friction Stir Welding process. Python codes for the proposed algorithm were executed on Google Colaboratory platform. The results obtained prove that the Local Binary Patterns method can be used for real-time surface defects detection in Friction Stir Welded joints. [65]
331. A structural beam is a common element in many mechanical structures such as ship propeller shaft, crane boom, and air craft wings. In the present paper experimental and numerical modal analysis are carried out for estimating the damage detection, geometric location of the damage, severity of damage and residual life of structural beam to prevent unexpected failures of the mechanical structures. Experimental and numerical modal analysis results for healthy and cracked beam are compared for validation of numerical methodology used in the present paper. Experimental modal analysis is performed on both healthy and cracked beam with the help of impact hammer, acceleration sensor and FFT analyzer associated with EDM (Engineering Data Management) software. Modal tests are conducted using impact method on selected locations of the entire healthy and cracked beam to find the first three natural frequencies, which are used to detect the presence of damage and geometric location of the damage. Three parametric studies are carried out to know the effect of crack depth, crack location and crack orientation on the natural frequencies of the cracked beam. Finally, residual life of a healthy and cracked beam was estimated using Basiquin’s equation and finite element analysis software called ANSYS 18.1. [65]
332. The main objective of the paper was to show the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture with economic development and agricultural production parameters in the European Union. All EU Member States were selected for research purposefully. The research period concerned the years 2004-2017. The sources of materials were EUROSTAT data, literature on the subject. For the analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular, graphic methods, dynamics based on a constant basis, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were used. Agriculture is one of the major economic sectors responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. In 2004-2017, emissions from this section slightly decreased in the EU. There was a wide variation between countries. Economically developing countries increased emissions, while developed countries maintained them at a similar level. Greenhouse gas emissions were highly concentrated in several EU countries. These were the countries with the most developed agriculture. In the years 2004-2017, there were no changes in the level of emission concentration. The level of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture depended on the economic and agricultural situation in the country. The regularities were in many cases straightforward, as for the relationship of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture with the value of animal production, cattle population, and the use of mineral fertilizers and manure production. This close relationship resulted from the fact that livestock production was the part of agriculture that generated the most greenhouse gases. [64]
333. This paper presents a statistical analysis of concentrations for selected metals in groundwater samples collected from 15 sites located in the Wielkopolska National Park in four periods of 2017. Concentrations of such metals as B, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn were analysed. Statistical analysis identified two groups of metals in terms of similarity in their concentrations in groundwater. One group is composed of Ba, Ca, K, Mg and Na, while the other comprises B, Fe, Mn and Zn. The analyses showed also considerable variation of investigated elements between various well locations. Three types of location were distinguished: situated nearby open water bodies, situated in the lowest parts of relief and located in the upper and middle parts of slopes. [63]
334. The research carried out was aimed at determining the effectiveness of reclamation of the Rudnickie Wielkie lake. Samples were taken 7-fold in 3 places during the period from October to April. In the tested water was determined by the colorimetric method PO4-3ions, total P and N, nitrate(V), nitrite(III) and NH4 -N. Additionally, the pH and temperature.The temperature and pH of water analyzed in the course of the study were at the level characteristic for the seasons under study and did not have a significant impact on the content of the determined chemical indicators. The level of biogenic elements and their compounds, determined a few years after reclamation, is higher than the results obtained in 2001 (immediately after reclamation), which may indicate improper sewage and agricultural management in the lake's basin. [63]
335. The essence of the study is the analysis of managers' attitudes towards the concept of sustainable development carried out on the example of food industry enterprises. The first part of the article contains the purpose of the study and draws attention to the progressive degradation of the natural environment, in which the food industry enterprises also participate. The rest of the article presents the state of the literature on sustainable development issues. The empirical part of the study presents the research methods that have been used in the research, the characteristics of the research sample and the results of own research. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated that were presented in the final part of the study. The article ends with a summary. [63]
336. In the presented paper the determination of the design rainfall duration for which the outflow from the urban catchment reaches maximum intensity and the evaluation of the relation between determined design rainfall duration and selected catchment characteristics were discussed. The analysis based on the outflow simulation results in SWMM5 obtained for eight existing urban catchment located in Bydgoszcz (Poland) with area ca. 35-280 ha. The calculations were made for the Euler hyetographs with the rainfall durations from 15 min to 360 min and the rainfall frequency of occurrence c = 2 years. For each catchment the relations between the catchment characteristics (total area, impervious area, length of the flow path and the longest flow time through the sewers) and the rainfall duration were determined. It was shown, that the design rainfall duration, represented by the Euler hyetograph, should be at least three times longer than the flow time through the catchment. [63]
337. Gravitational filtration is a process of solid and liquid phase separation. Wastewater suspension conveyed to a porous bed makes a single-phase solution or is a mixture of solid impurities contained in liquid phase. Stopping of such impurities is based on mechanical action of a filtration bed mostly through wedging of the solid phase in its pores. However, the relationship between size of the solid phase fraction contained in wastewater and size of grains of the filtration bed is important because it determines the type of the process as gravitational filtration may proceed, among other things, on a porous bed, in the very porous bed, simultaneously on and in the porous bed, in the porous bed with a colmatation barrier and accumulated sediment layer etc. Gravitational filtration process is a complex phenomenon and to provide possibly accurate characteristic of such process it is necessary to perform experiments within possibly broad range of parameters variability. Mathematical description of the gravitational filtration process requires determination of values of a number of parameters. This pertains to the presentation of the filtration barrier through determination (based on the grain size analysis) of sizes of characteristic diameters as well as the characteristic of medium flow through the filtration bed computing e.g. filtration or permeability coefficient values. The filtration coefficient is a feature specific for given bed and it depends on its porosity, grain size and flowing medium temperature. In this paper an interesting combination of a direct laboratory method and computational indirect method based on Slichter’s analytical and empirical mathematical formula in order to determine variations in filtration bed porosity values has been presented using FILTRA application. [63]
338. Celem powstania tej pracy doktorskiej była ocena wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości i podatność kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych, zawierających w swoim składzie polietylen, polilaktyd oraz wióry drzewne, na degradację w środowisku wody morskiej. Do badań wybrane zostały dwa istotnie różniące się kompozyty polimerowo-drzewne. WPC1 zawierał: 70% polietylenu niskiej gęstości stanowiącego osnowę oraz 30% drobnych wiórów drzewnych, pełniących rolę napełniacza. WPC2 zawierał: 30% napełniacza drzewnego oraz 50% osnowy polietylenu niskiej gęstości i dodatek 20% poli(kwas mlekowego). WPC1 i WPC2 poddane zostały badaniom wytrzymałościowym, badaniom struktury oraz badaniom powierzchni. Próbki do badań degradacji umieszczone zostały na okres sześciu miesięcy w specjalnie do tego celu zbudowanych, komorach degradacyjnych a część próbek umieszczona została w komorze z dodatkowym oświetleniem UV w celu zbadania wpływu światła UVA i UVB na właściwości próbek. Zestaw wybranych próbek umieszczony został na narażonym na oddziaływanie naturalnego światła słonecznego oraz wody morskiej pokładzie promu kursującego po północno-zachodniej części morza bałtyckiego. Podstawowymi badaniami przeprowadzonymi na kompozytach były badania własności wytrzymałościowych (wytrzymałość podczas jednoosiowego rozciągania oraz badania udarności), ich celem było określenie zmian właściwości mechanicznych. Próbki poddane zostały także badaniom zmiany wewnętrznej struktury i chropowatości powierzchni oraz struktury geometrycznej powierzchni próbek w czasie degradacji. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań przeprowadzono proces optymalizacji, aby określić parametry wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach. Pomiary realizowano zgodnie z opracowanym planem, w określonych odstępach czasowych. Próbki poddane zostały również oznaczeniu wodochłonności. Podczas każdego etapu badań wykonywano dokumentację fotograficzną (fotografie oraz zdjęcia mikroskopowe próbek). Po przeprowadzeniu analiz sporządzone zostały podsumowania. Całość zakończono wnioskami utylitarnymi i naukowymi. Złożony program badawczy umożliwił poszerzenie stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu parametrów wytłaczania ślimakowo-tarczowego na właściwości kompozytów polimerowo-drzewnych i dodatku w ich składzie polilaktydu. Wnioski z analizy badań umożliwiają sterowanie procesem wytłaczania ślimakowotarczowego w celu uzyskania kompozytów o określonych właściwościach, które mogą być wykorzystywane w infrastrukturze morskiej oraz na statkach i w portach. [63]
339. Among all the functions served by forest ecosystems an increasingly important role is played by their social function. These ecosystems have been traditionally associated with tourism and recreation and as a result also interest in the appraisal of non-productive functions of forests has been increasing. The value of the natural environment is not tangible and it may be assessed only based on subjective opinions and attitudes of the general public. A contingent valuation method based on the Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept has been applied to determine the nature value of a landscape dominated by forests within the boundaries of a national park in central Poland. The most important aim of this study was to determine the propensity of individuals actively using the environmental goods to pay fees charged by the Wielkopolska National Park. Dependencies between the inclination of local residents to pay fees for the possibility to use the Wielkopolska National Park and selected variables were determined using the logit model approach. It was observed that the willingness to incur costs for the use of the Wielkopolska National Park grows with an increase in the awareness of the respondents concerning financial requirements related to environmental protection, their knowledge on the Park and membership in environmental organisations. Based on the conducted studies it was found that environmental education provided to the general public is a necessary pre-requisite to making the public aware of the need to finance actions related to preservation of the natural environment and nature conservation. [63]
340. The paper discusses issues related to the recycling of electrochemical sources of electricity such as portable batteries and accumulators. Based on the reports of the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection, the collection rate of waste batteries and accumulators in Poland for the years 2010-2018 was subjected to analysis. Despite the increasing year-to-year percentage value of the collection rate, it has been demonstrated that a significant mass of batteries and accumulators is still not recycled. This article presents a method of reducing the amount of waste electrochemical energy storages, through the use of inductive power supplies. The idea of the operation of such circuits has been discussed and the Qi Wireless Charging standard, applicable since 2011, has been characterised. As an example of a device with wireless power supply, a computer indicator system has been provided. Tests have been carried out and the correctness of operation of this solution has been verified. It has been demonstrated that in some cases it is possible to resign from power supplies based on batteries or accumulators, and use wireless power supplies instead, without degrading the functional properties of devices. Solutions of this type may contribute to the protection of the natural environment. [62]
341. The article describes the role and types of cooling lubricants used in grinding processes. Conventional methods of coolants delivery into the grinding zone were described, such as: flood method, high-pressure jet method, centrifugal coolant provision method as well as methods method to minimize coolant flow rate: minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), minimum quantity cooling (MQC) and minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Against this background, a methods were presented to completely eliminate grinding fluid from the grinding process (dry grinding) like: impregnated grinding wheels and cold air guns (CAG). [62]
342. Praca dotyczy wykorzystania fal termicznych i plazmowych do wyznaczania parametrów rekombinacyjnych, optycznych i termicznych wybranych materiałów półprzewodnikowych. W ramach realizacji pracy doktorskiej został zaproponowany uproszczony model teoretyczny do analizy sygnału radiometrycznego w podczerwieni emitowany z materiałów półprzewodnikowych. [62]
343. Gravitational waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of gravitational waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of gravitational waves, propagation of gravitational waves, its effect on objects on earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faceses massive limitations. Detection of gravitational waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history. [62]
344. Water could be some-times a source of danger on people's lives and property. Although it is one of the most important elements of life on this planet. This article define the threat of water pollution in Tigris River in Iraq. by collecting a data that generated by sensors that installed in a water pollution sensing project in Baghdad city, also this article aimed to detect and analyze the behavior of water environment. It is an effort to predict the threat of pollution by using advanced scientific methods like the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine learning in order to avoid the threat and/or minimize the possible damages. This can be used as a proactive service provided by E-governments towards their own citizens. [61]
345. The purpose of the work was to perform experimental tests on a plate heat exchanger. For this purpose, a laboratory test stand located in the hall of the Koszalin University of Technology was used. The experiment concerned checking the isothermal face of a flat panel radiator. Temperature distributions were checked at three board heights and in twelve finite elements. Temperature distribution fields were obtained depending on the flow rates tested. [61]
346. The experiments conducted in a didactic laboratory of the Kielce University of Technology involved measurements of temperature distribution on the outer surface of a steel radiator by means of two methods: thermal imaging camera and thermocouples in order to compare both investigations methods. The research included the parameters registration for a specific period of time for each of four different medium flows. The results were presented by graphs with the division of the radiator into 8 thermal fields. The results present the differences in temperatures between 1.78°C to 3.65°C. The non-contact method with infrared camera seems to be more accurate, since it is precise for surface temperature measurement. [61]
347. The article presents the history of the development, and the reasons for the creation of the SEVESO Directive, with particular emphasis on the latest Directive 2012/18 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council. The SEVESO III directive imposes detailed requirements on the plant operators in terms of their control against major accident hazards related to dangerous substances. Individual countries of the European Union apply various requirements (in accordance with SEVESO III or more rigorous ones) for industrial plants. In Poland, the requirements of the SEVESO III Directive have been implemented in the Environmental Protection Act and its executive acts. The SEVESO III Directive requires that the citizens of a given country have access to information about high and increased-risk establishments. In Poland, this requirement is met through the website www.mapy.geoportal.gov.pl, where you can find information on establishments posing a risk of a serious industrial accident. The article presents how to use the portal and what information can be obtained there. [61]
348. Providing external sources of carbon to the treated wastewater often becomes necessary to achieve high efficiencies of wastewater treatment plants. The use of conventional sources of carbon brings high operating costs for wastewater treatment plants. This has become a prerequisite for the exploration of other, alternative, sources of organic carbon. The aim of the research was to confirm the effectiveness of the use of waste products, for example molasses, in the denitrification process, as well as to determine their influence on the rate of changes in pollutant concentrations during wastewater treatment. The studies were carried out during the process of municipal sewage treatment in two independent SBR-type activated sludge chambers on a laboratory scale. A single reactor operating cycle lasted 6 hours and included the following phases: wastewater supply (2 min), mixing (anaerobic) (60 min), aeration (210 min), sedimentation (60 min) and decantation (30 min). Molasses was added to one of the chambers in each cycle twenty minutes after filling the wastewater as a source of easily assimilable organic compounds. The use of a waste external carbon source during treatment of municipal wastewater resulted in a higher efficiency of removing nitrogen forms than in the control reactor while maintaining a high efficiency of removing organic compounds. The use of molasses during wastewater treatment resulted in an increased removal rate during waste water treatment. The rate of NUR denitrification in the molasses reactor increased by 2.48 mg N/dm3∙h compared to the control SBR. Molasses as a waste product can be successfully used as an external carbon source in the denitrification process. [61]
349. Preventive maintenance is beneficial to minimize unexpected breakdowns in industries with continuous production. Composite structures are used for naval applications like ship hulls and marine propellers. In most of the industries, composite structural health analysis using experimental and numerical model are available for damage detection and estimate the residual life of composite beams. The present work is focusses on identification of damage and estimate residual life of composite healthy and cracked beams. Free vibrational analysis is carried out on composite beam made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with a different crack orientation. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer associated with engineering data management (EDM) software utilized for experimental analysis to detect presence of damage in cracked composite beam. FEM software called Analysis of composite pre/post (ACP) available in ANSYS R3 is used to compare the natural frequency results of healthy composite beam with cracked composite beam with different ply orientations. For validation of numerical modal evaluation, the consequences acquired from ANSYS R3 FEA software are in comparison with experimental results received by impact hammer method. The fatigue life of a damaged composite beam is estimated the use of “Hwang and Han’s” fatigue life equation. [61]
350. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a key risk management tool used in detecting and eradicating potential failure for the purpose of improving the reliability and safety of a system. However, the traditional FMEA in spite of its popularity has inadequacies that have hindered the effectiveness of the tool in analysing risk of failure modes. Due to the shortcomings of the technique, different improved versions have been suggested in the literature in order for risk to be analysed more effectively but majority of these versions are computationally challenging. In this paper, a simple approach is introduced for improving the risk analysis capability of the FMEA. The approach utilizes Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) as an alternative to RPN of FMEA in analyzing risk of failure. A case study of the turbocharger system of a diesel engine is applied to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. The result obtained from the EDAS method were compared with approaches in the literature previously used to address risk analysis of a turbocharger. The result of the analysis indicated that the EDAS method is a feasible alternative technique for risk analysis. [61]
351. This paper describes the mixture design of lightweight concrete. The authors proposed lightweight concrete based solely on expanded clay aggregate. Commercially available expanded clay granules (used as coarse aggregate) were supplemented with crushed expanded clay granules (which played the role of fine aggregate). The created mixes were differentiated by particle size distribution of lightweight aggregate and the amount of used cement. Properties of both fresh concrete mixes and hardened composites were of interest. The tested properties were as follows: consistency, density, compression strength, splitting tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, shear strength and abrasion resistance. Experimental results have shown some satisfactory mechanical characteristics of concretes in question. [60]
352. The issue of sustainability, or corporate social responsibility (CSR), has become a widely discussed topic in all sectors of industrial production. The article focuses on the automobile industrial sector because it is not only the most dynamically developing industrial area, but also because it is one of the driving forces of local economies in many European countries. This paper aims to reveal possible differences and diversity of understanding of priorities in the CSR activities provided by automotive suppliers in European countries. Based on the meta-analysis, 73 activities were listed, and a questionnaire survey was performed. Cluster analysis and Fisher’s exact test were applied to find out whether the attitude towards sustainability differs dependent on the position in the supply chain or on the company size. [60]
353. The distribution of maximum rainfall level is not a homogeneous phenomenon and is often characterized by multimodality, and often the phenomenon of heavy right-hand tail. Modelling this phenomenon using classic probability distributions leads to ignoring multimodality, and thus underestimating or overestimating the predicted values in the tail tails – the most important from the point of view of safe dimensioning of drainage systems. To avoid the abovementioned difficulties, a non-parametric kernel estimator method of maximum precipitation density function was used (on the example of rainfall data from a selected station in Poland). The methodology proposed in the paper (for use on any rainfall data from other meteorological stations) will allow the development of more reliable local models of maximum precipitation. [60]
354. The catalyzed conversion of acetylene to higher hydrocarbons has been studied by many researchers. The importance of these processes is determined by the fact that a successful conversion of this type will create technologies for obtaining cheap alternative synthetic fuel. Acetylene can be obtained in large quantities from coal and methane, which opens up the possibility of obtaining the specified synthetic fuel. However, the lack of an effective catalyst for continuous conversion has not allowed the development of this alternative fuel route. Features of hydrocarbon synthesis during methane pyrolysis, based on modified catalysts, are presented in the paper. It is demonstrated that production of hydrocarbons from pyrolysis gas using modified catalysts can be intensified. [60]
355. Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg MMC) have been the focus of consideration by many researchers for the past few years. Many applications of Mg MMCs were evolved in less span of time in the automotive and aerospace sector to capture the benefit of high strength to weight ratio along with improved corrosion resistance. However, the performance of these materials in critical conditions is significantly influenced by several factors including the fabrication methods used for processing the composites. Most of the papers addressed all the manufacturing strategies of Mg MMC but no paper was recognized as a dedicated source for magnesium composites prepared through stir casting process. Since stir casting is the least expensive and most common process in the preparation of composites, this paper reviews particulate based Mg MMCs fabricated with stir casting technology. AZ91 series alloys are considered as the matrix material while the effect of different particle reinforcements, sizes , weight fractions on mechanical and tribological responses are elaborated in support with micro structural examinations. Technical difficulties and latest innovations happened during the last decade in making Mg MMCs as high performance material are also presented. [60]
356. The paper presents the results of laboratory tests aimed to analyse the opportunities for fuel production based on municipal sewage sludge, rubber waste from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and hazelnut and walnut shells in terms of their thermal transformation in the process of co-firing in the cement industry. The parameters of solid fuels used in the cement industry were determined for the fuels obtained in the study. The following parameters were determined in fuels: water content, ash content, sulphur content, and calorific value.The fuel composition and process of fuel preparation were designed so as not to use the energy-intensive process of pre-drying of municipal sewage sludge. However, it should be emphasized that the maximum percentage of municipal sewage sludge in fuel should not exceed 25% in order to maintain the parameters required by the cement industry. The analysis of the obtained parameters of OL and OW fuels demonstrated that the fuels obtained in the study meet the requirements for fuels used in the cement industry. [59]
357. The last decades brought about the environmental awareness of hotel customers and owners resulting in reflection on the need to introduce pro-ecological changes in practices and services offered by the hospitality sector. The idea of “green hotels” is generally accepted. To structure these positive changes and to help customers to select hotels supporting pro-ecological practices one needs to establish clear and easy to understand system communicating the level of particular hotel involvement in that concept. These is evaluated by certification institutions and organizations. Their activities involve certification and labelling and they are also part of practices related to the implementation of sustainable development in tourism. Wide range of criteria considered by certification organizations include these related to environmental protection, alternation of the negative effects of improper management of natural resources, as well as, the so-called corporate social responsibility. Unfortunately, there is no consistent system of ecological standards. The current paper provides an overview of the most important labels and certificates promoting the pro-ecological and sustainable development of the hotel sector. It also analyses selected, leading eco-certification systems in terms of their applicability in various hotel segments. [59]
358. The current market environment is affected by a number of fundamental changes. A large number of these affect manufacturing companies the most. They are forced to continuously reduce their costs, improve the quality of service to their customers and adapt to a highly competitive environment. However, environmental requirements for production processes have become increasingly important in recent years. These are underpinned by legislative changes that put enormous pressure on manufacturers. Often, environmental requirements can also determine the economic success of a manufacturer. The areas that have a significant environmental impact include metallurgical technologies. These are currently predominantly based on the use of coke, which is produced from high quality hard coal. The mining of raw materials also has major environmental impacts. The article deals with the analysis of downstream production processes in terms of their environmental impact. These are the areas of mining, ore processing and iron and steel production. These areas can be seen as downstream production stages. Iron ore processing and iron and steel production often take place within a single production organisation. Therefore, a possible overall optimisation in the handling of environmental impacts and the treatment of pollutants can be assumed. The secondary objective of the paper is to analytically assess the possible reuse of the produced waste in production processes. The article is based on the results of research carried out in a selected metallurgical enterprise in the Czech Republic. [59]
359. This article presents a novel, innovative, open multi-domain platform for early warning against adverse events in reservoirs and watercourses, which can measure temperature, pH, redox, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll and phycocyanin. These parameters are key indicators of cyanobacteria bloom. This platform allows remote and distributed monitoring of important locations on lakes and rivers. The station's design enables the use of both wired sensors directly connected to the station and wireless data collection from locally dispersed measurement points that communicate with the station-buoy. The data aggregation system is open, and the technological solution of the station is universal, which means it can use different sensors for chemical and biological parameters that are required by, for example, the Water Framework Directive, from the market and industry standards. The platform also has built-in machine learning and data analysis mechanisms that can optimise the number of stations needed to achieve the desired level of data acquisition. The sensor dispersion and station autonomy ensure the flexibility and scalability of the measurements. [58]
360. The paper presents the test results of pool boiling heat transfer on the rough surface and the surface covered with capillary – porous microstructure. The porous layer is made of copper fibers sintered in the reduction atmosphere. The volumetric porosity amounted to 68%, while its height 1 mm. Distilled water and ethyl alcohol were used as the working fluids. The experiments have been carried out under the atmospheric pressure. Enhancement of heat transfer in relation to the smooth reference surface has been recorded especially for the low range of superheats, which might be related to the density of active nucleation sites. Experimental results have been compared with selected models of boiling available in literature. [58]
361. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing municipal sewage sludge doses on Sida hermaphrodita Rusby (Virginia fanpetals) yielding and bioenergy feedstock characteristics. In a six-year-lasting field experiment two methods of plantation establishment (by roots cuttings and nurse-in-tray plantlets) and three dates of biomass harvesting (autumn, winter and spring one) were additionally tested in climatic conditions of south-eastern Poland. Virginia fanpetals dry yields increased each year and exceeded 20 Mg ha-1 in the second year of culture. Application of 40 Mg ha-1 sludge DM resulted in obtaining the highest yield. Similarly the content, uptake and index of bioaccumulation of macronutrients contained in the sludge increased along with increasing its dose. Biomass was characterized by a favorable parameters: net calorific values were in the range of 16.2-16.7 MJ kg-1. The highest energy value of biomass yield was obtained with root cuttings use for plantation establishment, especially in objects with high dose of sludge during autumn harvest. Both, winter and spring harvesting significantly reduced yields, while using root cuttings for plantation establishment gave better yields only during the first three years of plant vegetation, than biomass yields equalized with the ones obtained by plantlets planting. [58]
362. The paper presents an assessment of the volume and type of water consumption in Poznań using water footprint indicator (WFTP), consisting of such components as green, blue and grey water consumption. Average rainfall over many years, water retention within the city, pollution indicators found in sewage and the amount of sewage treated from the area of the city were assessed. Water Footprint obtained for Poznań was compared with the values of indicators for Wrocław. The presented analysis of the obtained results of WFTP calculations should constitute the basis for assessing direct and indirect water consumption by consumers and producers of the city of Poznań and serve better water management and maintenance in the urban area. [57]
363. The paper justifies the waterproofing technology for waste storage conservation. The paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring of the quality of surface and groundwater affected by the tailings of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant. The determined chemical composition of enrichment waste is described. The existing methods of waste storage waterproofing are reviewed. The studied residuals of copper ore enrichment can be insulated with a mixture of processed secondary polyethylene and polypropylene pellets. The physical and mechanical properties of recycled polymers are investigated. The proposed technology of covering with a waterproofing coating can be applied to preserve technogenic deposits aiming at their future secondary extraction, as well as to ensure the environmental safety of newly designed facilities. The implementation of this technique will improve the regional environmental situation and reduce the migration of potentially hazardous substances as a result of seepage, thus reducing the pollution of natural waters. [57]
364. The intensity of heat exchange between the boiling emulsion and the enclosing surfaces is associated with the physical phenomena of the formation, growth, and destruction of vapour bubbles of the low-boiling component in the liquid phase. This article presents a methodology to assess the intensity of heat exchange processes. Using this technique, it is possible to predict the energy parameters of heat exchange equipment and the degree of intensification of heat transfer processes. [57]
365. The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the European Green Deal and to identify its potential impact on the Community's regional development processes. The paper presents the objectives and assumptions of the doctrine and its global dimension. The theoretical foundations of the doctrine in economic and social dimension have been defined. An attempt was made to identify and analyse the impact of the European Green Deal on regional development processes in the European Community. Regional development has been defined as the process of development of economic potential, increase in the competitiveness of economic entities and the standard of living of the countries' inhabitants, in their regional decomposition, which takes place as a result of transforming factors and resources into goods and services, ensuring economic security. The influence of the European Green Deal on factors of economic growth and development, factors of competitive advantage of countries, system of both public and private value (natural resources, national assets), transformations in the structure of economies (emerging and declining industries), as well as costs necessary to make the doctrine a reality were indicated. [57]
366. Long evolution of solid timber structures has developed sufficiently reliable engineering solutions and methods of timber structures reinforcement. The experience of mass production and application of new glued timber structures has shown that the simple transfer of traditional methods of calculation and design to modern structures is not always correct. The design and reinforcement of modern are still being developed. Graphical representation of the fields of operating normal stresses and wood resistance fields show that even with simple uniaxial stretching along the fibers the limiting state initially arises not at the direction of the principal axes of symmetry but at an angle to the fibers. The current trends in management, diagnostics, design and reconstruction of buildings show that almost all problems of preserving wooden and other structures in ordinary reconstructed objects, as well as in architectural, historical and cultural monuments are based on the competence level of the personnel not only in the restoration industry, but in construction industry too. [57]
367. Hydraulic satellite machines are known and produced in many versions, recognizable by the number of humps on their inner rotor and external gear, and therefore by the number of cooperating gears (satellites). All known shapes were however designed on the base of preliminary assumption that rotor’s and external gear’s pitch lines are formed by merging arcs, tangent to each other in the. This assumption makes calculations easier, but the curvature radius of the pitch lines changes instantly in their merging points. Tests made in the Department of Hydraulics and Pneumatics of the Gdańsk University of Technology proved that satellite motors may work also as a pump. All known shapes were however designed for motor work - mainly for low-speed, high-torque motors. Sudden changes of the pitch line’s curvature strongly affect velocity and acceleration of pump’s moving parts and forces between them. Because of that, in the pump mode fast wear of teeth in the points of small curvature radius is visible. The obvious effect is reduced durability and high noise emission. To eliminate all those problems the new mechanism, designed for the pump is necessary. [57]
368. Three-year observations made it possible to assess the degree of pollution and variability in quality of rainwater collected in two reservoirs in the Lublin agglomeration (south-eastern Poland). The studied objects are characterised by different construction, size, hydraulics and type of drained surface. In particular, a large variation in water quality indicators was observed for suspended solids, NH4+, NO3- and K+. Higher conductivity, NH4+, SO4- and Cl- was found in the reservoir receiving rainwater from the national road, compared to the water from the housing estate. In the second reservoir, a higher load of NO2-, PO4-, Fe+ and K+ was observed. Among the analysed variables, the most disturbing values were recorded for conductivity, pH, suspended solids, oxygen indicators, NO2-, NH4+ and PO4-. The liquid flowing into the reservoirs during snowmelt was characterised by high pollution. In the year with the highest sum of atmospheric precipitation, there was a reduction in medium concentrations of many quality variables (flushing effect, dilution of pollutants). An increase in oxygen demand and oxygen deficits were observed in warm seasons. An emission of inconvenient odors in the vicinity of the reservoir in the housing estate was also observed. These phenomena may be intensified in the case of improper use of the system (e.g. when bottom sediments are not removed) and further increase of air temperatures. Under such conditions, the possibility of using open rainwater reservoirs near human settlements becomes questionable. [56]
369. This article represents the results of experimental studies of the temperature regime during long-term operation of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. The average annual, total monthly and average daily specific amounts of heat extracted from the soil or released into the soil mass, respectively, depending on the cold or warm periods of the year, were determined. The analysis of the given data allowed to conduct a monthly assessment of the energy efficiency of the use of the earth-to-air heat exchanger. It is noted that the largest thermal contribution occurs in the middle of the warm and cold periods of the year, when the largest difference in temperature of the outside air and the soil massif is observed. The use of earth-to-air heat exchangers is one of the necessary tools in order to lowering the energy consumption for modern air-conditioning systems of buildings due to their energy efficiency. [56]
370. This article presents the methods of processing gold-plated pins from, among others, used computer equipment and discusses the results of own research on the recovered metal. Due to the relatively small structure of the pins and the fact that the gold layer is only a few microns thick, recovering gold from them constitutes a significant challenge. On the other hand, gold is a precious metal which enables the collective removal of other metals to obtain pure gold. The suggested method involves compacting the gold-plated pins into an anode form and carrying out the electro-refining process. Metals such as copper, tin and iron pass into the anode sludge from which they can be extracted or serve as a commercial intermediate to be sold to smelter plants. The anode sludge was melted in the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch in a graphite crucible by adding borax. As a result of the melting, several metallic precipitates were obtained, which were then hot-incorporated into a sample with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of 12 mm. Eventually, a pure gold alloy sample was obtained containing Cu 40.69%, Sn 9.61% and Au 48.58%. [56]
371. This article presents a study of the aerodynamic characteristics of a small H-Darrieus wind turbine to optimize its design. The article proposes correlations between the geometric and aerodynamic characteristics of the blades, optimizes the profile of the blades and their dimensions for various values of wind speed, aerodynamic forces, and rotational moments. The data obtained can be useful for the design and study of low power wind turbines operating at low wind speeds with variable direction. [56]
372. The paper discusses the way of determining the noise level in railway traffic according to new EU recommendations, the introduction of which will result in new charges to be borne by the carriers who, during the provision of transport and handling services, use wagons of the old generation – i.e. such wagons that generate noise above the permitted level on a given section of railway road, determined on the basis of EU regulations. The analysis of technical condition of wagons used in transport in Poland was conducted. The method of determining the noise level in terms of exceedances and charges was discussed. The issue of an optional increase in the reloading of cargo units at railway terminals to transport cargo in silent wagons on designated silent sections of routes was raised – this may affect the development and operation of logistics centers. [56]
373. The paper contains a detailed assessment of three full-size football fields constructed in 2019-2022 to meet the basic conditions for proper operation and maintenance. As a result of field and laboratory tests on permeability and retention capacity of the fields' base and drainage layers, they were found to meet the requirements set out in the standard DIN 18035. It ensures that rainwater and snowmelt are quickly drained from the turf's surface. The grass turfs of the football fields under study meet the conditions for properly performing one of the basic care treatments – irrigation. The base layer can retain an average of 10.3 mm of water in comfortable water availability conditions, depending on the football field. It is the value of a single dose net, which should be used for sprinkler irrigation of grass turf of football fields. However, considering the drainage layer, this dose could be increased to 12.5 mm. Considering the percentage content of generally available water and assuming less comfortable water availability conditions, the appropriate doses net are 12.5 mm on average. In comparison, for both layers together, they are 15.4 mm on average. [56]
374. The paper presents Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) introducedthrough International Maritime Organization (IMO) which defined the carbon dioxideemission as a result of transport specific cargo mass on specific distance. The total fuelconsumption from all elements of vessel energetic system causes the carbon dioxide emis-sion. Ship-owners should inform the marine administration about the fuel consumptionfrom all vessels of 5000 tons of gross tonnage or more from 1st January 2018. In marinetransport about 85% of carbon dioxide emission comes from such vessels. The calculatingof EEOI is voluntary now but it is indicated to do it. It allows on an assessment the dif-ferences between the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) obligatory during designprocess of a vessel and its power plant and EEOI. Due to it may be estimated the correct-ness of vessel and power plant operation in exploitational conditions.The basic way of EEOI decreasing is slow steaming of a vessel. The power de-mand for propulsion (and fuel consumption) is proportional to the third power of vesselvelocity (according to the propeller characteristics) on the other hand the hull resistance(the demand for thrust by propeller) is proportional to the second power of vessel velocity.As a result it causes the decreasing of total fuel consumption for covering the same dis-tance but increasing the time of voyage. It is for acceptance during a bad economic situ-ation. Although it will be no acceptable during a good economic situation when it will berequired the increasing of vessel velocity (decreasing the time of voyage).The other effective methods are under research which allows to reach the sameaim. It is known such methods of vessel operation which leading to the decreasing of thatindex. The paper shows these methods with their characteristics. [55]
375. This publication is a presentation of the methodology to determine the degree of diversification and allocation of water resources in water supply systems; with a differentiated level of need based on the example of the municipality of Benissa Spain. The article shows a frequency of the changes and factors that affect the functioning of the water supply system. Moreover, its presents the calculation of the diversification indices for the selected water supply system while the methodology offers the possibility of evaluating the diversification of water resources in two parameters according to an adapted form of the Shannon-Weaver index. [54]
376. This paper contains results of measurements of the pore water pressures in a model flood embankment exposed to different water saturation levels. The pressure of air and water was measured, and the recorded values were referred to the atmospheric pressure value. Correlation of the variables corresponding to the recorded pressures was observed, with the appearance of discontinuous in the soil structure of the model. [54]
377. This article presents numerical investigation of isotropic dissimilar material joints. Dissimilar material joints are broadly used in in various structures, including offshore, nuclear, electronic packaging, IC chip and spacecraft various fields of science and technology. In bi-material joints two different material are bonded with common interface region. High stress concentration occur at the interface of the joint under thermo-mechanical loadings due to the difference in the elastic properties and the thermal expansion coefficients of dissimilar materials. The stresses acting along the interface of dissimilar material joints are very important to determine whether the structure is reliable or not for operation. The main purpose of this research is to provide finite element solutions to predict the stress distribution at the interface of the joint based on the theory of elasticity. [54]
378. The paper presents the influence of fine recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on selected physical and mechanical parameters of cement mortar. RCA was divided into three groups: fine (0/0.25 mm), medium (0.25/1 mm) and the thickest fraction 1/2 mm. The investigations confirmed a significant correlation between the total amount of RCA and the obtained flow for the mixtures and compressive strength. Results showed that the fine RCA should be separated into subgroups as not only total RCA amount but quantity of RCA in each subfraction can have varying influence on mortar properties. [54]
379. The indoor environment of buildings significantly affects the well-being and health of room users. Experiencing thermal discomfort reduces concentration and productivity during study or work, causing drowsiness, fatigue or deterioration in general well-being. The study focuses on presenting the results of the questionnaire study on the symptoms of sick building syndromes (SBS), namely: dizziness, nausea, eye pain and nasal mucosa, experienced by 69 students during a lecture in a large and modern auditorium of Kielce University of Technology. The results show that many students experienced SBS symptoms, which seem to have affected their concentration during the class. The article also discusses the thermal sensations of the students with a focus on comparing the obtained results with the Fanger model of thermal comfort. The discrepancy between the model calculation results and the experimental data has been observed and discussed. [54]
380. Municipal WWTP are exposed to the inflow of toxic substances, which may impede their proper functioning, especially of the biological part. In the case of combined or hybrid sewer systems, additionally, in wet weather, there may appear a rapid inflow of a mixture of domestic and industrial sewage, and stormwater in an amount exceeding the capacity of the devices, causing the need to discharge parts of not fully treated wastewater through the bypass channel. In such situations, the receivers are exposed to an inflow of increased amounts of pollutants. The article presents the concept of a monitoring, early warning and sustainable management system for the Lodz wastewater treatment plant, which will allow minimizing pollutant emissions to the aquatic environment. [54]
381. Life Cycle Assessment, included in company environmental management methods, has particular importance in marketing management. Analysis of dangers to the environment through tools such as the LCA method allows for comparisons of alternative company management strategies. LCA is characterised as a technique for environmental management that enables environmental impact assessment of the product, process, industry, and even the comprehensive economic sector. LCA also influences decisions regarding environmental policy modification, but most importantly, it influences a company's marketing activities. The LCA technique is applied the world over with great effectiveness in studying specific phases of a product's life cycles – from 'birth to death'; however, Poland's experience in this domain constitutes continuously developing research areas. The experience of foreign research centres confirms the possibility of applying LCA techniques in supporting environmental risk assessment of innovative technologies where LCA is used to study the environmental impact of a new generation product, i.e. flocculants from polymer wastes. This article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of applying a new generation of polyelectrolyte (gained from polystyrene waste) in treating industrial wastewater and the LCA environmental impact assessment, which was carried out using SimaPro software. Based on the analysis of the results of the application of sodium salts of sulfone derivatives of polystyrene in the treatment of mine water, it was found that these products significantly reduced the pollution indicators of mine water from KWK1. Accordingly, they provided the basis for the development of technical-scale technology. [54]
382. Environmental protection as rational shaping of the environment, management of environmental resources in accordance with the principle of sustainable development, counteracting pollution, is integrally related to the urban area. It is in the cities, which are the living environment for half of the world's population, that most activities and initiatives aimed at environmental protection are undertaken. An important action is to reduce the impact of urban transport on the environment. In particular, increased road traffic in urban areas is a constant increase in pollutants introduced into the environment in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, harmful to people, the environment and spatial structures. One of such negative impacts of transport is the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. In the process of limiting it, actions are taken in the area of shaping urban transport systems and mobility of city residents. For the purpose of identifying individual processes that are components of these activities, literature research was carried out, the results of which are presented in the article. [54]
383. Many old public buildings in Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by low energy efficiency and often lack of mechanical ventilation. The general trends are aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building sector and to provide comfort conditions. The indoor air quality can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations.In the article, a complex approach to the definition and analysis of data on the indoor CO2 concentration and the air exchange rate in educational institutions at natural air exchange and in the absence of mechanical air circulation was implemented. Educational institutions in Kyiv have been considered. The study of the CO2 concentration of indoor and outdoor air of three typical schools of mass development in the 80 s, as well as the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI, was carried out. Experimental determination of the background CO2 concentration during the day next to the considered objects showed that the background concentration of CO2 is in the range of 400-420 ppm. Measurements of the CO2 concentration distribution were carried out after classes throughout the classroom area, according to which the difference between the values at the level of the working area was 30...180 ppm. It was found that the concentration of CO2 varies during classes between 700-1100 ppm. During the break, the CO2 concentration decreases to 500-1000 ppm, depending on the type of ventilation.Experimental data on the dynamics of changes in the indoor CO2 concentration are used to determine the air exchange rate based on balances of air flows and CO2. It is shown that the number of present persons influences the indoor CO2 concentration more significantly than the air exchange rate. On the example of an experimental study of the CO2 concentration in the classrooms for high school students it was found that the air exchange rate during the classes is in the range of 0.4...0.75 h-1. During breaks the air exchange rate increases to 2.9-3.5 h-1. For the range considered, the weighted average air exchange rate is 0.8 h-1, and even with forced airing, the air exchange rate is insufficient to ensure acceptable CO2 concentration.For the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI a field experiment was carried out to determine the dynamics of changes in CO2 concentration in time and on the basis of it the air exchange rates for representative classrooms were determined. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm and increases by 350-850 ppm depending on the use and location of classrooms. Based on experimental data, the air exchange rate for the training building of the education institution is in the range of 0.35-0.7 h-1. During the periods of airing the air exchange may increase by 0.45 h-1, but this does not allow reaching the standard value. When analyzing the obtained results, simulation models of natural air exchange of the examined classrooms were used on the basis of the improved ASHRAE method. The natural air exchange rate based on simulations is in the -0.8…0.5 h-1 range. Negative values are explained by exfiltration, which is typical for the upper floors.Not only the comfort and condition of the building envelope, but also the total energy consumption of the building depend on the actual level of air exchange rate. In the total energy balance the ventilation component is 30-60%. Further use of the obtained results can be connected with monitoring of the actual level of air exchange rate and its consideration during complex modernization or implementation of the ventilation systems with heat recovery in the premises of educational institutions. [53]
384. Cargo damage in drastic situations may threaten the safety of people participating in the further stages of the transport task in the distribution chain. Regardless of this, the damage also affects the unplanned extension of the delivery time or even prevents its further execution. The final and inevitable consequence is unplanned additional costs that will be charged to the shipper preparing the cargo for shipment. Additional costs will be incurred, both direct (materials for repackaging and load securing, fuel, tolls, insurance) and indirect costs (carbon footprint of the materials produced and fuel used by vehicles, increased traffic congestion, safety of road users). Their consequence will be an unnecessary increase in the pollution of the human natural environment. The article presents the classification of damage to palletized loads. The correctness of the proposed classification was to be carried out by analyzing the results of surveys and broadly understood consultations with business entities dealing with the phenomenon of damage to palletized loads on a daily basis. The small number of completed questionnaires indicates the need to develop a new, less detailed questionnaire and a possible simplification of the proposed classification of damage to palletized loads. Based on the numerous discussions and meetings held during the consultations regarding the quantity and quality of cargo damage, it can be concluded that this is a very complex sensitive topic. This can also be confirmed by studies of the literature review, available industry studies and published statistical data. It is practically difficult to determine the size of damage to palletized loads in road transport. The proposed classification of damage to palletized loads allows for the definition of dangers, difficulties and, consequently, direct and indirect costs of transport, which can be remedied, and certainly significantly reduced. Minimizing damaged and destroyed loads results in both a reduction of the direct costs of damaged products and a secondary reduction in the consumption of natural resources of the environment, necessary to re-manufacture damaged or destroyed products. It also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint, an issue that is so important especially nowadays. [53]
385. The objective of the study reported here was to compare voivodships in terms of forest area, forest regeneration area, afforested area, thinned forest area and natural forest regeneration area Main Statistical Office data for Polish voivodships was analysed. It included forest area, natural forest regeneration and silviculture activities (forest regeneration, afforestations and thinning) in all forests, state-owned forests and privately-owned forests. Voivodships were compared using the arithmetic mean, the indicator of structure, the average rate of change, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Principal Component Analysis, revealed that state-owned forest area, forest regeneration in state forests, total forest regeneration, and thinning in state-owned forests had the greatest share in the multivariate variation among voivodships analysed in terms of forestry. Cluster analysis yielded two groups of voivodships. The voivodships in the first group had a higher average total forest area, area of state-owned forests, total area of forest regeneration and forest regeneration in state-owned forests, area of natural forest regeneration and thinning in state-owned forests. On average, forests of voivodships which formed group 2 included less privately-owned forests in which fewer forest regeneration and afforestation activities had been conducted. Opolskie and Śląskie Voivodships as well as Łódzkie and Świętokrzyskie Voivodships were the most similar in terms of all the analysed characteristics. [52]
386. The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (ZDI-I and ZDI-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency. [52]
387. The article aims to analyse the impact of military operations on the hydro-ecological state of water bodies in Ukraine, analyse potential military risks and assess the prospects for recovery in the water sector. The war leads to the destruction of water supply infrastructure and, secondly, to the pollution of natural waters with sewage and ammunition. Thus, Ukraine's hydro-ecological condition of natural watercourses and reservoirs is deteriorating during a full-scale war. First, we analysed the literature and modern scientific publications and studied the current state of the water bodies of Ukraine under martial law. The article analyses the key consequences of military operations on water bodies, including the destruction of water infrastructure and hydraulic structures, contamination by explosives and destroyed military equipment, flooding by mine water, and leaks from tailing ponds. Special attention is paid to the results of water quality monitoring in wartime. The authors systematised and reviewed the key incidents of destruction and damage to hydraulic structures since the beginning of the war. Potential risks to water bodies in the context of Russian aggression are studied. Finally, the author analyses the directions of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and proposes a list of practical steps necessary to restore water resources. The author's view on post-war reconstruction measures in water resources is offered. In addition, environmental organisations and local authorities can use the results of this scientific research. [52]
388. Hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems are currently performed using computer programs. In addition to the basic calculation procedure, modules responsible for evaluating the obtained calculation results are introduced more and more often into the programs. This article presents the results of research on artificial neural networks with a radial base function (RBF) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP), aimed at determining whether they can be used to model the relationship between the variables describing the computational section of the water distribution system and the diameter of the water pipe. The classification capabilities of the RBF and MLP networks were analyzed according to the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the network. A comparative analysis of RBF networks with multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks was performed. The results showed that the MLP networks have much better classification properties and are better suited for the task of assessing the selected diameters of the water pipes. [52]
389. Widely understood protection of water, and in particular surface waters, most exposed to direct pollution, requires many operations carried out both in the catchment area and in sewage systems as well as WWTPs. Due to its character and working conditions, it should be monitored not only in terms of hydraulics, but also in terms of the quality of transported wastewater. During atmospheric precipitation, large volumes of domestic and industrial wastewater as well as rainwater in various proportions flow through the canals, changing not only their quantity but also their composition. In such cases, the issue of monitoring becomes particularly vital. The article presents an analysis of the needs and tasks resulting from the application of quantitative and qualitative monitoring in the assessment of the functioning of sewage systems. Methods and tools used in Lodz that may be useful in water protection are presented. The benefits of using this type of solutions as well as the limitations and difficulties are discussed. [51]
390. The article discusses selected ways of saving energy. It is a review material on the problems of humanity and industry in terms of energy consumption of machines, devices as well as principles and actions aimed at improving and protecting the environment and the Earth – as our planet. Energy efficiency, which should go hand in hand with energy saving, was also mentioned. Prognosis for the coming years, new ways of labeling devices were presented. In addition, the issue of greenhouse gases and their emissions into the atmosphere was also raised. [50]
391. Iron production is one of the production processes that create a large number of negative externalities towards their surroundings. Iron production is based on the use of a wide range of production operations, which include not only the blast furnace process but also the treatment and processing of ores, sintering, pelletizing and processing of metallurgical waste and its possible storage. All parts of the blast furnace process can have a negative impact on the environment. Within the individual parts of the blast furnace plant, a number of pollutants are produced which negatively affect the environment. They can have both solid and gaseous states. In the case of solid emissions, it is airborne dust, and the gaseous form represents pollutants in the form of sulphur, nitrogen or carbon oxides. From the point of view of the blast furnace plant structure itself, blast furnace, agglomeration processes, palletization processes or the processing of waste from production can be classified as emission points. The article deals with the classification of basic impacts of blast furnace production on the environment. It analyses in detail the negative externalities in ore sintering. It also deals with the analysis of research, which was focused on the degree of reduction of iron oxides ore. The efficiency of the reduction process is crucial in terms of resource use, but also the overall amount of negative externalities. The research was carried out in the environment of a selected iron producer in the Czech Republic. [50]
392. This work presents the characteristics of humic substances, with particular emphasis on the properties of agricultural importance, i.e., the improvement of soil structure, soil properties and the availability of nutrients. Attention was also paid to the methods of introducing given substances into the soil and the possibility of direct application to the plant surface. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulating and protective effect of humic substances on plant development were explained in detail, including phytohormonal regulation, the mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses, antioxidant properties and the influence on seed germination and the development of the plant root system. The economic and environmental importance of the application of the substances in question was also emphasized, consisting of maintaining the health of the soil and the quality of plants, while reducing the share of chemical fertilizers and reducing the amount of water used. It should be noted that humic substances, like any agricultural product, should be appropriately selected for the type of cultivation conducted, i.e., the optimal dose and method of application should be determined. [49]
393. This article analysed the state of air quality in Poland on the basis of data from the main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection. The emission limit values for PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter were analysed along with the number of days in which their emission was exceeded. In addition to particulate emissions, target levels for benzo(a)pyrene, which is highly carcinogenic, have been assessed. [49]
394. The main purpose of the work is to show the level of air pollution emitted by road transport and its relationship with economic development and transport infrastructure in European Union countries. The study presents the diversity in emissions of road transport by countries, shows the dynamics of changes in this area, determines the relationships between the level of economic development, equipping with road infrastructure and emissions of air pollution in EU countries. The research period concerned the years 2006-2017. The sources of data was EUROSTAT database. The ranking built by means of multidimensional data analysis tools indicated Portugal and Luxembourg as countries with relatively high emissions of air pollutants (group 3), countries with moderate emissions are Bulgaria, Malta, Cyprus and Sweden (group 2).Analysis of data on the rate of change in emissions and the volume of GDP in EU countries also indicates compliance with the Kuznets environmental curve. [49]
395. The gradual deterioration in the quality of raw material base of natural aggregates combined with the simultaneous increase in the demand of the construction industry for the best quality coarse fractions with grain sizes of 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm, etc., has a major impact on the growing volume of hard to sell and non-transferable (waste) fractions of aggregates produced in Poland. This applies especially to gravel and sand aggregates since in their resources the share of very fine fractions (below 2 mm) is systematically increasing, while the demand for such fractions in construction is limited and they are often treated as useless (waste) material. Problems with selling fine (waste) sands can be observed, among others, in the north-western region of the country. Since it is practically unknown what the volume of mining, production and consumption of these aggregates is, an attempt was made to assess the quantity of extracted and produced sand fractions of aggregates on a national and regional scale (provinces, regional zones). What constitutes a measurable indicator of the deterioration in the quality of resources is the tendency towards change in the average sand point (the percentage content of fine fraction of 0-2 mm) in the documented resources. For example in 2018, the average sand point in the balance resources was 67.8% and it increased by 5% over the period of 12 years (2007-2018). In the economic resources in Poland in 2018, the average SP was higher in comparison with the balance resources, namely 70.6%, and – what is characteristic – it increased by as much as 11.5% during the period of 12 years, i.e. the average annual growth of SP in industrial resources is ca. 1%. The highest growth was recorded in the southern region (by 16.4%); thus, the region with the best deposits in terms of quality (grain size) experiences the fastest deterioration. Estimated calculations show that in 2016, it was actually possible to obtain approximately 51.8 million Mg of gravel aggregates and 84.6 million Mg of sand assortments (0-2 mm); thus, the estimated total production of gravel and sand aggregates probably amounted to approx. 136.4 million Mg, i.e. about 78.7% of the annual production of gravel and sand according to PGI. The remaining part (21.3%) represents losses (useless fractions). The zone division of extraction and production of gravel and sands shows that the positive balance of sand production occurs mainly in the northern region (+19.4 million Mg), while the southern region (+3.2 million Mg) is in balance with the deficit in the central region (-3.0 million Mg). Relatively large positive balance of sand production is recorded in two provinces: Pomeranian (+5.3 million Mg) and West Pomeranian (+3.0 million Mg). The lack of periodic demand for such sands should be the basis for their classification as a by-product and their storage in separate storage sites. The analysis and calculations should contribute to the development of more accurate market forecasts of demand for and production of natural aggregates, especially of gravel and sand, both in Poland and in individual regions. [49]
396. The paper presents and discusses the 6-year effects of the operation of a biogas-fired cogeneration system which operates at the Rybnik Orzepowice sewage treatment plant. The qualitative composition of biogas, average daily amount of biogas produced, total demand of the sewage treatment plant for electricity and the amount of electricity obtained from biogas were presented. Regarding the average daily biogas production for the years 2013–2018, it can be stated that it remains at the level of 2,809 m3/d (±33%). The average daily total electricity consumption for 2013-2018 remains at 8,846 kWh/d (-13.8%; +20.6%). The average daily amount of electricity produced from biogas for the years 2013-2018 remains at the level of 3,892 kWh/d (-38.7%; +10.1%). Electricity generated from biogas allows us to cover the demand of the treatment plant at 44% (minimum 39%, maximum 50%). In the analysed period, biogas consumption by individual facilities was: cogeneration unit approx. 65%, boilers: 10%, flare: 25%. Based on the operational data, it was calculated that: the unit indicator for biogas extraction from sewage, on average is 0.1584 mn3/m3 (min. 0.0937 mn3/m3, max .: 0.2291 mn3/m3), the unit indicator for biogas extraction in relation to for COD load an average of 0.22 m3 of biogas/kg COD (min. 0.09 m3 of biogas/kg COD, max. 0.47 m3 of biogas/kg COD), the unit ratio of biogas extraction in relation to the BZT5 load was on average 0.61 m3 biogas/kg BZT5 (min. 0.28 m3 biogas/kg BZT5, max. 1.20 m3biogas/kg BZT5). [48]
397. Calculations of water distribution systems are most often performed many times because the correct solution from a technical point of view is rarely obtained after the first calculation run; hence, we can talk about a multistage calculation process. In connection with this, the calculation process of computer water distribution systems can be additionally supplemented with elements of process diagnostics. Diagnostic activities should be carried out using numerical algorithms, which can be a complement to classical hydraulic calculations of water distribution systems. The condition for reliable functioning of the diagnostic system formulated in this way is the efficient detection of computational irregularities. For this purpose, diagnostic problems were defined for the water pipes and the connection nodes in the water distribution system. The proposed diagnostic tests analyze the calculation results and indicate whether the solution is correct or, if irregularities are detected, suggest a way to solve the problem. Diagnostic tests are carried out using artificial neural networks. [48]
398. Bacteria immobilized in carrageenan are widely used in industry to facilitate bacterial handling and storage. Carrageenan is derived from seaweed and its nature is influenced by the condition of the origin of the sea where seaweed grows, one of the Indonesia sea territories that has seaweed that contains caraganen with good properties is Maluku. This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage time of bacteria immobilized in Maluku sea’s carrageenan on proteolytic activity, the bacteria used were Bacillus megaterium. Bacterial immobilization of carrageenan was made at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, storage in cold conditions for up to 9 months. Protease activity was tested using Kunitz method by adding casein as a substrate. The optimal concentration of carrageenan for immobilization of Bacillus megaterium was obtained at a concentration of 1.5%. Protease isolated from immobilized Bacillus megaterium showed increased activity value from storage for 4 months (0.0489 Ug-1) to 7 months (0.1372 Ug-1), and decreased activity after being stored for 9 months (0.0501 Ug-1). [48]
399. The following paper presents the problem of classification (identification) elements in the internal structure of a technical object. This problem is directly linked with diagnostics and compilation of an expert data base. The basis of a process of grouping elements into classes is to make a diagnostic model of a given object in a form of a structure or set of basic elements of an object. In order to conduct the grouping of elements into subsets of s-th classes, the following paper compiles and presents analytical formulas and classification rules. Theoretical considerations presented in this paper are also verified using an engine control system as an example of a complex technical object. [47]
400. The paper presents the results of the experimental study of thermal comfort in the smart building of Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The experiments were conducted throughout four seasons of the year and focused on developing a modified thermal comfort correlation that could determine the thermal sensations of room users more accurately than the standard methodology. Twelve groups of volunteers participated in the study, and thermal sensations were analysed for both genders separately. Even though the thermal environment was not considered overwhelmingly favourable (with 75% of men and 60% of women providing positive assessment), thermal acceptability was high. It amounted to 90% (the same for both genders). The air temperature of 22°C proved to be most preferable. The BMI index and CO2 concentration were found to influence thermal sensations and were incorporated into a modified correlation, which provided more accurate results than the original Fanger model of thermal comfort. [46]
401. Analysis of the results of the hydraulic calculations of a slotted separator, allowed for changes in the separator design taking into account the reduction of flow turbulence, ensuring the continuity of water flow and sediments as well as optimal location of the slots. The separator is an important element of the installation for hydromechanical removal of sediments from the bottom of a water reservoir. Tests were carried out on the physical and mathematical model.Hydraulic calculations and numerical simulations were carried out using the SSIIM (Simulation of sediment movements in water intakes with multiblock option) program. The program enables three-dimensional analysis of flows and transport of sediments in rivers and canals by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent model k-e. A number of numerical experiments of the separator work were carried out for various design solutions regarding the geometry of the inlet and outlet channels and their connection with the chambers as well as slots system. The numerical simulations and conducted research on a physical model, allowed to develop an optimal solution. [45]
402. The work concerns determining the energy performance of the heat storage device based on the phase change material for the solar dish Stirling unit. Experimental studies were performed with the heat storage material, made of the eutectic metal alloy Mg-51%Zn. The energy characteristics are determined by mathematical analysis of the experimental data and simulation of the process of cooling the heat storage. [44]
403. The optical properties of polymer barriers used as machine covers and eye protection are extremely important for both vision quality and user safety. The article presents the influence of room-temperature liquid chemical substances on the transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate) shields. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to assess the impact of liquid chemical substances on the polymer's permeability to visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiations. The tests showed that the contact of the poly(methyl methacrylate) sheath with liquid chemicals influences the transmittance of the PMMA surface to a limited extent, without thereby reducing the harmful effects of radiation on humans. [44]
404. In order to explore methods for comprehensive assessment of the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sewage sludge from China's industrial parks, we studied the wastewater treatment plant of Nanjing MV Industrial Park as an example. Eight common heavy metals in sewage sludge – Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) were studied. The treatment effect of these containments was comprehensively assessed using the absolute niche fitness model, the relative niche model and the spatial niche fitness model. All three models showed that Pb > Cu > Ni > Hg > Cd > Cr > Zn > As in the samples. But they produced – different numerical values – the absolute niche suitability model < the spatial niche suitability model < the relative niche suitability model. Therefore, we concluded that special attention should be paid to the carcinogenic risk of As and Cr heavy metals to the personnel who exposed to the sewage sludge. [44]
405. Heat pumps are known as zero-emission heating and cooling devices at the point of energy production. In order to exploit their advantages, they are combined with low-temperature heating systems. Using the example of a residential building, in five climatic zones in Poland and one in Ukraine, systems analyses were carried out, in which heat into rooms is supplied by two different ways: low-temperature radiators and thermally active ceilings. The energy demand for heating, cooling and domestic hot water preparation was calculated. The seasonal coefficient of performance of the ground source heat pump was estimated to compare the systems. The results of the analysis confirmed that thermo active ceiling (with flow temperature of 35°C) ensures a lower final energy demand when it works throughout the year in the heating and natural cooling mode compared to the low-temperature radiators (with flow temperature of 45°C) which facilitates only the heating mode in the heating season. Performance analysis demonstrated differences in final electric energy demand from 8% in the I climatic zone to 9% in the V climatic zone in Poland, and 10% in Ukraine. [44]
406. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu technologii wytwarzania na właściwości użytkowe kompozytów kolagenowych modyfikowanymi strukturami węglowymi (nanoproszki diamentowe). W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytwarzania i opracowanie parametrów procesowych pozwalających na otrzymanie nanowłókien kompozytowych o pożądanych cechach jakościowych za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia, określenie zarówno wpływu parametrów procesowych, jak i wpływu zastosowanych materiałów na jakość i właściwości użytkowe wytworzonych nanowłókien kompozytowych. Praca została podzielona na dwie części: analizę literatury (na podstawie przeglądu krajowej i światowej) oraz część eksperymentalną. Jej treść natomiast podzielono na 10 rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym zawarto w nich informacje dotyczące polimerów naturalnych, ich przetwarzaniu, zastosowaniu i degradacji. Następnie (rozdział II) scharakteryzowano polilaktyd (PLA), skupiając się na jego budowie, syntezie oraz właściwościach. Kolejno przedstawiono charakterystykę kolagenu (rozdział III), oraz diamentu (rozdział IV). W ostatnim rozdziale części teoretycznej (rozdział V) skupiono się na nanowłóknach. Opisano metodę elektroprzędzenia, scharakteryzowano parametry wpływające na właściwości otrzymywanych włókien oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano pozostałe metody ich wytwarzania. Rozdział VI poświęcony jest problematyce rozprawy i zawiera wnioski z literatury, cel, hipotezy oraz zakres i problem badań. W kolejnym rozdziale (VII) przedstawiono warunki i program badań. Dokonano charakterystyki materiału badawczego, opisano stanowisko badawcze oraz przedstawiono metodykę badań własnych. Rozdział VIII to opis zastosowanego procesu wytworzenia docelowych nanowłókien kompozytowych. W rozdziale IX przeprowadzono analizę wyników badań na nanowłóknach kompozytowych. Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami (rozdział X). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie kompozytów kolagenowych w postaci nanowłókien z dodatkiem struktur węglowych (nanoproszki diamentowe) za pomocą metody elektroprzędzenia z emulsji. Badania eksperymentalne pozwoliły na wskazanie parametrów procesu elektroprzędzenia przy których można osiągnąć najlepszą jakość otrzymywanych materiałów. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwoliły również na określenie wpływu dodatków na właściwości wytworzonych włókien kompozytowych. Uzyskane nanowłókna kompozytowe, ze względu na swoje właściwości, mogą być potencjalnie wykorzystywane w różnych branżach przemysłu i medycynie. [43]
407. Airborne pathogens are the most important factor causing environmental issues on pig farms. Research on airborne swine-derived microbes has mainly concentrated on several specific microbes or pathogens. The present work was conducted to detect and identify the entire microbial community in piggery air and their dispersion by 16SrRNA sequencing. Fifteen faeces and eighty-four air samples were collected in swine barns and from different distances away from the barns, respectively. The results showed that the faeces and air share the most dominant bacteria. The top 10 genera belonged to Fimicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and accounted for 54% and 76-84% of the total sequences. Moreover, great higher (P < 0.01) microbial diversity was detected in the faeces. This study indicated that a hygienic interval of 50 m should be set on swine farms to prevent the spreading infectious disease caused by airborne pathogens. [43]
408. Academics have been curious about what motivates pro-environmental behavior. However, a few research studies have been conducted to analyze and comprehend the pro-environmental behavior of those in charge of service and production (employees). The COVID-19 outbreak brought this topic to light, emphasizing the significance of employees' pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) in promoting and maintaining business sustainability.Therefore, this study contributes to the body of knowledge by investigating employees' PEBs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In-person and online surveys were used to reach the staff of hotels and travel agencies in Egypt's most popular tourist areas.The quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 25. The results revealed that employees of the tourism and hospitality industry are exceptionally engaged in PEBs in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the findings indicate that the structure of tourism and hospitality employees' PEB is constituted of six factors; namely, operation activities, habits, organization rules, health, energy-saving, and environment-related activities. However, their behavior must be guided and improved in three key areas (personal health, organizational rules, and operation activities). According to this study, employees may follow certain practises without understanding their justification or significance. In practice, the study presents recommendations that might increase the industry's resistance to challenges in terms of improving the pro-environmental behavior of industry employees. [43]
409. The paper focuses on reducing the energy intensity of ladle metallurgy as part of steel production and the associated reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved by optimising the thermal work of metallurgical aggregates in terms of the impact on energy consumption and the environmental burden of steel production. It is about minimising the heat loss of liquid steel in the casting ladle throughout the entire process from the melting equipment, through the extra-furnace processing, to the continuous casting of the steel. [42]
410. Environmental concern and awareness have led to the development of different sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental impact of waste plastics. A brief literature review was conducted to evaluate recent challenges and emerging ideas on this topic. The two most noticeable approaches identified here are the introduction of biodegradable polymers as replacements for conventional plastics and recycling post-consumer waste plastics. The sustainable approach protects the environment, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. [42]
411. A steam explosion is the result of intense heat transfer when a thermolabile liquid phase comes into contact with a hot liquid. As a result of such contact, microdispersed fragmentation of a high-boiling liquid occurs. A mathematical model is proposed to describe the process of thermomechanical crushing process, taking into account the formation of a vapour layer at the interface between two phases and the force interaction with respect to several simultaneously boiling particles of the dispersed phase. [42]
412. Wyd. 2 popr. [41]
413. The geothermal potential is challenging to assess, as on the one hand it requires subsurface parametric description; on another – the variable surface influences the potential and geological conditions. In the article, the author presents a novel method for assessing geothermal potential and its environmental impact. The procedure is implemented to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Lublin trough. Geological modelling and GIS analyses are used to determine prospective areas where geothermal water accessibility and sufficient head demand occur in the direct vicinity. Maximal geothermal heat production is estimated, and upon that – possible avoided emissions of air pollutants. The study results indicate that this region's geothermal resources are of low temperature (<50°C), so the only opportunity for exploitation is the direct use of geothermal water in objects or the operation of ultra-low-temperature district heating systems. The main geothermal energy production potential of the Lublin trough is in its northern part, close to the Warszawa trough and nearby main fracture zones. In total, up to 300 GWh of geothermal heat per year might be produced and consumed in the study area if residential and commercial objects could take advantage of ultra-low-temperature district heating system. It would lead to locally significant limitation of air pollutant emissions and decreased fossil fuel consumption. [41]
414. The paper analyses thermal sensations, preferences and acceptability as well as humidity sensations of students in the intelligent building "Energis" of the Kielce University of Technology (Poland). The tests were performed in 8 lecture rooms, during which the volunteers filled in the anonymous questionnaires (with 3 to 7 possible answers for each question) and – simultaneously – physical air parameters were measured with Testo 400 microclimate meter. The study aimed to determine if the intelligent building provides proper indoor environment conditions during the heating season and to assess the accuracy of the standard methodology for thermal comfort determination. Experimental analysis of thermal and humidity sensations revealed that a share of the respondents critically assessed the indoor environment: 17% regarding temperature and 30% regarding humidity. Moreover, the standard methodology for thermal comfort calculations proved overwhelmingly inaccurate compared to the experimental data (with the results for 6 rooms being beyond the 50% error range). Since smart buildings are still not very common in Central Europe, the experimental data obtained in the study can be valuable both from the scientific but also practical point of view – providing useful data for building engineers and designers. [39]
415. The influence of SAS of different chemical nature on aggregate stability and bactericidal action of nano silver colloidal solutions is investigated. Colloidal solutions of silver were obtained by restoring the argentum nitrate agent in a neutral medium. With the help of spectrophotometric method, it has been proved that such solutions are characterized by high aggregate stability compared with the use of other traditional reducing agents. Anionic SAS (sodium dodecylsulfate and sulfanol) and nonionic SAS (OS-20) increase aggregate stability of nano silver solutions, while cationogenic SAS − alcamone promotes rapid coagulation and aggregation of nano silver particles. The study of bactericidal action of the solutions to the E.coli are showed that the nano silve colloidal solution with or without presence of OS-20 and alcamone completely inhibit the growth of colonies of E.coli, that is, it’s have high bactericidal properties. [39]
416. The authors analyse the standardisation of risk management as an effective tool for the safety of design solutions in residential construction. The analysed regulatory documentation answers the question of achieving an acceptable level of risk. Within the framework of improving environmental management, the use of specific penalties looks quite natural. However, the primary purpose of ISO 14001 is to form a responsible attitude toward the environment and natural resources as the most crucial assets of economic activity. The article raises the issue that domestic standards cannot thoroughly guide risk analysts due to their lack of development and inconsistency with ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 14001:2016. It is necessary to develop a unique approach to risk assessment, de facto describing the interaction of different scenarios, which will ensure an increase in the environmental and economic effects in the field of housing safety. [39]
417. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant, VRE) strains in meat plants and evaluate their biofilm-forming potential. In two Polish meat plants, 75 samples of raw pork meat, swabs from work surfaces (floors, tables, machine parts and tools) and from employees' hands were collected. The analyses indicated that enterococci were present in more than 72% of the tested samples. VRE isolates were found in more than 25% of the tested samples (especially in cutting and processing rooms). VRE strains of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and rifampicin. Moreover, 77% of E. faecium and 43% of E. faecalis isolates showed biofilm-forming ability. The observed high biofilm-forming potential among the analyzed VRE strains indicates that these agents may play an important role in the spread of drug resistance in the food chain through contaminated surfaces, meat, and workers' hands. [39]
418. Polymeric building materials and equipment for indoor use in spaces intended for people may, in an essential way, contribute to deterioration of wholesome quality of life. Phthalates, present in many products, constitute an omnipresent group of compounds used widely as plasticizers. The research results show that these substances may have a negative impact on human health, and thus European Union has implemented a number of regulatory measures restricting their use. Manufacturers and suppliers must comply with these regulations. As a result, it is necessary to investigate and determine the contents of phthalates in these materials. This paper presents the analytic profile of method of marking phthalates extracted from polyvinyl chloride with use of HPLC chromatography with UV-VIS detection, and selected results obtained in examinations of materials used in interior design. The results of described examinations of phthalates content indicate that not all materials recommended by manufacturers may be used indoors in spaces intended for people. The method was verified for its suitability for routine analyses of materials made of PVC and submitted for attestation. The elaborated method can be used for determination of banned phthalates presence in PVC. The method allows for detection of these phthalates at the level required by the REACH regulation, and its validation parameters are highly satisfactory considering a very complex matrix. [39]
419. Improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is ensured by improving the thermal protection characteristics and the wider introduction of control tools. In order to take into account the influence of individualisation of operating conditions, the study of the regulation of heating distribution of a single-pipe system with bypassed heating devices of a 5-storey typical for Ukraine mass building of the 80s after thermos-modernisation for conditions in Kyiv and Warsaw (Poland) was carried out. On the basis of the simulation model created in the Mathcad software environment for design/rated and average climatic conditions, the influence of internal heat flows into adjacent rooms on the distribution of energy consumption, changes in internal air temperature under the influence of local changes in the heating device flow coefficients were studied. The developed approaches, and the results obtained on the influence of local regulation of devices of vertical single-pipe heating systems can be used to clarify the distribution of energy consumption for heating between individual zones of apartment buildings. [39]
420. Ensuring the homogeneity of the indoor climate throughout the greenhouse is very important for uniform plant cultivation. In the study carried out to determine the indoor climate distribution in the heated greenhouse in the terrestrial climate, indoor temperature, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure deficit values were measured from 8 different measurement points. The distribution pattern of the measurement points was made horizontally and vertically at 2, 4 and 6 meters. Sensor placements are grouped vertically at 2 meters (G1: S1, S2 S3), at 4 meters (G2: S4, S5, S6) and at 6 meters (G3: S7, S8). Measurements taken during the day are divided into 3 parts. The climatic changes in the greenhouse were monitored as daily (00:00-23:30), daytime (08:30-17:30) and night (18:00-08:00) hours. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the indoor climate parameters in the greenhouse change during the average daily, daytime and night hours at different times of the day and at different locations. According to this, it has been determined that it is important for better regulation of the greenhouse climate by monitoring the changes in the plant level as it rises from the greenhouse floor to the ridge with multiple sensors instead of a single sensor. [39]
421. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the PVD coating on the cutting tool on the surface roughness and energy consumption in the cast iron turning process. It was shown that the use of coated tools leads to obtaining a surface qualitatively corresponding to the ground surface and to the reduction in the power consumption of the machine tool. In addition, the process itself, carried out without the use of a cooling and lubricating liquid, is more eco-friendly, as it excludes its use, disposal and negative environmental impact. [38]
422. This article focuses on factors limiting the development possibilities of Poland's photovoltaic and wind power plants. Technical, environmental and legal conditions were found and indicated as a result of research based on legal acts and literature on location possibilities of renewable energy installations under discussion. Also, formulas that can show limiting factors in absolute value are proposed. These formulas consider all limiting factors and allow for comparison between different regions of Poland concerning location impossibilities. [37]
423. The purpose of this investigation was to indicate the most effective method of revitalizing degraded forest area. The different modifications of wood chips were used as a substitute for humus layer. The mites (Acari), and moss mites (Oribatida) as the bio-indicators of soil succession changes were used. The study began 2 years after planting of Scots pine seedlings on the land devastated by military activity, at the former military training ground (GPS: 53.156943N, 17.986440E). The soil on this area was in the type of rusty soils and subtype of the rusty algae soils. Scots pine seedlings were planted in spring 2011, in a distance 1.5×0.8 m. In one-factor experiment four soil mulching treatments were tested: 1. uncovered soil – control (C), 2. soil mulched with wood chips (W), 3. W + mycorrhizal preparation (WM), 4. W + forest litter (WL). Three replicates of microplots arrangement was applied. Each microplot was 5 m long with 3 rows of Scots pine. Each replication covers 10 rows. Mulching with wood chips was carried out on April 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, the wood chips on the WM microplots were inoculated with the mycorrhizal biopreparation, and on the WL microplots, a 10% addition of fresh forest litter from the ripe fresh coniferous forest was applied. After the end of the growing season of 2012, 2013 and 2014, the measurement of the plants was carried out (the height, the root neck diameter, the length of one-year increments in the last whorl, the number of one-year increments of the last whorl and the lengths of one-year increments of the last whorl). The samples for acarological tests were collected four times. In total, 40 substrate samples with a volume of 50 cm3 each were collected from each treatment. Mites extraction was carried out for 7 days in Tullgren apparatus. Mites were identified to the order, and moss mites to the species or genus, including juvenile stages. Calculated: the average density of mites, the dominance index, the species richness, the diversity of moss mites, the average number of species, and the Shannon general species diversity index. The use of soil mulching with the Scots pine wood chips did not significantly affect the growth and developmental characteristics of the Scots pine plants. After mulching with wood chips, the total number of mites increased many times, and moss mites began to dominate among micro-arthropods. Mulching treatments increased the number and the species diversity of moss mites in the substrate. The number of moss mites increased the most in wood chips without additives. The highest species diversity was observed in the wood chips with the addition of forest litter. Among moss mites Tectocepheus velatus visibly dominated in all study treatments. Oppiella nova and Scutovertex sculptus also constituted numerous mites populations. The study shows that the wood chips are very useful for use in the regeneration of the devastated and degraded forest soils. [37]
424. The article's authors analysed the most perspective and widely known methods of neutralising the acidic condensate, which is a by-product of natural gas combustion. Among them, the hydrodynamic cavitation method was the most effective. In this regard, it was proposed to improve this method by using the method of discrete-pulsed energy input, which involves neutralisation due to the degassing process. Based on the mathematical model of the bubble ensemble dynamics, a numerical simulation of the formation and growth of vapour-gas bubbles in the process of cavitation boiling of condensate was carried out. Also, an analytical study of the evolution of the vapour-gas bubble population and changes in the current vapour content of the condensate during its boiling was investigated under different values of the initial size of gas micronuclei. The results of the experimental study also confirmed the effectiveness of this method and showed that almost complete removal of carbonic acid from condensate occurs during the first two minutes of processing. That is evidenced by the increased pH values of condensate, which corresponds to the range of permissible pH values of distilled water. Therefore, the carbonic acid in the condensate is absent. Using this method will significantly reduce the environmental effect and the amount of harmful emissions. [37]
425. Renewable energy sources are increasingly common in Poland, and a growing number of single-family houses are now equipped with such systems. The article presents the study of the performance of the heat pump and the photovoltaic system installed in a house in the Swietokrzyskie Province near the city of Kielce. The data related to thermal and electrical energy generation throughout three years has been analysed with a focus on the advantages offered by such systems in the climate conditions of Central Poland. It turned out that 2022 was the best year for electricity production because it exceeded the value of 8000 kWh, and in the winter period from November to February, energy production balances at 200-300 kWh, which proves the high efficiency of panels for electricity production even in unfavourable climatic conditions. The heat pump generates the smallest energy production to heat the house in the summer, while in the winter, this production increases intensively due to the heating season in Poland. These are values from 1500 kWh to values above 3000 kWh. Similarly, in the case of domestic hot water, these values are higher in winter than in summer. Additionally, the work includes electricity consumption before and after the installation of renewable energy sources. Simplified economic analysis has also been presented in the paper. The simple payback period is estimated at approximately 9 years. [37]
426. The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed, since in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed and based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is of special interest as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the wider area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains. [36]
427. Low-emissivity coatings on glass surfaces, inert gas instead of air between glasses, and double-glazed windows are usually used to reduce heat loss from a room through windows. This effect can also be achieved by installing two double-chamber windows in one window opening at a certain distance from each other. This work uses numerical modelling to study the characteristics of heat transfer through a system of two two-chamber windows. The distributions of temperature and airflow velocity due to natural convection in the chambers of double-chamber windows and the space between the windows are analyzed. The distributions of temperatures and heat fluxes over the surfaces of windows are determined depending on the distance between the windows. The dependences on the distance between the windows of radiation, convective, and total heat flow through a system of two double-chamber windows are studied. It is shown that two double-chamber windows located at a certain distance from each other make it possible to increase the heat transfer resistance compared to one two-chamber window without a low-emission coating by 2.6...2.8 times. As the distance between windows increases, a given system's overall heat transfer resistance increases. However, this increase becomes insignificant if this distance is greater than 80 mm. [34]
428. This report presents the results and analysis of long-term properties of fiber-reinforced cement composite based on waste aggregate. The long-term tests were carried out on the stand proposed by the authors for simultaneously testing three beams with dimensions of 100x200x2900 mm. A total of 8 mixtures of cement composites with aggregate from ceramic waste and waste sand were tested. Three beams were made for each mixture. One without dispersed reinforcement and two with 0.5% and 1.0% fiber reinforcement ratios. As dispersed reinforcement, steel cord and hooked steel fibers were used. The beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The research was carried out for 1000 days. An optical system was used as an innovative solution in long-term research. Based on the measurements, the creep coefficient in the mid-span of the beams was determined, and the crackings of the beams were analysed. The results obtained using manual measuring devices and the optical system were compared. A good convergence of measurement methods was observed. During the analysis of the results, the coefficients modifying the method for calculating the crack width included in Eurocode 2 were determined. [33]
429. Municipal waste management in Poland has continuously changed over the past years regarding collection systems and disposal processes. After joining the EU, the approach to waste management changed dramatically, intensifying selective collection and implementing recovery and treatment processes. Recent years have shown that a further fundamental overhaul in the waste sector is needed to convert the sector to a closed-loop economy. These challenges are appearing in Poland, forcing actions in which the efficiency of the waste stream management system should generate added value in the form of sourced raw materials, materials and products. The waste generated should be managed following the waste hierarchy, in which disposal is the least desirable process. The work aims to analyse the current state of municipal waste management in Poland concerning applicable legal requirements, waste management hierarchy and the use of the best available technologies. The data from the analysis was used to determine where Poland is currently, heading towards transforming to a circular economy in the technological, social, environmental and economic areas. The research results showed the need to reduce the waste generated, including a significant reduction in the amount of waste stored in landfills and a significant increase in the recycling rates of municipal waste. In this context, supporting the transition to a closed-loop economy is essential in creating a low-carbon, recycling and innovative waste management, implementing EU strategies. [33]
430. Wyd. 2 uzup. [32]
431. The economic, technical, technological, social and economic development of the world, carried out at an increasingly faster pace, aims to increase the quality and standards of life. Attempting to meet market stakeholders' changing expectations and requirements significantly affects the overexploitation of natural resources and the degradation of the natural environment, often leading to irreversible consequences. The publication aims to analyse selected changes in the natural surroundings that influence the implementation decisions of the environmental management system. Research conducted over the last 10 years shows that the pro-environmental activities undertaken bring results not only in the number of management systems implemented but also in the number of ecological farms created, reduction of air pollution and reduction in the extraction of natural resources (coal). [32]
432. Passive area sources, such as primary settling tanks, located in the area of wastewater treatment plants can significantly impact odour air quality. This paper presents the variability of odour emissions from the primary settling tank at the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWWTP) during a one-year study of odour concentrations determined by dynamic olfactometry. The investigations indicated that the highest monthly average value of the specified odour emission rate was for July (49.89 ouE/m2/s). Preliminary statistical analysis results using a multiple regression model showed the statistical significance of the independent variables in the form of wastewater temperature and retention time concerning the specific odour emission rate values. [32]
433. The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design. [31]
434. The RE band of electromagnetic radiation has recently become the subject of interest in remote sensing due to its greater penetration into the plant structure than the commonly used NIR band. It is particularly important in cultivating corn, which is characterised by considerable thick foliage during the growth period. While sensors equipped with this channel are used in satellite remote sensing and onboard drones, they are not implemented in airborne imaging systems. An airborne remote sensing station was constructed, including, in addition to the traditional R, G, B and NIR image components, also the RE channel and a laser scanner (ALS). Data processing involves geometric calibration and the creation of a multi-channel orthophoto map. The data processed in this way was tested by analysing several series of aerial recordings of a corn field, which involved developing interpretation keys based on selected vegetation indices and assigning individual groups of pixels with five plant health classes. This study focused on the comparative assessment of the effects of using the NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE and SAVI indices, comparing their results to yield measurements (CHM) and the results of field measurements of plants at the end of the growing season. Promising results with a high degree of correlation were obtained. [31]
435. Wydanie II poprawione [30]
436. Thermal comfort and lighting conditions are essential aspects of indoor environmental quality. They are considered to influence the productivity of room users. The paper presents the experimental test results of research conducted in the university educational building of Kielce University of Technology (Central Poland) using anonymous questionnaires and physical measurements of indoor air parameters with a high-precision microclimate meter. It covers the analysis of the subjective assessment of thermal sensations, acceptability and preference, as well as productivity, lighting and air quality in eleven rooms (both lecture rooms and classrooms). The study analyses the impact of the indoor environment (mostly air temperature and illuminance) on the subjective sensations of the respondents they expressed in the questionnaires. The experiments have enabled us to provide valuable insights into developing the proper indoor environmental conditions to maximise room users' comfort and productivity. [30]
437. Transport policy has always presented many dilemmas. Currently, its pro-ecological aspect, relating to the need to limit the negative impact of transport on the natural environment, causes the need to reconsider many issues related to the sustainable development of transport. The new approach should optimize activities in the areas of respect for the environment, technical progress and economic growth. According to the European Commission, this concept is gaining fuller understanding at the level of political discourse and, at the same time, becoming a horizontal principle – the foundation of EU transport policy. However, this requires the responsible creation of transport policy and its consistent and effective implementation. Therefore, it has become the subject of consideration at the Olsztyn Functional Urban Area level. The study aims to identify documents declared as transport policies or strategies and evaluate them in the context of formal authorization, content, coherence and applicability in the Olsztyn MOF. [29]
438. Celem niniejszej pracy było zbadanie wpływu zastosowania uchwytu aktywnego, który wprowadza dodatkowy ruch obrotowy oraz wibracyjny na kształtowanie chropowatości powierzchni przedmiotu obrabianego. W pierwszej części pracy została omówiona charakterystyka procesu obróbki w wygładzarkach rotacyjno-kaskadowych oraz stosowane dotychczas rozwiązania uchwytów aktywnych. Kolejna część pracy opisuje kinematykę ruchu wsadu roboczego oraz jego energię w poszczególnych częściach komory roboczej wygładzarki rotacyjno-kaskadowej. Następnie przedstawiono projekt uchwytu aktywnego oraz jego realizację. W ostatniej części pracy zostały zaprezentowane badania potwierdzające skuteczność opracowanego urządzenia. Badania zostały podzielone na trzy części. W części pierwszej zbadano wpływ rodzaju ruchu przedmiotu obrabianego na efektywność obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego. Kolejna część obejmuje propozycję trzy etapowej obróbki z zastosowaniem uchwytu aktywnego i przemieszczaniem przedmiotu obrabianego w kierunku promieniowym komory wygładzarki. W ostatniej części przedstawiono wpływ dziedzictwa technologicznego na końcowy efekt obróbki powierzchni. Na zakończenie przedstawiono podsumowanie i wnioski o charakterze poznawczym, utylitarnym oraz wyznaczające kierunki dalszych badań. [29]
439. By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined. [29]
440. The paper presents research results into the influence of motor fuels on the shear strength of coarse-grained soil. The soil was classified following the unified soil classification system PN-EN ISO 14668-1 as saGr. The soil samples were artificially contaminated with three percentage ratios of motor fuels 5, 7.5 and 10% in relation to the dry mass of the soil skeleton. The test results have shown that motor fuel contamination significantly impacts the tested soil's mechanical properties. Increasing the content of impurities causes a significant decrease in shear strength parameters. For soil contaminated with 5%, 7.5% and 10% of motor fuel, i.e. gasoline or diesel, the angle of internal friction decreased by 8%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Along with the impurities increase, the soil's ultimate bearing capacity, calculated following EC-7, showed a dramatic decrease. The decrease was 40%, 57% and 66% respectively. [28]
441. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), all new buildings must be constructed using technologies that will ensure almost zero energy consumption by the building through renewable energy sources and an energy-efficient thermal envelope. To assess the possibilities of reconstructing an existing building following the requirements of the EPBD in Ukraine, we have presented possible ways to modernise an office in Kyiv using renewable energy sources (biomass, heat pump) at different levels of thermal protection. Based on dynamic modelling results in the DesignBuilder software environment, the technical, environmental and economic aspects of building modernisation using near-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) technologies have been investigated. In particular, the authors have analysed the possibilities of using different modes of heat pump operation to provide heat to a building of different levels of thermal protection in the GeoTSOL software environment. The results obtained can be used to assess the benefits of improving the energy efficiency of a building using different types of renewable energy sources. [28]
442. Wyd. 2. rozsz. [27]
443. The paper presents ways to use advanced infrared imaging techniques to study and analyze the thermal losses of a flat plate solar collector. The techniques allowed us to precisely locate and measure areas where unwanted thermal losses occurred on the surface of the collectors studied. The study showed that these losses have a key impact on the energy efficiency of these devices. It was found that using the proposed methodology allows not only the detection of defects in existing structures but also the optimization of the design process of new technical solutions. The temperature of the working medium has a significant effect on heat losses on all analyzed surfaces. However, the influence of the medium flow varies depending on the specific surface. The conclusions of the research suggest that infrared imaging is a valuable tool in developing solar thermal systems, contributing to the reliability and efficiency of these systems. The technique is an important step toward sustainable and economical use of solar energy. Increasing the efficiency of the equipment used to carry out the photothermal conversion process will allow more efficient use of available renewable energy sources. It will have a positive impact on environmental protection. [27]
444. The aim of the study was to conduct the process of bioethanol obtaining from biomass using chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5 and 10%) were used for the delignification process, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using three commercial cellulolytic preparations (Cellic® CTec2, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and cellulase from Aspergillus species). The final step involved an alcoholic fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYPE II yeast. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of reducing sugars was determined in the samples, and the fermentation yield was controlled by determining the ethanol content by pycnometry. The use of chemical pretreatment increased the yield of the whole process by at least 50%. The content of reducing sugars after hydrolysis depended on the type of enzyme preparation used for hydrolysis and the use of NaOH in pretreatment. The highest content of reducing sugars (45.8 g/dm3) was achieved in a sample of material that was purified with 5% NaOH, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using Cellic® CTec2. This means an efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process equal to 94.69%. The concentration of bioethanol after alcoholic fermentation in this sample was 0.509 g/l. [27]
445. The article discusses issues related to modifying existing buildings to improve their condition in terms of lower energy consumption and reducing heat loss. The study takes the form of a review. Current systems and data are described according to relevant standards. The issue of the energy efficiency of the building is explored. A list of the most common ways of thermal modernization has been presented. Financial support programs were discussed. The merits and drawbacks of the solutions are delineated. [26]
446. A concept of producing reinforcing bars for concrete elements from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is presented in the paper. The proposed technology of production harnesses strips of PET cut from bottles and thermal treatment. Finally, a sand-resin coating is applied to the composite bars. Produced bars can be differentiated by utilising different numbers of strips influencing the diameter of a bar. The key mechanical properties of the bars containing 3 to 8 strips were tested during the research program. Maximum loadings and displacements were established. Problems regarding the future application of the bars in question were discussed. Areas of need for further research were pointed out. [26]
447. The current article uses a two-dimensional numerical model to represent the results of theoretical studies of the heat exchange in the soil massif during the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. The analysis of literature sources showed that one of the important conditions for the effective operation of a shallow-soil heat exchange is its rational design parameters, such as the total length of the pipeline, the diameter of the pipe, the distance between the axis of the adjacent pipes, the depth of the heat exchanger placement, etc. A two-dimensional heat exchange model in the soil mass was developed, which made it possible to investigate the operation of a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger. It was found that the step between the axis of the adjacent pipes of the multi-loop heat exchanger, which is 0.95 m, is optimal when creating a shallow horizontal soil heat exchanger in the soil conditions of Kyiv. [24]
448. The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible. [23]
449. It is well documented that nicotine causes low birth weight, preterm birth, pregnancy difficulties, lower fertility, inhibition of spermatogenesis, and decreased steroidogenesis and potassium channels conductance of Xenopus oocytes. Lung cancer is the most well-known adverse impact of nicotine. This work used a 96-hour FETAX test to examine how concurrent administration of glucose monohydrate modifies the effects of exposure to nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and/or glucose on ion channels and membrane potential in Xenopus leavis embryos at an early stage of development. In-vitro fertilised embryos were treated with nicotine and glucose alone or in combination for this aim, and the effects of those treatments were then assessed for potential teratogenic effects. At the conclusion of the FETAX technique, the ratios of healthy, abnormal, and dead embryos were calculated, and the length of embryos in each treatment group was assessed. The ratios of abnormal and dead embryos were considerably higher with nicotine treatment alone compared to controls. Compared to the results of the nicotine-alone treatment group, the ratio of aberrant embryos was marginally reduced by concurrent glucose and nicotine therapy. In contrast, the ratio of normal embryos was raised. Additionally, treatments with glucose, nicotine, and Nic+Glu significantly altered the resting membrane potentials of fertilised oocytes (p < 0.001). Our findings indicated that the simultaneous treatment groups that also received glucose had a protective impact on embryos. Such structured, more sophisticated research is required to confirm these findings. [22]
450. The paper discusses applying the laser technique to modify the copper heater surface. The interaction of the laser beam with the base material leads to its melting, and various shapes can be obtained during the process. The study is focused on the boiling heat transfer analyses of the specimen in the form of a disc with longitudinal microfins of a height of 0.5 mm. The optical microscope was used to determine the morphology of the surface. The laser beam generated significant roughness, which benefitted the overall thermal performance. Considerable heat transfer augmentation was recorded for the laser–made surface in relation to the untreated sample, which served as a reference. The heat flux was several times higher, while the laser–treated sample's boiling curves were shifted to the area of smaller temperature differences. Two boiling models proved unsuccessful in predicting the heat exchange process occurring during pool boiling of distilled water and ethyl alcohol. According to the Smirnov, Xin and Chao models, the average differences between the experimental data and calculation results were ca. 93 kW/m2 and 116 kW/m2 for water, 78 kW/m2 and 68 kW/m2 for ethanol. [21]
451. Includes the identification and analysis of the vehicle recycling system using the example of buses in consideration of economic and business issues in Poland, specialising in the collection of cars/buses, their dismantling, segregation of materials and secondary use (recycling), given the regulatory changes proposed by the EU. The operations listed are interrelated. Reusing materials identical to their original purpose (including reuse of steel for car bodies) and assemblies from end-of-life vehicles (after possible reconditioning) can be applied as spare parts for repairs, subject to the observance of certain rules and the law. Life extension activities contribute to reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. The paper presents a case for dismantling a bus. [21]
452. Maritime transport contributes to stimulating the development of civilisation. According to the European Environment Agency, around 1/4 of the total CO2 emissions in the EU in 2019 came from the transport sector, of which 71.7% were from road transport. The share of CO2 emissions from maritime transport is estimated to be about 3% of the world's. In terms of energy demand for moving a specific load over a specific distance, it is currently the cheapest form of transport. The International Maritime Organization's activities aim to reduce the environmental impact of this form of transport. The article discusses the expected effects of the regulations introduced until 2023. Regulations have a significant impact on the increase in transport costs. There may be far-reaching changes in the shipping market that have an indirect (rather unintended) effect due to the introduced regulations. "Side effects" can be very severe, especially for shipowners with a small number of ships. The article attempts to draw attention to such threats. [20]
453. Wydanie 3., zaktualizowane, uwzględniające stan prawny na dzień 30.09.2017 r. [19]
454. Wydanie I, stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 2019 roku [18]
455. The article considers the possibility of efficient energy and environmental use of vortex devices for the granulation of solids. The factors influencing the energy consumption for generating a vortex flow with dispersed solid inclusions are analysed. A mathematical model for calculating the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus in a clean gas flow, which was used in computer modelling, is presented. The main dependencies for determining the influence of the geometric dimensions of the vortex on its aerodynamic drag are also given. An analytical solution to the problem of minimising the aerodynamic drag of a vortex apparatus during the movement of a dispersed medium is considered. The forces acting on the particles in the cyclone chamber during interaction with the gas are analysed. In this paper, a general method for calculating the parameters of cyclone-vortex devices for dispersed media using the basic equations of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics is developed. The solution approach used in this paper can be extended to other vortex devices not considered in this work. [18]
456. Motywacja do podjęcia tematyki badawczej dotyczącej intensyfikacji zjawiska wymiany ciepła w powietrznym kolektorze słonecznym było dostrzeżenie rosnącej potrzeby opracowywania nowatorskich rozwiązań w obszarze energetyki słonecznej. Rozwijająca się dziedzina wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, wymaga poszukiwania sposobów na zwiększanie sprawności cieplnej urządzeń do konwersji energii. Celem pracy było poszukiwanie na drodze eksperymentalnej i numerycznej nowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych pasywnych powietrznych kolektorów słonecznych. Oczekiwano, że możliwe jest zaproponowanie takiej konstrukcji, przy której uzyska się zwiększenie intensywności procesu wymiany ciepła między powierzchnią grzejną a czynnikiem roboczym, co zwiększy sprawność cieplną urządzenia. [18]
457. A well-known way to increase the thermal insulation properties of windows in buildings is to increase the number of glasses in a window or, what is the same, to increase the number of glass chambers in a glass unit. This method, in combination with low-emissivity coatings on the inner surfaces of glass, can provide a significant increase in the heat transfer resistance of window structures. The use of such windows in construction can significantly reduce heat loss from the premises in the winter, which leads to a reduction in energy costs for heating and increases the energy efficiency of the building. In this work, the characteristics of heat transfer through a three-chamber glass unit are studied using numerical modeling and experimental study. Options for the absence and presence of low-emissivity coatings on glass are considered. Changes in air velocity and temperature in the chambers are studied. Heat transfer resistance for three-chamber windows are calculated depending on the number of low-emissivity coatings on the glass. [18]
458. Wyd. 2 uzup. i popr. [17]
459. The paper presents the test results of the shear strength of composite materials, in which the base material was peat. The materials modifying the mineral part of the peat ground skeleton were fly ash and hydrated lime. The research was carried out for two groups. In group 1, the ratio of the mass of the peat skeleton to the mass of fly ash was equal to one, and in group 2, it was two. Hydrated lime content in the unit mass of the composite in group 1 was 2.4, 4.8 and 9.2%. In the second group, it was 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4%. The test results showed that the materials from group 1. (P/FA = 1) are characterised by the highest shear strength compared to materials from group 2. (P/FA = 2), regardless of the content of hydrated lime. It should also be noted that the shear strength of the materials of group 1 was significantly higher than the shear strength of the base material, which was peat. [17]
460. The massive emergence of plastics has contributed to their widespread use in everyday life. Unfortunately, the lack of appropriate technologies for processing these materials has contributed to environmental pollution by plastic particles. This study investigated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles from selected plastics such as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene was obtained from plastic bag waste, and polyethylene terephthalate was from crushed plastic bottles of mineral water. The first stage of nanoparticle production was to grind the collected used plastic waste, i.e., plastic bags and plastic bottles, to the smallest possible size using a cutting mill. Next, the waste was ground in a planetary-ball mill and then homogenised in a homogeniser. The particle size distribution of the obtained particles for selected waste plastics was examined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. The objective of the work was achieved – as a result of the performed procedures, nanoparticles of waste plastics were obtained. The following average sizes for particular materials were obtained: plastic bottles (PET) 212.81 nm, plastic bags (PE) 208.14 nm, and smaller particles, e.g. 27.74 nm. [17]
461. The article contains answers to three "why" questions: - why the waste management system still does not bring the expected results, and the Polish state is one of the lowest-ranking in the European score regarding the amount of segregated waste; - why the sale of selected secondary raw materials and their material reuse in production processes do not cover the costs related to waste management; - why it does not bring additional profits. The article is based on research conducted in Wroclaw from 1998 to 2018. There is a cost model that can be adapted to similar cases. The article deals with removing organisational and/or technical reasons causing the stagnation of selective waste collection. [17]
462. Osady ściekowe, są odpadem powstającym w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Ich unieszkodliwianie i zagospodarowanie stanowi problem światowy. Rozprawa dotyczy zmniejszonej suplementacji węgla na proces transformacji form chemicznych trzech pierwiastków (Zn, Cu i Ni) podczas kompostowania komunalnych osadów ściekowych. Zrealizowane badania dowiodły, że niska, początkowa wartość ilorazu C/N mieszaniny osadów ściekowych, przeznaczonych do kompostowania, nie wpływa negatywnie na jakość i dojrzałość kompostu. Otrzymane wyniki wykazują, że zmniejszenie dodatku metalu, o dużej zawartości węgla organicznego, powoduje, że w miarę trwania kompostowania metale ciężkie przechodzą w formy trudno dostępne dla środowiska. [15]
463. Wydanie 2 poprawione [14]
464. Stan prawny na dzień 31 sierpnia 1996 r. [14]
465. Niniejsza rozprawa doktorska poświęcona jest opracowaniu oraz zastosowaniu zminiaturyzowanych metod analitycznych, umożliwiających szybkie i tanie oznaczanie różnych biomarkerów, a także mikrozanieczyszczeń w złożonych próbkach środowiskowych. Ponadto, poddano dyskusji przegląd najnowszych publikacji naukowych, dotyczących niskocząsteczkowych, organicznych mikrozanieczyszczeń ekosystemów wodnych oraz ścieków. [14]
466. Landfills are widely utilised for waste disposal due to their economic advantages and ease of implementation compared to alternative methods. However, landfills exert significant environmental and health impacts on adjacent agricultural land. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil is a risk to ecological and food safety. Methodological approaches to assess and mitigate the impact of landfills on agricultural land are essential for ensuring sustainable land use practices and safeguarding human health. In this study, landfills were assessed at the local level, and the hazard level was classified according to it. A set of priority measures for restoring technogenic disturbed areas and minimising their impact on agricultural land was determined. The need to select a set of innovative, ecologically oriented methods for remediation of landfills, depending on the type and degree of soil contamination, was identified in context of ensuring environmental and food security. [14]
467. The community is an important part of the city. With the city's development, it is faced with the problem of renewal and reconstruction of the old community. It is necessary to explore the sustainable development of the community. In this paper, evaluation and analysis of the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economy of the community are studied. The indicators were selected appropriately to reflect the SE and EE development status comprehensively. The results show that Nanjing, Wuhan and Xi'an take the top spot in terms of CCD, meaning it has the most harmonious relationship between the social-economic subsystem and eco-environment subsystem; Xi'an has the highest SE value, while Lianyungang has the lowest evaluation result. Nanjing has the highest EE value, indicating it has the best eco-environment development, while Suqian has the worst. This study provides a scientific basis and effective measures for sustainable development in China. [13]
468. Heat demand calculation procedures for buildings are currently being conducted based on the Polish Standard grounded on the European Standard for heat losses methodology. Poland was divided into several climatic zones with given calculations and annual average external air temperature values. In each zone, the technical committee gives the temperature that must be considered. The data included in the Polish Standard preparation concern several years backwards. However, throughout the previous years, we have observed the tendency of the temperature to increase throughout the year, not only in Poland. The phenomenon provides scientists with the conclusion that the temperatures will continue to increase yearly. The low temperatures in the winter season will no longer occur. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the possibility of lowering the heat demand calculation, including the actual prevailing temperature values. The study was conducted regarding possible economic benefits for the building users due to the lower temperature difference between the internal and external temperatures. Three types of heating systems were analysed. The calculations were conducted for air to water heat pump, pellet boiler and gas condensing boiler, proving that regarding the actual meteorological data, the average annual cost reduction will be in the range of 858 PLN to 1,035 PLN. [13]
469. Wyd. 2 popr. i rozsz. [12]
470. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono stan wiedzy i techniki w zakresie wykonywania połączeń spawanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą spawania elektrodą topliwą w osłonie gazowej oraz metody badań i oceny złączy spawanych (rozdział 2.). Analiza ta była podstawą do zdefiniowania hipotezy, celów, problemów badawczych i zakresu pracy (zamieszczonych w rozdziale 3.). W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono teoretyczno-doświadczalne metody określania ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza spawanego. Hipotezy niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej zostały sformułowane w następujący sposób: 1. Należy przypuszczać, że w celu zwiększenia dokładności przewidywania wpływu wartości energii liniowej spawania na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych, takich jak makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość, należy przy opracowywaniu zależności funkcyjnych uwzględnić nie tylko wartość energii liniowej, ale również związki pomiędzy wartościami parametrów wchodzących w jej skład, tj. wartościami natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku i prędkości spawania. 2. Należy przypuszczać, że standardowe wyznaczanie ilości wprowadzonego ciepła w procesie spawania metodą GMAW na podstawie nastawionych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu (napięcia łuku, natężenia prądu i prędkości spawania), według wzoru normowego, nie odpowiada rzeczywistej ilości ciepła wprowadzonego do złącza, co nie pozwala precyzyjnie przewidywać właściwości,połączeń spawanych. Wyznaczając wartość energii liniowej na podstawie wartości rzeczywistych parametrów procesu spawania (zmierzonych w trakcie trwania procesu), można z wyższą dokładnością przewidywać właściwości połączeń spawanych. Głównym celem poznawczym dysertacji było określenie wpływu zmian wartości energii liniowej spawania, będącej uogólnionym parametrem zadawanym w procesie spawania (obliczanym na podstawie zmierzonych wartości parametrów wejściowych procesu, tj. natężenia prądu, napięcia łuku, i prędkości spawania), na wybrane właściwości połączeń spawanych tzn. makro i mikrostrukturę, odkształcenia, pola przekroju poprzecznego spoin, udarność i twardość w złączach wykonanych ze stali ferrytyczno-austenitycznej metodą GMAW. Cele rozprawy doktorskiej osiągnięto na drodze badań doświadczalnych procesu spawania przedstawionych w rozdziale 5. Uzyskane wyniki badań i analiz stanowiły podstawę do sformułowania wniosków końcowych, a także do określenia kierunków dalszych badań, zawartych w rozdziale 6. niniejszej pracy. [12]
471. [Wydanie 2 poprawione] [11]
472. Wydanie 3 poprawione [11]
473. This research explores strategies for effectively preparing for and mitigating the impact of seismic natural disasters on individuals and their health. The study underscores the potential for sustainable furniture solutions to play a pivotal role, emphasising the critical need for proactive disaster risk reduction. Drawing on descriptive analysis of case studies from events such as the Tokyo and Paris Olympics, the research employs an analytical framework to examine the application of recycled cardboard furniture in addressing the needs of disaster-prone regions. The study advocates for locally sourced solutions to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts by optimising the utilisation of sustainable furniture, particularly in developing countries like Palestine. The findings suggest that leveraging locally recycled cardboard furniture can offer a scalable, cost-effective approach to furnishing disaster-affected areas, facilitating ease of transportation, storage, and assembly without requiring specialised skills. [11]
474. This paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system of the ecological environment and the economy, and the coupling degrees and coordination degrees from 2015 to 2019 are calculated. The results show that (1) There is a relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Discharging industrial pollutants is an important factor affecting the coordinated development of the ecological environment and economic coupling. (2) The comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment and economic development systems is increasing yearly, and the quality of the ecological environment and the level of economic development are constantly improving. (3) The value of the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between ecological environment and economic development is increasing yearly, and the development trend is good. The coupling degree gradually shifts from low-level coupling to high-level coupling stage. [11]
475. W początkowej fazie rozwoju wytwarzanie przyrostowe było narzędziem wspierającym produkcję masową oraz redukującym koszt lub czasochłonność etapu prototypowania. Obecnie dzięki możliwość precyzyjnego wytwarzania elementów o skomplikowanej geometrii, w jednym etapie, bez ograniczeń konwencjonalnych metod obróbki lub zdeterminowanych kształtów, elementy wytworzone przyrostowo znajdują zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach życia, w tym inżynierii biomedycznej. Jednym z problemów inżynierii biomedycznej, który może zostać rozwiązany dzięki zastosowaniu technik wytwarzania przyrostowego jest tzw. zjawisko ekranowania naprężeń (ang. stress shielding) występujące na styku tkanka kostna – implant metalowy w wyniku znacznych różnic właściwości mechanicznych obu materiałów. Zjawisko to znacząco wpływa na procesy osteointegracji i prowadzi do aseptycznego luzowania implantu. Niniejsza praca swoimi założeniami wpisuje się w obecny trend polegający na wytwarzaniu spersonalizowanych implantów o porowatej otwartokomórkowej strukturze i module sprężystości zbliżonym do zastępowanej kości. Mimo, iż tematyka ta jest szeroko opisywana w literaturze światowej nadal zauważyć można zagadnienia, które wymagają dalszych rozważań. Praca składa się z części teoretycznej (Rozdziały 2-3) i części eksperymentalnej (Rozdziały 4-6). Każdy rozdział części eksperymentalnej związany jest z jednym głównym problemem badawczym, którego rozwiązanie było celem niniejszej pracy. Rozdział 4 przedstawia wyniki analizy wybranych właściwości materiałowych i mechanicznych oraz cech powierzchni elementów wytworzonych ze stali nierdzewnej 316L z wykorzystaniem dwóch technologii wytwarzania przyrostowego: selektywnego stapiania laserowego i binder jetting. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na poznanie mechanizmu powstawania defektów strukturalnych i powierzchniowych w danej technologii i ich wpływu na właściwości wytwarzanych elementów. Rozdział 5 dotyczy oceny możliwości zastosowania technologii SLM i binder jetting do wytwarzania struktur porowatych do zastosowań w inżynierii biomedycznej. W przeprowadzonych badaniach skupiono się głównie na zmienności właściwości mechanicznych struktur porowatych w zależności od ich geometrii przestrzennej, jak i technologii, w której zostały wytworzone. Istotne w ocenie okazały się również cechy powierzchni mające wpływ na ryzyko przeniknięcia cząstek metalu do organizmu. W obu przypadkach stwierdzono przewagę struktur wytworzonych w technologii binder jetting. Rozdział 6 przedstawia ocenę efektywności osadzania powłok DLC na elementach wytworzonych w wybranej technologii w celu modyfikacji ich właściwości korozyjnych. Dokonując wyboru technologii wzięto pod uwagę wnioski sformułowane po zakończeniu wcześniejszych etapów badań. W związku z tym podłoża zostały wytworzone w technologii binder jetting. Ze względu na ich skomplikowany kształt do osadzenia warstwy DLC zastosowano technologię chemicznego osadzania z fazy gazowej wspomaganego plazmą o częstotliwości radiowej. Przeprowadzone badania pokazały, że morfologia i chropowatość powierzchni były czynnikami mającymi największy wpływ na proces osadzania powłoki DLC. Grubość powłoki zależała od promienia krzywizny powierzchni. Uzyskane wyniki badań korozji elektrochemicznej pokazały, jak ważne dla dalszych prac nad modyfikacją powierzchni elementów i struktur porowatych wytwarzanych w technologiach AM są zagadnienia związane z wcześniejszym przygotowaniem powierzchni. Podsumowując, przeprowadzone w ramach niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej badania i analizy potwierdziły wysoką przydatność elementów wytwarzanych przyrostowo do zastosowań biomedycznych ze względu na możliwość sterowania ich właściwościami mechanicznymi oraz cechami powierzchni [10]
476. Physical and geometric factors are generally regarded as the main cause of evaporation characteristics of the Leidenfrost droplets levitating above the hot surface. It is well-known and generally accepted that similar research is conducted under different conditions and on individual measurement set-ups. This is one of the potential reasons for the differences in the results of thermal fluxes and computational models in scientific papers. This paper discusses the influence of the heating surface geometry on the heat transfer coefficient h during water drops evaporation under film boiling regime. The variable geometry parameters are the curvature radius of the heating bowl of R = 64 and 254 mm. Individually compiled test stands made it possible to measure the instantaneous drop mass for each R radius and to determine the coefficient h. The methodology was validated by calculating the relative error. It changes with the curvature radius and the droplet size, and for droplet mass from about 2 g to 0.3 g does not exceed ±10%. The heat transfer coefficient h is about 15% higher for a drop located on a surface with a larger radius of curvature. Moreover, the method that was devised allows us to estimate the h value for asymmetric droplet shapes. The advantage of the adopted method of measuring the drop mass over time is the possibility of analyzing heat transfer processes in any drop shape range, even in the case of asymmetric ones. Previous research methods were mainly based on determining the mass of the drop by calculating its volume. [10]
477. A XII 23/21, A XII 23/31, A XII 23/50a, A XII 23/50d, A XII 23/50f, A XII 23/50h, A XII 24/6c/1, A XII 24/6c/4, A XII 24/6c/2, A XII 24/6c/7, A XII 24/6c/8, A XII 24/6c/9, A XII 24/6a, A XII 24/6a/1, A XII 24/6a/2 [10]
478. Wyd. 2, uzup. i popr. [9]
479. Wydanie 3 [9]
480. W zakresie niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej przeprowadzono i przedstawiono badania porowatych powłok wytworzonych w procesie plazmowego utleniania elektrolitycznego z zastosowaniem procesów DC-PEO z kontrolą napięciową w elektrolitach opartych o stężony kwas fosforowy(V) oraz wodę destylowaną z dodatkiem azotanów(V) wapnia. Odnotowano, że zarówno zmiana napięcia procesu, czasu jego prowadzenia, rodzaju wymuszenia napięciowego, a także zastosowanie elektrolitów o różnym składzie chemicznym pozwala wytworzyć powłoki o zróżnicowanych właściwościach stereometrycznych. Rozpatrzono wpływ wartości napięcia procesu PEO, czasu trwania obróbki oraz skład elektrolitów na wybrane parametry statystyczne wyznaczone z natężenia prądu zarejestrowanego podczas procesu PEO oraz wybrane parametry chropowatości 3D użyte do opisu stereometrii powierzchni wytworzonych powłok. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaproponowanie modeli matematycznych uwzględniających wpływ warunków prowadzenia procesu PEO, w tym składu chemicznego stosowanych elektrolitów oraz napięcia międzyelektrodowego, na wartości wybranych parametrów składowej losowej natężenia prądu rejestrowanego w trakcie procesu PEO. Do analizy statystycznej sygnałów prądowych PEO po odcięciu składowej stałej zastosowano wartość oczekiwaną, odchylenie standardowe, rozstęp oraz skośność. Odnotowano, że w elektrolitach na bazie stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego wartość parametru Sdr (średnia wskaźnika względnego przyrostu powierzchni) dla wytworzonych powierzchni porowatych powłok mieściła się w zakresie od 5,2% (5% H3PO4) do 92,3% (85% H3PO4). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym zarejestrowanym podczas procesu PEO mieściła się w zakresie od 0,06 mA (5% H3PO4) do 60,71 mA (85% H3PO4). Zauważono także, że dodanie azotanu(V) wapnia zarówno do stężonego kwasu ortofosforowego (85%), jak i wody spowodowało wytwarzanie porowatych powłok, których parametr Sdr mieści się w zakresie od 0,04% do 163,7% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 4,9% do 125,9% (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). Natomiast wartość rozstępu w sygnale prądowym mieściła się w zakresie od 2,34 mA do 44,97 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + 85% H3PO4) oraz do 0,98 mA do 49,42 mA (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O + H2O). W pracy wykazano również, że zwiększenie napięcia w procesie PEO powoduje wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni powłok oraz pojawienie się pików wysokoprądowych w sygnale prądowym PEO. [9]
481. Thermochemical processes are among the most effective methods of obtaining hydrogen-rich gases from biomass. These technologies mainly include pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction. Thermochemical conversion of dry biomass is similar to the conversion of fossil fuels using gasification and pyrolysis methods. Products obtained through thermochemical processes (CO and CH4) can be processed into other biofuels, e.g. syngas, a raw material for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, methanol and alcohols. In recent years, advanced research has been carried out using biomass to produce liquid fuels. The biomass pyrolysis process in the presence of a catalyst is based on the rapid heating of the biomass to a temperature of approximately 500°C in the so-called inert atmosphere in which there are no reactive gases. This process produces a liquid product: pyrolysis oil, gas and charcoal. The bio-oil produced in this process constitutes 60-75% of the mass of the biofuel and is thermally unstable because it contains up to 300 different chemical compounds. However, the bio-oil obtained in this way is incompatible with conventional liquid transport fuels (gasoline, diesel) due to its high oxygen content. Pyrolysis in the presence of a zeolite catalyst is a process that allows for the effective conversion of biomass in economic and ecological terms. A zeolite catalyst makes it possible to remove oxidized compounds in situ and modify the properties of the biofuel to ensure its compatibility with conventional transport fuels. The catalyst plays a crucial role in this process because it removes oxygen from oxygenates and, consequently, creates stable reaction products that can then be treated to obtain renewable transport fuels or other useful chemicals. The article presents methods of biomass conversion via pyrolisis, microorganisms usage, zeolite-based catalysis, biocatalysis and photo-fermentation, which poses a big possibility of diversification of renewable energy sources. [9]
482. Niniejsza praca doktorska przedstawia problematykę transportu osadów niespoistych, niejednorodnych granulometrycznie z zawartością bardzo drobnych frakcji w ruchu falowym nad płaskim i nachylonym dnem. Zagadnienia związane z transportem rumowiska w ruchu falowym i związanych z nim zmian morfologicznych dna z punktu widzenia praktyki inżynierskiej dotyczą między innymi erozji wybrzeża, zapiaszczania torów wodnych, projektowania i eksploatacji morskich budowli hydrotechnicznych oraz konstrukcji ochrony brzegu. Modelowanie natężenia transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym to ważny, ale trudny temat w inżynierii przybrzeżnej, gdyż osad jest intensywnie transportowany głównie w bardzo cienkiej warstwie, o wysokiej koncentracji tuż ponad dnem. Celem pracy było udowodnienie tez pracy poprzez rozpoznanie eksperymentalne i teoretyczne strumieni 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − z uwzględnieniem wpływu strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓 + 𝑖 𝑞𝑓 − frakcji najdrobniejszych 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚 , w ruchu falowym nad dnem nienachylonym i nachylonym w kierunku przeciwnym do kierunku ruchu fali. Następnie zaproponowano modyfikację modelu trójwarstwowego transportu rumowiska w ruchu falowym (Kaczmarek i inni 2022) do opisu wyżej wymienionych strumieni w obu wymienionych przypadkach, a także przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą strumieni osadów z udziałem frakcji drobnych i bardzo drobnych w ruchu falowym i przepływie jednokierunkowym. Celem prac eksperymentalnych rozprawy doktorskiej było przeprowadzenie pomiarów i zebranie danych eksperymentalnych, dokumentujących pionową strukturę całkowitego transportu osadów 𝑞+/−, odpowiednio w fazie grzbietu i doliny fali, a także wielkości zarówno natężenia strumienia 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− osadów wychodzących w obu kierunkach z obszaru obliczeniowego do sąsiednich obszarów kontrolnych (i atrzymywanych w łapaczkach), jak i składu granulometrycznego osadów w obszarach kontrolnych po obu stronach obszaru obliczeniowego w warunkach płaskiego oraz nachylonego dna. Znajomość tych wielkości jest niezbędna dla prawidłowej oceny zmian batymetrii w obszarze obliczeniowym. Realizację celu, przeprowadzono na drodze eksperymentalnej, zarówno nad dnem płaskim jak i nachylonym, w dwóch etapach. Pierwszy z nich obejmował rozpoznanie eksperymentalne strumieni powrotnych 𝑞𝑓1 +/−, 𝑞𝑓2 +/− i 𝑞𝑓3 +/− przy wykorzystaniu techniki pomiarowej, stosowanej od niedawna do analizy ruchu osadów w wodzie, tj. PIV (ang. Particle Image Velocimetry). Drugi etap prac eksperymentalnych obejmował pomiary strumieni zatrzymywanych w łapaczkach 𝑞𝑠𝑡 + i 𝑞𝑠𝑡 − wraz z określeniem składu ranulometrycznego transportowanych osadów. Badania eksperymentalne przeprowadzono w Gdańsku w 2020 i 2021 roku w laboratorium hydraulicznym Instytutu Budownictwa Wodnego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, wyposażonym w kanał falowy oraz pomiarowe i wspomagające urządzenia niezbędne do przeprowadzenia badań. Rezultaty badań eksperymentalnych zostały skonfrontowane z wynikami analizy teoretycznej, przeprowadzonej w oparciu o trójwarstwowy model transportu niejednorodnych osadów (Kaczmarek i inni 2022). Z uwagi na fakt, że model ten nie uwzględnia efektów pionowego sortowania osadów z zawartością 𝑖 −tych bardzo drobnych frakcji z zakresu średnic 𝑑𝑖 < 0,2𝑚𝑚, pomija efekty opóźnień fazowych frakcji drobnych z tego zakresu i nie opisuje wpływu tych frakcji na wielkość transportu 𝑞𝑠𝑡 +/− oraz nie uwzględnia efektów związanych z nachyleniem dna, takich jak wpływ sił grawitacji na ziarna osadu oraz dodatkowy efekt zmniejszonego lub zwiększonego ciśnienia przy zmianie przekroju przepływu, zaproponowano modyfikację tego modelu o współczynniki korygujące. Przeprowadzono obliczenia transportu strumieni frakcji bardzo drobnych i drobnych, frakcji grubych oraz sumarycznych wychodzących w fazie grzbietu oraz doliny z obszaru wyjściowego i osadzanych w sąsiednich obszarach kontrolnych oraz porównano z wynikami pomiarów. [9]
483. Wyd. 2 poszerz. [8]
484. Rozprawa składa się z siedmiu rozdziałów. W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono wprowadzenie do rozpatrywanej tematyki, genezę pracy i krótką charakterystykę procesów cięcia materiałów metalowych. Rozdział drugi zawiera analizę stanu wiedzy, w którym opisano charakterystyczne cechy blach elektrotechnicznych, sposoby ich obróbki za pomocą technik cięcia, opis zjawisk zachodzących podczas procesu i charakterystycznych parametrów technologicznych, aktualne problemy badawcze analizowane przez innych autorów zajmujących się procesami cięcia oraz aktualne sposoby modelowania tego procesu. Przedstawiono w nim również cel, hipotezę i zakres pracy. Rozdział trzeci zawiera opis stanowisk badawczych i wyniki badań charakterystyk materiałowych analizowanego gatunku stali elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono opis modelu matematycznego i symulacyjnego procesu cięcia. Do opisu zjawisk na typowym kroku przyrostowym wykorzystano uaktualniony opis Lagrange'a, przyjmując skokowo- spółobrotowy układ współrzędnych. Proces cięcia analizowano jako geometrycznie i fizycznie nieliniowy problem brzegowo-początkowy z warunkami brzegowymi, które są nieznane w obszarze kontaktu narzędzie-przedmiot obrabiany. Rozdział piąty zawiera wyniki badań symulacyjnych z założeniem występowania w materiale przestrzennych stanów naprężeń zarówno dla płaskich stanów odkształceń jak i stanów przestrzennych. Za pomocą opracowanych modeli MES określono wpływ głównych parametrów technologicznych i warunków realizacji procesu cięcia na wartości naprężeń zastępczych w strefie cięcia, szerokość strefy odkształconej, rozkład współczynnika trójosiowości stanu naprężeń oraz formowanie się defektów ciętej krawędzi. W rozdziale szóstym zawarto opis stanowisk do badań eksperymentalnych procesu cięcia, plan badań właściwych oraz wyniki wraz z walidacją modeli numerycznych. Dokonano analizy wyników badań za pomocą mikroskopów w celu szczegółowej obserwacji charakterystycznych cech powierzchni przecięcia takich jak: wysokość zadziorów, szerokość przełomu poślizgowego, stan powłoki izolacyjnej. Wyniki opracowano statystycznie, otrzymując modele w postaci funkcji regresji. Przeprowadzono badania wybranych właściwości magnetycznych blachy po procesie cięcia dla przyjętych parametrów obróbki. W etapie końcowym rozdziału sformułowano zadanie optymalizacji wielokryterialnej oraz przedstawiono jego rozwiązanie dla procesu cięcia analizowanej blachy elektrotechnicznej laserowanej. W rozdziale siódmym przedstawiono wnioski stwierdzające prawdziwość postawionej hipotezy, wnioski poznawcze, utylitarne i dotyczące kierunków dalszych prac naukowo-badawczych. Przedstawione w rozprawie wyniki badań własnych mają zarówno charakter aplikacyjny jak i poznawczy. Pozwalają one prawidłowo dobierać wielkości decydujące o jakości wyrobu w zależności od warunków technologicznych cięcia lub określać optymalne warunki procesu. [8]
485. River erosion is a complex process due to multiple factors, such as climate changes, discharge quantity, the type of transported sediments, and variations in the hydrological regime. This paper aims to analyse river erosion's impact on transport elements' stability (especially on bridges). To do so, a Geomorphic Change Detection analysis was used, which involves calculating the altitude differences between two successive digital models, as a basis for calculating surfaces and volumes of sediments displaced through the erosion process. This analysis was doubled by a series of cross-sections in the proximity of bridges to observe the current river bed configuration and identify the active processes. The variation of these processes is directly dependent on human interventions undertaken to reduce the erosion process and to protect the infrastructure elements. The bridges located in the studied area are in different stages of damage by lateral and depth erosion processes, depending on their intensity and the human interventions made to protect these bridges. The least affected are the bridges where complex measures have been taken (construction of bed sills) or the dynamic processes have a low intensity. [8]
486. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem równoważenia hydraulicznego i termodynamicznego w kotłowni hybrydowej z obiegami grzewczymi o zróżnicowanym i zmiennym w czasie zapotrzebowaniu na ciepło, prezentację istniejących dostępnych sprzęgieł hydraulicznych oraz nowatorskie opracowanie szeregowego sprzęgła termo-hydraulicznego wraz z przypisanym do niego modelem matematycznym. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą wyników badań w warunkach rzeczywistych i modelowych. Zastosowano analizę różnic średnich oraz ocenę moderacji [8]
487. Human activity has been impacting the environment for thousands of years. Progressing environmental pollution caused by human economic activity is associated with an increase in the concentration of trace elements and the formation of an excess of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have always been present in the environment, but the development of civilisation and technology has resulted in their increase. PAHs easily penetrate plants, animals and the human body, which makes them a serious threat to human health and agriculture. Reducing the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil is possible by introducing a microbiological preparation in the form of Effective Microorganisms (EM) into the soil. Some strains of microorganisms in EM can decompose chemical compounds, including PAHs. Through biodegradation, EM transforms harmful substances into less toxic forms. EM stimulates the activity of soil microflora, which naturally participates in the decomposition processes of organic substances, which contributes to improving soil quality and environmental protection. The following work presents the results of own research on analysing the impact of Effective Microorganisms on changes in the content of PAHs in the soil. It was observed that 75% of test samples in the form of soils after wheat cultivation in which EM was added had lower contents of 3,4,5-ring PAHs than their control samples. The work aims to analyse the potential of EM as a preparation that supports the natural capabilities of the ecosystem to reduce the amount of pollutants in the form of PAHs in the soil. [8]
488. Wydanie II poprawione i uzupełnione [7]
489. Wyd. 3. rozsz. [7]
490. Praca doktorska przedstawia problem pojawiającej się wody w układach sieci gazowych średniego i niskiego ciśnienia niedający się wytłumaczyć wprost nieszczelnościami przewodów. Nie są powszechnie znane fakty, że w gazociągach rozprowadzających gaz ziemny bezpośrednio do konsumentów może pojawić się woda. Natomiast specjaliści od eksploatacji sieci gazowych na co dzień mają do czynienia z tym zjawiskiem. Skąd bierze się ta woda? Na pewno nie przez nieszczelności powstające na sieci wskutek uszkodzenia mechanicznego lub korozji, ponieważ gazociągi znajdują się zawsze pod nadciśnieniem. Gaz ziemny wydobywany z ziemi jest zazwyczaj zanieczyszczony frakcjami stałymi i obciążony wilgocią, posiada właściwości żrące. Wcześniej osuszony gaz pobierany z podziemnych magazynów gazu jest również nasycony wodą. Obecność wody w gazie ziemnym jest niepożądana, ponieważ potęguje korozje rur i sprzętu, zwłaszcza w obecności H2S i CO2, a w warunkach zimowych tworzy korki lodowe. Może przyczyniać się także do powstania hydratów blokujących przepływ gazu, szczególnie w przypadku procesów odzysku węglowodorów ciekłych, takich jak wymrażanie czy procesy kriogeniczne. [7]
491. The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses. [6]
492. The consequence of landfilling is biogas production in the waste bed, the main parameter of which is methane. The capture of biogas and its energetic use in a cogeneration system is the optimal solution for both environmental and energetic aspects. Nevertheless, the emission of gases and dust into the air from the cogeneration plant as a result of the combustion of biogas poses a potential threat not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also poses a serious risk to human health, especially to the respiratory system, leading to a variety of diseases. The gas and dust emission tests performed in the study showed significant values for CO2 173.08 [kg ∙ h-1] and for CO 0.7545 [kg ∙ h-1], NO2 0.7129 [kg ∙ h-1], SO2 0.3958 [kg ∙ h-1] and total dust 0.0013 [kg ∙ h-1] respectively. The work aims to demonstrate the actual emissions of gases and dust into the air as a result of the combustion of landfill gas and to use them to calculate fees for the use of the environment. Since no emission standards have been defined for this type of installation and there is no need to use reducing devices, it is crucial to regularly monitor pollutant emissions by installation operators to optimize the biogas combustion process and reduce emissions. Replacing the reference values with measurement data regarding air emissions will make the actual impact of the cogeneration installation on the environment more realistic. [6]
493. Obserwowana w ostatnich latach zmiana sposobu zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych jest efektem realizacji strategii gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym w Unii Europejskiej, zakładającej przejście gospodarki z modelu liniowego na cyrkularny, w którym zasoby są zużywane w sposób bardziej zrównoważony, a odpady stają się surowcem. Celem rozprawy doktorskiej było wyznaczenie związku pomiędzy ilością dodawanego suplementu i intensywnością procesu kompostowania, wyrażoną zmianą wartości określonych parametrów fizykochemicznych. Głównym składnikiem modyfikującym skład mieszaniny poszczególnych komponentów tworzących wsad do procesu kompostowania, była słoma jęczmienna. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie przedsiębiorstwa Goleniowskie Wodociągi i Kanalizacja. Wyniki badań, uzyskane w trakcie realizacji pracy potwierdziły hipotezę badawczą, która zakładała możliwość przebiegu procesu kompostowania w warunkach zwiększonej koncentracji azotu. [5]
494. Motywacją do podjęcia badań mających na celu podwyższenie właściwości termicznych i mechanicznych ceramiki szklanej jest rosnące zainteresowanie modyfikacją właściwości tych materiałów, stosowanych w kompozytach ściernych na bazie tlenku glinu i azotku boru. Pełniąca funkcję spoiwa ceramika szklana, której zadaniem jest związanie ziaren, określa wytrzymałość mechaniczną całego kompozytu. Jest to o tyle ważne, gdyż z opublikowanych w ostatnich latach propozycji rozwiązań technologicznych dotyczących doskonalenia właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych ceramicznych kompozytów ściernych wynika, że jednym z głównych problemów jest spełnienie jednocześnie, wzajemnie się wykluczających, dwóch głównych właściwości tych kompozytów, tj. wysokiej porowatości i odporności na zużycie. Oprócz poprawy wytrzymałości mechanicznej i odporności na zużycie kompozytów ściernych, zauważa się także problem ich niewystarczającej przewodności cieplnej. Przekłada się to również na liczne problemy w procesie obróbki materiałów, szczególnie trudnoskrawalnych, związanych z nadmierną ilością ciepła powstającego podczas procesu szlifowania. Kluczowym czynnikiem ograniczającym efektywność szlifowania jest wysoka temperatura, dlatego opublikowane w ostatnich latach wyniki badań koncentrują się nad wprowadzeniem rozwiązań umożliwiających jej obniżenie. Nowoczesne systemy chłodzenia są jednak niewystarczające, bowiem odprowadzanie ciepła ze strefy kontaktu materiału obrabianego i materiału ściernego następuje różnymi sposobami, nie tylko poprzez takie czynniki jak chłodziwo, wióry czy konwekcję, ale w znaczącym stopniu przez ściernicę. To, w jaki sposób i z jaką szybkością nadmiar ciepła będzie odprowadzony, zależy głównie od rodzaju ziarna ściernego. Poza ziarnami ściernymi, część energii cieplnej w procesie szlifowania przekazywana jest także na spoiwo pokrywające ziarna ścierne i stanowiące ciągłą sieć mostków. Jest to o tyle ważne, że zapewniona ciągłość struktury spoiwa pozwala na zwiększenie szybkości odprowadzenia ciepła ze strefy kontaktu narzędzia i materiału ściernego. Rozdział pierwszy dotyczy wprowadzenia do problematyki podjętej w niniejszej rozprawie doktorskiej. Z obszernej analizy stanu wiedzy przedstawionej w rozdziale drugim wynika, że zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości modyfikacji struktury ceramiki szklanej w celu podwyższenia jej właściwości mechanicznych i termicznych nie zostały wyczerpująco zbadane. Wybrana ceramika szklana z układu ZABS (ZnO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2), która została przedstawiona w rozdziale trzecim, jest szczególnie interesująca ze względu na możliwość generowania w tym układzie fazy krystalicznej willemitu. Skutkiem krystalizacji powierzchniowej tej fazy jest znaczne i trwałe zwiększenie wytrzymałości mechanicznej, z uwagi na powstanie naprężeń ściskających na powierzchni szkła, z jednoczesną zmianą struktury pozostałości amorficznej w spoiwie będącej efektem wprowadzenia modyfikatora sieci szklanej. Wprowadzenie do tego układu tlenku metalu przejściowego (tlenku miedzi) może znacząco wpływać na proces krystalizacji ceramiki szklanej, a tym samym pośrednio na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne takich materiałów. Warto wspomnieć w tym miejscu o tym, że większość aktualnych badań dotyczy wpływu miedzi jedynie na wybrane właściwości, głównie optyczne i fotoniczne, natomiast wpływ miedzi na właściwości mechaniczne układów krzemianowych wciąż jest mało znany. Wnioski wyciągnięte z analizy literatury pozwoliły na sprecyzowanie hipotezy, celu i problemów badawczych, które przedstawiono w rozdziale czwartym. [5]
495. Wyd. 1 [4]
496. AXII 20/I, Kol. 553/1, Kol.728/9, Kol.553/3, A IIE, A II E/834, Kol. 434/284, Kol. 434/288, Kol. 434/289 [4]
497. A XII 24/6A/3, A XII 24/6A/5, A XII 24/6A/9, A XII 24/6A/10, A XII 24/6A/11, A XII 24/6A/12, A XII 24/6A/13, A XII 24/6A/16, A XII 24/6C/5, A XII 24/6C/6, A XII 11/10, Kol. 11(KGA)/652, Kol. 11(KGA)/650, Kol. 292/4, Kol. 292/3, A XII 11/18 cz. IV, KGA 696, A XII 11/18 cz. III, KGA 690, KGA 694, KGA 11/697, A XII 11/18 cz. V, KGA 675, A XII 21/7, A XII 22/154 A, A XII 22/107, A XII 22/108 cz.II [3]
498. W pracy przedstawiono ocenę wpływu procesu klasycznego wytłaczania na właściwości cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu. W celu zrealizowania tematu pracy, na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy literatury, sformułowano następujące zadania badawcze: przeprowadzenie prób wytłaczania i opracowanie parametrów technologiczny pozwalających na uzyskanie cienkich folii kompozytowych o osnowie polimerowej (polietylen niskiej gęstości) oraz dodatku nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na klasycznej wytłaczarce z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionowo w górę, analiza wpływu udziału dodatku w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu na właściwości użytkowe i antybakteryjne folii kompozytowych. Prace podzielono na dwie części: analiza literatury i część eksperymentalną. Treść pracy podzielono na 8 rozdziałów. W których zawarto następujące treści: przegląd literatury krajowej i światowej, na podstawie, której scharakteryzowano materiały kompozytowe oraz wymieniono i pokrótce opisano powszechnie stosowane rodzaje wzmocnienia, jakie są dodawane do kompozytów o osnowie polimerowej (rozdział 1), scharakteryzowano proces wytłaczania, ocenę efektywności i kinematykę procesu wytłaczania (rozdział 2), scharakteryzowano technologie wytwarzania folii z tworzyw polimerowych (rozdział 3), charakterystykę materiałów węglowych (rozdział 4), problematykę rozprawy – cel, hipotezy i zakres pracy – (rozdział 5), metodykę badań własnych – opis badanego obiektu, badane materiały, plan badań doświadczalnych, charakterystykę metod badawczych – (rozdział 6), wyznaczenie parametrów wytłaczania cienkich folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem struktur węglowych w postaci nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu, oraz analizę wyników badań polimerowych folii kompozytowych z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu (rozdział 7). Pracę zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami – (rozdział 8). Przedstawione wyniki badań wykazały, że możliwe jest wytworzenie cienkich folii kompozytowych (do 30 μm) z dodatkiem nanopłatków grafenu i tlenku grafenu za pomocą klasycznego wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem swobodnym pionową w górę, o polepszonych właściwościach użytkowych i mikrobiologiczne. Uzyskane dobre właściwości polimerowych folii kompozytowych dają szansę na zastosowanie ich w różnych branżach przemysłu. [2]
499. D/II/6, D/I//6, Kol.133/76, Kol. 133/75, Kol. 133/74, Kol. 133/90, Kol. 133/216, Kol. 603 59, Kol. 133/203 [2]
500. Wydanie II uzupełnione [1]
501. Wydanie I [1]
502. Wyd. 3. uzup. [1]
503. W pracy przedstawiono teoretyczne i doświadczalne podstawy analizy efektywności procesu szlifowania stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ściernicami o budowie warstwowej. Wykazano, że badane narzędzia warstwowe pozwoliły na uzyskanie większej efektywności szlifowania w zakresie zmniejszenia chropowatości powierzchni obrabianych, zmniejszenia wartości stycznej składowej siły szlifowania (proporcjonalnej do energii właściwej) oraz zwiększenia trwałości narzędzia. Głównym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywność procesu był dodatek agregatów do warstwy środkowej ściernicy. W efekcie uzyskano większą skuteczność usuwania materiału oraz zmniejszenie wartości składowej stycznej siły szlifowania. Przyczyną powyższych efektów jest budowa agregatu, który składa się z wielu mniejszych ziaren, posiadających zdolność do stopniowego wykruszania z narzędzia. Daje to możliwość formowania długich krawędzi skrawających, zorientowanych pod dużym kątem względem kierunku obróbki oraz pozwala na mikroostrzenie przy mniejszej utracie objętości. [1]
504. Kol. 419/45, Kol. 419/35, Kol. 419/36, Kol. 419/46, Kol. 419/47, Kol. 419/48, Kol. 419/49, Kol. 419/50, Kol. 419/55, Kol. 419/57, Kol. 419/82, Kol. 419/87, Kol. 419/77, Kol. 419/73, Kol. 419/74, Kol. 419/71 [1]
505. A VIII 3/3, A VIII 5/2, A IV-I/5b, A IV-1/4a, A VIII 5/3, Kol. 138/164A, A VIII 5a/5, A VIII 5a/2, Kol. 698/6, A VIII 5a/1, A VIII-5/6 [1]
506. Pol/SKR STY 327, AAA/3656/4 [0]
507. Kol.419/2, Kol.419/3, Kol.419/5, Kol.419/6, KGA 295, Kol. 11/295, Kol. 11/505, KGA 683 [0]
508. Kol. 419/9, Kol. 419/10, Kor. 419/16, B 2992, B 3124, B 3126, B 3201, KGA 389, Kol. II/509, B 3425, B 3221, Kol. 419/18, Kol. 419/28, Kol. 419/32, Kol. 419/34, Kol. 419/30, Kol. 419/33 [0]
509. Kol. 138/26, Kol. 138/47, Kol. 138/46, Kol. 138/11, Kol. 138/13, Kol. 138/12, Kol. 138/161, Kol. 138/161/B, Kol. 138/27, Kol. 138/162, Kol. 138/50, Kol. 138/29, Kol. 138/59, Kol. 138/64-66, Kol. 138/60, A VIII 5/16, A VIII 5/8 [0]
510. HW 12/295, HW 12/296, KOL 242/63, IPMS KOL 242/7, KOL 242/7, IPMS KOL 242/55, IPMS A XII 36, WO 315/18, IPMS KOL 242/49, KOL 242/55, KOL 242/69, IPMS KOL 242/69, KOL 242/54, A XII 24/63, K 242/92, KOL 242/92, KOL 242/16, IPMS KOL 242/48, KOL 242/37, IPMS KOL 242/69, FO 371/24381, CAB.120.746, HS 4/322, HW 14/15, HS.4.280, HS 4/142, WO 208/3437, HS.8.766, HS.1.3410, KOL 133-134, KOL 134, AVIIIa 1/29, KOL III/2, A VIII 31/2, HS 8/895, FO 372/6325, KOL III/I, KOL III/5, A VIII 7/2, A VIII 7/1 [0]

Number in brackets is a sum of all reads of objects which metadata description contains given attribute value.

1. Koszalin [213641]
2. Warszawa [1671]
3. Szczecin [511]
4. Kołobrzeg [479]
5. Wrocław [418]
6. Poznań [301]
7. Trzebiatów [180]
8. Lublin [158]
9. Moskva [138]
10. Gdańsk [137]
11. Katowice [132]
12. Olsztyn [56]
13. Częstochowa [30]
14. Białystok [28]
15. Kraków [24]
16. Koszalin-Mielno [24]
17. Łódź [21]
18. Torgelow [20]
19. Gliwice [13]
20. Dedelov [2]
21. Chorzów [1]
22. Bydgoszcz [1]

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